Syndrom Jałty: polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Polska Akademia Umiejętności
2019
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| Schriftenreihe: | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności
tom 119 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Englische Zusammenfassung |
| Beschreibung: | 170 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9788376763118 |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Stany Zjednoczone (USA) | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | POLSKAAKADEMIAUMIEJ^TNOSCI
ROZPRAWY
WYDZIALU HISTORYCZNO-FILOZOFICZNEGO
Ogolnego zbioru tom 119
Andrzej Kastory
SYNDROM JALTY
POLITYKA MOCARSTW
WOBEC POLSKICH KRYZYSÖW
WLATACH 1968-1981
Krakow 2019
Spis tresci
Wst?p 9
Kryzys w Polsce w 1968 r 13
Wydarzenia grudniowe 1970 r 23
Wizyta prezydenta Richarda Nixona w Polsce w 1972 r 35
Kryzys 1976 r 41
Eurokomunizm 49
Wizyta prezydenta Jimmy ego Cartera w Polsce od 29 do 31 grudnia 1977 r 51
Wizyta Jana Pawla II w Polsce w 1979 r 53
Kryzys 1980 r i narodziny „Solidarnosci 61
Grudzieñ 1980 r Grozba sowieckiej interwencji 77
Oceny sytuacj i w Polsce 93
Kryzys bydgoski z marca 1981 r i jego konsekwencje 99
Mi^dzynarodowe reperkusje kryzysu bydgoskiego 101
Spotkanie w Brzesciu noc^ z 3 na 4 kwietnia 1981 r 105
Korespondencja Leonida Brezniewa z Ronaldem Reaganem 107
Sowiecka ocena sytuacj i w Polsce 111
Debata w sprawie Polski na posiedzeniu Rady NATO w lipcu 1981 r 113
Zjazd Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej 14 lipca 1981 r 117
Oceny sytuacj i gospodarczej Polski 119
Leonid Brezniew: „Polski nie pozostawimy w biedzie 123
„Poslanie do Narodów Europy Wschodniej z 8 wrzesnia 1981 r 125
Wojciech Jaruzelski pierwszym sekretarzem PZPR (18 pazdziernika 1981 r ) 127
Przygotowania do konfrontacji 131
6 Syndrom Jatty
Stanwojenny 141
Reakcj e Zachodu 143
Wnioski 151
Bibliografia 155
Spis ilustracji 159
Indeks nazwisk 161
Summary 163
Spis treści Wstęp......................................................................................................................... 9 Kryzys w Polsce w 1968 r......................................................................................... 13 Wydarzenia grudniowe 1970 r................................................................................... 23 Wizyta prezydenta Richarda Nixona w Polsce w 1972 r........................................... 35 Kryzys 1976 r. .......................................................................................................... 41 Eurokomunizm.......................................................................................................... 49 Wizyta prezydenta Jimmy’ego Cartera w Polsce od 29 do 31 grudnia 1977 r.......... 51 Wizyta Jana Pawła II w Polsce w 1979 r................................................................... 53 Kryzys 1980 r. i narodziny „Solidarności”................................................................ 61 Grudzień 1980 r. Groźba sowieckiej interwencji....................................................... 77 Oceny sytuacji w Polsce............................................................................................. 93 Kryzys bydgoski z marca 1981 r. i jego konsekwencje............................................ 99 Międzynarodowe reperkusje kryzysu bydgoskiego ................................................. 101 Spotkanie w Brześciu nocą z 3 na 4 kwietnia 1981 r................................................ 105 Korespondencja Leonida Breżniewa z Ronaldem
Reaganem.................................... 107 Sowiecka ocena sytuacji w Polsce.............................................................................. 111 Debata w sprawie Polski na posiedzeniu Rady NATO w lipcu 1981 r..................... 113 Zjazd Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej 14 lipea 1981 r.............................. 117 Oceny sytuacji gospodarczej Polski........................................................................... 119 Leonid Breżniew: „Polski nie pozostawimy w biedzie”............................................ 123 „Posłanie do Narodów Europy Wschodniej” z 8 września 1981 r............................ 125 Wojciech Jaruzelski pierwszym sekretarzem PZPR (18 października 1981 r.)......... 127 Przygotowania do konfrontacji.................................................................................. 131
6 Syndrom Jałty Stan wojenny............................................................................................................... 141 Reakcje Zachodu........................................................................................................ 143 Wnioski..................................................................................................................... 151 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................... 155 Spis ilustracji............................................................................................................... 159 Indeks nazwisk.......................................................................................................... 161 Summary................................................................................................................... 163
Bibliografia Archiwalia National Archives [NA], Londyn, sygnatury: FC028/4139; FC033/4257; NA, FC028/4137; NA, FC028/4162, NA, FC028/4162; NA,FC028/4138; NA, FC028/4162; NA,FC028/4144; A, FC028/4162; NA, FC028/4164, NA, FC028/4165; NA, FCO, 28/4165, NA, PREM, 19/561. Archiwum NATO, Bruksela, sygnatury: C-M(68)43; C-M(76)53; C-M(68)56; C-M(76)64; C-M (76)75; C-M(77)6; C-M(80)71; C-M(81)12; C-M(81)76; C-M(82)20; C-M(82)42; C-VR (68)61; C-VR (80); C-R(68)51; PO(80)133; PO(81)26; C-R(81)28. Archives de Ministere des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, Serie Europe. Souserie „Tchécoslovaquie”, որ 236. Dokumenty publikowane Andrew Christopher, Mitrochin Wasilij, Archiwum Mitrochina. KGB w Europie i na Zachodzie, przekład Magdalena Maria Brzeska i Rafał Brzeski, Poznań 2009. Documents on British Policy Overseas [DBPO], Series III, vol. X: The Polish Crisis and Relations with Eastern Europe, 1979-1982, ed. by Isabelle Tombs and Richard Smith, London, New York 2017. Dokumenty. Teczka Susłowa, red. Andrzej Krawczyk, Jacek Snopkiewicz, Andrzej Zakrzewski, Warszawa 1993. Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS]. Diplomatic Papers, 1964-1968, voi. XVII, Eastern Europe, Washington 1996. FRUS, 1969-1976, voi. XXIX, Eastern Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Washington 2007. FRUS 1969-1976, voi. E-15, Part 1, Documents on Eastern Europe 1973 1976, Washington 2008. FRUS, 1977-1980, vol. XX, Eastern Europe, Washington 2015. FRUS 1977-1980, vol. VI, Soviet Union, Washington 2013. FRUS, 1981-1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981-January 1983, Washington 2016. Garlicki A., Paczkowski A. (opr.),
Zaciskanie pętli. Tajne dokumenty dotyczące Czechosłowacji 1968 r., Warszawa 1995. Konferencja partii komunistycznych i robotniczych Europy, Berlin 29-30 czerwca 1976 r. Podsta wowe dokumenty i materiały. Do użytku wewnętrznego, Warszawa 1976. Kramer Mark (red.), Declassified Soviet Documents on the Polish Crisis, [w:] Cold War Interna tional History Project Bulletin, nr 5, 1995. Nurek Mieczysław, Raporty roczne Ambasady Brytyjskiej w Warszawie 1945-1970, Warszawa 2003.
