Climate change litigation: a handbook
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
C.H. Beck
2021
Oxford Hart Publishing Baden-Baden Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 565 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9783406743894 9781509948734 9783848769216 3406743897 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Climate change litigation |b a handbook |c edited by Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller |
| 264 | 1 | |a München |b C.H. Beck |c 2021 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Hart Publishing | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Baden-Baden |b Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820143073586315264 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
TABLE
OF
CONTENT
FOREWORD
FROM
THE
EDITORS
.
V
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
.
XVII
LIST
OF
AUTHORS
.
XXIX
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE
CHANGE
AS
A
CHALLENGE
FOR
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE,
COURTS
AND
HUMAN
RIGHTS
(VOIGT)
I.
INTRODUCTION:
CLIMATE
CHANGE
-
A
GLOBAL
THREAT
.
2
IL
CHALLENGES
(AND
POSSIBILITIES)
FOR
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
AND
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
.
3
III.
THE
ROLE
OF
COURTS
.
7
1.
ADDRESSING
THE
CAUSES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
7
2.
ADDRESSING
THE
CONSEQUENCES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
12
3.
RESPONSE
MEASURES
TO
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
13
IV.
MAJOR
LEGAL
ISSUES
.
14
V.
POTENTIAL
ROLE
FOR
LITIGATION
IN
NATIONAL
COURTS
.
17
PART
1
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
A.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES,
SUSTAINABILITY
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
(KLOEPFER/NEUGARTNER)
.
21
I.
INTRODUCTION:
GLOBAL
WARMING
*
S
SPATIOTEMPORAL
STRANGENESS
-
*
TRICKY
*
TO
IMAGINE
.
23
II.
RANDOM
SAMPLING:
LLIUYA
V.
RWE
-
APPROACHING
LIABILITIES
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
INDUCTIVELY
.
23
1.
THE
CASE
LLIUYA
V.
RWE
.
23
2.
THREE
EXEMPLARY
ISSUES:
STATUTE
OF
LIMITATIONS,
RIVALLING
RECHTSREGIME,
ADEQUATE
CAUSATION
.
24
3.
TRYING
TO
IMAGINE
*
STRANGE
*
*
SPACES
*
,
*
TIMES
*
AND
*
AGENTS
*
.
26
III.
KEY
FRAMEWORKS:
*
SUSTAINABILITY
*
,
*
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
*
-
AND
*
ECOLOGICAL
JUSTICE
*
.
26
1.
INTEGRATIVE
FRAMEWORKS
FOR
*
EVALUATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
DECISIONS
*
.
26
2.
FIRST
ENCOUNTERS,
SOME
BASIC
DEFINITIONS,
SOME
COMMON(?)
GROUND
.
T1
3.
SOME
TRAPS:
*
LUCID
DREAMS
*
OF
HARMONY,
*
GREENWASHING
*
AND
ANTHROPOCENTRIST
BLIND
SPOTS
.
30
4.
*
ECOLOGICAL
JUSTICE
*
-
*
SPACE
*,
*
TIME
*
AND
*
AGENCY
*
IN
THE
ANTHROPOCENE
.
31
IV.
TIMES,
SPACES
(AND
AGENTS)
OF
GLOBAL
WARMING
.
33
1.
TIMES
OF
GLOBAL
WARMING
.
33
2.
SPACES
OF
GLOBAL
WARMING
.
37
V.
CODA:
*
MORE
TIME
TUNNELS
OF
DIFFERENT
SIZES
*
.
43
B.
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
AND
THE
*
POLLUTER
PAYS
*
PRINCIPLE
(REHBINDER)
.
45
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
46
II.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
AND
STATE
OF
RECOGNITION
.
46
1.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
.
46
2.
STATE
OF
RECOGNITION
.
47
III.
LEGAL
NATURE
.
48
1.
PRINCIPLE
OR
RULE?
.
48
2.
LEGAL
EFFECTS
.
49
IV.
FUNCTIONS
.
51
1.
DIVERSITY
OF
FUNCTIONS
.
51
2.
INTERNALISATION
VS.
INSTRUMENTAL
ORIENTATION
.
52
3.
REDISTRIBUTION
OF
COSTS
VS.
MATERIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
.
53
VII
V.
CONTENTS
AND
LIMITS
.
54
1.
GENERALITIES
.
54
2.
PROTECTED
ASSETS
.
54
3.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
POLLUTER
(ORIGINATOR)
.
55
4.
CAUSATION
AND
ACCOUNTABILITY
.
56
5.
DELIMITATION
FROM
THE
COMMON
BURDEN
PRINCIPLE
.
57
VI.
INSTRUMENTS
.
58
1.
GENERALITIES
.
58
2.
LIABILITY
IN
PARTICULAR
.
59
VII.
CONCLUSION
.
60
C.
THE
ROLE
OF
COURTS
IN
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
AND
THE
SEPARATION
OF
POWERS
(PAYANDEH)
.
62
I.
INTRODUCTION:
THE
JUDICIALIZATION
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
GOVERNANCE
.
64
II.
ANALYSIS:
STRUCTURES
OF
JUDICIAL
INVOLVEMENT
IN
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
.
66
1.
VENUES
.
66
2.
PROTAGONISTS
.
69
3.
GOALS
.
70
III.
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
THE
ROLE
OF
COURTS
.
72
1.
PROCEDURAL
RULES
AND
THE
COMPETENCES
OF
COURTS
.
72
2.
SUBSTANTIVE
LAW
AND
THE
LEGAL
ORDER
IN
GENERAL
.
73
3.
POLITICAL
AND
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
.
75
IV.
EVALUATION:
THE
LEGITIMATE
FUNCTIONS
OF
COURTS
IN
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
.
76
1.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
BETWEEN
LAW
AND
POLITICS
.
76
2.
THE
SUITABILITY
OF
JUDICIAL
ENGAGEMENT
WITH
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
78
3.
THE
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
.
79
V.
CONCLUSION:
POTENTIAL
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
JUDICIAL
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
.
80
D.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
AND
DUTIES
TO
PROTECT
WITH
REGARD
TO
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
(GROSS).
81
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
82
II.
CONSTITUTIONAL
FOUNDATIONS
.
83
1.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
.
83
2.
PROTECTION
OF
HUMAN
RIGHTS
.
84
III.
THE
JURISPRUDENCE
OF
THE
EUROPEAN
COURT
OF
HUMAN
RIGHTS
.
85
1.
THE
PROTECTION
AGAINST
DANGEROUS
ACTIVITIES
.
85
2.
THE
PROTECTION
AGAINST
NATURAL
DISASTERS
.
87
3.
OPEN
QUESTIONS
.
87
IV.
THE
LEGAL
PROBLEMS
OF
POSITIVE
OBLIGATIONS
.
88
1.
INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS
.
88
2.
ACCESS
TO
COURTS
.
90
3.
CAUSATION
.
91
4.
SCOPE
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
92
5.
SEPARATION
OF
POWERS
.
94
V.
CONCLUSION
.
95
PART
2
PROCEDURAL
ISSUES
AND
CONFLICT
OF
LAWS
E.
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
(LENNARZ)
.
97
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
98
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DISPUTES
.
99
1.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
MATERIAL
DAMAGES
.
99
2.
DISPUTES
OVER
NATURAL
RESOURCES
.
99
3.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE
TREATIES
.
99
4.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
ECONOMY
.
99
5.
CLIMATE
FINANCE
DISPUTES
.
100
6.
CORPORATE
DISPUTES
.
100
III.
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
.
100
1.
ARBITRATION
LAW
.
101
2.
ENFORCEABILITY
.
101
VIII
3.
ARBITRATION
AGREEMENT
.
102
4.
CONFIDENTIALITY
.
102
5.
FLEXIBILITY
OF
PROCEEDINGS
.
103
6.
SELECTION
OF
ARBITRATORS
.
104
7.
INVOLVEMENT
OF
THIRD
PARTIES
.
104
8.
INVOLVEMENT
OF
STATES
.
104
9.
APPLICABLE
LAW
.
105
10.
CLAIMS
BASED
ON
TORT
.
105
IV.
SUITABILITY
OF
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DISPUTES
.
105
1.
POLITICAL
AND
PUBLIC
LAW
CLAIMS
.
105
2.
CLAIMS
FOR
DAMAGES
AND
FOR
SPECIFIC
PERFORMANCE
AGAINST
COMPANIES
.
106
3.
DISPUTES
OVER
NATURAL
RESOURCES
.
106
4.
DISPUTES
ARISING
FROM
INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
TREATIES
.
107
5.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE
TREATIES
.
108
6.
DISPUTES
DUE
TO
TRANSFORMATION
TOWARDS
GREEN
ECONOMY
.
110
7.
DISPUTES
ARISING
FROM
CLIMATE
FINANCE
.
ILL
8.
CORPORATE
DISPUTES
.
113
V.
ARBITRAL
INSTITUTIONS
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
114
1.
PERMANENT
COURT
OF
ARBITRATION,
THE
HAGUE
.
114
2.
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
ARBITRATION
OF
THE
ICC,
PARIS
.
115
VI.
SUMMARY
.
