Paramilitarism in the Balkans: the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924
Paramilitarism in the Balkans' analyses the origins and manifestations of paramilitary violence in three neighbouring Balkan countries - Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania - after the First World War. It shows the role of paramilitarism in internal and external policies in all three states, focu...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford University Press
2020
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Paramilitarism in the Balkans' analyses the origins and manifestations of paramilitary violence in three neighbouring Balkan countries - Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania - after the First World War. It shows the role of paramilitarism in internal and external policies in all three states, focusing on the main actors and perpetrators of paramilitary violence, their social backgrounds, motivations, and future career trajectories. Dmitar Tasic places the region into the broader European context of booming paramilitarism that came as the result of the first global conflict, dissolution of old empires, the creation of nation-states, and simultaneous revolutions. While paramilitarism in most post-Great War European states was the product of violence of the First World War and brutalization which societies of both victorious and defeated countries went through, paramilitarism in the Balkans was closely connected with the already existing traditions originating from the period of armed struggle against Ottoman rule, and state and nation building projects of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Paramilitary traditions were so strong that in all subsequent crises and military conflicts in the Balkans the legacy of paramilitarism remained alive and present |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 264 Seiten Illustrationen, Portraits, Karte (schwarz-weiß) 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780198858324 |
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 520 | 3 | |a Paramilitarism in the Balkans' analyses the origins and manifestations of paramilitary violence in three neighbouring Balkan countries - Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania - after the First World War. It shows the role of paramilitarism in internal and external policies in all three states, focusing on the main actors and perpetrators of paramilitary violence, their social backgrounds, motivations, and future career trajectories. Dmitar Tasic places the region into the broader European context of booming paramilitarism that came as the result of the first global conflict, dissolution of old empires, the creation of nation-states, and simultaneous revolutions. While paramilitarism in most post-Great War European states was the product of violence of the First World War and brutalization which societies of both victorious and defeated countries went through, paramilitarism in the Balkans was closely connected with the already existing traditions originating from the period of armed struggle against Ottoman rule, and state and nation building projects of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Paramilitary traditions were so strong that in all subsequent crises and military conflicts in the Balkans the legacy of paramilitarism remained alive and present | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Table of Contents List of Illustrations Introduction: Balkan Paramilitaries ֊ Undemobilized Combatants I. Origins Participation of Balkan Paramilitaries in the Balkan Wars and the Great War The Balkans after the Great War II. Demobilization vs. Mobilization New Colours in the Balkan Palette of Paramilitarism Whites Reds III. Balkan Borderlands Initial Usage of Paramilitaries in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Controversies that Occurred Bulgaria and Paramilitarism: Weak State vs. Strong Movements Albania: Paramilitarism or Pre-militarism? Chetniks in the Post-Black Hand Era Toplica Uprising 1917: Cornerstone of Post-Great War Chetnik Identity IV. New Context + Traditional Methods = Unexpected Outcomes Initial Response to Paramilitary Activities in the Yugoslav South Introduction of Extraordinary Measures Organization against Bulgarian Bandits V. The Age of Coups detat Bulgarian 1923 June Coup d’état September Uprising or Revolution? Albanian Teeter Zogu’s Ascent to Power Albania Under Fan Noli VI. Individuals and Organizations Renegades Life Trajectories of some of the Balkans Paramilitaries International Networks xiii 1 7 13 21 28 38 38 44 51 55 63 71 76 78 82 84 99 110 119 129 129 138 147 147 151 157 157 171 181
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS VIL Legacies Between World Wars Second World War and Paramilitaries in the Balkans: Between Resistance, Collaboration, Revolutions, Counterrevolutions and Civil Wars Paramilitaries and Paramilitarism in the Balkans after the Second World War Inventing Traditions: Paramilitarism and the ‘Wars of the Yugoslav Succession Conclusion: Balkan Paramilitaries Works Cited Index 194 197 206 215 225 235 243 255
Works Cited Archival Collections Serbia Archives of Yugoslavia -14 Ministry of the Interior of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia - 37 Milan Stojadinović - 334 Ministry of Foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Military Archives - Command of the Third Army District - Military Security Agency - Yugoslav People’s Army Bulgaria National Library ‘Kiril i Metodi/—Bulgarian Historical Archive - 405 Todor Alexandrov Poprushev - 841 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Newspapers and periodicals Politika, Vreme, Večernje novosti, Žandarmerijski kalendar, Službeni vojni list Printed primary sources Dimič, Ljubodrag and Đorđe Borazan, (eds), Jugoslovenska država i Albanci. Tom І (Beograd: Službeni list SRJ; Arhiv Jugoslavije; Vojno-istorijski institut, 1998). Dimič, Ljubodrag and Đorđe Borazan, (eds), Jugoslovenska država i Albanci. Tom 2 (Beograd: Službeni list SRJ; Arhiv Jugoslavije; Vojno-istorijski institut, 1998). General Staff of the Yugoslav Royal Army, Veliki rat Srbije za oslobođenje i ujedinjenje Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1914-1918, (Beograd: Glavni đeneralštab 1937). Grozeya, Nedyalka et al. (eds), Goryanite: sborník dokumentu Тот 1, (1944-1949) (Sofia: Glavno upravlenie na arhivite pri ministerskiya savet 2001). Grozeya, Nedyalka amd Bugarcheva, Elena (eds), Goryanite: sborník dokumenti. Tom li, (1949-1956) (Sofia: Glavno upravlenie na arhivite pri ministerskiya savet 2010). Katardžiev, Ivan (ed), VMRO (Obedineta): dokumenti i materijali. I i II, (Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija, 1992). Revyakina, Luiza et al. (eds), Kominternat i Balgariya. Tom I,
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Index Note: Tables are indicated by an italic “ŕ” following the page numbers. For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. 10 April 221 21 SS division Skanderbeg 212,218 Axes 62,176-7,196-7,204-8,211-12, 214-15, 221-2 Azem Bejta-Galica 90,96-9,117-18,179-81 Abdul Hamid II 11-12 Adrianople 9-10,151-2,163-4 Aegean Macedonia 51-2,122-3,162 Albania: Atdheu 126-7 Bashkimi 74,126-7,149-50,152-3 the clique 128,149-50 collaboration 212 Committee for National Defence of Albania 32-3,161 Democrats 126-7,149-50 Great Albania, idea 25, 89-90,98-9,212 Great Albania, Italian puppet state 186, 206-7 Legality 196, 218 National Front 196,212, 218 OraetMaleve 126-7 Progressives 126-7,149-50,152-3 Vatra 126-7,151-2 Albanian Orthodox Church 151-2 Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasilyevich general 40 Alexander I Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia 22-3,80-1,185-6 Alexandrov, Todor 29,63-4 Algeria 55 Alijagić, Alija 49 Anastasijević, Dejan 228 Andrijevica 37 Angelov, Doncho 166 Antov, Stoyan 68 Aqif-pasha 147-9 Arsov, Vane 112 Asia Minor 23,119 Atanasovski, Filip 189-91 Attack on Good Friday 19 Austria 1-2,173,187,214,217,219 Austro-Hungarian Empire 11,14,19-23, 26-7, 33,46, 77-8,89-90,124,157-8, 182-3,235 Babunski, Jovan 33-4,59-62, 78,80-1,101-2, 109,174 Bačka 206-7 Balkan (mt) 7 Balkan Wars 9-10,13-21, 26-7,31-2,51, 56-7, 59-60,64,71-4, 77-9,83-4,95-6, 119, 121-2,124-5,162,164-6,172-7,191-2, 234-5 First War 14,17,51-2,205 Second War 17,21-2,30-1,121-2,177-8, 184, 236-7 Baltic 8,45,224-5 Bansko 201-2 Baranja 206-7