156 Syndrom Jałty Polskie dokumenty dyplomatyczne 1972, Warszawa 2005. Raporty przekazane przez płk. Kuklińskiego, http://wyborcza.pl/L768426056610. Tajne dokumenty Biura Politycznego. Grudzień 1970, opracowanie Paweł Domański, Londyn 1991. Tajne dokumenty Biura Politycznego. PZPR a Solidarność 1980-1981, oprać. Zbigniew Włodek, Londyn 1992. Wilson Center Digital Archive. International History Declassified. Special Dossier on the Polish Crisis of 1980. Pamiętniki Brzeziński Zbigniew, Cztery lata w Białym Domu. Wspomnienia Doradcy do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Państwa 1977-1981, Wszechnica Społeczno-Polityczna 1989, przedruk za „Polonia” 1986. Brzeziński Zbigniew, Druga szansa, Warszawa 2008. Jaruzelski Wojciech, Stan wojenny. Dlaczego..., Warszawa 1992. Kania Stanisław, Zatrzymać konfrontację, Warszawa 1991. Kissinger Henry, Years ofRenewal, New York 1999. Pipes Richard, Żyłem. Wspomnienia niezależnego, przel. David M. Dastych, Władysław Jeżewski, Warszawa 2004. Rakowski Mieczysław F., Dzienniki polityczne 1979-1981, Warszawa 2004. Rakowski Mieczysław R, Jak to się stało, Warszawa 1991. Wałęsa Lech, Droga nadziei, Kraków 1990. Wielowiejski Andrzej, Losowi na przekór, Warszawa 2015. Prasa Polonica w prasie zagranicznej, Warszawa 18 grudnia 1970 r., nr 51-52. Polonica w prasie zagranicznej, Warszawa, 6 stycznia 1971 r., nr 1/202. Słowniki Słownik biograficzny Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej XXwieku, red. Wojciech Roszkowski, Jan Kofman, Kraków 2004, Opracowania Bernstein Serge, Milza Pierre, Histoire du XX siècle 1945-1973. Le monde entre guerre et paix, Paris 2002. Blažek Petr,
Czechosłowacja a kryzys w Polsce w latach 1980 ֊ 1981, [w:] Świat wobec „Solidar ności” 1980-1989, red. Paweł Jaworski, Łukasz Kamiński, Warszawa 2013. Dudek Antoni, Gryz Ryszard, Komuniści i Kościół w Polsce (1945-1989), Kraków 2003. Duroselle Jean-Baptiste, Histoire diplomatique de 1919 à nos jours, Paris 1990. Eisler Jerzy, Grudzień 1970. Geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje, Warszawa 2012. Eisler Jerzy, Polski rok 1968, Warszawa 2006. Eisler Jerzy, „Polskie miesiące”, czyli kryzys(y) w PRL, Warszawa 2008. Friszke Andrzej, Rewolucja Solidarności 1980-1981, Kraków 2014. Garton Ash Timothy, Polska rewolucja. Solidarność 1980-1981, Warszawa 1990. Grajewski Andrzej, Jan Pasvel II oraz dyplomacja Stolicy Apostolskiej wobec „ Solidarności w la tach 1980-1989, [w:] Świat wobec Solidarności 1980-1989, red. Paweł Jaworski, Łukasz Kamiński, Warszawa 2013. Grodziski Stanisław, Za trzecim razem. Zapiski uniwersyteckie z lat 1968, ‘81, 1989, Kraków 2017. Historia dyplomacji polskiej, t. VI: 1944/1945-1989, Warszawa 2010. Holzer Jerzy, „Solidarność” 1980-1981. Geneza i historia, Warszawa 1984.
Bibliografia 157 Kastory Andrzej, Mocarstwa wobec kryzysów w europejskich krajach sowieckiej strefy wpływów 1948-1968. Kraków 2015. Kemp-Welch Anthony, Sowieckie reakcje na NSZZ „ Solidarność ” w latach 1980-1989, [w:] Świat wobec Solidarności 1980-1989, red. Paweł Jaworski, Łukasz Kamiński, Warszawa 2013. Kramer Mark, Związek Radziecki, Układ Warszawski i polski kryzys w latach 1980-1981, [w:] Świat wobec Solidarności 1980-1989, red. Paweł Jaworski, Łukasz Kamiński, Warszawa 2013. Krasuski Jerzy, Germańsko-romańska Europa Zachodnia po II wojnie światowej, Toruń 2008. MacEachin Douglas J., Amerykański wywiad i konfrontacja w Polsce 1980-1981, przeł. Katarzyna Bażyńska-Chojnacka, Piotr Chojnacki, Poznań 2011. Mania Andrzej, Bridge Building. Polityka USA wobec Europy Wschodniej w latach 1961-1968, Kraków 1996. Mania Andrzej, Détente i polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Europy Wschodniej, styczeń 1969֊ -styczeń 1981, Kraków 2003. Mania Andrzej, Doktryna Sonnenfeldta. Nieporozumienie, lapsus, czy zasada amerykańskiej poli tyki wobec Europy Wschodniej?, [w:] Myśl polityczna od historii do współczesności. Księga dedykowana profesorowi Markowi Woldenbergowi, red. Barbara Stoczewska i Michał Jaskól ski, Kraków 2000. Mania Andrzej, The National Council i amerykańska polityka wobec Europy Wschodniej 1945֊1960, Kraków 1994. Mickiewicz Adam, Utwory dramatyczne, t. III, Dziady. Poema, Warszawa 1955. Paczkowski Andrzej, Wojnapolsko-jaruzelska. Stan wojenny w Polsce 13 XII1981-1982, Warsza wa 2006. Pleskot Patryk, Kłopotliwa panna „S”. Postawy polityczne Zachodu wobec „Solidarności”
na tle stosunków z PRL (1980-1989), Warszawa 2013. Raina Peter, Cele polityki władz PRL wobec Watykanu. Tajne dokumenty 1967-1989, Warszawa 2001. Raina Peter, Kościół w PRL: Kościół katolicki a państwo w świetle dokumentów 1945-1989, t. 3: Lata 1975-89, Poznań Pelplin 1996. Raina Peter, Wizyty apostolskie Jana Pawła II w Polsce. Rozmowy przygotowawcze. Watykan PRL ֊ Episkopat, Warszawa 1997. Rojek Wojciech (red.), Wielka historia świata, t. 12, Kraków 2006. Rojek Wojciech, Historia nowoczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych, Warszawa 2010. Sasanka Paweł, Czerwiec 1976. Geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje, Warszawa 2006. Sierpowski Stanisław, Żerko Stanisław, Dzieje Polski w XXwieku, Poznań 2002. SowaA.L., Wielka historia Polski, t. 10, Kraków, 2001. Stehle Hansjakob, Tajna dyplomacja Watykanu, Warszawa 1993. Tarasiński Jarosław, Reakcje w Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej na powstanie i działalność NSZZ „Solidarność ”, [w:] Świat wobec Solidarności 1980—1989, red. Paweł Jaworski, Łukasz Kamiński, Warszawa 2013. Tebinka Jacek, Nadzieje i rozczarowania. Polityka Wielkiej Brytanii wobec Polski 1956-1970, War szawa 2005. Tyszkiewicz Jakub, Rozbijanie monolitu. Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Polski 1945-1988, Warszawa 2015. Tyszkiewicz Jakub, Wokół wizyty Edwarda Gierka w Stanach Zjednoczonych (październik 1974 roku), [w:] Amerykomania. Księga jubileuszowa ofiarowana profesorowi Andrzejowi Mani, t. 2, red. Włodzimierz Bemacki, Adam Walaszek, Kraków 2012. Walkiewicz Wiesław, Jugosławia. Byt wspólny i rozpad, Warszawa 2000. Weigel George, Świadek nadziei. Biografia papieża Jana
Pawła II, Kraków 2006. Weiser Benjamin, Ryszard Kukliński. Życie ściśle tajne, Warszawa 2005. Willaume Małgorzata, Rumunia, Warszawa 2004.