118
F.
CONFLICTS
OF
JURISDICTION
AND
THE
APPLICABLE
LAW
IN
DOMESTIC
COURTS
*
PROCEEDINGS
(KIENINGER)
.
119
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
120
1.
ROAD
MAP
.
120
2.
CROSS-BORDER
ELEMENTS
GIVING
RISE
TO
QUESTIONS
OF
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
.
121
3.
NO
UNIVERSAL
RULES
WITH
RESPECT
TO
JURISDICTION
AND
CHOICE
OF
LAW
.
122
II.
STATE
IMMUNITY
AND
*
POLITICAL
QUESTION
DOCTRINE
*
.
123
1.
STATE
IMMUNITY
.
123
2.
*
POLITICAL
QUESTION
DOCTRINE
*
AS
A
LIMITATION
TO
CROSS-BORDER
PROCEEDINGS
.
125
III.
JURISDICTION
.
125
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
125
2.
BRUSSELS
IBIS
REGULATION
AND
LUGANO
CONVENTION
.
127
3.
EU
MEMBER
STATES
*
AUTONOMOUS
RULES
ON
JURISDICTION
.
132
4.
UNITED
STATES:
PERSONAL
JURISDICTION
OF
STATE
AND
FEDERAL
COURTS
.
133
IV.
CHOICE
OF
LAW
.
138
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
138
2.
EU:
LIABILITY
IN
TORT
(DELICT)
ACCORDING
TO
THE
ROME
II
REGULATION
.
139
3.
AUTONOMOUS
PIL:
PROPERTY
LAW
.
146
4.
US
CONFLICT
OF
LAWS
.
146
PART
3
STATE
LIABILITY
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
AND
EUROPEAN
LAW
G.
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
(WOLFRUM)
.
149
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
150
II.
NOTION
-
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
-
WHAT
DOES
IT
MEAN
AND
WHAT
IS
THE
PURPOSE
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
A
LIABILITY
REGIME?
.
151
III.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
A
REGIME
ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY:
FROM
LIABILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
TO
GENUINE
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
.
152
1.
INTRODUCTION
-
FIRST
JURISPRUDENCE
.
152
2.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
TREATY
LAW
ON
CIVIL
LIABILITY
.
153
3.
INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES
ON
THE
PROTECTION
OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMON
SPACES:
A
PARADIGMATIC
SHIFT?
.
156
4.
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW:
DOES
THERE
EXIST
AN
INTERNATIONAL
REGIME
ON
ENVIRON
MENTAL
LIABILITY?
.
160
IV.
CONCLUDING
OBSERVATIONS:
NECESSARY
FEATURES
OF
A
REGIME
ON
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMEN
TAL
LIABILITY
.
161
IX
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
161
2.
LIABILITY
FOR
LAWFUL
OR
ONLY
ILLEGAL
ACTIVITIES
.
161
3.
INTENSITY
OF
HARM
.
163
4.
LIABILITY
FOR
NOT
ESTABLISHING
PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES
OR
AN
ADEQUATE
RESPONSE
SYSTEM
163
5.
THE
MATTER
OF
CAUSALITY
.
164
6.
FAULT
BASED
OR
STRICT
LIABILITY
.
164
7.
CALCULATING
THE
AMOUNT
OF
COMPENSATION
TO
BE
PAID
AND
LIMITS
.
165
8.
THE
POTENTIAL
CLAIMANT
.
165
H.
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
AND
POLICY
IMPLICATIONS
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION:
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
INTERNATIONAL
INVESTMENT
LAW
AND
POLICY
RELATED
TO
RENEWABLE
ENERGY,
CLIMATE
CHANGE
MITIGATION
AND
ADAPTATION
(CORDONIER
SEGGER/ARVAN/BYRON/SRINIVAS)
.
166
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
168
IL
INTERNATIONAL
POLICY
&
TREATY
COMMITMENTS
TO
CLIMATE
JUSTICE
8C
INVESTMENT
IN
CARBON
NEUTRAL/NEGATIVE
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
.
169
III.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
GUIDING
INVESTMENT
RISK
ASSESSMENT
&
DECISION-MAKING
.
173
IV.
INNOVATIONS
IN
INVESTMENT
LAW
&
POLICY
RELATED
TO
CLEAN
ENERGY,
CLIMATE
CHANGE
AND
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
.
182
1.
TREATY
&
POLICY
DEVELOPMENTS
.
183
2.
INVESTMENT
TREATY
DISPUTES
.
188
V.
CONCLUSIONS
.
196
I.
THE
PARIS
CLIMATE
AGREEMENT
AND
LIABILITY
ISSUES
(FRANZIUS/KLING)
.
197
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
199
II.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
AND
THE
LEGAL
NATURE
OF
ITS
PROVISIONS
.
200
1.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
-
BINDING
OR
NOT
BINDING?
.
200
2.
OBLIGATIONS
IN
THE
MAIN
ACTION
AREAS
.
201
3.
COMPLIANCE
AND
ENFORCEMENT
.
207
III.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
IN
THE
COURTROOM
.
208
1.
INTERPLAY
BETWEEN
THE
INTERNATIONAL
AND
NATIONAL
LEVEL
.
208
2.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
IN
DOMESTIC
LITIGATION
.
209
3.
RIGHTS-BASED
LITIGATION
.
210
4.
ADJUDICATION
IN
PLANNING
DECISIONS
.
212
5.
SOME
GENERAL
REMARKS:
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
CONSIDERING
THE
NATIONAL
CONTEXT
.
214
IV.
CONCLUSION
AND
OUTLOOK
.
215
J.
LIABILITY
OF
EU
MEMBER
STATES
UNDER
EU
LAW
(PURNHAGEN/SAURER)
.
217
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
218
II.
GREENHOUSE
GAS
REDUCTION
OBLIGATIONS
OF
EU
MEMBER
STATES
UNDER
EU
LAW
.
219
III.
EU
MEMBER
STATE
LIABILITY
WITHIN
THE
NON-ETS
SECTOR:
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PURCHASE
SURPLUS
ALLOCATIONS
FROM
OTHER
MEMBER
STATES
AS
FINANCIAL
SANCTION
.
221
IV.
FINANCIAL
SANCTIONS
WITHIN
THE
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
AS
LIABILITY
MECHANISM
.
223
V.
LIABILITY
OF
EU
MEMBER
STATES
UNDER
FRANCOVICH
DOCTRINE?
.
224
1.
THE
ORIGINS,
FUNCTION
AND
REASONING
AND
DOCTRINAL
EMBEDDING
OF
NON-CONTRACTUAL
MEMBER
STATE
LIABILITY
AS
DEVELOPED
BY
THE
COURT
.
225
2.
THE
FRANCOVICH
CRITERIA
FOR
STATE
LIABILITY
AND
CLIMATE
LAW
CASES
.
226
3.
DOES
THE
NATURE
OF
THE
BREACH
OF
UNION
LAW
REQUIRE
A
DIFFERENT
YARDSTICK
IN
CLIMATE
LAW
CASES?
.
235
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
236
PART
4
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
-
NATIONAL
REPORTS
K.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UNITED
STATES
(FARBER)
.
237
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
237
II.
JURISDICTIONAL
ISSUES
.
238
1.
STANDING
.
239
2.
PERSONAL
JURISDICTION
.
241
3.
SUBJECT
MATTER
JURISDICTION
.
242
III.
PUBLIC
LAW
LITIGATION
.
244
X
1.
LITIGATION
UNDER
THE
CLEAN
AIR
ACT
.
244
2.
LITIGATION
OVER
DISCLOSURE
OF
CLIMATE
IMPACTS
.
247
3.
ADAPTATION
ISSUES
.
247
4.
NON-STATUTORY
CLAIMS
.
249
IV.
TORT
LIABILITY
.
250
1.
NUISANCE
LAW
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
250
2.
CAUSATION
ISSUES
.
251
3.
LITIGATION
PROSPECTS
.
252
V.
CONCLUSION
.
252
L.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
CANADA
(JODOIN/MCGINN)
.
253
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
254
IL
CLIMATE
LAW
AND
GOVERNANCE
IN
CANADA
.
255
III.
LITIGATION
RELATING
TO
THE
AUTHORITY
OF
THE
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
TO
ADDRESS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
258
1.
SYNCRUDE
CANADA
LTD.
V.
THE
ATTORNEY
GENERAL
OF
CANADA
.
258
2.
THE
GHG
POLLUTION
PRICING
REFERENCE
CASES
.
259
IV.
LITIGATION
RELATING
TO
THE
OBLIGATION
OF
GOVERNMENTS
AND
PUBLIC
BODIES
TO
ADDRESS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
262
1.
CASES
INVOLVING
A
FAILURE
OF
PUBLIC
BODIES
TO
ADEQUATELY
CONSIDER
GHG
EMISSIONS
.
262
2.
LITIGATION
RELATING
TO
THE
KYOTO
PROTOCOL
.
264
3.
RIGHTS-BASED
CLIMATE
LAWSUITS
.
266
V.
CONCLUSION
.
269
M.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL
(WEDY)
.
271
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
272
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LAW
AND
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL
.