Bártou, Louis 238-9 Bartov, Omer 51-2 Basariček, Dura 197-8 Bashibozluk 16,71-4 Bavaria 47,187 Bazhdarov, Georgi 86 Bektashi 53, 71-4,149-50 Belgrade 9-11,22-3,40-2,47,55-6,61-2, 86-7,89-90,100,110-11,125-6,135, 137-8,144-5,147-50,167,172-5,189, 197-8,229-32 Belogradchik 145 Belousova, Pelagiya 45 Berane 37,51-2t Berlin, Congress of 9 besa 75-6,98 Bessarabia 46-7 Bijelo Polje 37 Bileća 37 Bitola 21-2, 51-52í, 53-4,87-8,97,104 see also Monastir Black and Tans 1-2 Blažarič, Pavle 14,174-5 Boletini, Isa 12-13
256 INDEX Bolsheviks 24, 38-40,46-9,123,176-7, 237 Bolshevism 47-8,142-3,189-91 Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria 28-9,131,146 Bosilegrad 26-7,35-6,133 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7, 9,11,14, 22-3,26-7, 33,49, 93-4, 206-8,211,217-19, 225-31,233-4, 241 annexation of 11,119 Boychinovci 143 Božović, Đorđe-Giška 230 Brazil 41 Bregalnica County 51-521,93-5,104-6, 108-13 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 39 Brunnbauer, Ulf 7 Brutalization 2 Bucharest 37 Budimirović, Živojin 103-5 Budva. 232 Bulgaria: Agrarian Mounted Guard 130,135 agrarians see BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) anti-communist resistance 221-5 anti-Russian measures 140-2 Association of Reserve Officers 122,129-32 BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) 26,28-9,31,51,63,68-71, 77,81,122-4,128-42,144-7,155-6, 166-7,169-70,189-92,221-4,237, 239-40 Committee on Peasant Dictatorship 129 BKP (Bulgarian Communist Party 49-50,70, 132,138-43,146,191-2 Constitutional Bloc 122,128-31,189-91 Democratic Party 129 Fatherland Front 221-3 Father Paisiy 223,239-40 goryani 223-5, 239-40 Homeland Protection 202-3 ilinden Organization 191-2 Illegal Military Organization 49-50,63 Liberal Party 121-2 Military League 31,63-4,122,128-33, 138, 182-3 Museum of Revolutionary Movement in Bulgaria 144 Orange Guard 63,69-71,81,128-32,134-6, 138,237 People’s Covenant 131 People’s Party 121-2 People’s Union ofReserve Officers and NCO’s 49-50 People’s Tribunal 222-3 Radical Democratic Party 129 Septemberrevolution 143,189-92 St. Cyril and Methodius Committee 83 United People’s Progressive Party 129 see also People’s Party Union for the Return to Fatherland—
Sovnarod 43,141-2 Union of the Bulgarian National Legionaries 223,239-40 Zveno 203,221-2 Buneva, Mara 169 Burgas 30 Canada 107-8 Carev Vrh 102 Carevo Selo 67 Caribrod 26-7,133 Caucasus 8,71-4 Cerović, M. 100, 103-4 Chaulev, Petar 29,63-6, 75,147,164-6,183-4, 189-92 CHEKA (All Russian Emergency Commission for Suppressing Counterrevolution and Sabotage) 141-2 Chernopeev, Hristo 63-4, 85-6 Chernozemski, Vlado 185-6 chetnik action 10-11,34-5,59-60, 79-81, 175-7,208 chetniks 10-11,13-15,17-19, 33-7, 50,59-60, 62,70-1,76-81,95-6,112,145-6,156, 166-7,173-7,197-8, 204,207-8, 210-14,216-19, 235,238-41 China 38 Cholakov, Gosho 68 Chuchkov, Efrem 68 Church Sveta Nedelya, attempt at 146,198-201 CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps) 217 Ciklev, Grigor 111-12,166-8 Ciklev, Mitrush 86 Cold War 82,215-16,227,239-41 Comintern (Communist International) 132, 169-70,176-7,189-91,193,209-10, 238-40 Committee for the Defence ofKosovo see Kosovo Committee Communist International see Comintern Constantinople 21-2,38,40-4,53-4, 57-8,183 Corsica 71-4 Cossacks 8,141-2 Crete 71-4,207 Crimea 24,38,40-1,48,123 Crnoljeva 12-13
INDEX Croatia: Croatian Home Guard 211 ustashe 79-80,185-6,193-5,206-7,211, 216-22,225-7,238-41 Independent State of Croatia 206-7,211, 218-19 culture of defeat 1-2, 31, 50,122 culture of victory 50 Curri, Bayram 25, 89-90,126-7,149,154-5, 179-81,184 Cvetkovič, Serafim 106 Cvijić, Jovan 7,162 Czechoslovakia 38,45,120-1,138,145 D’bnitsa affair 201 D’Espèrey, Franchet 119-20 Dagestan 48 Dalmatia 7, 22-3,26-7, 33,37,41-2,48-9, 93-4,175,182-3,206-8,217-18 Damianov, Georgi 131-2 Danev, Stoyan 130 Danube 21 Daskalov, Rayko 28-9,130-2,134-5, 138 Davidovič, Ljubomir 97,153 Debar 12-13,53-4,126-7,158-9,178 Debar-Ohrid Uprising 184 Dečani 37 Dema, Shaqir 159-60 Denikin, Anton Ivanovič general 38-40 Dibra, Zia 89-90 Dibrans 126-7,149,178-81 Dielli (newspaper) 151-2 Dimitrijević-Apis, Dragutin 11,77-8, 176-7,235 Dimitrov, Alexander 93-4,134,166,168,177-8 Dimitrov, Georgi 144-5 Djavid-pasha 12-13 Dobrič, Stojče 108,167 Dobro Polje 21,122-3 Dobruja 26-7,39,63,133 Dojran 21 Dolgač, Jovan 59-60 Dolni D’bni 130 dragonnades see quartering Drama 164-6 Đraškovič, Milorad 49 Drašković, Vuk 229-30, 232 Drenica 90-2,102,179-81 Drina 214 D’rvingov, Petar 32, 35-6,66-7,79-80,174-5, 181,205,235 Dubrovnik 48 Dukagjini, Leka 71-4,195-6 Duparinov, Spas 131-2 Dupnitsa 142-3 Dürres 32-3,53-4, 125-6, 151-2 Dyosha, Petar 41 Dzhorov, Stoyan 46-7 Džemail Jusein 106 Dakovica 13 Đinđić, Zoran 3, 230-3 Đorđevič, Tuše 93 Đurđevik 90 Đurič, Boža 79-80 БАМ - Front for National Liberation 209 Eastern Question 82 Edirne see Adrianople Effimov, Pano 112 ELAS ֊ National Liberation Army 209 England 107-8 Entente 26-7,
32, 39,63, 119-21,123-4,161 Epirus 7 Estonia 1-2, 38,173 Evangjeli, Pandeli 147-9 Exarchate 9-10,51-2,63-5,67-8,163-4 Eyres, Harry 149 Federation balkanique (newspaper) 191-2 Fera, Mehmed 90 Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria 21, 28-9,121-2 Finland 1-2,38 First special SS Regiment Vareg 215 First World War see Great War flying detachments 59,104, 108-9,112, 117,130 France 1-2, 21, 32,41, 55,79,107-8,140-1, 176-7,182-3,185-6, 238-9 franc-tireurs 18-19 Freikorps 9 French Indochina 55 FSS (Field Security Service) 217 Gallipoli 42-3 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 16 Garibaldi, Riccioti 16 Garvan 93-5 Garvanov, Ivan 163-4 Gege 163-4 Geneva 151,171,230 Georgiev, Kimon 203 Germany 1-2,24, 38,45-7,173,186-7, 195-6,212 Gevgelija 113-14 Gjonmarkaj, Mark 147-9 Goldstein-Cherski, Solomon 189-91 257
258 INDEX Golubić, Mustafa 176-7 Golubovič 107-8 Gornya Dzhumaya 68,87,103-4,117,136, 142-3 Götse Delchev 68,85-6,163-4 Gradevo 201-2 Grand Idea 23,119 Granda, Ivan 197-8 Great Britain 1-2,55,151,212 Great Eastern Crisis 9 Great War 1-2,4-6,9,13-29, 31-3,38-9,44-6, 49-51,53-4, 56-7,59-60,62-8,76-81, 83-7,93-6,101-2,108-10,119-29, 131-3,143-5,147,151-2,155-66, 173-81,184,187,189-93,197-8,202, 207,212-13, 230,234-9 Greece: EDES (National Republican Hellenic Alliance) 209 ELAS (National Liberation Army) 209 National Society 83 Pan-Hellenic Organization 16 Grigorov, Kiril 169 Gruev, Damyan 163-4 Guelev 162 Guerrilla Detachments 15,19,205,214-15 guerrilla warfare 4,7-9,14,35-6, 59,91-2,157, 170-1,194,196-7,204-5, 209-10,212, 220-2, 239-40 Gurakuqi, Luigj 154-5 Gusinja, Ismail 90 Gusinje 37,56-7,90 Gvardijan 221 Habsburg Empire 8 Habsburgs 8,120-1,197-8 Hadzhidimov, Dimo 164-6 hajduks 8-9 Hašek, Jaroslav 45 Herzegovina Uprising 197-8 Hilfe Polizei 215 Hitler, Adilf 207,211 Hoxha, Enver 195-6,216 Hoxha, Kadriu 89-90 Hristov Atanasov, Iliya Pandurski 166-7 Hristov, Pavle 65-6 Hungary 1-2, 22-4,26-7,33,41-3,45, 47,89-90,144-5,173,183,186-7, 206-7 ICTY (International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) 228,230,232 Iliev, Ivan 67 ilinden Uprising 11-12, 32,119,163-4 IMRO (Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revoluţionara Organization): autonomists 95,111-12,114-16,134,136, 144-5,147,156,163-7,189-92 federalists 77,95,111-16,130,134-6,140, 144-5,147,155-6,163-70,177-8, 189-92,198-201 IMARO (Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revoluţionara Organization) 9-10, 163-4 IMRO (United) 169-70,178 MEFO
(Macedonian Emigrant Federative Organization) 164-6 MFRO (Macedonian Federative Revolutionary Organization) 164-6,189-91 Provisional branch of theformer IMRO 164-6 Serres Declaration 164-6 Supreme Committee see Supreme Macedonian Committee Supreme Macedonian Committee 9-10, 17-18,164-6 India 55 Inter-allied Military Control Commission 123 Ioannina 124 Iosif, exarch 9-10 Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 1-2 irregular warfare 20,194,205 Islamic Society for the Defense of Justice see Cemiyet Istria 22-3, 26-7 Isufi, Élez 126-7,149,154,179 Italy 13, 21-3, 26-7,55,150,154-5,157-9, 182-4,186-7,191-6,206-7, 212,219, 238-9 Ivan Yanev-B’rlyo 86, 93-5,110, 134,166 Ivanić, Ivanka 172-3 Ivanov, Slave 86,168-9 Izetbegović, Alija 228 Jovanovič, Dragutin-Lune 174-5 Jovanovič, Kosta 103-4,162-3,167 Jovanovič, Vladan 116 Jovanovič, Zvezdan 230-3 Jovič, Mirko 229-30 kachaks 50,70-4,83-4,89-92, 94-102,107-8, 117-18,126-7,149-50,161,179-81, 184,218, 240-1 Kačanik 12-13 Kadrifakovo 93-5,110 Kadriu, Hoxha 89-90 Kaganovich, Lazar Moyseyevich 43-4 Kajmakčalan 19,198 Kajumi, Mehmed 90