Indeks nazwisk Alphand Hervé 17 Andrew Christopher 10, 56, 155 Andropow Jurij 66, 105, 106, 127, 128, 138 Anoszkin Wiktor 135 Baczko Bronisław 14 Bajbakow Nikołaj 137, 138 Baker John 29 Barańczak Stanisław 44 Barcikowski Kazimierz 64, 86 Bażyńska-Chojnacka Katarzyna 132, 157 Bennett W. Tapley 114 Berlinguer Enrico 49 Bemacki Włodzimierz 38, 157 Bernstein Serge 15, 156 Biffen John 102 Birnbaum Immanuel 23 Blažek Petr 87, 125, 156 Borusewicz Bogdan 44 Brandt Willy 22, 28, 31, 32, 36 Brei Jacques 28 Brement Marshall 88, 89 Breżniew (Brezhnev) Leonid Iįjicz 16, 22, 24, 27, 36, 42, 49, 55, 58, 65, 66, 72, 80, 81, 86-88, 91, 94, 105, 107-109, 112, 117, 123, 125, 128, 132, 135, 138, 144, 145, 160 Brimelow Thomas 15, 20 Broomfield Nigel 119, 126 Brown Harold 75, 85 Brown Judith 126 Brus Włodzimierz 14 Bryll Ernest 7 Brzeska Magdalena Maria 10, 56, 155 Brzeski Rafał 10, 56, 155 Brzeziński Zbigniew 11, 47, 51, 58, 62, 67-69, 75, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89-91, 156, 159 Bujak Zbigniew 134 Bullard Julian L. 57, 78, 95, 96 Bush George W. 145 Campbell Ross 21 Carrillo Solares Santiago 50 Carrington Peter A. R. 56, 61, 70, 71, 74—76, 79, 82, 90, 96, 102, 121, 126, 129, 132, 133, 143-146, 149 Carter Jimmy (James Earl) 10, 39, 41, 47, 48, 51, 62, 64, 69, 72, 75, 79-81, 85, 89-91, 93, 109, 159 Castro Fidel 69 Ceauşescu Nicolae 48, 69, 87 Cheysson Claude 136, 137, 146 Chojecki Mirosław 44 Chojnacki Piotr 132, 157 Chopin Fryderyk 57 Ciastoń Władysław 137 Cleveland Harlan 21 Cohn Ludwik 44 Colombo Emilio 146 Cyrankiewicz Józef 14, 17, 24, 25 Czemienko Konstantin 138 Czyrek Józef 54, 86, 129 Dastych
David M. 11,61, 156 Davis Richard 29 Dąbrowiecki Stanisław 159 Dąbrowski Bronislaw 55 Dejmek Kazimierz 13 Dobrosielski Marian 82 Dobrynin Anatolij 36, 68, 85, 93, 94, 101, 109 Domański Paweł 25, 156 Dom Ludwik 139 Drūto Jan 17, 18 Dubček Aleksander 16, 19 Duelos Jacques ЗО
162 Dudek Antoni 9, 25, 44, 53-55, 135, 156 Dupuy Jacques 71 Duroselle Jean-Baptiste 33, 46, 156 Eagleburger Lawrence S. 108 Eisler Jerzy 9,11, 13-17, 23-25, 37, 42, 65, 88, 156 Elżbieta II, królowa angielska 56 Facey Robert 77 Fall Brian J. P. 95, 97 Falls Robert Hilbom 113 Fatorrio Giorgio 26 Fergusson Ewen 77, 78, 119, 126 Fiszbach Tadeusz 111, 160 Ford Gerald R. 35, 38, 39, 41, 159 Foy David 70 Frasyniuk Władysław 139 Friszke Andrzej 9,11, 61, 65, 66, 81, 84, 86, 88, 94, 99, 100, 106, 112, 117, 118, 123, 125֊ 128, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137-139, 141, 156 Gandhi Indira 69, 86 Garlicki Andrzej 16, 155 Garton Ash Timothy J. 47, 52, 64, 73, 100, 156 Gaulle Charles de 37 Genscher Hans Dietrich 119, 136 Geremek Bronisław 139 Gierek Edward 15, 21, 23, 25-28, 30, 35-39, 41-47, 49-51, 54-56, 59, 62, 65, 67, 70, 111, 147, 148, 151, 159 Gierek Stanisława 159 Gilmour łan 74 Giscard d’Estaing Valéry 62, 71, 91, 96 Glemp Józef 131, 148 Głuchowski Leo W. 66 Gomułka Władysław 13-21, 23-30, 32, 35, 43, 44, 56, 151, 159 Grabski Tadeusz 111 Grajewski Andrzej 86, 156 Grodziski Stanisław 14, 156 Gromyko Andriej 22, 65, 66, 68, 93, 94, 138 Gronouski John 18 Gryz Ryszard 25, 44, 53-55, 156 Gwiazda Andrzej 94 Haig Alexander 35-37, 93, 101, 108, 109, 133, 136, 137, 143, 145, 147, 152, 153 Syndrom Jałty Hajle Syllasie (Sellasje) I, cesarz 108 Henderson George 29 Henderson J. Nicholas „Nicko” 79, 89, 126, 144-146 Hillenbrand Martin 31 Holzer Jerzy 52, 65, 77, 156 Honecker Erich 87, 89, 112 Hormats Robert D. 35 Hupałowski Tadeusz 84 Hurd Douglas R. 96 Husák Gustav 87, 112 Hyland William 31 Irwin John
31 Jabłoński Henryk 13, 54, 55, 111 Jagielski Mieczysław 64, 160 James Kenneth Cynlais M. 120, 121, 126, 129, 142, 143 Jan Pawel II (właśc. Wojtyła Karol), papież, św. 9, 52, 53-56, 58, 62, 86, 147, 159 Janicki Marek 160 Jaroszewicz Piotr 25, 38, 39, 41, 42, 54, 159 Jaruzelski Wojciech 11, 25, 45, 66, 67, 84-88, 91, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 111, 112, 114, 117, 123, 125-129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141-145, 148-150, 153, 156, 160 Jaskólski Michał 30, 157 Jaszczuk Bolesław 32 Jaworski Paweł 65, 86, 129, 156, 157 Jeżewski Władysław 11,61, 156 Johnson Lyndon В. 18 Joy David 59, 123 Jurczyk Marian 64, 139 Kaczorowski Stefan 44 Kádár János 87 Kahn Jean François 28 Kamiński Łukasz 65, 86, 129, 156, 157 Kania Stanisław 11, 54, 55, 65-67, 73, 74, 77, 79, 82, 85-89, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 111, 117, 123, 125-128, 137, 147, 156 Kastory Andrzej 18, 157 Katzenbach Nick 18 Kąkol Kazimierz 54, 55 Keeble Curtis 59, 79, 102 Kemp-Welch Anthony 129, 157 King Robert 48
Indeks nazwisk Kisielewski Stefan 13 Kissinger Henry A. 11,29-31,35-38,46, 156 Kiszczak Czesław 127 Kliszko Zenon 13, 20, 24, 25, 27 Kociołek Stanisław 111 Kodalý Zoltán 57 KofmanJan41, 156 Kolbe Rajmund (zakonne: Maksymilian Maria), św. 53 Kołakowski Leszek 14 Kosygin Aleksy 25, 42, 44 Kowalska Anka 44 Kramer Mark 11, 65, 68, 86-88, 100, 103, 106, 112, 115, 117, 123, 125, 127-129, 138, 139, 141, 155, 157 Krasuski Jerzy 23, 31, 157 Krasko Wincenty 35 Krawczyk Andrzej 11,65, 155 Kukliński Ryszard 67, 68, 84, 85, 91, 100, 112, 141 Kulikow Wiktor 84, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 112, 127, 135, 138, 141 Kuroń Jacek 14, 44, 94 Larrabee Steve 62 Lenin Włodzimierz 23, 61, 159 Lewis Anthony 25 Lipiński Edward 44 Lipski Jan Józef 44 Lis Bogdan 94 Loehnis Anthony 95 Luns Joseph M. 82, 115, 147 Łabendowicz Mirosław 99 Łabęcki Jan 134 Łukaszewicz Jerzy 142 MacEachin Douglas J. 132, 157 Macharski Franciszek 54 Macierewicz Antoni 44 Maiłaby Christopher 78, 95 Mania Andrzej 11, 19, 30, 35, 39,41,47, 51, 58, 62, 68, 69, 75, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 90, 107, 157 Manning David 78 Marchais Georges 49 Marks Karol 57 Marshall George C. 119 163 Mazowiecki Tadeusz 65 McMahon John N. 67, 88 Medici Giuseppe 22 Melhuish Ramsay 126, 149 Mengystu Hajle Maijam 108 Michałowski Jerzy 18, 19, 29 Michnik Adam 13, 94 Mickiewicz Adam 13, 20, 157 Mikołajska Halina 44 Milewski Mirosław 86 Miller John 57 Milza Pierre 15, 156 Mitrochin Wasilij 10, 56, 88, 106, 155 Moczar Mieczysław 15, 21, 25, 27 Modzelewski Karol 14, 139 Modzelewski Zygmunt 134 Molczyk Eugeniusz 84 Mołotow Wiaczesław 45 Mondale Walter Frederick 85