274
III.
LEGAL
REMEDIES
WHICH
MAY
BE
USED
IN
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL
.
279
IV.
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL:
ANALYSES
OF
CASES
.
281
1.
PRECEDENT
OF
THE
SUPREME
FEDERAL
COURT
.
281
2.
PRECEDENTS
BY
THE
BRAZILIAN
SUPERIOR
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
.
283
V.
CONCLUSION
.
286
N.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
AUSTRALIA
(BELL-JAMES)
.
288
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
289
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
THROUGH
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
.
290
1.
EARLY
CASES
.
291
2.
THE
QUEENSLAND
COAL
MINE
CASES
.
292
3.
ADANI
BEFORE
THE
FEDERAL
COURT
.
296
4.
NEW
DEVELOPMENT
-
ROCKY
HILL
DECISION
.
297
5.
FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
AND
NEGATIVE
REGULATORY
RESPONSES
.
298
III.
EMERGING
AVENUES
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
.
299
1.
CORPORATE
LAW
.
299
2.
HUMAN
RIGHTS
LAW
.
301
3.
OPERATORS
OF
EMISSIONS-INTENSIVE
INDUSTRIES
.
302
IV.
CONCLUSION
.
303
O.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UNITED
KINGDOM
(OHDEDAR/MCNAB)
.
304
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
306
1.
BACKGROUND
TO
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UK
.
307
2.
EARLY
HISTORY
OF
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UK:
1990S
TO
THE
MID-2000S
.
307
II.
LITIGATING
CLIMATE
TARGETS:
HOLDING
THE
GOVERNMENT
TO
ACCOUNT
.
308
1.
PLAN
B
TAKES
ON
THE
UK
CLIMATE
MITIGATION
TARGET
.
308
2.
HUMAN
RIGHTS
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
IN
THE
COURTS
.
309
3.
THE
PATH
TO
NET
ZERO:
WINNING
THE
POLITICAL
BATTLE,
LOSING
THE
LEGAL
BATTLE
.
310
III.
LITIGATING
THE
TRANSITION
TO
A
LOW
CARBON
SOCIETY:
CLEAN
ENERGY,
AIRPORTS,
AND
FRACKING
.
311
1.
LITIGATION
ON
WIND
AND
SOLAR
PROJECTS
.
311
2.
ANTI-FRACKING
CASES
.
315
3.
LITIGATION
AGAINST
AIRPORT
EXPANSION
.
316
IV.
CRIMINAL
PROSECUTION
OF
CLIMATE
ACTIVISM:
AN
EMERGING
AREA
OF
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
.
319
V.
CONCLUSIONS
AND
THE
FUTURE
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UK
.
322
XI
P.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
ITALY
(BUTTI)
.
324
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
324
IL
REGULATORY
AND
PLANNING
FRAMEWORK
ON
CLIMATE
CHANGE
IN
ITALY
.
325
1.
MITIGATION
MEASURES
.
325
2.
ADAPTATION
MEASURES
.
328
III.
*
GIUDIZIO
UNIVERSALE
*
(THE
LAST
JUDGMENT):
A
HIGH-PROFILE
CASE
TO
BE
LITIGATED
BY
THE
FIRST
MONTHS
OF
2020
.
329
IV.
LOCAL
COURT
CASES
THAT
ARE
RELEVANT
TO
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
ITALY
.
333
V.
CONCLUSION
.
335
Q.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
FRANCE
(EPSTEIN/DECKERT)
.
336
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
337
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
PUBLIC
LAW
.
338
1.
AVAILABLE
REMEDIES
.
338
2.
INJURY
.
340
3.
ILLEGAL
ACT
OR
CONDUCT
.
341
4.
THE
CAUSAL
LINK
BETWEEN
THE
DAMAGE
AND
THE
MISCONDUCT
.
345
III.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
PRIVATE
LAW
.
346
1.
MAKING
FRENCH
COMPANIES
ECO-FRIENDLY
THROUGH
BUSINESS
LAW
.
348
2.
CONDITIONS
AND
LIMITS
TO
THE
ENGAGEMENT
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CIVIL
LIABILITY:
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
DIFFICULTIES
AND
SOLUTIONS
TO
OVERCOME
THEM
.
356
R.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
NETHERLANDS
-
THE
URGENDA
CASE
AND
BEYOND
(VAN
DER
VEEN/DE
GRAAF)
.
363
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
363
II.
THE
URGENDA
CASE
.
365
1.
THE
DISTRICT
COURT
JUDGMENT
.
365
2.
THE
COURT
OF
APPEAL
RULING
.
366
3.
THE
SUPREME
COURT
DECISION
.
367
4.
ANALYSIS
AND
CRITIQUE
.
369
III.
OTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
THE
NETHERLANDS
.
372
1.
FRIENDS
OF
THE
EARTH
VERSUS
SHELL
.
372
2.
THE
CLIMATE
ACT
.
373
3.
THE
CLIMATE
AGREEMENT
.
375
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
.
377
S.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
GERMANY
(WELLER/NASSE/NASSE)
.
378
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
380
II.
THE
SCIENTIFIC
BASES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
382
1.
THE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
.
382
2.
GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
AND
GREENHOUSE
GASES
.
383
3.
DETECTION
AND
ATTRIBUTION
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
385
III.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
AND
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
.
386
IV.
INTERNATIONAL
JURISDICTION
OF
NATIONAL
COURTS
.
387
1.
GENERAL
FORUM,
ART.
4
OF
REGULATION
NO.
1215/2012
.
387
2.
SPECIAL
FORUM
OF
THE
TORT,
ART.
7
NO.
2
OF
REGULATION
NO.
1215/2012
.
388
3.
SPECIAL
FORUM
OF
THE
JOINDER
OF
PARTIES,
ART.
8
NO.
1
OF
REGULATION
NO.
1215/2012
.
391
V.
APPLICABLE
LAW
.
392
1.
SCOPE
OF
THE
TORT
STATUTE
.
392
2.
CHOICE
OF
LAW,
ART.
14
ROME
II
.
392
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL
TORT
STATUTE,
ART.
7
ROME
II
.
392
4.
INTERIM
RESULT
.
398
VI.
LIABILITY
UNDER
GERMAN
LAW
:
.
398
1.
COMPENSATION
FOR
ALREADY
OCCURRED
DAMAGES
.
398
2.
PROTECTION
FROM
FUTURE
IMPAIRMENTS
.
401
3.
PROOF
OF
CAUSALITY
AS
CENTRAL
HURDLE
OF
PRIVATE
CLIMATE
ACTIONS
.
402
VII.
SUMMARY
.
403
XII
PART
5
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
-
GERMANY
AS
AN
INTERNATIONAL
PIONEER?
T.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
UNDER
THE
GERMAN
LAW
OF
TORTS
(WAGNER/ARNTZ)
.
405
I.
THE
GERMAN
LAW
OF
NON-CONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY:
AN
OVERVIEW
.
407
1.
OVERVIEW
.
407
2.
THE
LAW
OF
DELICT
.
407
3.
NUISANCE
LAW
.
408
4.
STRICT
LIABILITY
.
409
IL
A
PROMINENT
CASE
IN
GERMAN
COURTS:
SAUL
ANAMAS
LUCIANO
LLIUYA
VS.
RWE
AG
.
410
III.
THE
LAW
OF
DELICT
.
412
1.
NEGLIGENCE
LIABILITY,
SECTION
823
(1)
BGB
.
412
2.
BREACH
OF
STATUTORY
DUTY,
SECTION
823
(2)
BGB
.
422
3.
ACTIO
DOLI,
SECTION
826
BGB
.
423
IV.
STRICT
LIABILITY
.
423
V.
LAW
OF
NUISANCE
.
423
1.
ACTIO
NEGATORIA,
SECTION
1004
BGB
.
423
2.
SECTION
906
(2)
CL.
2
BGB
AND
SECTION
14
CL.
2
BIMSCHG
.
426
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
427
U.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DAMAGES
UNDER
THE
GERMAN
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
ACT
(NITSCH)
.
429
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
430
II.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
THE
UMWELTHG
.
431
III.
NATURE
OF
LIABILITY
.
433
IV.
FACILITIES
SUBJECT
TO
THE
UMWELTHG
.
434
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
434
2.
ANNEX
1
CATALOGUE
.
434
V.
DAMAGES
SUBJECT
TO
THE
UMWELTHG
.
435
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
435
2.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DAMAGES
SUBJECT
TO
THE
UMWELTHG?
.
436
VI.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
.
437
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
437
2.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
IN
THE
FORM
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
438
VII.
CAUSATION
.
439
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
439
2.
PRESUMPTION
OF
CAUSATION
.
442
3.
CAUSATION
IN
CASES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DAMAGES
.
442
VIII.
TEMPORAL
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
.
445
IX.
CONCLUSION
.
446
V.
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
AND
COMPLIANCE
IN
GERMAN
CORPORATE
LAW
(HABERSACK/EHRL)
.
447
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
450
1.
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
IN
CURRENT
ACCOUNTING
AND
STOCK
CORPORATION
LAW
.
450
2.