INDEX Kalabić, Nikola 220-1 Kalamatija 113 Kalamatijevič, Mihajlo 113 Kantadzhiev, Chudomir 164-6 Karađorđević, Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 197-8 Karev, Nikola 63-4 Karnicheva, Mencha 169-70 Kavadarci 64 Kavala 164-6 Kazakhstan 46 Kazi, Taf 126-7,158-9,178-9 Kilias 21-2,64 King Matijaž Army 217-18 kleftes 8-9 Klina 90 Klis 47 Kochański, Simeon 67 Kočani 86,166,177-8 Kolárov, Vasil 132,144-5 Kolašin 37 Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich 38-9,45 komitajis 10-11,15,17,19,28-9, 31,35-7,50, 59-60,62-8, 70-1,76-7,79-81,83-90, 92-6,100-12,114-18,120-3,128, 134-7,156,162-3,166-71,174-5, 177-8,183-9,191-2,194-5,198-202, 223, 235-40 Korça 21,32-3,53,124,151-2 Kosovo and Metohija 7,37,51-8,52t, 71-4, 78-9, 83-4,89-100,109,126-7,147-50, 158-9,161,170,179-81,184,206-7, 212,218,236-7 Kosovo Committee 25,66-7,83-4, 89-90,95-9, 117-18,126-7,147-50,153,161,181-2, 184-6,195-6, 236,238-9 Koševo 95 Kotha 162 Koutzoli, Kazim-bey 147-9 Kovačevič, Krsta 59-60,79-80,101-2 Kragujevac 171 Krakov, Persida 172-3 Krakov, Sigismund 172-3 Krakov, Stanislav 169-70,172-3 Kratovo 86-8,104 Kriva Palanka 68 Krleža, Miroslav 44 Krstev, Ivan 67 Kruje 150 Krupnik 201-2 Kruševo 11-12,85-6 Kula 232 Kumanovo 16,52f, 104-5,108-9,113-14, 120-1,168 259 Kungur 44-5 Kushev, Iliya 68 Kyurlukov, Milan 65-6 Kyustendil 68,87, 93-4,103-4,111-12,116-17, 134-6,145,160,166-7,177-8 Lab 90 Latvia 1-2, 38,173 Lausanne Treaty 82 League of Nations 41-2, 45-6,134,147-9, 151-2 League of Prizren 124,228 Legija see Lukovič Ulemek, Milorad legionaries see Union ofthe Bulgarion National Legionaries Lekov, Stoyan-Caro 68 Lib 93-4,208,217-18
Lithuania 1-2,38,173 Little Entente 120-1 Livno 47 Liyapchev, Andrey 130 Lleshi, Hallil 126-7,147-9,158-60,178-9 Lodi 183-4 Lorn 143 London Treaty 22-3,26-7,157-8 Louis XIV, King of France 107-8 Lukovič Ulemek, Milorad 230-2 Lushnjë 32-3,125-6,154-5, 161 Lushnjë, Congress of 32-3,125-6,161 Ljotič, Dimitrije 172-3,213 Ljubani 108 Ljubljana 48 Macedonia: Macedonian Fraternities, Congress of 64-6, 111-12,164-6,191-2 Macedonian front 20-2, 24,26-9,32-4, 37, 39, 55, 59-60,63-4,83-4,124,157-8, 175 Macedonian Question 10-12,82-3,122-3, 133,135 Northern Macedonia 240-1 Madzharev, Mikhail 130 Maleš 102 Malinov, Alexander 130 МаШса, Salli 25 Malobabič, Rade 77-8 Manchuria 38 Maribor 48 Marseilles 79,185-6, 194-5, 238-9 Marmici 59-60 Mati clan 32-3,75-6,124-7,151,179
260 INDEX Matic, Branislav-Beli 230 Matkovič, Dobriča 94-5,109, 111-13 Međimurje 206-7 Mehmed V Reshad 13 Melnik 103-4 Merdare 17 MFRO (Macedonian Federal Revolutionary Organization) 164-6, 189-91 Mihailovič, Dragoslav-Draža 206-13, 216-18, 220-1,239-40 Mihajlović, Milica 172-3 Mikhailov, Ivan 67,86,113,147,169-71,177-8, 181,185-8,194-5,203,223-4 Mikhailov-Chavdar, Pancho 93-4,134-5,168, 177-8 Miletich, Ljubomir 183-4 Milev, Nikola 146,183-4 Military Border 8 Miloševič, Slobodan 232 Milovanović-Pećanac, Kosta 20,34-7, 57-60, 77,79-81,145,175,196,198,212-14 Miriditë 12-13 Miriditë clan 147-9 Mishev, Stoyan 86,111-12,114-15,166-9 Mitrovica 97 Monastir 53-4,124-5,163-4 see also Bitola Montenegro 7,9,14, 17,19-20,22-3,26-7, 32-3, 37-9,56-7,71-4,78-9,83-4, 91-4,120-1,158-9,182-3,186-7, 206-8,211,217-18,232 Morocco 55 Moscow 38-9,43-4,48-9,132,176-7,220-1 Mostar 48 Mrkonjić, Petar see Karađorđevič, Peter I, King ofYugoslavia Mudros 22 Mürzsteg Agreement 11-12,163-4 Mussolini, Benito 153-4,191-2,195-6, 211, 238-9 MVAC (Anti-communist Voluntary Militia) 211-12 Nansen, Fridtjof 45-6 Narva 45 Nedič, Božidar 172-3 Nedič, Milan 172-3,207-8,212-13 Nedič, Milutin 172-3 Netherlands 107-8 Neuilly, Treaty of 26-7,41-2,68-9,133, 137-8, 205 Nevrokop 68,111-12,116,130,134-5,166-7, 201, 203 Newman, John Paul 197-8 Nikodijević, Blaža 101-2 Nikolov, Tane 79-80 Nikoman 106 Niš 89,189 Niš Agreement 136-7 NKVD 224-5 Noli, Fan 25-6,74-5,149-56 Norman, count 48-9 Nosi, Lef 154-5 Nova Zagora 143 Novorosiysk 38-40 Obov, Alexander 131-2,137-8,142 Obrenović dynasty 10-11,176-7 Odessa 39-40,46-7 Officers
League see Military League Ohrid 21-2,64-6,184 Old and South Serbia 53-4,83-4 Omsk 45 Orkhanie 131-2 Ostreč 107-8 Ottoman Empire 3-4,8-11,13,16-17, 22-3,53, 82,89,124,177-8 Ovče Polje 106 Panitsa, Todor 114,130, 145,147,163-4, 169-70 paramilitarism: paramilitary culture 1-2,194 paramilitary traditions 2-3,194,225-6 paramilitary violence 1-4,93-4,128,194, 197-8, 201-2 renegades 92,113,116,144-5,157-71, 191-3,219-20,237-8 Paris 32,68-9,149-50,161,178 Paris Peace Conference 23,25-7,65,84,158-9, 183-4 Pašič, Nikola 77-8,97, 125-6,134,147-9,153, 168-9 Pavelič, Ante 185-6,194-5, 219 Pavlovič, Ludvig 225-6 Pazardzhik 136-7 Peci, Sotir 25 Peć 13,56-8,97 Peć County 98-9 Pehlivanov, Yoriy 46-7 Pelević, Borislav 230-1 Pelivanov, Sande 112 Pernar, Ivan 197-8 Peru 41 Peshkopi 154 Petkov, Pětko 138
INDEX Petrich 68,87,103-4,117,136, 203 Petrich County 26,64-5,103-4,118,123, 136,140,145,170,189-91,194-5, 198-203,237 see aho Pirin Macedonia Petrov, Djorche 164-6 Petrovaradin 47 Petrovič, Nikola, King of Montenegro 182-3 Petrovič, Rista 79-80 Petrović-Njegoš, dynasty 182-3 Piedmont 11 Pirin Macedonia 11-12,26,51-2,64-5,136,168 see also Petrich County Plav 37,56-7,90 Plovdiv 131-2 Podgora 90 Podujevo 233 Poland 1-2,38,40,45,49 Pophristov, Georgi 137 Popovič, Vojín 14-15,59-60,80-1,113,198 Požarevac 47 Prekomurje 206-7 Prespa lake 59-60 Preševo 101-2 Prilep 21-2,65-6,174 Princip, Gavrilo 14 Prishtina, Hasan 8, 89-90,126-7, 147-9, 179-81,184,186 Prizren 51-521, 97,149 Prokuplje 79 Protogerov, Alexander 29,32, 35-6,63-7, 79-80, 87,133,147,164-6,183-6, 189-92,194-5,205, 235 Qerime Radisheva see Shote Quartering 107-8 Račić, Puniša 80-1,174-5,197-8 Radič, Pavle 197-8 Radič, Stjepan 80-1, 88,185-6,188-9,197-8, 238-9 Radomir 104 Radomir Rebellion 28-9,63,131-2 Raduša 225-6 Rama, Sadik 90,96-9 Raška 51-52t,97 Ravna Gora 207-8 Ražnatovič-Arkan, Željko 230-2 Reconquista 8 Reiss, Archibald 86-7,92 Rhodope 7 Romania 5,21,23,26-7, 34-5,44-7,120-1, 131-2,140-1,214-15, 221-2 261 Rozlog 142-3 Rožaj 37 Rugovo 90 Russia: Red Army 40,46-8,213-14,221-2,239 Russian Civil War 13,30-48,214-15 Russian Empire 5,21-2,38 Russian Imperial Army 39,46-7 Russian revolutions 4,38,46-7, 121,214-15 Soviet Russia 40-4,46-50,120-2, 140-2, 144-5,152-3,155,176-7,187,189-91, 209-10,214-15, 221-2, 236,240-1 Soviet Union see Soviet Russia White Russian 4, 38-48, 50,121,123,128-9, 138,143-5,154-6,187,189-91,196,
214-15 Rustemi, Avni 149-51,161 Sadri, Kera 90 Salonika 12-13,21-2, 28-9,39-40, 51-4,78, 87-8,119-20,129,163-4,170,176-7, 183,186,207 Sandanski, Yane 85-6,163-6, 169-70 Sanjak 14,19-20, 37, 51֊52t, 51-5, 78-9,83-4, 100,217-18,236-7 Sanjak, Commissar for 100 Sarafov, Boris 163-4 Sarajevo 14, 77-8, 233-4 Sardinia 71-4 Second World War 2,5,170-8,186,194-8, 205-26,239-40 Senegal 55 Serbia: Black Hand 11,15,17-18, 76-8,176-7,204, 235,238 Kingdom of Serbia 51-2,136 officers-conspirators 11 Serbian Committee 10-11 St. Sava Society 83 Unification or Death see Black Hand White Hand 207 Serres 64, 87-8,163-6, 170-1 Sevastopol 46-7 Shaban, Ramadan 90 Shandanov, Petar 30-1,203 Shanghai 42-3 Shefquet Turgut-pasha 12-13 Shkodra 12-13,17, 21, 25,32-3, 56-7,119-20, 124,157-8 Shkoynov, general 202-3 Shote 179-81 Siberia 45
262 INDEX Sicily 71-4 Simatović, Franko 231-2 Simić, Božin 77-8,176-7,181,205 Simitli 201-2 Skanderbeg 155,212,218 Skopje 13, 58,64,87-9,97,101-2,108-9,116, 136-7,162-3,167,170,177-8,189 Skrizhovski, Georgi 164-6 Slavonia 217-18 Slivovitsa 136-7 Slovenian Home Guard 213 Small war see guerrilla warfare Smederevo 47 Sofia 35-6,43-4,48-9,63-6,69,103-4,111-12, 134-7,139,145-6,162-4,181,185-6, 198-201, 203 Sokolarski-Sudzhukareto, Mita 86,111-12, 114-15,166-9 Soldiers Rebellion see Radomir Rebellion South Africa 107-8 Southern Regions, Commissar for 100 Spain 8 Spasov, Cvetan 168 Split 175 Srem 206-7 Sremski Karlovci 42-3 St. Petersburg 45 Stambolič, Ivan 232 Stamboliyski, Alexander 26-9,41,48-9,68-70, 77,108,121-3,128,130,133-8,146, 183-4,237 Stanič, Stanojlo 104 Stankovič, Mina 79-80,168 Stara Zagora 143 Stefan Dušan, Tsar 83-4 Stefan Karadzha 107-8 Stefanov, Nedelcho 146 Stejič, Spasoje 49 Stepinac, Aloisius 218-19 Stettin 45 Stevanovič, Milan 79-80 Stoltz 232 Stone, Ellen 85-6 Strumica 26-7,64, 87-8,93,104,133 Subotica 48 Sveta Nedelya attempt see Church Sveta Nedelya, attempt at Sveti Vrach 224-5 Svishtov 140-1 Switzerland 107-8,164-6 Šešelj, Vojislav 229-30 Šibenik 47 Štíp 64,86,95,106,110-11,113,138,169,177-8 Šumadija 78-9 Tan War see Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 Tankosié, Vojislav 14-15,77-8, 80-1,95-6 Tatarchev, Nikola 66-7 Tetovo 64 Theophan Stylian see Noli, Fan Thrace 15-16, 21-2,26-7,41,63, 83,122-3, 133,196,205, 207 Tikveš 52t Tirana 32-3,66,89-90,147-51,154 Tito, Josip Broz 44-5,216,226 Todorov, Constantine 137-8,142 Todorov, Gligor Petrov 186-7 Todorov,