Morawski Stefan 14 Morek Jan 159 Morgiewicz Emil 44 Mozart Wolfgang Amadeusz 57 Murray Lionel 135 Muskie Edmund 68, 69, 75, 76, 81, 83, 85 Naimski Piotr 44 Narożniak Jan 77, 89 Nixon Pat 159 Nixon Richard M. 33, 35, 36, 38, 46, 107, 159 Novotny Antoni 16, 20 Nowak-Jeziorański Jan 86 Nurek Mieczysław 17, 21, 28, 155 Odom William 48 Ogarkow Nikolaj 84 Olechowski Tadeusz 142 Olszewski Jan 139 Olszewski Kazimierz 118 Olszowski Stefan 86, 111 Onyszkiewicz Janusz 44, 77 Orszulik Alojzy 54 Paczkowski Andrzej 9, 16, 155, 157 Pahr Willibald 82 Paj dak Antoni 44 Pardal Vas 135 Paweł VI, papież 44, 53, 56
164 Peacock Andrew 72, 73 Pick Hella 57 Piłsudski Józef 137 Pińkowski Józef 65-67, 86, 99 Pipes Richard 11, 61, 93, 119, 144-146, 156 Pleskot Patryk 11, 62, 67, 71, 76, 83, 90, 91, 101, 106, 115, 119, 126, 129, 133, 137, 149, 157 Poniatowski Michel 71 Pridham Kenneth R. C. 57, 59, 61, 70, 71, 96, 97, 102 Prońko Krystyna 7 Ptasiński Jan 24 Puchała Franciszek 84 Quisling Vidkun 80 Raina Peter 11, 53-55, 157 Rakowski Mieczysław F. 11, 65, 88, 99, 100, 111, 114, 118, 123, 125, 156 Reagan Ronald 69, 75, 79, 93, 96, 101, 107֊ 109, 133, 143-145, 152 Rojek Wojciech 11, 33, 70-72, 75, 108, 157 Rose Clive M. 113 Ross S. E. 77 Roszkowski Wojciech 41, 156 Rulewski Jan 99, 139 Rusaków Konstantin 137 Rusk Dean 22 Rybicki Józef 44 Šapelio Piotr 77, 89 Sasanka Paweł 11, 42, 157 Schmidt Helmut 62, 84 Schwartz Harry 26 Sibelius Jean 57 Siciński Henryk 125 Sierpowski Stanisław 15, 18, 157 Siła-Nowicki Władysław 134, 139 Siwicki Florian 84, 100, 112, 127, 141 Smith Richard 155 Snopkiewicz Jacek 11, 65, 155 Sonnenfeldt Helmut 29-31, 37 Sowa Andrzej Leon 24, 25, 41, 42, 44, 52, 148, 157 Spasowski Romuald 37 Spychalski Marian 27 Stalin Józef 56, 114 Syndrom Jałty Stanisław ze Szczepanowa, św. 53-55 Stefan I Święty, król węgierski 48 Stehle Hansjakob 53, 157 Steinsbergowa Aniela 44 Stepczyński Marian 27 Stewart Michael 20 Stoczewska Barbara 30, 157 Stoessel Walter J. 18, 35, 37 Stomma Stanisław 41 Strauss Franz-Josef 23 Strong Jack 84 Strzelecki Ryszard 27 Susłow Michaił 65, 66, 106, 112, 128, 138 Suzuki Zenkő 82 Szablewski Kazimierz 44, 54 Szczypiorski Adam 44 Szlajfer Henryk 13 Śreniowski Józef
44 Tarasiński Jarosław 87, 157 Tebinka Jacek 11, 15, 16, 20, 28, 157 Thatcher Margaret 62, 74, 79, 96, 135, 146 Thorez Maurice 30 Thom Gaston 146 Tichonow Nikołaj 112 Tito Broz Josip 49, 72 Tolstoj Lew N. 57 Tombs Isabelle 155 Trąpczyński Witold 37 Trepczyński Stanisław 54 Trudeau Pierre E. 81, 82 Trybek Zbigniew 160 Trzciński Wojciech 7 Tumer Stansfield 85, 86, 89 Tyszkiewicz Jakub 11,29, 31, 33, 36-39,41, 45, 47, 51, 58, 62, 64, 68, 69, 80, 85, 89, 93, 99, 101, 119, 126, 129,133,143, 145-147, 157 Ustinow Dmitrij F. 66, 94, 105, 106, 128, 138 Vance Cyrus Roberts 51 Walaszek Adam 38, 157 Walentynowicz Anna 94 Walkiewicz Wiesław 136, 157 Wałęsa Lech 11, 64, 99, 126, 131, 134, 136, 142, 148, 156, 160
165 Indeks nazwisk Wapler Amauld 18 Warski Adolf 24 Weigel George 55, 56, 157 Weinberger Caspar W. 93, 94 Weiser Benjamin 68, 84, 85, 157 Werblan Andrzej 111 Wiejacz Józef Waldemar 70, 137 Wielowiejski Andrzej 52, 91, 134, 156 Willaume Małgorzata 136, 157 Willman Adam 18 Wilson Thomas Woodrow 11, 65-67, 84, 87, 94, 103, 105, 106, 112 Witusz Andrzej 159 Włodek Zbigniew 134, 156 Wojtyła Karał - zob. Jan Paweł II, papież Wolfowitz Paul 108 Wyszyński Stefan 25, 37, 38, 43,44, 51, 54, 55, 62, 148, 159 Zagoździński Tadeusz 159 Zakrzewski Andrzej 11, 65,155 Zamiatin Leonid M. 94 Zawadzki Wacław 44 Zieją Jan 44 Zieliński Zygmunt 44 Ziembiński Wojciech 44 Żabiński Andrzej 111 Żerko Stanisław 15, 18, 157 Żiwkow Todor 87 Opracował Krzysztof W. Zięba
Summary The Yalta syndrome. Foreign powers’ policy towards Polish crises of 1968-1981 With Poland as Soviet Union’s largest satellite country in Europe, and additionally a passageway for important transportation routes into East Germany, Western analysts perceived the crises in Poland as a destabilising factor in the Soviet domination over the Central Europe. However, in 1968, it. was mostly the events in Czechoslovakia that attracted atten tion of external observers. As for Poland, one would only report anti-Semitic excesses and Polish participation in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Western powers limited their reactions to a statement that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe entered a period of instability. The relevance of this observation was confirmed by the tragic events in Poland in December 1970. At that point Moscow decided that removing Władysław Gomułka from power could help to restore order in Poland. In any case, it recommended a use of just political instruments to resolve the crisis. Great Britain welcomed the fall of Gomułka, expecting more from Edward Gierek in the hope that he would undertake the effort to modernise Polish economy. One of the studies of the US State Department stated that the incidents in Poland revealed a profound abnormality of the system imposed by the Soviet Union, and that sooner or later it would result in a rebellion in one or the other country. However, Washington positively welcomed the relatively quick calming of the unrests in Poland. Another Polish crisis of 1976 was triggered by the announcement of radical price
increases of food to start on 28 June 1976. This intention was very badly received by Moscow, but it did not make the Polish authorities go back on their decision. The an nounced price rises resulted in numerous strikes, followed even by arrests. The report of the Political Committee of the NATO Council stated that the violent social reaction to the increase in prices went hand in hand with the society’s realisation that the government in Warsaw was unable to impose its will. The US intelligence report pointed out that should the public order collapse, both Warsaw and Moscow would want it restored by the Polish armed forces and only if this measure failed, would the Soviets intervene. The election of Karol Wojtyła Pope in October 1978 changed the perception of Po land. One of the British analyses after the Pope’s 1979 visit claimed that Poland demon strated that not only was she not totalitarian due to the existing organised forces outside of the system (party and government), but, in a particular way, she had a pluralistic nature.