THE
COMPANY
*
S
EXTERNAL
AND
INTERNAL
RELATIONSHIPS
.
451
3.
DELIMITING
THE
OBJECT
OF
STUDY
.
452
II.
THE
PERSPECTIVE
OF
ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS
AND
LEGAL
FUNCTIONALISM
.
452
1.
THE
INTERNALIZATION
OF
NEGATIVE
EXTERNALITIES
AS
A
GUIDANCE
OBJECTIVE
.
452
2.
EFFICIENCY
OF
LAWFULNESS
AND
COMPLIANCE
DUTIES
FOR
LEGAL
ENFORCEMENT
.
453
III.
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
AND
CURRENT
CORPORATE
LAW
.
455
1.
CORPORATE
MANAGEMENT
AND
THE
OBJECTIVES
OF
STOCK
CORPORATION
LAW
.
455
2.
DUTY
OF
LAWFULNESS
AND
COMPLIANCE
RESPONSIBILITY
(UNDER
STOCK
CORPORATION
LAW),
§§91
(2),
93,
116
P.
1
AKTG
.
456
3.
CSR
REPORTING
DUTIES
.
459
4.
CSR
AND
CORPORATE
INTEREST
.
461
IV.
CONCLUSION
AND
PROSPECTS
.
464
XIII
W.
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
FOR
CLIMATE
AND
BUSINESS
SUSTAINABILITY
(DUVE/HAMAMA)
.
466
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
469
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ARRIVED
IN
THE
INVESTMENT
COMMUNITY
.
470
III.
WHY
IS
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
NEEDED?
.
471
1.
INSUFFICIENT
POLITICAL
MEASURES
.
471
2.
CHANGING
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORKS
.
473
3.
NEED
FOR
MORE
SUSTAINABLE
INVESTMENTS
.
474
4.
BUSINESS
DIMENSION
OF
THE
INVESTOR
*
S-LED
ACTION
FOR
CLIMATE
.
474
IV.
TIME
FOR
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
.
475
1.
INVEST
RESPONSIBLY
.
475
2.
DIVEST
FROM
NON-SUSTAINABLE
BUSINESSES
.
476
3.
STAY
INVESTED
AND
TAKE
ACTION
.
477
V.
WHAT
CAN
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
ACHIEVE?
.
477
1.
INVESTOR
*
S
DIALOGUE
WITH
MANAGEMENT
.
478
2.
CORPORATE
DECISIONS
AND
THE
PUBLIC
ARENA
.
479
3.
ADOPTING
CLIMATE
CHANGE
SHAREHOLDER
RESOLUTIONS
.
480
4.
INSISTING
ON
DISCLOSURE
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
REPORTING
.
481
5.
ACTING
AS
THOUGHT
LEADERS
.
483
6.
TAKING
A
SEAT
AND
ACTION
.
484
7.
LITIGATING
AS
LAST
RESORT
.
485
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
486
X.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
UNDER
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
ACT
(KAHL/STURMLINGER)
.
487
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
488
II.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
.
489
1.
DAMAGE
TO
SPECIES
AND
NATURAL
HABITATS
.
489
2.
WATER
DAMAGE
.
490
3.
LAND
DAMAGE
.
491
4.
RESTRICTION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
.
491
5.
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
AS
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGES
WITHIN
THE
MEANING
OF
THE
EDA
.
492
III.
RESPONSIBLE
PARTY
.
496
1.
CATEGORY
OF
PERSONS
CONCERNED
.
496
2.
DIRECT
CAUSATION
.
497
3.
RESPONSIBLE
PARTY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
WITHIN
THE
SCOPE
OF
THE
EDA
.
499
IV.
LEGAL
EFFECTS
.
502
1.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
RESPONSIBLE
PARTY
.
502
2.
POWERS
OF
THE
AUTHORITIES
.
503
3.
SELECTION
OF
DISTURBERS
.
504
4.
BEARING
OF
COSTS
.
504
V.
CONCLUSION
.
505
Y.
THE
ROLE
OF
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
(VERHEYEN/PABSCH)
.
507
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
509
1.
NGO
*
S
AS
REPRESENTATIVES
OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
.
509
2.
NGO
*
S
AND
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
PRACTICE
.
510
3.
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
GERMANY
BY
DEFENDANTS
.
512
II.
NGO
INDEPENDENT
ACCESS
TO
COURT
AS
EXCEPTION
TO
THE
RULE
-
THE
GERMAN
STANDING
RULES
IN
A
NUTSHELL
.
513
III.
FORMAL
ROLE
OF
NGO
*
S
IN
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
AGAINST
THE
STATE
.
516
1.
STANDING
IN
PROJECT
RELATED
ACTIONS
.
516
2.
COMPLIANCE
WITH
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
TARGETS
OR
OTHER
RULES
OF
CLIMATE
LAW
.
516
3.
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
AGAINST
THE
STATE:
CLIMATE
LEGISLATION
.
523
IV.
PASSIVE
LEGAL
STATUS
OF
NGO
*
S
.
525
1.
INTERVENTION
.
525
2.
AMICUS
CURIAE
-
*
FRIEND
OF
THE
COURT
*
.
525
V.
PERSPECTIVE
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
TO
ENFORCE
CLIMATE
LAW
.
525
1.
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
THE
EU
GOVERNANCE
REGULATION
.
526
2.
THE
EU
CLIMATE
CHANGE
REGULATION
.
527
XIV
3.
NATIONAL
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
LAW
.
528
4.
ACTIONS
FOR
ADJUSTMENT
AND
COMPENSATION
.
530
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
530
PART
6
CONCLUSIONS
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
-
SYNTHESIS
AND
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
(KAHL/WELLER)
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
535
IL
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
.
537
1.
SUSTAINABILITY
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
.
537
2.
POLLUTER-PAYS
PRINCIPLE
.
538
3.
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
LEGISLATURE
AND
THE
JUDICIARY
.
538
4.
DUTIES
OF
PROTECTION
.
539
III.
PROCEDURAL
ISSUES
AND
CONFLICT
OF
LAWS
.
540
1.
PROCEDURES
BEFORE
CIVIL
COURTS
.
540
2.
APPLICABLE
LAW
.
541
3.
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
.
541
IV.
STATE
LIABILITY
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
AND
EUROPEAN
LAW
.
541
V.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION:
COUNTRY
REPORTS
.
543
1.
USA
.
543
2.
CANADA
.
544
3.
BRAZIL
.
544
4.
AUSTRALIA
.
544
5.
UNITED
KINGDOM
.
545
6.
ITALY
.
546
7.
FRANCE
.
546
8.
NETHERLANDS
.
548
VI.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
-
GERMANY
AS
AN
INTERNATIONAL
PIONEER?
.
549
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
ACT
.
549
2.
ROLE
OF
THE
NGOS
.
550
3.
CORPORATE
CLIMATE
RESPONSIBILITY
.
550
4.
DELICTUAL
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LIABILITY
.
551
VII.
TENDENCIES
AND
PROSPECTS
.
551
1.
PRIMACY
OF
THE
LEGISLATURE,
SUPPLEMENTAL
FUNCTION
OF
THE
COURTS
.
551
2.
BASIC
RIGHT
OR
STATE
OBJECTIVE:
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
IN
THE
NATIONAL
CONSTITUTIONS?
.
552
3.
EMISSION
REDUCTION
OBJECTIVES
IN
THE
CONSTITUTION?
.
553
4.
PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT
.
554
5.
CONCLUSION
.
558
INDEX
.
561
XV |
| adam_txt |
TABLE
OF
CONTENT
FOREWORD
FROM
THE
EDITORS
.
V
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
.
XVII
LIST
OF
AUTHORS
.
XXIX
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE
CHANGE
AS
A
CHALLENGE
FOR
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE,
COURTS
AND
HUMAN
RIGHTS
(VOIGT)
I.
INTRODUCTION:
CLIMATE
CHANGE
-
A
GLOBAL
THREAT
.
2
IL
CHALLENGES
(AND
POSSIBILITIES)
FOR
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
AND
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
.
3
III.
THE
ROLE
OF
COURTS
.
7
1.
ADDRESSING
THE
CAUSES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
7
2.
ADDRESSING
THE
CONSEQUENCES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
12
3.
RESPONSE
MEASURES
TO
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
13
IV.
MAJOR
LEGAL
ISSUES
.
14
V.
POTENTIAL
ROLE
FOR
LITIGATION
IN
NATIONAL
COURTS
.
17
PART
1
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
A.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES,
SUSTAINABILITY
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
(KLOEPFER/NEUGARTNER)
.
21
I.
INTRODUCTION:
GLOBAL
WARMING
*
S
SPATIOTEMPORAL
STRANGENESS
-
*
TRICKY
*
TO
IMAGINE
.
23
II.
RANDOM
SAMPLING:
LLIUYA
V.
RWE
-
APPROACHING
LIABILITIES
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
INDUCTIVELY
.
23
1.
THE
CASE
LLIUYA
V.
RWE
.
23
2.
THREE
EXEMPLARY
ISSUES:
STATUTE
OF
LIMITATIONS,
RIVALLING
RECHTSREGIME,
ADEQUATE
CAUSATION
.