Gerasim 224-5 Todorov-Fertiko, Lazar 116 Tomov 134-5 Topaldzhikov, general 41-2 Toplica 5,19-20,34-6, 78-9,174-5 Toplica Uprising 5, 35-7, 78-81,162-3,175, 212-13,235 Toptanı, Esad-pasha 32-3,125-7,147-50,153, 157-61,178-81 Toske 152-3 Trbič, Vasilije 14-15,59-62,174-5,181 Trifiinović-Birčanin, Ilija 80-1,145,175,197-8 Tsankov, Alexander 131,137-8,141-6 Tsitsonkov, Yordan 138,169 Tumangelov, Nesho 146 Turkey 42-3,93-4,117-18,176-7,186-7,207, 215-16 Turkish Committee for Union and Progress see Young Turks Ukraine 22,45,224-5 Umlenski, Hristo 112 United Kingdom 207-8 Ural 44-5 Useinovič, Ibrahim 83 Uzunov, Angel 123 V’ndev, Georgi 93,104,110,114 Valandovo 19 Valjevo 47 Vangelis 162 Vangelov Stoev, Hristo a.k.a Risto Derizhabo 169 Vardar 62,87-8,97,113-14,122-3,183-4 Vareg, SS regiment 215 Varna 40,46-7 Varnava, patriarch 79
INDEX Vasić, Miloš 59 Vasilev, Slaveyko 136-7 Vasojević clan 56-7 Veles 21-2,59-62,64,85-6,105,188-9 Veliko Turnovo 129-30 Velkov, Lazar 68 Velyanov, Velichko-Skopski 108,136-7,167 Veriaci, Shefqet-bey 149-50 Veseljaj, Yusuf 90 Vesov, Lyubomir 68 Vidin 143 Vienna 125-6,169-70,189-92 Vinica 167 Vladaya Rebellion see Radomir Rebellion Vladimírovo 107-8 Vladivostok 45 Vlahov, Dimitar 178,181,189-92 Vlora 32-3,124,154 Vlora, Eqrem-bey 74-5,126,178 Vojinović, Kosta 35-6 Vojvoda Bogdan 79-80 Vojvoda Vuk see Popovič, Vojín Vojvodina 22-3,26-7,78-9, 232 Volunteer Detachment 19,198 Vratsa 145 Vukosavljević, Sreten 15, 77-8,174-5,181 Vulovič, Ljubomir 77-8 Walteri, Beqir 74-5 Wars of Yugoslav Succession: Arkani Tigers 230-1,241 Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina 228 Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina 228, 241 Army of the Serbian Republic 228, 241 Croatian Party of Right 227 Dušan the Mighty 229-30 Green berets 228 HVO—Croatian Council of Defense 227 HOS—Croatian Defense Forces 227 JSO (Unitfor Special Operation) 3, 231-3 Knindže 227 Larks 233-4 Party of Serbian Unity 230-1 RSK—(Republic of Serbian Krajina) 227-8 Red berets 241 Republika Srpska 228 Scorpions 233,235, 241 Serbian Chetnik Movement 229-30 Serbian Guard 230 Serbian Volunteers Guards see Arkani Tigers 263 SDA (Party of Democratic Action) 228 SDB (State Security Service) 230-2 SNO (Serbian National Renewal) 229-30 SPO (Serbian Movement of Renewal) 229-30,232 SRS (Serbian Radical Party) 229-30 UÇK—Kosovo Liberation Army 228 The Unit see JSO (Unitfor Special Operation) White Eagles 229-30 Wolves from Vuiijak 228 Wehrmacht
215 Weitz, Eric D. 51-2 Wilhelm zu Wied, prince 124-6 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich 24,38,40-3,48, 50,147-9,153 Xhafer-bey Ypi 51-2,149 Xhemal-pasha 124-5 yataks 220,223-4 Young Bosnia 176-7 Young Turk revolution 11-12,90,119, 163-4,178 Young Turb 12-13,16,71-4, 89-92, 124-7, 163-4 Yugoslavia: anti-communist resistance 215-21 Assault battalions see Chetnik battalions Association ofChetniks see Chetnik Association Association of Chetniks for the Freedom and Honour of the Fatherland see Chetnik Association Association ofReserve Officers and Warriors 62 Association of Serbian Chetniks “Petar Mrkonjić” 197-8 balists 216-18,240-1 Battalions of Organized Albanians 126-7, 158-60 Cemiyet (Islamic Society for the Defense of Justice) 97 Chetnik Association 77,80-1,175,196-8, 212-13, 239 Chetnik battalions 204-5 collaboration 211-12,215 Croatian Party of Right 185-6 Green Cadre 22-3,47 Greens 182-4 HNO-Croatian People’s Board 219 HRB-Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood 225-6 crusaders 218-19, 221
264 INDEX Yugoslavia (cont.) HSS (Croatian Peasant Party) 88,185-6, 194-5,197-8, 238-9 Democratic Party 137-8, 153,197-8 JNA (Yugoslav People’s Army) 230,241 KPJ (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) 49, 144-5,170-3,187-91,209,214-15, 219-20, 239-40 Mountain Guard 220-1 National Committee ofKingdom of Yugoslavia 217 National Defence 11, 115,166-7,175, 198,238 NOP - (Peoples Liberation Movement) 210 NRS (Peoples Radical Party) 62,97,110,116, 197-8 Organization against Bulgarian Bandits 62, 110-18,144-5,166-7,169-70, 238 ORJUNA 70-1 partisans 91-2,209-15 People’s Self-Defence 113-16,170 see also Organization Against Bulgarian Bandits Red Justice 49 Red Star Belgrade (football club) 231-2 Staatsbibliothek München RZK - Russian Protection Corps 196, 214-15 Russian Protection Unit see RZK - Russian Protection Corps SDK- Serbian Volunteers Corps 196, 213-14, 239 Second Prizren League 196,211-12,218 SRJ - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 241 Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland 207-8,210 Yugoslav communists see KPJ (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) Zbor—Yugoslav National Movement 172-3, 196,213,239 Yugoslav-Italian Friendship Pact 144-5 Zagreb 22-3,44,186,194-5, 206,218-19 Zemun clan 231-2 Zhiganski, Pano 112 Zog King of Albanians see Zogu, Ahmed-bey Zografov, Krum 95,166 Zogu, Ahmed-bey 25-6,32-3,74-6,117-18, 124-9, 147-56,178-81,186,195-6, 236-7 Zvečan 51-52Í, 97 Žirje 47 |
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Table of Contents List of Illustrations Introduction: Balkan Paramilitaries ֊ Undemobilized Combatants I. Origins Participation of Balkan Paramilitaries in the Balkan Wars and the Great War The Balkans after the Great War II. Demobilization vs. Mobilization New Colours in the Balkan Palette of Paramilitarism Whites Reds III. Balkan Borderlands Initial Usage of Paramilitaries in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Controversies that Occurred Bulgaria and Paramilitarism: Weak State vs. Strong Movements Albania: Paramilitarism or Pre-militarism? Chetniks in the Post-Black Hand Era Toplica Uprising 1917: Cornerstone of Post-Great War Chetnik Identity IV. New Context + Traditional Methods = Unexpected Outcomes Initial Response to Paramilitary Activities in the Yugoslav South Introduction of Extraordinary Measures Organization against Bulgarian Bandits V. The Age of Coups detat Bulgarian 1923 June Coup d’état September Uprising or Revolution? Albanian Teeter Zogu’s Ascent to Power Albania Under Fan Noli VI. Individuals and Organizations Renegades Life Trajectories of some of the Balkans Paramilitaries International Networks xiii 1 7 13 21 28 38 38 44 51 55 63 71 76 78 82 84 99 110 119 129 129 138 147 147 151 157 157 171 181
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS VIL Legacies Between World Wars Second World War and Paramilitaries in the Balkans: Between Resistance, Collaboration, Revolutions, Counterrevolutions and Civil Wars Paramilitaries and Paramilitarism in the Balkans after the Second World War Inventing Traditions: Paramilitarism and the ‘Wars of the Yugoslav Succession Conclusion: Balkan Paramilitaries Works Cited Index 194 197 206 215 225 235 243 255
Works Cited Archival Collections Serbia Archives of Yugoslavia -14 Ministry of the Interior of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia - 37 Milan Stojadinović - 334 Ministry of Foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Military Archives - Command of the Third Army District - Military Security Agency - Yugoslav People’s Army Bulgaria National Library ‘Kiril i Metodi/—Bulgarian Historical Archive - 405 Todor Alexandrov Poprushev - 841 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Newspapers and periodicals Politika, Vreme, Večernje novosti, Žandarmerijski kalendar, Službeni vojni list Printed primary sources Dimič, Ljubodrag and Đorđe Borazan, (eds), Jugoslovenska država i Albanci. Tom І (Beograd: Službeni list SRJ; Arhiv Jugoslavije; Vojno-istorijski institut, 1998). Dimič, Ljubodrag and Đorđe Borazan, (eds), Jugoslovenska država i Albanci. Tom 2 (Beograd: Službeni list SRJ; Arhiv Jugoslavije; Vojno-istorijski institut, 1998). General Staff of the Yugoslav Royal Army, Veliki rat Srbije za oslobođenje i ujedinjenje Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1914-1918, (Beograd: Glavni đeneralštab 1937). Grozeya, Nedyalka et al. (eds), Goryanite: sborník dokumentu Тот 1, (1944-1949) (Sofia: Glavno upravlenie na arhivite pri ministerskiya savet 2001). Grozeya, Nedyalka amd Bugarcheva, Elena (eds), Goryanite: sborník dokumenti. Tom li, (1949-1956) (Sofia: Glavno upravlenie na arhivite pri ministerskiya savet 2010). Katardžiev, Ivan (ed), VMRO (Obedineta): dokumenti i materijali. I i II, (Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija, 1992). Revyakina, Luiza et al. (eds), Kominternat i Balgariya. Tom I,
Dokumenti, (Sofia: Glavno upravlenie na arhivite pri Ministerskiya Syvet, 2005).