168 Syndrom Jałty The US Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the Pope’s visit had a significant im pact on the social activity and that a serious crisis in Poland could not be ruled out in the nearest firture. And indeed, strikes had been on the rise since May 1980. According to Leonid Brezhnev, the foundation of the trade union Solidarity in Au gust 1980 was a beginning of a counter-revolution. The Soviet leader considered de claring martial law in Poland. The US Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the agreement reached in August between the strikers and the authorities ֊ if implemented literally - would constitute a threat to the foundations of the communist system in Poland. A similar opinion prevailed in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, i.e. that from the ideological point of view the August agreement was simply unacceptable for the ruling party. It assumed that the Gierek’s people would be removed and as a worst-case scenario a solution would be adopted not unlike the one from Czechoslovakia in 1968. The British Ambassador in Warsaw believed that the Polish government faced a situation of squaring the circle. Carrying out the agreement from Gdańsk would steer the country towards an economic disaster, but withdrawing from it could mean a disaster of a political kind. The analysis of the Foreign Office stated that it was in the interest of the West to show restraint and emphasise that the situation in Poland was an internal matter to be resolved without external interference. The past Soviet military interventions in East Germany (1953), Hungary
(1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) made Western analysts consider such a possibility in relation to Poland. Washington considered that the Russians might decide to invade Poland if Ronald Reagan won the November elections (1980), which would give them a short period of “interregnum”. Organised resistance of the Polish army was not taken into account, and any improvised resistance would be most likely overcome by the Russians within two days. However, in general, overthrowing the current government was considered more likely than Soviet invasion. Paris estimated that if the Polish government did not regain control of the situation, it would lead to a very serious risk of Soviet intervention. The analysis of the Political Committee of the NATO Council from October 1980 included a claim that the Soviet Union had objective reasons to intervene in Poland. This was be cause according to Moscow, certain points of the agreement reached in the summer were counter-revolutionary, especially establishing free trade unions and granting workers the right to strike. It concluded that above all, Poland should not let the defeat of communism become too evident. The British Foreign Office estimated that invading Poland would yield less significant consequences than the invasion of Afghanistan, since the latter had concerned a new area, potentially dangerous to the interests of the West and offended the public in the Muslim countries. Subordinating Poland yet again would produce no such repercussions and it would not hinder the strategic or political balance in Europe. The invasion did not
take place. The manoeuvres of the Soviet, East German and Czechoslovak troops, which could have easily turned into an invasion, were called off by the Russians on 5 December 1980. The principal reason for this decision was, the reluc tance to get involved in another armed conflict - apart from Afghanistan - and then also the fear of the consequences of economic sanctions and possibly even militajy collabo ration between the United States and China. As a result, unlike during the crises of 1953, 1956 and 1968, Moscow opted for more sophisticated means to protect Soviet interests in
The Yalta syndrome. Foreign powers’ policy towards Polish crises of 1968-1981 169 Poland by leaving the task to deal with the Solidarity movement to local quislings. Nev ertheless, the Russians did not intend to resign openly from using the threat of interven tion. The sheer fear that it could come to that was supposed to urge the authorities to act resolutely against Solidarity, and the union leaders to withdraw from actions that could threaten the leading role of the party. At the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (23 February ֊ 3 March 1981), Leonid Brezhnev said that the pillars holding the socialist state in Poland had been threatened, but at the same time he assured that help would be granted to Poland if needed. British Ambassador Kenneth Pridham wrote from Warsaw on 6 February 1981 that on the road to anarchy Poland reached a point where the Soviet Union could consider intervention a necessary move. During the White House meeting on 26 March 1981, Sec retary of State Alexander Haig did not discount the possibility of imminent operations of Polish armed forces and perhaps also of Soviet ones. In his statement, President Reagan did not rule out such a possibility either. These kinds of fears were sustained by the Soviet Ambassador in Washington, Anatoly Dobiynin, who on 1 April 1981 was making Haig aware that if the Soviet Union deemed marching into Poland necessary, it would do it. At the meeting of the NATO Council on 30 June 1981, it was estimated that the ma noeuvres in Poland’s neighbourhood were aimed at exerting psychological pressure
on the Polish society rather than preparing for intervention. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was prepared to react with limited forces to any type of crisis. It is likely that the Russians would indeed decide to intervene in order to prevent the abandonment of the Warsaw Pact by the Polish authorities or if the lines of communication between the Soviet Union and East Germany were put in danger. The Soviet concerns that “Poland was drifting towards alien shores” were confirmed by the “Message to the Nations of the Eastern Europe” agreed upon during the Congress of Solidarity on 8 September 1981. It contained a declaration of support of the 10-mil lion-member union for those who would decide to take the difficult path of struggle for the free trade union movement in the countries of the Soviet bloc. Moscow reacted im mediately. On 9 September, Warsaw was informed of an intention of a far-reaching re duction of raw materials, starting from 1 January 1982. It was an announcement of brutal economic restrictions. The representative of the United States in the NATO Council estimated that contin ued existence of Solidarity was a threat to Soviet domination in the Eastern Europe and might result in destabilisation of the region. The analysis made in the Foreign Office on 13 October stated that the Russians would be extremely reluctant to run a military in tervention in Poland, but they could decide to pursue it if the confrontation between the government and Solidarity did not allow any party to control the situation. According to Soviet leaders, making Jaruzelski First
Secretary of the Communist Party in Poland (18 October 1981) would facilitate the pacification of the opposition with local measures. At a meeting of the Soviet Politburo on 29 October, the Defence Minister Dmitjy Ustinov and the KGB chief Yuri Andropov had to admit that sending troops to Poland was out of the question. Jaruzelski’s attempts to persuade the Soviet leaders on 10-12 December to an armed intervention were vehemently rejected in Moscow.
170 Syndrom Jałty The martial law was introduced on 13 December 1981 and sparked numerous re actions in the West. President Reagan appealed to the Polish authorities to talk and find a compromise with Solidarity, and threatened to suspend economic aid. As a matter of fact, talks regarding a 740-million-dollar loan for Poland were put on hold, another 71 million dollars were blocked for a loan that had been granted but not yet used, and US territorial waters became closed for Polish fishing vessels. US announced its sanctions against the Soviet Union on 29 December 1981. They included a flight ban over US terri tory for Aeroflot aircrafts, and a suspension in negotiations with the Soviet Union over the sale of crops and resources necessary for gas pipeline construction. According to Richard Pipes, member of the National Security Council, the significance of the sanctions went beyond economic matters, since they moved away from the Yalta syndrome, i.e. tacit agreement on Poland to remain under the Soviet area of influence. The European Parliament passed a resolution condemning Polish authorities and ap pealed to them to rescind the martial law, release the arrested citizens, and restore civil rights and trade union liberties. The flicker of hope that not everything had been lost found its way to the report of the British Embassy in Warsaw, which followed the motto of underground Solidarity: “the winter is yours, but the summer will be ours”.