24
3.
TRYING
TO
IMAGINE
*
STRANGE
*
*
SPACES
*
,
*
TIMES
*
AND
*
AGENTS
*
.
26
III.
KEY
FRAMEWORKS:
*
SUSTAINABILITY
*
,
*
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
*
-
AND
*
ECOLOGICAL
JUSTICE
*
.
26
1.
INTEGRATIVE
FRAMEWORKS
FOR
*
EVALUATING
ENVIRONMENTAL
DECISIONS
*
.
26
2.
FIRST
ENCOUNTERS,
SOME
BASIC
DEFINITIONS,
SOME
COMMON(?)
GROUND
.
T1
3.
SOME
TRAPS:
*
LUCID
DREAMS
*
OF
HARMONY,
*
GREENWASHING
*
AND
ANTHROPOCENTRIST
BLIND
SPOTS
.
30
4.
*
ECOLOGICAL
JUSTICE
*
-
*
SPACE
*,
*
TIME
*
AND
*
AGENCY
*
IN
THE
ANTHROPOCENE
.
31
IV.
TIMES,
SPACES
(AND
AGENTS)
OF
GLOBAL
WARMING
.
33
1.
TIMES
OF
GLOBAL
WARMING
.
33
2.
SPACES
OF
GLOBAL
WARMING
.
37
V.
CODA:
*
MORE
TIME
TUNNELS
OF
DIFFERENT
SIZES
*
.
43
B.
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
AND
THE
*
POLLUTER
PAYS
*
PRINCIPLE
(REHBINDER)
.
45
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
46
II.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
AND
STATE
OF
RECOGNITION
.
46
1.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
.
46
2.
STATE
OF
RECOGNITION
.
47
III.
LEGAL
NATURE
.
48
1.
PRINCIPLE
OR
RULE?
.
48
2.
LEGAL
EFFECTS
.
49
IV.
FUNCTIONS
.
51
1.
DIVERSITY
OF
FUNCTIONS
.
51
2.
INTERNALISATION
VS.
INSTRUMENTAL
ORIENTATION
.
52
3.
REDISTRIBUTION
OF
COSTS
VS.
MATERIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
.
53
VII
V.
CONTENTS
AND
LIMITS
.
54
1.
GENERALITIES
.
54
2.
PROTECTED
ASSETS
.
54
3.
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
POLLUTER
(ORIGINATOR)
.
55
4.
CAUSATION
AND
ACCOUNTABILITY
.
56
5.
DELIMITATION
FROM
THE
COMMON
BURDEN
PRINCIPLE
.
57
VI.
INSTRUMENTS
.
58
1.
GENERALITIES
.
58
2.
LIABILITY
IN
PARTICULAR
.
59
VII.
CONCLUSION
.
60
C.
THE
ROLE
OF
COURTS
IN
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
AND
THE
SEPARATION
OF
POWERS
(PAYANDEH)
.
62
I.
INTRODUCTION:
THE
JUDICIALIZATION
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
GOVERNANCE
.
64
II.
ANALYSIS:
STRUCTURES
OF
JUDICIAL
INVOLVEMENT
IN
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
.
66
1.
VENUES
.
66
2.
PROTAGONISTS
.
69
3.
GOALS
.
70
III.
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
THE
ROLE
OF
COURTS
.
72
1.
PROCEDURAL
RULES
AND
THE
COMPETENCES
OF
COURTS
.
72
2.
SUBSTANTIVE
LAW
AND
THE
LEGAL
ORDER
IN
GENERAL
.
73
3.
POLITICAL
AND
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
.
75
IV.
EVALUATION:
THE
LEGITIMATE
FUNCTIONS
OF
COURTS
IN
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
.
76
1.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
BETWEEN
LAW
AND
POLITICS
.
76
2.
THE
SUITABILITY
OF
JUDICIAL
ENGAGEMENT
WITH
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
78
3.
THE
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
.
79
V.
CONCLUSION:
POTENTIAL
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
JUDICIAL
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
.
80
D.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
AND
DUTIES
TO
PROTECT
WITH
REGARD
TO
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
(GROSS).
81
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
82
II.
CONSTITUTIONAL
FOUNDATIONS
.
83
1.
PROTECTION
OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
.
83
2.
PROTECTION
OF
HUMAN
RIGHTS
.
84
III.
THE
JURISPRUDENCE
OF
THE
EUROPEAN
COURT
OF
HUMAN
RIGHTS
.
85
1.
THE
PROTECTION
AGAINST
DANGEROUS
ACTIVITIES
.
85
2.
THE
PROTECTION
AGAINST
NATURAL
DISASTERS
.
87
3.
OPEN
QUESTIONS
.
87
IV.
THE
LEGAL
PROBLEMS
OF
POSITIVE
OBLIGATIONS
.
88
1.
INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS
.
88
2.
ACCESS
TO
COURTS
.
90
3.
CAUSATION
.
91
4.
SCOPE
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
92
5.
SEPARATION
OF
POWERS
.
94
V.
CONCLUSION
.
95
PART
2
PROCEDURAL
ISSUES
AND
CONFLICT
OF
LAWS
E.
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
(LENNARZ)
.
97
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
98
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DISPUTES
.
99
1.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
MATERIAL
DAMAGES
.
99
2.
DISPUTES
OVER
NATURAL
RESOURCES
.
99
3.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE
TREATIES
.
99
4.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
ECONOMY
.
99
5.
CLIMATE
FINANCE
DISPUTES
.
100
6.
CORPORATE
DISPUTES
.
100
III.
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
.
100
1.
ARBITRATION
LAW
.
101
2.
ENFORCEABILITY
.
101
VIII
3.
ARBITRATION
AGREEMENT
.
102
4.
CONFIDENTIALITY
.
102
5.
FLEXIBILITY
OF
PROCEEDINGS
.
103
6.
SELECTION
OF
ARBITRATORS
.
104
7.
INVOLVEMENT
OF
THIRD
PARTIES
.
104
8.
INVOLVEMENT
OF
STATES
.
104
9.
APPLICABLE
LAW
.
105
10.
CLAIMS
BASED
ON
TORT
.
105
IV.
SUITABILITY
OF
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DISPUTES
.
105
1.
POLITICAL
AND
PUBLIC
LAW
CLAIMS
.
105
2.
CLAIMS
FOR
DAMAGES
AND
FOR
SPECIFIC
PERFORMANCE
AGAINST
COMPANIES
.
106
3.
DISPUTES
OVER
NATURAL
RESOURCES
.
106
4.
DISPUTES
ARISING
FROM
INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
TREATIES
.
107
5.
DISPUTES
RESULTING
FROM
THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
INTERNATIONAL
CLIMATE
TREATIES
.
108
6.
DISPUTES
DUE
TO
TRANSFORMATION
TOWARDS
GREEN
ECONOMY
.
110
7.
DISPUTES
ARISING
FROM
CLIMATE
FINANCE
.
ILL
8.
CORPORATE
DISPUTES
.
113
V.
ARBITRAL
INSTITUTIONS
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
114
1.
PERMANENT
COURT
OF
ARBITRATION,
THE
HAGUE
.
114
2.
INTERNATIONAL
COURT
OF
ARBITRATION
OF
THE
ICC,
PARIS
.
115
VI.
SUMMARY
.
118
F.
CONFLICTS
OF
JURISDICTION
AND
THE
APPLICABLE
LAW
IN
DOMESTIC
COURTS
*
PROCEEDINGS
(KIENINGER)
.
119
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
120
1.
ROAD
MAP
.
120
2.
CROSS-BORDER
ELEMENTS
GIVING
RISE
TO
QUESTIONS
OF
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
.
121
3.
NO
UNIVERSAL
RULES
WITH
RESPECT
TO
JURISDICTION
AND
CHOICE
OF
LAW
.
122
II.
STATE
IMMUNITY
AND
*
POLITICAL
QUESTION
DOCTRINE
*
.
123
1.
STATE
IMMUNITY
.
123
2.
*
POLITICAL
QUESTION
DOCTRINE
*
AS
A
LIMITATION
TO
CROSS-BORDER
PROCEEDINGS
.
125
III.
JURISDICTION
.
125
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
125
2.
BRUSSELS
IBIS
REGULATION
AND
LUGANO
CONVENTION
.
127
3.
EU
MEMBER
STATES
*
AUTONOMOUS
RULES
ON
JURISDICTION
.
132
4.
UNITED
STATES:
PERSONAL
JURISDICTION
OF
STATE
AND
FEDERAL
COURTS
.
133
IV.
CHOICE
OF
LAW
.
138
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
138
2.
EU:
LIABILITY
IN
TORT
(DELICT)
ACCORDING
TO
THE
ROME
II
REGULATION
.
139
3.
AUTONOMOUS
PIL:
PROPERTY
LAW
.
146
4.
US
CONFLICT
OF
LAWS
.
146
PART
3
STATE
LIABILITY
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
AND
EUROPEAN
LAW
G.
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
IN
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
(WOLFRUM)
.
149
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
150
II.