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Index Note: Tables are indicated by an italic “ŕ” following the page numbers. For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. 10 April 221 21 SS division Skanderbeg 212,218 Axes 62,176-7,196-7,204-8,211-12, 214-15, 221-2 Azem Bejta-Galica 90,96-9,117-18,179-81 Abdul Hamid II 11-12 Adrianople 9-10,151-2,163-4 Aegean Macedonia 51-2,122-3,162 Albania: Atdheu 126-7 Bashkimi 74,126-7,149-50,152-3 the clique 128,149-50 collaboration 212 Committee for National Defence of Albania 32-3,161 Democrats 126-7,149-50 Great Albania, idea 25, 89-90,98-9,212 Great Albania, Italian puppet state 186, 206-7 Legality 196, 218 National Front 196,212, 218 OraetMaleve 126-7 Progressives 126-7,149-50,152-3 Vatra 126-7,151-2 Albanian Orthodox Church 151-2 Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasilyevich general 40 Alexander I Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia 22-3,80-1,185-6 Alexandrov, Todor 29,63-4 Algeria 55 Alijagić, Alija 49 Anastasijević, Dejan 228 Andrijevica 37 Angelov, Doncho 166 Antov, Stoyan 68 Aqif-pasha 147-9 Arsov, Vane 112 Asia Minor 23,119 Atanasovski, Filip 189-91 Attack on Good Friday 19 Austria 1-2,173,187,214,217,219 Austro-Hungarian Empire 11,14,19-23, 26-7, 33,46, 77-8,89-90,124,157-8, 182-3,235 Babunski, Jovan 33-4,59-62, 78,80-1,101-2, 109,174 Bačka 206-7 Balkan (mt) 7 Balkan Wars 9-10,13-21, 26-7,31-2,51, 56-7, 59-60,64,71-4, 77-9,83-4,95-6, 119, 121-2,124-5,162,164-6,172-7,191-2, 234-5 First War 14,17,51-2,205 Second War 17,21-2,30-1,121-2,177-8, 184, 236-7 Baltic 8,45,224-5 Bansko 201-2 Baranja 206-7
Bártou, Louis 238-9 Bartov, Omer 51-2 Basariček, Dura 197-8 Bashibozluk 16,71-4 Bavaria 47,187 Bazhdarov, Georgi 86 Bektashi 53, 71-4,149-50 Belgrade 9-11,22-3,40-2,47,55-6,61-2, 86-7,89-90,100,110-11,125-6,135, 137-8,144-5,147-50,167,172-5,189, 197-8,229-32 Belogradchik 145 Belousova, Pelagiya 45 Berane 37,51-2t Berlin, Congress of 9 besa 75-6,98 Bessarabia 46-7 Bijelo Polje 37 Bileća 37 Bitola 21-2, 51-52í, 53-4,87-8,97,104 see also Monastir Black and Tans 1-2 Blažarič, Pavle 14,174-5 Boletini, Isa 12-13
256 INDEX Bolsheviks 24, 38-40,46-9,123,176-7, 237 Bolshevism 47-8,142-3,189-91 Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria 28-9,131,146 Bosilegrad 26-7,35-6,133 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7, 9,11,14, 22-3,26-7, 33,49, 93-4, 206-8,211,217-19, 225-31,233-4, 241 annexation of 11,119 Boychinovci 143 Božović, Đorđe-Giška 230 Brazil 41 Bregalnica County 51-521,93-5,104-6, 108-13 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 39 Brunnbauer, Ulf 7 Brutalization 2 Bucharest 37 Budimirović, Živojin 103-5 Budva. 232 Bulgaria: Agrarian Mounted Guard 130,135 agrarians see BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) anti-communist resistance 221-5 anti-Russian measures 140-2 Association of Reserve Officers 122,129-32 BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) 26,28-9,31,51,63,68-71, 77,81,122-4,128-42,144-7,155-6, 166-7,169-70,189-92,221-4,237, 239-40 Committee on Peasant Dictatorship 129 BKP (Bulgarian Communist Party 49-50,70, 132,138-43,146,191-2 Constitutional Bloc 122,128-31,189-91 Democratic Party 129 Fatherland Front 221-3 Father Paisiy 223,239-40 goryani 223-5, 239-40 Homeland Protection 202-3 ilinden Organization 191-2 Illegal Military Organization 49-50,63 Liberal Party 121-2 Military League 31,63-4,122,128-33, 138, 182-3 Museum of Revolutionary Movement in Bulgaria 144 Orange Guard 63,69-71,81,128-32,134-6, 138,237 People’s Covenant 131 People’s Party 121-2 People’s Union ofReserve Officers and NCO’s 49-50 People’s Tribunal 222-3 Radical Democratic Party 129 Septemberrevolution 143,189-92 St. Cyril and Methodius Committee 83 United People’s Progressive Party 129 see also People’s Party Union for the Return to Fatherland—
Sovnarod 43,141-2 Union of the Bulgarian National Legionaries 223,239-40 Zveno 203,221-2 Buneva, Mara 169 Burgas 30 Canada 107-8 Carev Vrh 102 Carevo Selo 67 Caribrod 26-7,133 Caucasus 8,71-4 Cerović, M. 100, 103-4 Chaulev, Petar 29,63-6, 75,147,164-6,183-4, 189-92 CHEKA (All Russian Emergency Commission for Suppressing Counterrevolution and Sabotage) 141-2 Chernopeev, Hristo 63-4, 85-6 Chernozemski, Vlado 185-6 chetnik action 10-11,34-5,59-60, 79-81, 175-7,208 chetniks 10-11,13-15,17-19, 33-7, 50,59-60, 62,70-1,76-81,95-6,112,145-6,156, 166-7,173-7,197-8, 204,207-8, 210-14,216-19, 235,238-41 China 38 Cholakov, Gosho 68 Chuchkov, Efrem 68 Church Sveta Nedelya, attempt at 146,198-201 CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps) 217 Ciklev, Grigor 111-12,166-8 Ciklev, Mitrush 86 Cold War 82,215-16,227,239-41 Comintern (Communist International) 132, 169-70,176-7,189-91,193,209-10, 238-40 Committee for the Defence ofKosovo see Kosovo Committee Communist International see Comintern Constantinople 21-2,38,40-4,53-4, 57-8,183 Corsica 71-4 Cossacks 8,141-2 Crete 71-4,207 Crimea 24,38,40-1,48,123 Crnoljeva 12-13
INDEX Croatia: Croatian Home Guard 211 ustashe 79-80,185-6,193-5,206-7,211, 216-22,225-7,238-41 Independent State of Croatia 206-7,211, 218-19 culture of defeat 1-2, 31, 50,122 culture of victory 50 Curri, Bayram 25, 89-90,126-7,149,154-5, 179-81,184 Cvetkovič, Serafim 106 Cvijić, Jovan 7,162 Czechoslovakia 38,45,120-1,138,145 D’bnitsa affair 201 D’Espèrey, Franchet 119-20 Dagestan 48 Dalmatia 7, 22-3,26-7, 33,37,41-2,48-9, 93-4,175,182-3,206-8,217-18 Damianov, Georgi 131-2 Danev, Stoyan 130 Danube 21 Daskalov, Rayko 28-9,130-2,134-5, 138 Davidovič, Ljubomir 97,153 Debar 12-13,53-4,126-7,158-9,178 Debar-Ohrid Uprising 184 Dečani 37 Dema, Shaqir 159-60 Denikin, Anton Ivanovič general 38-40 Dibra, Zia 89-90 Dibrans 126-7,149,178-81 Dielli (newspaper) 151-2 Dimitrijević-Apis, Dragutin 11,77-8, 176-7,235 Dimitrov, Alexander 93-4,134,166,168,177-8 Dimitrov, Georgi 144-5 Djavid-pasha 12-13 Dobrič, Stojče 108,167 Dobro Polje 21,122-3 Dobruja 26-7,39,63,133 Dojran 21 Dolgač, Jovan 59-60 Dolni D’bni 130 dragonnades see quartering Drama 164-6 Đraškovič, Milorad 49 Drašković, Vuk 229-30, 232 Drenica 90-2,102,179-81 Drina 214 D’rvingov, Petar 32, 35-6,66-7,79-80,174-5, 181,205,235 Dubrovnik 48 Dukagjini, Leka 71-4,195-6 Duparinov, Spas 131-2 Dupnitsa 142-3 Dürres 32-3,53-4, 125-6, 151-2 Dyosha, Petar 41 Dzhorov, Stoyan 46-7 Džemail Jusein 106 Dakovica 13 Đinđić, Zoran 3, 230-3 Đorđevič, Tuše 93 Đurđevik 90 Đurič, Boža 79-80 БАМ - Front for National Liberation 209 Eastern Question 82 Edirne see Adrianople Effimov, Pano 112 ELAS ֊ National Liberation Army 209 England 107-8 Entente 26-7,
32, 39,63, 119-21,123-4,161 Epirus 7 Estonia 1-2, 38,173 Evangjeli, Pandeli 147-9 Exarchate 9-10,51-2,63-5,67-8,163-4 Eyres, Harry 149 Federation balkanique (newspaper) 191-2 Fera, Mehmed 90 Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria 21, 28-9,121-2 Finland 1-2,38 First special SS Regiment Vareg 215 First World War see Great War flying detachments 59,104, 108-9,112, 117,130 France 1-2, 21, 32,41, 55,79,107-8,140-1, 176-7,182-3,185-6, 238-9 franc-tireurs 18-19 Freikorps 9 French Indochina 55 FSS (Field Security Service) 217 Gallipoli 42-3 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 16 Garibaldi, Riccioti 16 Garvan 93-5 Garvanov, Ivan 163-4 Gege 163-4 Geneva 151,171,230 Georgiev, Kimon 203 Germany 1-2,24, 38,45-7,173,186-7, 195-6,212 Gevgelija 113-14 Gjonmarkaj, Mark 147-9 Goldstein-Cherski, Solomon 189-91 257