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POLSKAAKADEMIAUMIEJ^TNOSCI
ROZPRAWY
WYDZIALU HISTORYCZNO-FILOZOFICZNEGO
Ogolnego zbioru tom 119
Andrzej Kastory
SYNDROM JALTY
POLITYKA MOCARSTW
WOBEC POLSKICH KRYZYSÖW
WLATACH 1968-1981
Krakow 2019
Spis tresci
Wst?p 9
Kryzys w Polsce w 1968 r 13
Wydarzenia grudniowe 1970 r 23
Wizyta prezydenta Richarda Nixona w Polsce w 1972 r 35
Kryzys 1976 r 41
Eurokomunizm 49
Wizyta prezydenta Jimmy'ego Cartera w Polsce od 29 do 31 grudnia 1977 r 51
Wizyta Jana Pawla II w Polsce w 1979 r 53
Kryzys 1980 r i narodziny „Solidarnosci 61
Grudzieñ 1980 r Grozba sowieckiej interwencji 77
Oceny sytuacj i w Polsce 93
Kryzys bydgoski z marca 1981 r i jego konsekwencje 99
Mi^dzynarodowe reperkusje kryzysu bydgoskiego 101
Spotkanie w Brzesciu noc^ z 3 na 4 kwietnia 1981 r 105
Korespondencja Leonida Brezniewa z Ronaldem Reaganem 107
Sowiecka ocena sytuacj i w Polsce 111
Debata w sprawie Polski na posiedzeniu Rady NATO w lipcu 1981 r 113
Zjazd Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej 14 lipca 1981 r 117
Oceny sytuacj i gospodarczej Polski 119
Leonid Brezniew: „Polski nie pozostawimy w biedzie 123
„Poslanie do Narodów Europy Wschodniej z 8 wrzesnia 1981 r 125
Wojciech Jaruzelski pierwszym sekretarzem PZPR (18 pazdziernika 1981 r ) 127
Przygotowania do konfrontacji 131
6 Syndrom Jatty
Stanwojenny 141
Reakcj e Zachodu 143
Wnioski 151
Bibliografia 155
Spis ilustracji 159
Indeks nazwisk 161
Summary 163
Spis treści Wstęp. 9 Kryzys w Polsce w 1968 r. 13 Wydarzenia grudniowe 1970 r. 23 Wizyta prezydenta Richarda Nixona w Polsce w 1972 r. 35 Kryzys 1976 r. . 41 Eurokomunizm. 49 Wizyta prezydenta Jimmy’ego Cartera w Polsce od 29 do 31 grudnia 1977 r. 51 Wizyta Jana Pawła II w Polsce w 1979 r. 53 Kryzys 1980 r. i narodziny „Solidarności”. 61 Grudzień 1980 r. Groźba sowieckiej interwencji. 77 Oceny sytuacji w Polsce. 93 Kryzys bydgoski z marca 1981 r. i jego konsekwencje. 99 Międzynarodowe reperkusje kryzysu bydgoskiego . 101 Spotkanie w Brześciu nocą z 3 na 4 kwietnia 1981 r. 105 Korespondencja Leonida Breżniewa z Ronaldem
Reaganem. 107 Sowiecka ocena sytuacji w Polsce. 111 Debata w sprawie Polski na posiedzeniu Rady NATO w lipcu 1981 r. 113 Zjazd Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej 14 lipea 1981 r. 117 Oceny sytuacji gospodarczej Polski. 119 Leonid Breżniew: „Polski nie pozostawimy w biedzie”. 123 „Posłanie do Narodów Europy Wschodniej” z 8 września 1981 r. 125 Wojciech Jaruzelski pierwszym sekretarzem PZPR (18 października 1981 r.). 127 Przygotowania do konfrontacji. 131
6 Syndrom Jałty Stan wojenny. 141 Reakcje Zachodu. 143 Wnioski. 151 Bibliografia . 155 Spis ilustracji. 159 Indeks nazwisk. 161 Summary. 163
Bibliografia Archiwalia National Archives [NA], Londyn, sygnatury: FC028/4139; FC033/4257; NA, FC028/4137; NA, FC028/4162, NA, FC028/4162; NA,FC028/4138; NA, FC028/4162; NA,FC028/4144; A, FC028/4162; NA, FC028/4164, NA, FC028/4165; NA, FCO, 28/4165, NA, PREM, 19/561. Archiwum NATO, Bruksela, sygnatury: C-M(68)43; C-M(76)53; C-M(68)56; C-M(76)64; C-M (76)75; C-M(77)6; C-M(80)71; C-M(81)12; C-M(81)76; C-M(82)20; C-M(82)42; C-VR (68)61; C-VR (80); C-R(68)51; PO(80)133; PO(81)26; C-R(81)28. Archives de Ministere des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, Serie Europe. Souserie „Tchécoslovaquie”, որ 236. Dokumenty publikowane Andrew Christopher, Mitrochin Wasilij, Archiwum Mitrochina. KGB w Europie i na Zachodzie, przekład Magdalena Maria Brzeska i Rafał Brzeski, Poznań 2009. Documents on British Policy Overseas [DBPO], Series III, vol. X: The Polish Crisis and Relations with Eastern Europe, 1979-1982, ed. by Isabelle Tombs and Richard Smith, London, New York 2017. Dokumenty. Teczka Susłowa, red. Andrzej Krawczyk, Jacek Snopkiewicz, Andrzej Zakrzewski, Warszawa 1993. Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS]. Diplomatic Papers, 1964-1968, voi. XVII, Eastern Europe, Washington 1996. FRUS, 1969-1976, voi. XXIX, Eastern Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Washington 2007. FRUS 1969-1976, voi. E-15, Part 1, Documents on Eastern Europe 1973 1976, Washington 2008. FRUS, 1977-1980, vol. XX, Eastern Europe, Washington 2015. FRUS 1977-1980, vol. VI, Soviet Union, Washington 2013. FRUS, 1981-1988, volume III, Soviet Union, January 1981-January 1983, Washington 2016. Garlicki A., Paczkowski A. (opr.),
Zaciskanie pętli. Tajne dokumenty dotyczące Czechosłowacji 1968 r., Warszawa 1995. Konferencja partii komunistycznych i robotniczych Europy, Berlin 29-30 czerwca 1976 r. Podsta wowe dokumenty i materiały. Do użytku wewnętrznego, Warszawa 1976. Kramer Mark (red.), Declassified Soviet Documents on the Polish Crisis, [w:] Cold War Interna tional History Project Bulletin, nr 5, 1995. Nurek Mieczysław, Raporty roczne Ambasady Brytyjskiej w Warszawie 1945-1970, Warszawa 2003.