NOTION
-
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
-
WHAT
DOES
IT
MEAN
AND
WHAT
IS
THE
PURPOSE
IN
THE
CONTEXT
OF
A
LIABILITY
REGIME?
.
151
III.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
A
REGIME
ON
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY:
FROM
LIABILITY
FOR
TRANSBOUNDARY
HARM
TO
GENUINE
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
.
152
1.
INTRODUCTION
-
FIRST
JURISPRUDENCE
.
152
2.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
TREATY
LAW
ON
CIVIL
LIABILITY
.
153
3.
INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES
ON
THE
PROTECTION
OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
OF
INTERNATIONAL
COMMON
SPACES:
A
PARADIGMATIC
SHIFT?
.
156
4.
CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL
LAW:
DOES
THERE
EXIST
AN
INTERNATIONAL
REGIME
ON
ENVIRON
MENTAL
LIABILITY?
.
160
IV.
CONCLUDING
OBSERVATIONS:
NECESSARY
FEATURES
OF
A
REGIME
ON
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMEN
TAL
LIABILITY
.
161
IX
1.
INTRODUCTION
.
161
2.
LIABILITY
FOR
LAWFUL
OR
ONLY
ILLEGAL
ACTIVITIES
.
161
3.
INTENSITY
OF
HARM
.
163
4.
LIABILITY
FOR
NOT
ESTABLISHING
PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES
OR
AN
ADEQUATE
RESPONSE
SYSTEM
163
5.
THE
MATTER
OF
CAUSALITY
.
164
6.
FAULT
BASED
OR
STRICT
LIABILITY
.
164
7.
CALCULATING
THE
AMOUNT
OF
COMPENSATION
TO
BE
PAID
AND
LIMITS
.
165
8.
THE
POTENTIAL
CLAIMANT
.
165
H.
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
AND
POLICY
IMPLICATIONS
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION:
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
INTERNATIONAL
INVESTMENT
LAW
AND
POLICY
RELATED
TO
RENEWABLE
ENERGY,
CLIMATE
CHANGE
MITIGATION
AND
ADAPTATION
(CORDONIER
SEGGER/ARVAN/BYRON/SRINIVAS)
.
166
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
168
IL
INTERNATIONAL
POLICY
&
TREATY
COMMITMENTS
TO
CLIMATE
JUSTICE
8C
INVESTMENT
IN
CARBON
NEUTRAL/NEGATIVE
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
.
169
III.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
GUIDING
INVESTMENT
RISK
ASSESSMENT
&
DECISION-MAKING
.
173
IV.
INNOVATIONS
IN
INVESTMENT
LAW
&
POLICY
RELATED
TO
CLEAN
ENERGY,
CLIMATE
CHANGE
AND
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
.
182
1.
TREATY
&
POLICY
DEVELOPMENTS
.
183
2.
INVESTMENT
TREATY
DISPUTES
.
188
V.
CONCLUSIONS
.
196
I.
THE
PARIS
CLIMATE
AGREEMENT
AND
LIABILITY
ISSUES
(FRANZIUS/KLING)
.
197
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
199
II.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
AND
THE
LEGAL
NATURE
OF
ITS
PROVISIONS
.
200
1.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
-
BINDING
OR
NOT
BINDING?
.
200
2.
OBLIGATIONS
IN
THE
MAIN
ACTION
AREAS
.
201
3.
COMPLIANCE
AND
ENFORCEMENT
.
207
III.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
IN
THE
COURTROOM
.
208
1.
INTERPLAY
BETWEEN
THE
INTERNATIONAL
AND
NATIONAL
LEVEL
.
208
2.
THE
PARIS
AGREEMENT
IN
DOMESTIC
LITIGATION
.
209
3.
RIGHTS-BASED
LITIGATION
.
210
4.
ADJUDICATION
IN
PLANNING
DECISIONS
.
212
5.
SOME
GENERAL
REMARKS:
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
CONSIDERING
THE
NATIONAL
CONTEXT
.
214
IV.
CONCLUSION
AND
OUTLOOK
.
215
J.
LIABILITY
OF
EU
MEMBER
STATES
UNDER
EU
LAW
(PURNHAGEN/SAURER)
.
217
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
218
II.
GREENHOUSE
GAS
REDUCTION
OBLIGATIONS
OF
EU
MEMBER
STATES
UNDER
EU
LAW
.
219
III.
EU
MEMBER
STATE
LIABILITY
WITHIN
THE
NON-ETS
SECTOR:
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PURCHASE
SURPLUS
ALLOCATIONS
FROM
OTHER
MEMBER
STATES
AS
FINANCIAL
SANCTION
.
221
IV.
FINANCIAL
SANCTIONS
WITHIN
THE
INFRINGEMENT
PROCEDURE
AS
LIABILITY
MECHANISM
.
223
V.
LIABILITY
OF
EU
MEMBER
STATES
UNDER
FRANCOVICH
DOCTRINE?
.
224
1.
THE
ORIGINS,
FUNCTION
AND
REASONING
AND
DOCTRINAL
EMBEDDING
OF
NON-CONTRACTUAL
MEMBER
STATE
LIABILITY
AS
DEVELOPED
BY
THE
COURT
.
225
2.
THE
FRANCOVICH
CRITERIA
FOR
STATE
LIABILITY
AND
CLIMATE
LAW
CASES
.
226
3.
DOES
THE
NATURE
OF
THE
BREACH
OF
UNION
LAW
REQUIRE
A
DIFFERENT
YARDSTICK
IN
CLIMATE
LAW
CASES?
.
235
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
236
PART
4
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
-
NATIONAL
REPORTS
K.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UNITED
STATES
(FARBER)
.
237
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
237
II.
JURISDICTIONAL
ISSUES
.
238
1.
STANDING
.
239
2.
PERSONAL
JURISDICTION
.
241
3.
SUBJECT
MATTER
JURISDICTION
.
242
III.
PUBLIC
LAW
LITIGATION
.
244
X
1.
LITIGATION
UNDER
THE
CLEAN
AIR
ACT
.
244
2.
LITIGATION
OVER
DISCLOSURE
OF
CLIMATE
IMPACTS
.
247
3.
ADAPTATION
ISSUES
.
247
4.
NON-STATUTORY
CLAIMS
.
249
IV.
TORT
LIABILITY
.
250
1.
NUISANCE
LAW
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
250
2.
CAUSATION
ISSUES
.
251
3.
LITIGATION
PROSPECTS
.
252
V.
CONCLUSION
.
252
L.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
CANADA
(JODOIN/MCGINN)
.
253
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
254
IL
CLIMATE
LAW
AND
GOVERNANCE
IN
CANADA
.
255
III.
LITIGATION
RELATING
TO
THE
AUTHORITY
OF
THE
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
TO
ADDRESS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
258
1.
SYNCRUDE
CANADA
LTD.
V.
THE
ATTORNEY
GENERAL
OF
CANADA
.
258
2.
THE
GHG
POLLUTION
PRICING
REFERENCE
CASES
.
259
IV.
LITIGATION
RELATING
TO
THE
OBLIGATION
OF
GOVERNMENTS
AND
PUBLIC
BODIES
TO
ADDRESS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
262
1.
CASES
INVOLVING
A
FAILURE
OF
PUBLIC
BODIES
TO
ADEQUATELY
CONSIDER
GHG
EMISSIONS
.
262
2.
LITIGATION
RELATING
TO
THE
KYOTO
PROTOCOL
.
264
3.
RIGHTS-BASED
CLIMATE
LAWSUITS
.
266
V.
CONCLUSION
.
269
M.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL
(WEDY)
.
271
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
272
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LAW
AND
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL
.
274
III.
LEGAL
REMEDIES
WHICH
MAY
BE
USED
IN
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL
.
279
IV.
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
BRAZIL:
ANALYSES
OF
CASES
.
281
1.
PRECEDENT
OF
THE
SUPREME
FEDERAL
COURT
.
281
2.
PRECEDENTS
BY
THE
BRAZILIAN
SUPERIOR
COURT
OF
JUSTICE
.
283
V.
CONCLUSION
.
286
N.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
AUSTRALIA
(BELL-JAMES)
.
288
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
289
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
THROUGH
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
PROCESS
.
290
1.
EARLY
CASES
.
291
2.
THE
QUEENSLAND
COAL
MINE
CASES
.
292
3.
ADANI
BEFORE
THE
FEDERAL
COURT
.
296
4.
NEW
DEVELOPMENT
-
ROCKY
HILL
DECISION
.
297
5.
FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
AND
NEGATIVE
REGULATORY
RESPONSES
.
298
III.
EMERGING
AVENUES
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
.
299
1.
CORPORATE
LAW
.
299
2.
HUMAN
RIGHTS
LAW
.
301
3.
OPERATORS
OF
EMISSIONS-INTENSIVE
INDUSTRIES
.
302
IV.
CONCLUSION
.
303
O.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UNITED
KINGDOM
(OHDEDAR/MCNAB)
.
304
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
306
1.
BACKGROUND
TO
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UK
.
307
2.
EARLY
HISTORY
OF
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UK:
1990S
TO
THE
MID-2000S
.
307
II.