258 INDEX Golubić, Mustafa 176-7 Golubovič 107-8 Gornya Dzhumaya 68,87,103-4,117,136, 142-3 Götse Delchev 68,85-6,163-4 Gradevo 201-2 Grand Idea 23,119 Granda, Ivan 197-8 Great Britain 1-2,55,151,212 Great Eastern Crisis 9 Great War 1-2,4-6,9,13-29, 31-3,38-9,44-6, 49-51,53-4, 56-7,59-60,62-8,76-81, 83-7,93-6,101-2,108-10,119-29, 131-3,143-5,147,151-2,155-66, 173-81,184,187,189-93,197-8,202, 207,212-13, 230,234-9 Greece: EDES (National Republican Hellenic Alliance) 209 ELAS (National Liberation Army) 209 National Society 83 Pan-Hellenic Organization 16 Grigorov, Kiril 169 Gruev, Damyan 163-4 Guelev 162 Guerrilla Detachments 15,19,205,214-15 guerrilla warfare 4,7-9,14,35-6, 59,91-2,157, 170-1,194,196-7,204-5, 209-10,212, 220-2, 239-40 Gurakuqi, Luigj 154-5 Gusinja, Ismail 90 Gusinje 37,56-7,90 Gvardijan 221 Habsburg Empire 8 Habsburgs 8,120-1,197-8 Hadzhidimov, Dimo 164-6 hajduks 8-9 Hašek, Jaroslav 45 Herzegovina Uprising 197-8 Hilfe Polizei 215 Hitler, Adilf 207,211 Hoxha, Enver 195-6,216 Hoxha, Kadriu 89-90 Hristov Atanasov, Iliya Pandurski 166-7 Hristov, Pavle 65-6 Hungary 1-2, 22-4,26-7,33,41-3,45, 47,89-90,144-5,173,183,186-7, 206-7 ICTY (International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) 228,230,232 Iliev, Ivan 67 ilinden Uprising 11-12, 32,119,163-4 IMRO (Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revoluţionara Organization): autonomists 95,111-12,114-16,134,136, 144-5,147,156,163-7,189-92 federalists 77,95,111-16,130,134-6,140, 144-5,147,155-6,163-70,177-8, 189-92,198-201 IMARO (Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revoluţionara Organization) 9-10, 163-4 IMRO (United) 169-70,178 MEFO
(Macedonian Emigrant Federative Organization) 164-6 MFRO (Macedonian Federative Revolutionary Organization) 164-6,189-91 Provisional branch of theformer IMRO 164-6 Serres Declaration 164-6 Supreme Committee see Supreme Macedonian Committee Supreme Macedonian Committee 9-10, 17-18,164-6 India 55 Inter-allied Military Control Commission 123 Ioannina 124 Iosif, exarch 9-10 Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 1-2 irregular warfare 20,194,205 Islamic Society for the Defense of Justice see Cemiyet Istria 22-3, 26-7 Isufi, Élez 126-7,149,154,179 Italy 13, 21-3, 26-7,55,150,154-5,157-9, 182-4,186-7,191-6,206-7, 212,219, 238-9 Ivan Yanev-B’rlyo 86, 93-5,110, 134,166 Ivanić, Ivanka 172-3 Ivanov, Slave 86,168-9 Izetbegović, Alija 228 Jovanovič, Dragutin-Lune 174-5 Jovanovič, Kosta 103-4,162-3,167 Jovanovič, Vladan 116 Jovanovič, Zvezdan 230-3 Jovič, Mirko 229-30 kachaks 50,70-4,83-4,89-92, 94-102,107-8, 117-18,126-7,149-50,161,179-81, 184,218, 240-1 Kačanik 12-13 Kadrifakovo 93-5,110 Kadriu, Hoxha 89-90 Kaganovich, Lazar Moyseyevich 43-4 Kajmakčalan 19,198 Kajumi, Mehmed 90
INDEX Kalabić, Nikola 220-1 Kalamatija 113 Kalamatijevič, Mihajlo 113 Kantadzhiev, Chudomir 164-6 Karađorđević, Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 197-8 Karev, Nikola 63-4 Karnicheva, Mencha 169-70 Kavadarci 64 Kavala 164-6 Kazakhstan 46 Kazi, Taf 126-7,158-9,178-9 Kilias 21-2,64 King Matijaž Army 217-18 kleftes 8-9 Klina 90 Klis 47 Kochański, Simeon 67 Kočani 86,166,177-8 Kolárov, Vasil 132,144-5 Kolašin 37 Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich 38-9,45 komitajis 10-11,15,17,19,28-9, 31,35-7,50, 59-60,62-8, 70-1,76-7,79-81,83-90, 92-6,100-12,114-18,120-3,128, 134-7,156,162-3,166-71,174-5, 177-8,183-9,191-2,194-5,198-202, 223, 235-40 Korça 21,32-3,53,124,151-2 Kosovo and Metohija 7,37,51-8,52t, 71-4, 78-9, 83-4,89-100,109,126-7,147-50, 158-9,161,170,179-81,184,206-7, 212,218,236-7 Kosovo Committee 25,66-7,83-4, 89-90,95-9, 117-18,126-7,147-50,153,161,181-2, 184-6,195-6, 236,238-9 Koševo 95 Kotha 162 Koutzoli, Kazim-bey 147-9 Kovačevič, Krsta 59-60,79-80,101-2 Kragujevac 171 Krakov, Persida 172-3 Krakov, Sigismund 172-3 Krakov, Stanislav 169-70,172-3 Kratovo 86-8,104 Kriva Palanka 68 Krleža, Miroslav 44 Krstev, Ivan 67 Kruje 150 Krupnik 201-2 Kruševo 11-12,85-6 Kula 232 Kumanovo 16,52f, 104-5,108-9,113-14, 120-1,168 259 Kungur 44-5 Kushev, Iliya 68 Kyurlukov, Milan 65-6 Kyustendil 68,87, 93-4,103-4,111-12,116-17, 134-6,145,160,166-7,177-8 Lab 90 Latvia 1-2, 38,173 Lausanne Treaty 82 League of Nations 41-2, 45-6,134,147-9, 151-2 League of Prizren 124,228 Legija see Lukovič Ulemek, Milorad legionaries see Union ofthe Bulgarion National Legionaries Lekov, Stoyan-Caro 68 Lib 93-4,208,217-18
Lithuania 1-2,38,173 Little Entente 120-1 Livno 47 Liyapchev, Andrey 130 Lleshi, Hallil 126-7,147-9,158-60,178-9 Lodi 183-4 Lorn 143 London Treaty 22-3,26-7,157-8 Louis XIV, King of France 107-8 Lukovič Ulemek, Milorad 230-2 Lushnjë 32-3,125-6,154-5, 161 Lushnjë, Congress of 32-3,125-6,161 Ljotič, Dimitrije 172-3,213 Ljubani 108 Ljubljana 48 Macedonia: Macedonian Fraternities, Congress of 64-6, 111-12,164-6,191-2 Macedonian front 20-2, 24,26-9,32-4, 37, 39, 55, 59-60,63-4,83-4,124,157-8, 175 Macedonian Question 10-12,82-3,122-3, 133,135 Northern Macedonia 240-1 Madzharev, Mikhail 130 Maleš 102 Malinov, Alexander 130 МаШса, Salli 25 Malobabič, Rade 77-8 Manchuria 38 Maribor 48 Marseilles 79,185-6, 194-5, 238-9 Marmici 59-60 Mati clan 32-3,75-6,124-7,151,179
260 INDEX Matic, Branislav-Beli 230 Matkovič, Dobriča 94-5,109, 111-13 Međimurje 206-7 Mehmed V Reshad 13 Melnik 103-4 Merdare 17 MFRO (Macedonian Federal Revolutionary Organization) 164-6, 189-91 Mihailovič, Dragoslav-Draža 206-13, 216-18, 220-1,239-40 Mihajlović, Milica 172-3 Mikhailov, Ivan 67,86,113,147,169-71,177-8, 181,185-8,194-5,203,223-4 Mikhailov-Chavdar, Pancho 93-4,134-5,168, 177-8 Miletich, Ljubomir 183-4 Milev, Nikola 146,183-4 Military Border 8 Miloševič, Slobodan 232 Milovanović-Pećanac, Kosta 20,34-7, 57-60, 77,79-81,145,175,196,198,212-14 Miriditë 12-13 Miriditë clan 147-9 Mishev, Stoyan 86,111-12,114-15,166-9 Mitrovica 97 Monastir 53-4,124-5,163-4 see also Bitola Montenegro 7,9,14, 17,19-20,22-3,26-7, 32-3, 37-9,56-7,71-4,78-9,83-4, 91-4,120-1,158-9,182-3,186-7, 206-8,211,217-18,232 Morocco 55 Moscow 38-9,43-4,48-9,132,176-7,220-1 Mostar 48 Mrkonjić, Petar see Karađorđevič, Peter I, King ofYugoslavia Mudros 22 Mürzsteg Agreement 11-12,163-4 Mussolini, Benito 153-4,191-2,195-6, 211, 238-9 MVAC (Anti-communist Voluntary Militia) 211-12 Nansen, Fridtjof 45-6 Narva 45 Nedič, Božidar 172-3 Nedič, Milan 172-3,207-8,212-13 Nedič, Milutin 172-3 Netherlands 107-8 Neuilly, Treaty of 26-7,41-2,68-9,133, 137-8, 205 Nevrokop 68,111-12,116,130,134-5,166-7, 201, 203 Newman, John Paul 197-8 Nikodijević, Blaža 101-2 Nikolov, Tane 79-80 Nikoman 106 Niš 89,189 Niš Agreement 136-7 NKVD 224-5 Noli, Fan 25-6,74-5,149-56 Norman, count 48-9 Nosi, Lef 154-5 Nova Zagora 143 Novorosiysk 38-40 Obov, Alexander 131-2,137-8,142 Obrenović dynasty 10-11,176-7 Odessa 39-40,46-7 Officers
League see Military League Ohrid 21-2,64-6,184 Old and South Serbia 53-4,83-4 Omsk 45 Orkhanie 131-2 Ostreč 107-8 Ottoman Empire 3-4,8-11,13,16-17, 22-3,53, 82,89,124,177-8 Ovče Polje 106 Panitsa, Todor 114,130, 145,147,163-4, 169-70 paramilitarism: paramilitary culture 1-2,194 paramilitary traditions 2-3,194,225-6 paramilitary violence 1-4,93-4,128,194, 197-8, 201-2 renegades 92,113,116,144-5,157-71, 191-3,219-20,237-8 Paris 32,68-9,149-50,161,178 Paris Peace Conference 23,25-7,65,84,158-9, 183-4 Pašič, Nikola 77-8,97, 125-6,134,147-9,153, 168-9 Pavelič, Ante 185-6,194-5, 219 Pavlovič, Ludvig 225-6 Pazardzhik 136-7 Peci, Sotir 25 Peć 13,56-8,97 Peć County 98-9 Pehlivanov, Yoriy 46-7 Pelević, Borislav 230-1 Pelivanov, Sande 112 Pernar, Ivan 197-8 Peru 41 Peshkopi 154 Petkov, Pětko 138
INDEX Petrich 68,87,103-4,117,136, 203 Petrich County 26,64-5,103-4,118,123, 136,140,145,170,189-91,194-5, 198-203,237 see aho Pirin Macedonia Petrov, Djorche 164-6 Petrovaradin 47 Petrovič, Nikola, King of Montenegro 182-3 Petrovič, Rista 79-80 Petrović-Njegoš, dynasty 182-3 Piedmont 11 Pirin Macedonia 11-12,26,51-2,64-5,136,168 see also Petrich County Plav 37,56-7,90 Plovdiv 131-2 Podgora 90 Podujevo 233 Poland 1-2,38,40,45,49 Pophristov, Georgi 137 Popovič, Vojín 14-15,59-60,80-1,113,198 Požarevac 47 Prekomurje 206-7 Prespa lake 59-60 Preševo 101-2 Prilep 21-2,65-6,174 Princip, Gavrilo 14 Prishtina, Hasan 8, 89-90,126-7, 147-9, 179-81,184,186 Prizren 51-521, 97,149 Prokuplje 79 Protogerov, Alexander 29,32, 35-6,63-7, 79-80, 87,133,147,164-6,183-6, 189-92,194-5,205, 235 Qerime Radisheva see Shote Quartering 107-8 Račić, Puniša 80-1,174-5,197-8 Radič, Pavle 197-8 Radič, Stjepan 80-1, 88,185-6,188-9,197-8, 238-9 Radomir 104 Radomir Rebellion 28-9,63,131-2 Raduša 225-6 Rama, Sadik 90,96-9 Raška 51-52t,97 Ravna Gora 207-8 Ražnatovič-Arkan, Željko 230-2 Reconquista 8 Reiss, Archibald 86-7,92 Rhodope 7 Romania 5,21,23,26-7, 34-5,44-7,120-1, 131-2,140-1,214-15, 221-2 261 Rozlog 142-3 Rožaj 37 Rugovo 90 Russia: Red Army 40,46-8,213-14,221-2,239 Russian Civil War 13,30-48,214-15 Russian Empire 5,21-2,38 Russian Imperial Army 39,46-7 Russian revolutions 4,38,46-7, 121,214-15 Soviet Russia 40-4,46-50,120-2, 140-2, 144-5,152-3,155,176-7,187,189-91, 209-10,214-15, 221-2, 236,240-1 Soviet Union see Soviet Russia White Russian 4, 38-48, 50,121,123,128-9, 138,143-5,154-6,187,189-91,196,