156 Syndrom Jałty Polskie dokumenty dyplomatyczne 1972, Warszawa 2005. Raporty przekazane przez płk. Kuklińskiego, http://wyborcza.pl/L768426056610. Tajne dokumenty Biura Politycznego. Grudzień 1970, opracowanie Paweł Domański, Londyn 1991. Tajne dokumenty Biura Politycznego. PZPR a Solidarność 1980-1981, oprać. Zbigniew Włodek, Londyn 1992. Wilson Center Digital Archive. International History Declassified. Special Dossier on the Polish Crisis of 1980. Pamiętniki Brzeziński Zbigniew, Cztery lata w Białym Domu. Wspomnienia Doradcy do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Państwa 1977-1981, Wszechnica Społeczno-Polityczna 1989, przedruk za „Polonia” 1986. Brzeziński Zbigniew, Druga szansa, Warszawa 2008. Jaruzelski Wojciech, Stan wojenny. Dlaczego., Warszawa 1992. Kania Stanisław, Zatrzymać konfrontację, Warszawa 1991. Kissinger Henry, Years ofRenewal, New York 1999. Pipes Richard, Żyłem. Wspomnienia niezależnego, przel. David M. Dastych, Władysław Jeżewski, Warszawa 2004. Rakowski Mieczysław F., Dzienniki polityczne 1979-1981, Warszawa 2004. Rakowski Mieczysław R, Jak to się stało, Warszawa 1991. Wałęsa Lech, Droga nadziei, Kraków 1990. Wielowiejski Andrzej, Losowi na przekór, Warszawa 2015. Prasa Polonica w prasie zagranicznej, Warszawa 18 grudnia 1970 r., nr 51-52. Polonica w prasie zagranicznej, Warszawa, 6 stycznia 1971 r., nr 1/202. Słowniki Słownik biograficzny Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej XXwieku, red. Wojciech Roszkowski, Jan Kofman, Kraków 2004, Opracowania Bernstein Serge, Milza Pierre, Histoire du XX siècle 1945-1973. Le monde entre guerre et paix, Paris 2002. Blažek Petr,
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Indeks nazwisk Alphand Hervé 17 Andrew Christopher 10, 56, 155 Andropow Jurij 66, 105, 106, 127, 128, 138 Anoszkin Wiktor 135 Baczko Bronisław 14 Bajbakow Nikołaj 137, 138 Baker John 29 Barańczak Stanisław 44 Barcikowski Kazimierz 64, 86 Bażyńska-Chojnacka Katarzyna 132, 157 Bennett W. Tapley 114 Berlinguer Enrico 49 Bemacki Włodzimierz 38, 157 Bernstein Serge 15, 156 Biffen John 102 Birnbaum Immanuel 23 Blažek Petr 87, 125, 156 Borusewicz Bogdan 44 Brandt Willy 22, 28, 31, 32, 36 Brei Jacques 28 Brement Marshall 88, 89 Breżniew (Brezhnev) Leonid Iįjicz 16, 22, 24, 27, 36, 42, 49, 55, 58, 65, 66, 72, 80, 81, 86-88, 91, 94, 105, 107-109, 112, 117, 123, 125, 128, 132, 135, 138, 144, 145, 160 Brimelow Thomas 15, 20 Broomfield Nigel 119, 126 Brown Harold 75, 85 Brown Judith 126 Brus Włodzimierz 14 Bryll Ernest 7 Brzeska Magdalena Maria 10, 56, 155 Brzeski Rafał 10, 56, 155 Brzeziński Zbigniew 11, 47, 51, 58, 62, 67-69, 75, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89-91, 156, 159 Bujak Zbigniew 134 Bullard Julian L. 57, 78, 95, 96 Bush George W. 145 Campbell Ross 21 Carrillo Solares Santiago 50 Carrington Peter A. R. 56, 61, 70, 71, 74—76, 79, 82, 90, 96, 102, 121, 126, 129, 132, 133, 143-146, 149 Carter Jimmy (James Earl) 10, 39, 41, 47, 48, 51, 62, 64, 69, 72, 75, 79-81, 85, 89-91, 93, 109, 159 Castro Fidel 69 Ceauşescu Nicolae 48, 69, 87 Cheysson Claude 136, 137, 146 Chojecki Mirosław 44 Chojnacki Piotr 132, 157 Chopin Fryderyk 57 Ciastoń Władysław 137 Cleveland Harlan 21 Cohn Ludwik 44 Colombo Emilio 146 Cyrankiewicz Józef 14, 17, 24, 25 Czemienko Konstantin 138 Czyrek Józef 54, 86, 129 Dastych
David M. 11,61, 156 Davis Richard 29 Dąbrowiecki Stanisław 159 Dąbrowski Bronislaw 55 Dejmek Kazimierz 13 Dobrosielski Marian 82 Dobrynin Anatolij 36, 68, 85, 93, 94, 101, 109 Domański Paweł 25, 156 Dom Ludwik 139 Drūto Jan 17, 18 Dubček Aleksander 16, 19 Duelos Jacques ЗО
162 Dudek Antoni 9, 25, 44, 53-55, 135, 156 Dupuy Jacques 71 Duroselle Jean-Baptiste 33, 46, 156 Eagleburger Lawrence S. 108 Eisler Jerzy 9,11, 13-17, 23-25, 37, 42, 65, 88, 156 Elżbieta II, królowa angielska 56 Facey Robert 77 Fall Brian J. P. 95, 97 Falls Robert Hilbom 113 Fatorrio Giorgio 26 Fergusson Ewen 77, 78, 119, 126 Fiszbach Tadeusz 111, 160 Ford Gerald R. 35, 38, 39, 41, 159 Foy David 70 Frasyniuk Władysław 139 Friszke Andrzej 9,11, 61, 65, 66, 81, 84, 86, 88, 94, 99, 100, 106, 112, 117, 118, 123, 125֊ 128, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137-139, 141, 156 Gandhi Indira 69, 86 Garlicki Andrzej 16, 155 Garton Ash Timothy J. 47, 52, 64, 73, 100, 156 Gaulle Charles de 37 Genscher Hans Dietrich 119, 136 Geremek Bronisław 139 Gierek Edward 15, 21, 23, 25-28, 30, 35-39, 41-47, 49-51, 54-56, 59, 62, 65, 67, 70, 111, 147, 148, 151, 159 Gierek Stanisława 159 Gilmour łan 74 Giscard d’Estaing Valéry 62, 71, 91, 96 Glemp Józef 131, 148 Głuchowski Leo W. 66 Gomułka Władysław 13-21, 23-30, 32, 35, 43, 44, 56, 151, 159 Grabski Tadeusz 111 Grajewski Andrzej 86, 156 Grodziski Stanisław 14, 156 Gromyko Andriej 22, 65, 66, 68, 93, 94, 138 Gronouski John 18 Gryz Ryszard 25, 44, 53-55, 156 Gwiazda Andrzej 94 Haig Alexander 35-37, 93, 101, 108, 109, 133, 136, 137, 143, 145, 147, 152, 153 Syndrom Jałty Hajle Syllasie (Sellasje) I, cesarz 108 Henderson George 29 Henderson J. Nicholas „Nicko” 79, 89, 126, 144-146 Hillenbrand Martin 31 Holzer Jerzy 52, 65, 77, 156 Honecker Erich 87, 89, 112 Hormats Robert D. 35 Hupałowski Tadeusz 84 Hurd Douglas R. 96 Husák Gustav 87, 112 Hyland William 31 Irwin John