LITIGATING
CLIMATE
TARGETS:
HOLDING
THE
GOVERNMENT
TO
ACCOUNT
.
308
1.
PLAN
B
TAKES
ON
THE
UK
CLIMATE
MITIGATION
TARGET
.
308
2.
HUMAN
RIGHTS
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
IN
THE
COURTS
.
309
3.
THE
PATH
TO
NET
ZERO:
WINNING
THE
POLITICAL
BATTLE,
LOSING
THE
LEGAL
BATTLE
.
310
III.
LITIGATING
THE
TRANSITION
TO
A
LOW
CARBON
SOCIETY:
CLEAN
ENERGY,
AIRPORTS,
AND
FRACKING
.
311
1.
LITIGATION
ON
WIND
AND
SOLAR
PROJECTS
.
311
2.
ANTI-FRACKING
CASES
.
315
3.
LITIGATION
AGAINST
AIRPORT
EXPANSION
.
316
IV.
CRIMINAL
PROSECUTION
OF
CLIMATE
ACTIVISM:
AN
EMERGING
AREA
OF
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
.
319
V.
CONCLUSIONS
AND
THE
FUTURE
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
UK
.
322
XI
P.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
ITALY
(BUTTI)
.
324
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
324
IL
REGULATORY
AND
PLANNING
FRAMEWORK
ON
CLIMATE
CHANGE
IN
ITALY
.
325
1.
MITIGATION
MEASURES
.
325
2.
ADAPTATION
MEASURES
.
328
III.
*
GIUDIZIO
UNIVERSALE
*
(THE
LAST
JUDGMENT):
A
HIGH-PROFILE
CASE
TO
BE
LITIGATED
BY
THE
FIRST
MONTHS
OF
2020
.
329
IV.
LOCAL
COURT
CASES
THAT
ARE
RELEVANT
TO
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
ITALY
.
333
V.
CONCLUSION
.
335
Q.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
FRANCE
(EPSTEIN/DECKERT)
.
336
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
337
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
PUBLIC
LAW
.
338
1.
AVAILABLE
REMEDIES
.
338
2.
INJURY
.
340
3.
ILLEGAL
ACT
OR
CONDUCT
.
341
4.
THE
CAUSAL
LINK
BETWEEN
THE
DAMAGE
AND
THE
MISCONDUCT
.
345
III.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
PRIVATE
LAW
.
346
1.
MAKING
FRENCH
COMPANIES
ECO-FRIENDLY
THROUGH
BUSINESS
LAW
.
348
2.
CONDITIONS
AND
LIMITS
TO
THE
ENGAGEMENT
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CIVIL
LIABILITY:
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
DIFFICULTIES
AND
SOLUTIONS
TO
OVERCOME
THEM
.
356
R.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
THE
NETHERLANDS
-
THE
URGENDA
CASE
AND
BEYOND
(VAN
DER
VEEN/DE
GRAAF)
.
363
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
363
II.
THE
URGENDA
CASE
.
365
1.
THE
DISTRICT
COURT
JUDGMENT
.
365
2.
THE
COURT
OF
APPEAL
RULING
.
366
3.
THE
SUPREME
COURT
DECISION
.
367
4.
ANALYSIS
AND
CRITIQUE
.
369
III.
OTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
THE
NETHERLANDS
.
372
1.
FRIENDS
OF
THE
EARTH
VERSUS
SHELL
.
372
2.
THE
CLIMATE
ACT
.
373
3.
THE
CLIMATE
AGREEMENT
.
375
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
.
377
S.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
IN
GERMANY
(WELLER/NASSE/NASSE)
.
378
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
380
II.
THE
SCIENTIFIC
BASES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
382
1.
THE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
.
382
2.
GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
AND
GREENHOUSE
GASES
.
383
3.
DETECTION
AND
ATTRIBUTION
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
385
III.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
AND
PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
.
386
IV.
INTERNATIONAL
JURISDICTION
OF
NATIONAL
COURTS
.
387
1.
GENERAL
FORUM,
ART.
4
OF
REGULATION
NO.
1215/2012
.
387
2.
SPECIAL
FORUM
OF
THE
TORT,
ART.
7
NO.
2
OF
REGULATION
NO.
1215/2012
.
388
3.
SPECIAL
FORUM
OF
THE
JOINDER
OF
PARTIES,
ART.
8
NO.
1
OF
REGULATION
NO.
1215/2012
.
391
V.
APPLICABLE
LAW
.
392
1.
SCOPE
OF
THE
TORT
STATUTE
.
392
2.
CHOICE
OF
LAW,
ART.
14
ROME
II
.
392
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL
TORT
STATUTE,
ART.
7
ROME
II
.
392
4.
INTERIM
RESULT
.
398
VI.
LIABILITY
UNDER
GERMAN
LAW
:
.
398
1.
COMPENSATION
FOR
ALREADY
OCCURRED
DAMAGES
.
398
2.
PROTECTION
FROM
FUTURE
IMPAIRMENTS
.
401
3.
PROOF
OF
CAUSALITY
AS
CENTRAL
HURDLE
OF
PRIVATE
CLIMATE
ACTIONS
.
402
VII.
SUMMARY
.
403
XII
PART
5
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
-
GERMANY
AS
AN
INTERNATIONAL
PIONEER?
T.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
UNDER
THE
GERMAN
LAW
OF
TORTS
(WAGNER/ARNTZ)
.
405
I.
THE
GERMAN
LAW
OF
NON-CONTRACTUAL
LIABILITY:
AN
OVERVIEW
.
407
1.
OVERVIEW
.
407
2.
THE
LAW
OF
DELICT
.
407
3.
NUISANCE
LAW
.
408
4.
STRICT
LIABILITY
.
409
IL
A
PROMINENT
CASE
IN
GERMAN
COURTS:
SAUL
ANAMAS
LUCIANO
LLIUYA
VS.
RWE
AG
.
410
III.
THE
LAW
OF
DELICT
.
412
1.
NEGLIGENCE
LIABILITY,
SECTION
823
(1)
BGB
.
412
2.
BREACH
OF
STATUTORY
DUTY,
SECTION
823
(2)
BGB
.
422
3.
ACTIO
DOLI,
SECTION
826
BGB
.
423
IV.
STRICT
LIABILITY
.
423
V.
LAW
OF
NUISANCE
.
423
1.
ACTIO
NEGATORIA,
SECTION
1004
BGB
.
423
2.
SECTION
906
(2)
CL.
2
BGB
AND
SECTION
14
CL.
2
BIMSCHG
.
426
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
427
U.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DAMAGES
UNDER
THE
GERMAN
ENVIRONMENTAL
LIABILITY
ACT
(NITSCH)
.
429
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
430
II.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
THE
UMWELTHG
.
431
III.
NATURE
OF
LIABILITY
.
433
IV.
FACILITIES
SUBJECT
TO
THE
UMWELTHG
.
434
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
434
2.
ANNEX
1
CATALOGUE
.
434
V.
DAMAGES
SUBJECT
TO
THE
UMWELTHG
.
435
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
435
2.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DAMAGES
SUBJECT
TO
THE
UMWELTHG?
.
436
VI.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
.
437
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
437
2.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
IN
THE
FORM
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
438
VII.
CAUSATION
.
439
1.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
439
2.
PRESUMPTION
OF
CAUSATION
.
442
3.
CAUSATION
IN
CASES
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
DAMAGES
.
442
VIII.
TEMPORAL
SCOPE
OF
APPLICATION
.
445
IX.
CONCLUSION
.
446
V.
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
AND
COMPLIANCE
IN
GERMAN
CORPORATE
LAW
(HABERSACK/EHRL)
.
447
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
450
1.
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
IN
CURRENT
ACCOUNTING
AND
STOCK
CORPORATION
LAW
.
450
2.
THE
COMPANY
*
S
EXTERNAL
AND
INTERNAL
RELATIONSHIPS
.
451
3.
DELIMITING
THE
OBJECT
OF
STUDY
.
452
II.
THE
PERSPECTIVE
OF
ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS
AND
LEGAL
FUNCTIONALISM
.
452
1.
THE
INTERNALIZATION
OF
NEGATIVE
EXTERNALITIES
AS
A
GUIDANCE
OBJECTIVE
.
452
2.
EFFICIENCY
OF
LAWFULNESS
AND
COMPLIANCE
DUTIES
FOR
LEGAL
ENFORCEMENT
.
453
III.
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
AND
CURRENT
CORPORATE
LAW
.
455
1.
CORPORATE
MANAGEMENT
AND
THE
OBJECTIVES
OF
STOCK
CORPORATION
LAW
.
455
2.
DUTY
OF
LAWFULNESS
AND
COMPLIANCE
RESPONSIBILITY
(UNDER
STOCK
CORPORATION
LAW),
§§91
(2),
93,
116
P.
1
AKTG
.
456
3.
CSR
REPORTING
DUTIES
.
459
4.
CSR
AND
CORPORATE
INTEREST
.
461
IV.
CONCLUSION
AND
PROSPECTS
.
464
XIII
W.
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
FOR
CLIMATE
AND
BUSINESS
SUSTAINABILITY
(DUVE/HAMAMA)
.