214-15 Rustemi, Avni 149-51,161 Sadri, Kera 90 Salonika 12-13,21-2, 28-9,39-40, 51-4,78, 87-8,119-20,129,163-4,170,176-7, 183,186,207 Sandanski, Yane 85-6,163-6, 169-70 Sanjak 14,19-20, 37, 51֊52t, 51-5, 78-9,83-4, 100,217-18,236-7 Sanjak, Commissar for 100 Sarafov, Boris 163-4 Sarajevo 14, 77-8, 233-4 Sardinia 71-4 Second World War 2,5,170-8,186,194-8, 205-26,239-40 Senegal 55 Serbia: Black Hand 11,15,17-18, 76-8,176-7,204, 235,238 Kingdom of Serbia 51-2,136 officers-conspirators 11 Serbian Committee 10-11 St. Sava Society 83 Unification or Death see Black Hand White Hand 207 Serres 64, 87-8,163-6, 170-1 Sevastopol 46-7 Shaban, Ramadan 90 Shandanov, Petar 30-1,203 Shanghai 42-3 Shefquet Turgut-pasha 12-13 Shkodra 12-13,17, 21, 25,32-3, 56-7,119-20, 124,157-8 Shkoynov, general 202-3 Shote 179-81 Siberia 45
262 INDEX Sicily 71-4 Simatović, Franko 231-2 Simić, Božin 77-8,176-7,181,205 Simitli 201-2 Skanderbeg 155,212,218 Skopje 13, 58,64,87-9,97,101-2,108-9,116, 136-7,162-3,167,170,177-8,189 Skrizhovski, Georgi 164-6 Slavonia 217-18 Slivovitsa 136-7 Slovenian Home Guard 213 Small war see guerrilla warfare Smederevo 47 Sofia 35-6,43-4,48-9,63-6,69,103-4,111-12, 134-7,139,145-6,162-4,181,185-6, 198-201, 203 Sokolarski-Sudzhukareto, Mita 86,111-12, 114-15,166-9 Soldiers Rebellion see Radomir Rebellion South Africa 107-8 Southern Regions, Commissar for 100 Spain 8 Spasov, Cvetan 168 Split 175 Srem 206-7 Sremski Karlovci 42-3 St. Petersburg 45 Stambolič, Ivan 232 Stamboliyski, Alexander 26-9,41,48-9,68-70, 77,108,121-3,128,130,133-8,146, 183-4,237 Stanič, Stanojlo 104 Stankovič, Mina 79-80,168 Stara Zagora 143 Stefan Dušan, Tsar 83-4 Stefan Karadzha 107-8 Stefanov, Nedelcho 146 Stejič, Spasoje 49 Stepinac, Aloisius 218-19 Stettin 45 Stevanovič, Milan 79-80 Stoltz 232 Stone, Ellen 85-6 Strumica 26-7,64, 87-8,93,104,133 Subotica 48 Sveta Nedelya attempt see Church Sveta Nedelya, attempt at Sveti Vrach 224-5 Svishtov 140-1 Switzerland 107-8,164-6 Šešelj, Vojislav 229-30 Šibenik 47 Štíp 64,86,95,106,110-11,113,138,169,177-8 Šumadija 78-9 Tan War see Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 Tankosié, Vojislav 14-15,77-8, 80-1,95-6 Tatarchev, Nikola 66-7 Tetovo 64 Theophan Stylian see Noli, Fan Thrace 15-16, 21-2,26-7,41,63, 83,122-3, 133,196,205, 207 Tikveš 52t Tirana 32-3,66,89-90,147-51,154 Tito, Josip Broz 44-5,216,226 Todorov, Constantine 137-8,142 Todorov, Gligor Petrov 186-7 Todorov,
Gerasim 224-5 Todorov-Fertiko, Lazar 116 Tomov 134-5 Topaldzhikov, general 41-2 Toplica 5,19-20,34-6, 78-9,174-5 Toplica Uprising 5, 35-7, 78-81,162-3,175, 212-13,235 Toptanı, Esad-pasha 32-3,125-7,147-50,153, 157-61,178-81 Toske 152-3 Trbič, Vasilije 14-15,59-62,174-5,181 Trifiinović-Birčanin, Ilija 80-1,145,175,197-8 Tsankov, Alexander 131,137-8,141-6 Tsitsonkov, Yordan 138,169 Tumangelov, Nesho 146 Turkey 42-3,93-4,117-18,176-7,186-7,207, 215-16 Turkish Committee for Union and Progress see Young Turks Ukraine 22,45,224-5 Umlenski, Hristo 112 United Kingdom 207-8 Ural 44-5 Useinovič, Ibrahim 83 Uzunov, Angel 123 V’ndev, Georgi 93,104,110,114 Valandovo 19 Valjevo 47 Vangelis 162 Vangelov Stoev, Hristo a.k.a Risto Derizhabo 169 Vardar 62,87-8,97,113-14,122-3,183-4 Vareg, SS regiment 215 Varna 40,46-7 Varnava, patriarch 79
INDEX Vasić, Miloš 59 Vasilev, Slaveyko 136-7 Vasojević clan 56-7 Veles 21-2,59-62,64,85-6,105,188-9 Veliko Turnovo 129-30 Velkov, Lazar 68 Velyanov, Velichko-Skopski 108,136-7,167 Veriaci, Shefqet-bey 149-50 Veseljaj, Yusuf 90 Vesov, Lyubomir 68 Vidin 143 Vienna 125-6,169-70,189-92 Vinica 167 Vladaya Rebellion see Radomir Rebellion Vladimírovo 107-8 Vladivostok 45 Vlahov, Dimitar 178,181,189-92 Vlora 32-3,124,154 Vlora, Eqrem-bey 74-5,126,178 Vojinović, Kosta 35-6 Vojvoda Bogdan 79-80 Vojvoda Vuk see Popovič, Vojín Vojvodina 22-3,26-7,78-9, 232 Volunteer Detachment 19,198 Vratsa 145 Vukosavljević, Sreten 15, 77-8,174-5,181 Vulovič, Ljubomir 77-8 Walteri, Beqir 74-5 Wars of Yugoslav Succession: Arkani Tigers 230-1,241 Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina 228 Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina 228, 241 Army of the Serbian Republic 228, 241 Croatian Party of Right 227 Dušan the Mighty 229-30 Green berets 228 HVO—Croatian Council of Defense 227 HOS—Croatian Defense Forces 227 JSO (Unitfor Special Operation) 3, 231-3 Knindže 227 Larks 233-4 Party of Serbian Unity 230-1 RSK—(Republic of Serbian Krajina) 227-8 Red berets 241 Republika Srpska 228 Scorpions 233,235, 241 Serbian Chetnik Movement 229-30 Serbian Guard 230 Serbian Volunteers Guards see Arkani Tigers 263 SDA (Party of Democratic Action) 228 SDB (State Security Service) 230-2 SNO (Serbian National Renewal) 229-30 SPO (Serbian Movement of Renewal) 229-30,232 SRS (Serbian Radical Party) 229-30 UÇK—Kosovo Liberation Army 228 The Unit see JSO (Unitfor Special Operation) White Eagles 229-30 Wolves from Vuiijak 228 Wehrmacht
215 Weitz, Eric D. 51-2 Wilhelm zu Wied, prince 124-6 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich 24,38,40-3,48, 50,147-9,153 Xhafer-bey Ypi 51-2,149 Xhemal-pasha 124-5 yataks 220,223-4 Young Bosnia 176-7 Young Turk revolution 11-12,90,119, 163-4,178 Young Turb 12-13,16,71-4, 89-92, 124-7, 163-4 Yugoslavia: anti-communist resistance 215-21 Assault battalions see Chetnik battalions Association ofChetniks see Chetnik Association Association of Chetniks for the Freedom and Honour of the Fatherland see Chetnik Association Association ofReserve Officers and Warriors 62 Association of Serbian Chetniks “Petar Mrkonjić” 197-8 balists 216-18,240-1 Battalions of Organized Albanians 126-7, 158-60 Cemiyet (Islamic Society for the Defense of Justice) 97 Chetnik Association 77,80-1,175,196-8, 212-13, 239 Chetnik battalions 204-5 collaboration 211-12,215 Croatian Party of Right 185-6 Green Cadre 22-3,47 Greens 182-4 HNO-Croatian People’s Board 219 HRB-Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood 225-6 crusaders 218-19, 221
264 INDEX Yugoslavia (cont.) HSS (Croatian Peasant Party) 88,185-6, 194-5,197-8, 238-9 Democratic Party 137-8, 153,197-8 JNA (Yugoslav People’s Army) 230,241 KPJ (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) 49, 144-5,170-3,187-91,209,214-15, 219-20, 239-40 Mountain Guard 220-1 National Committee ofKingdom of Yugoslavia 217 National Defence 11, 115,166-7,175, 198,238 NOP - (Peoples Liberation Movement) 210 NRS (Peoples Radical Party) 62,97,110,116, 197-8 Organization against Bulgarian Bandits 62, 110-18,144-5,166-7,169-70, 238 ORJUNA 70-1 partisans 91-2,209-15 People’s Self-Defence 113-16,170 see also Organization Against Bulgarian Bandits Red Justice 49 Red Star Belgrade (football club) 231-2 Staatsbibliothek München RZK - Russian Protection Corps 196, 214-15 Russian Protection Unit see RZK - Russian Protection Corps SDK- Serbian Volunteers Corps 196, 213-14, 239 Second Prizren League 196,211-12,218 SRJ - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 241 Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland 207-8,210 Yugoslav communists see KPJ (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) Zbor—Yugoslav National Movement 172-3, 196,213,239 Yugoslav-Italian Friendship Pact 144-5 Zagreb 22-3,44,186,194-5, 206,218-19 Zemun clan 231-2 Zhiganski, Pano 112 Zog King of Albanians see Zogu, Ahmed-bey Zografov, Krum 95,166 Zogu, Ahmed-bey 25-6,32-3,74-6,117-18, 124-9, 147-56,178-81,186,195-6, 236-7 Zvečan 51-52Í, 97 Žirje 47 |
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| author | Tasić, Dmitar 1973- |
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| author_facet | Tasić, Dmitar 1973- |
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| bvnumber | BV046940633 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
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| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1226113846 (DE-599)KXP1727893530 |
| dewey-full | 355.009496 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 355 - Military science |
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| dewey-tens | 350 - Public administration and military science |
| discipline | Militärwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Militärwissenschaft |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1924 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1924 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046940633</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220404</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">201014s2020 xxkac|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780198858324</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-19-885832-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1226113846</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)KXP1727893530</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxk</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-GB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">D652</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">355.009496</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">89.83</subfield><subfield code="2">bkl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">15.70</subfield><subfield code="2">bkl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tasić, Dmitar</subfield><subfield code="d">1973-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1059579073</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Paramilitarism in the Balkans</subfield><subfield code="b">the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924</subfield><subfield code="c">Dmitar Tasić</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xii, 264 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Portraits, Karte (schwarz-weiß)</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">sti</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Paramilitarism in the Balkans' analyses the origins and manifestations of paramilitary violence in three neighbouring Balkan countries - Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania - after the First World War. It shows the role of paramilitarism in internal and external policies in all three states, focusing on the main actors and perpetrators of paramilitary violence, their social backgrounds, motivations, and future career trajectories. Dmitar Tasic places the region into the broader European context of booming paramilitarism that came as the result of the first global conflict, dissolution of old empires, the creation of nation-states, and simultaneous revolutions. While paramilitarism in most post-Great War European states was the product of violence of the First World War and brutalization which societies of both victorious and defeated countries went through, paramilitarism in the Balkans was closely connected with the already existing traditions originating from the period of armed struggle against Ottoman rule, and state and nation building projects of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. 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| geographic | Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albanien Jugoslawien Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV046940633 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:37:56Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:29:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198858324 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032349364 |
| oclc_num | 1226113846 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | xii, 264 Seiten Illustrationen, Portraits, Karte (schwarz-weiß) 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20201109 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tasić, Dmitar 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1059579073 aut Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 Dmitar Tasić First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2020 xii, 264 Seiten Illustrationen, Portraits, Karte (schwarz-weiß) 24 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Paramilitarism in the Balkans' analyses the origins and manifestations of paramilitary violence in three neighbouring Balkan countries - Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania - after the First World War. It shows the role of paramilitarism in internal and external policies in all three states, focusing on the main actors and perpetrators of paramilitary violence, their social backgrounds, motivations, and future career trajectories. Dmitar Tasic places the region into the broader European context of booming paramilitarism that came as the result of the first global conflict, dissolution of old empires, the creation of nation-states, and simultaneous revolutions. While paramilitarism in most post-Great War European states was the product of violence of the First World War and brutalization which societies of both victorious and defeated countries went through, paramilitarism in the Balkans was closely connected with the already existing traditions originating from the period of armed struggle against Ottoman rule, and state and nation building projects of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Paramilitary traditions were so strong that in all subsequent crises and military conflicts in the Balkans the legacy of paramilitarism remained alive and present Geschichte 1917-1924 gnd rswk-swf Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Paramilitary forces / Balkan Peninsula / History / 20th century Violence / Balkan Peninsula Paramilitary forces Violence History Balkan Peninsula Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 s Geschichte 1917-1924 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-189921-8 https://www.recensio.net/r/8d5cfbb7c71f416b9679f8ebc83150e6 rezensiert in: Hungarian Historical Review, 2021, 2, S. 406-408 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032349364&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032349364&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032349364&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Tasić, Dmitar 1973- Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4192344-3 (DE-588)4001028-4 (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 |
| title_auth | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 |
| title_exact_search | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 |
| title_full | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 Dmitar Tasić |
| title_fullStr | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 Dmitar Tasić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Paramilitarism in the Balkans the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 Dmitar Tasić |
| title_short | Paramilitarism in the Balkans |
| title_sort | paramilitarism in the balkans the cases of yugoslavia bulgaria and albania 1917 1924 |
| title_sub | the cases of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924 |
| topic | Paramilitärischer Verband (DE-588)4192344-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Paramilitärischer Verband Albanien Jugoslawien Bulgarien |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/8d5cfbb7c71f416b9679f8ebc83150e6 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032349364&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032349364&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032349364&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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