466
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
469
II.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ARRIVED
IN
THE
INVESTMENT
COMMUNITY
.
470
III.
WHY
IS
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
NEEDED?
.
471
1.
INSUFFICIENT
POLITICAL
MEASURES
.
471
2.
CHANGING
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORKS
.
473
3.
NEED
FOR
MORE
SUSTAINABLE
INVESTMENTS
.
474
4.
BUSINESS
DIMENSION
OF
THE
INVESTOR
*
S-LED
ACTION
FOR
CLIMATE
.
474
IV.
TIME
FOR
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
.
475
1.
INVEST
RESPONSIBLY
.
475
2.
DIVEST
FROM
NON-SUSTAINABLE
BUSINESSES
.
476
3.
STAY
INVESTED
AND
TAKE
ACTION
.
477
V.
WHAT
CAN
INVESTOR-LED
ACTION
ACHIEVE?
.
477
1.
INVESTOR
*
S
DIALOGUE
WITH
MANAGEMENT
.
478
2.
CORPORATE
DECISIONS
AND
THE
PUBLIC
ARENA
.
479
3.
ADOPTING
CLIMATE
CHANGE
SHAREHOLDER
RESOLUTIONS
.
480
4.
INSISTING
ON
DISCLOSURE
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
REPORTING
.
481
5.
ACTING
AS
THOUGHT
LEADERS
.
483
6.
TAKING
A
SEAT
AND
ACTION
.
484
7.
LITIGATING
AS
LAST
RESORT
.
485
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
486
X.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
UNDER
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
ACT
(KAHL/STURMLINGER)
.
487
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
488
II.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
.
489
1.
DAMAGE
TO
SPECIES
AND
NATURAL
HABITATS
.
489
2.
WATER
DAMAGE
.
490
3.
LAND
DAMAGE
.
491
4.
RESTRICTION
OF
THE
CONCEPT
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
.
491
5.
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
AS
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGES
WITHIN
THE
MEANING
OF
THE
EDA
.
492
III.
RESPONSIBLE
PARTY
.
496
1.
CATEGORY
OF
PERSONS
CONCERNED
.
496
2.
DIRECT
CAUSATION
.
497
3.
RESPONSIBLE
PARTY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
WITHIN
THE
SCOPE
OF
THE
EDA
.
499
IV.
LEGAL
EFFECTS
.
502
1.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
RESPONSIBLE
PARTY
.
502
2.
POWERS
OF
THE
AUTHORITIES
.
503
3.
SELECTION
OF
DISTURBERS
.
504
4.
BEARING
OF
COSTS
.
504
V.
CONCLUSION
.
505
Y.
THE
ROLE
OF
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION
(VERHEYEN/PABSCH)
.
507
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
509
1.
NGO
*
S
AS
REPRESENTATIVES
OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
.
509
2.
NGO
*
S
AND
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
PRACTICE
.
510
3.
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
IN
GERMANY
BY
DEFENDANTS
.
512
II.
NGO
INDEPENDENT
ACCESS
TO
COURT
AS
EXCEPTION
TO
THE
RULE
-
THE
GERMAN
STANDING
RULES
IN
A
NUTSHELL
.
513
III.
FORMAL
ROLE
OF
NGO
*
S
IN
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
AGAINST
THE
STATE
.
516
1.
STANDING
IN
PROJECT
RELATED
ACTIONS
.
516
2.
COMPLIANCE
WITH
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
TARGETS
OR
OTHER
RULES
OF
CLIMATE
LAW
.
516
3.
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
AGAINST
THE
STATE:
CLIMATE
LEGISLATION
.
523
IV.
PASSIVE
LEGAL
STATUS
OF
NGO
*
S
.
525
1.
INTERVENTION
.
525
2.
AMICUS
CURIAE
-
*
FRIEND
OF
THE
COURT
*
.
525
V.
PERSPECTIVE
CLIMATE
LITIGATION
TO
ENFORCE
CLIMATE
LAW
.
525
1.
OBLIGATIONS
UNDER
THE
EU
GOVERNANCE
REGULATION
.
526
2.
THE
EU
CLIMATE
CHANGE
REGULATION
.
527
XIV
3.
NATIONAL
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
LAW
.
528
4.
ACTIONS
FOR
ADJUSTMENT
AND
COMPENSATION
.
530
VI.
CONCLUSION
.
530
PART
6
CONCLUSIONS
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
-
SYNTHESIS
AND
FUTURE
PROSPECTS
(KAHL/WELLER)
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
535
IL
FUNDAMENTAL
QUESTIONS
.
537
1.
SUSTAINABILITY
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE
.
537
2.
POLLUTER-PAYS
PRINCIPLE
.
538
3.
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
LEGISLATURE
AND
THE
JUDICIARY
.
538
4.
DUTIES
OF
PROTECTION
.
539
III.
PROCEDURAL
ISSUES
AND
CONFLICT
OF
LAWS
.
540
1.
PROCEDURES
BEFORE
CIVIL
COURTS
.
540
2.
APPLICABLE
LAW
.
541
3.
ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS
.
541
IV.
STATE
LIABILITY
UNDER
INTERNATIONAL
AND
EUROPEAN
LAW
.
541
V.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LITIGATION:
COUNTRY
REPORTS
.
543
1.
USA
.
543
2.
CANADA
.
544
3.
BRAZIL
.
544
4.
AUSTRALIA
.
544
5.
UNITED
KINGDOM
.
545
6.
ITALY
.
546
7.
FRANCE
.
546
8.
NETHERLANDS
.
548
VI.
LIABILITY
FOR
CLIMATE
DAMAGES
-
GERMANY
AS
AN
INTERNATIONAL
PIONEER?
.
549
1.
ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE
ACT
.
549
2.
ROLE
OF
THE
NGOS
.
550
3.
CORPORATE
CLIMATE
RESPONSIBILITY
.
550
4.
DELICTUAL
CLIMATE
CHANGE
LIABILITY
.
551
VII.
TENDENCIES
AND
PROSPECTS
.
551
1.
PRIMACY
OF
THE
LEGISLATURE,
SUPPLEMENTAL
FUNCTION
OF
THE
COURTS
.
551
2.
BASIC
RIGHT
OR
STATE
OBJECTIVE:
CLIMATE
PROTECTION
IN
THE
NATIONAL
CONSTITUTIONS?
.
552
3.
EMISSION
REDUCTION
OBJECTIVES
IN
THE
CONSTITUTION?
.
553
4.
PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT
.
554
5.
CONCLUSION
.
558
INDEX
.
561
XV |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Kahl, Wolfgang 1965- Weller, Marc 1960- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | w k wk m w mw |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122475011 (DE-588)1055783172 |
| author_facet | Kahl, Wolfgang 1965- Weller, Marc 1960- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046930684 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2359 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1231963498 (DE-599)DNB1187363200 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Brasilien (DE-588)4008003-1 gnd Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 gnd Kanada (DE-588)4029456-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland USA Brasilien Australien Kanada |
| id | DE-604.BV046930684 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:34:32Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:14:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1023902869 |
| isbn | 9783406743894 9781509948734 9783848769216 3406743897 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032339614 |
| oclc_num | 1231963498 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-12 DE-11 DE-29 DE-945 DE-M382 DE-739 DE-634 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-12 DE-11 DE-29 DE-945 DE-M382 DE-739 DE-634 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXX, 565 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | C.H. Beck Hart Publishing Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Climate change litigation a handbook edited by Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller München C.H. Beck 2021 Oxford Hart Publishing Baden-Baden Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft XXX, 565 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd rswk-swf Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd rswk-swf Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Brasilien (DE-588)4008003-1 gnd rswk-swf Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 gnd rswk-swf Kanada (DE-588)4029456-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 s Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s DE-604 Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 s USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Kanada (DE-588)4029456-0 g Brasilien (DE-588)4008003-1 g Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 g Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 s Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 s Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 s Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Kahl, Wolfgang 1965- (DE-588)122475011 edt Weller, Marc 1960- (DE-588)1055783172 edt Verlag C.H. Beck (DE-588)1023902869 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-406-77923-7 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032339614&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Climate change litigation a handbook Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4236015-8 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4170174-4 (DE-588)4048835-4 (DE-588)7547705-1 (DE-588)4061643-5 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4008003-1 (DE-588)4003900-6 (DE-588)4029456-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Climate change litigation a handbook |
| title_auth | Climate change litigation a handbook |
| title_exact_search | Climate change litigation a handbook |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Climate change litigation a handbook |
| title_full | Climate change litigation a handbook edited by Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller |
| title_fullStr | Climate change litigation a handbook edited by Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller |
| title_full_unstemmed | Climate change litigation a handbook edited by Wolfgang Kahl, Marc-Philippe Weller |
| title_short | Climate change litigation |
| title_sort | climate change litigation a handbook |
| title_sub | a handbook |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Umwelthaftung Klimaänderung Mitgliedsstaaten Rechtsschutz Klimaschutz Umweltrecht Deutschland USA Brasilien Australien Kanada Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032339614&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kahlwolfgang climatechangelitigationahandbook AT wellermarc climatechangelitigationahandbook AT verlagchbeck climatechangelitigationahandbook |