31 Jabłoński Henryk 13, 54, 55, 111 Jagielski Mieczysław 64, 160 James Kenneth Cynlais M. 120, 121, 126, 129, 142, 143 Jan Pawel II (właśc. Wojtyła Karol), papież, św. 9, 52, 53-56, 58, 62, 86, 147, 159 Janicki Marek 160 Jaroszewicz Piotr 25, 38, 39, 41, 42, 54, 159 Jaruzelski Wojciech 11, 25, 45, 66, 67, 84-88, 91, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 111, 112, 114, 117, 123, 125-129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141-145, 148-150, 153, 156, 160 Jaskólski Michał 30, 157 Jaszczuk Bolesław 32 Jaworski Paweł 65, 86, 129, 156, 157 Jeżewski Władysław 11,61, 156 Johnson Lyndon В. 18 Joy David 59, 123 Jurczyk Marian 64, 139 Kaczorowski Stefan 44 Kádár János 87 Kahn Jean François 28 Kamiński Łukasz 65, 86, 129, 156, 157 Kania Stanisław 11, 54, 55, 65-67, 73, 74, 77, 79, 82, 85-89, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 111, 117, 123, 125-128, 137, 147, 156 Kastory Andrzej 18, 157 Katzenbach Nick 18 Kąkol Kazimierz 54, 55 Keeble Curtis 59, 79, 102 Kemp-Welch Anthony 129, 157 King Robert 48
Indeks nazwisk Kisielewski Stefan 13 Kissinger Henry A. 11,29-31,35-38,46, 156 Kiszczak Czesław 127 Kliszko Zenon 13, 20, 24, 25, 27 Kociołek Stanisław 111 Kodalý Zoltán 57 KofmanJan41, 156 Kolbe Rajmund (zakonne: Maksymilian Maria), św. 53 Kołakowski Leszek 14 Kosygin Aleksy 25, 42, 44 Kowalska Anka 44 Kramer Mark 11, 65, 68, 86-88, 100, 103, 106, 112, 115, 117, 123, 125, 127-129, 138, 139, 141, 155, 157 Krasuski Jerzy 23, 31, 157 Krasko Wincenty 35 Krawczyk Andrzej 11,65, 155 Kukliński Ryszard 67, 68, 84, 85, 91, 100, 112, 141 Kulikow Wiktor 84, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 112, 127, 135, 138, 141 Kuroń Jacek 14, 44, 94 Larrabee Steve 62 Lenin Włodzimierz 23, 61, 159 Lewis Anthony 25 Lipiński Edward 44 Lipski Jan Józef 44 Lis Bogdan 94 Loehnis Anthony 95 Luns Joseph M. 82, 115, 147 Łabendowicz Mirosław 99 Łabęcki Jan 134 Łukaszewicz Jerzy 142 MacEachin Douglas J. 132, 157 Macharski Franciszek 54 Macierewicz Antoni 44 Maiłaby Christopher 78, 95 Mania Andrzej 11, 19, 30, 35, 39,41,47, 51, 58, 62, 68, 69, 75, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 90, 107, 157 Manning David 78 Marchais Georges 49 Marks Karol 57 Marshall George C. 119 163 Mazowiecki Tadeusz 65 McMahon John N. 67, 88 Medici Giuseppe 22 Melhuish Ramsay 126, 149 Mengystu Hajle Maijam 108 Michałowski Jerzy 18, 19, 29 Michnik Adam 13, 94 Mickiewicz Adam 13, 20, 157 Mikołajska Halina 44 Milewski Mirosław 86 Miller John 57 Milza Pierre 15, 156 Mitrochin Wasilij 10, 56, 88, 106, 155 Moczar Mieczysław 15, 21, 25, 27 Modzelewski Karol 14, 139 Modzelewski Zygmunt 134 Molczyk Eugeniusz 84 Mołotow Wiaczesław 45 Mondale Walter Frederick 85
Morawski Stefan 14 Morek Jan 159 Morgiewicz Emil 44 Mozart Wolfgang Amadeusz 57 Murray Lionel 135 Muskie Edmund 68, 69, 75, 76, 81, 83, 85 Naimski Piotr 44 Narożniak Jan 77, 89 Nixon Pat 159 Nixon Richard M. 33, 35, 36, 38, 46, 107, 159 Novotny Antoni 16, 20 Nowak-Jeziorański Jan 86 Nurek Mieczysław 17, 21, 28, 155 Odom William 48 Ogarkow Nikolaj 84 Olechowski Tadeusz 142 Olszewski Jan 139 Olszewski Kazimierz 118 Olszowski Stefan 86, 111 Onyszkiewicz Janusz 44, 77 Orszulik Alojzy 54 Paczkowski Andrzej 9, 16, 155, 157 Pahr Willibald 82 Paj dak Antoni 44 Pardal Vas 135 Paweł VI, papież 44, 53, 56
164 Peacock Andrew 72, 73 Pick Hella 57 Piłsudski Józef 137 Pińkowski Józef 65-67, 86, 99 Pipes Richard 11, 61, 93, 119, 144-146, 156 Pleskot Patryk 11, 62, 67, 71, 76, 83, 90, 91, 101, 106, 115, 119, 126, 129, 133, 137, 149, 157 Poniatowski Michel 71 Pridham Kenneth R. C. 57, 59, 61, 70, 71, 96, 97, 102 Prońko Krystyna 7 Ptasiński Jan 24 Puchała Franciszek 84 Quisling Vidkun 80 Raina Peter 11, 53-55, 157 Rakowski Mieczysław F. 11, 65, 88, 99, 100, 111, 114, 118, 123, 125, 156 Reagan Ronald 69, 75, 79, 93, 96, 101, 107֊ 109, 133, 143-145, 152 Rojek Wojciech 11, 33, 70-72, 75, 108, 157 Rose Clive M. 113 Ross S. E. 77 Roszkowski Wojciech 41, 156 Rulewski Jan 99, 139 Rusaków Konstantin 137 Rusk Dean 22 Rybicki Józef 44 Šapelio Piotr 77, 89 Sasanka Paweł 11, 42, 157 Schmidt Helmut 62, 84 Schwartz Harry 26 Sibelius Jean 57 Siciński Henryk 125 Sierpowski Stanisław 15, 18, 157 Siła-Nowicki Władysław 134, 139 Siwicki Florian 84, 100, 112, 127, 141 Smith Richard 155 Snopkiewicz Jacek 11, 65, 155 Sonnenfeldt Helmut 29-31, 37 Sowa Andrzej Leon 24, 25, 41, 42, 44, 52, 148, 157 Spasowski Romuald 37 Spychalski Marian 27 Stalin Józef 56, 114 Syndrom Jałty Stanisław ze Szczepanowa, św. 53-55 Stefan I Święty, król węgierski 48 Stehle Hansjakob 53, 157 Steinsbergowa Aniela 44 Stepczyński Marian 27 Stewart Michael 20 Stoczewska Barbara 30, 157 Stoessel Walter J. 18, 35, 37 Stomma Stanisław 41 Strauss Franz-Josef 23 Strong Jack 84 Strzelecki Ryszard 27 Susłow Michaił 65, 66, 106, 112, 128, 138 Suzuki Zenkő 82 Szablewski Kazimierz 44, 54 Szczypiorski Adam 44 Szlajfer Henryk 13 Śreniowski Józef
44 Tarasiński Jarosław 87, 157 Tebinka Jacek 11, 15, 16, 20, 28, 157 Thatcher Margaret 62, 74, 79, 96, 135, 146 Thorez Maurice 30 Thom Gaston 146 Tichonow Nikołaj 112 Tito Broz Josip 49, 72 Tolstoj Lew N. 57 Tombs Isabelle 155 Trąpczyński Witold 37 Trepczyński Stanisław 54 Trudeau Pierre E. 81, 82 Trybek Zbigniew 160 Trzciński Wojciech 7 Tumer Stansfield 85, 86, 89 Tyszkiewicz Jakub 11,29, 31, 33, 36-39,41, 45, 47, 51, 58, 62, 64, 68, 69, 80, 85, 89, 93, 99, 101, 119, 126, 129,133,143, 145-147, 157 Ustinow Dmitrij F. 66, 94, 105, 106, 128, 138 Vance Cyrus Roberts 51 Walaszek Adam 38, 157 Walentynowicz Anna 94 Walkiewicz Wiesław 136, 157 Wałęsa Lech 11, 64, 99, 126, 131, 134, 136, 142, 148, 156, 160
165 Indeks nazwisk Wapler Amauld 18 Warski Adolf 24 Weigel George 55, 56, 157 Weinberger Caspar W. 93, 94 Weiser Benjamin 68, 84, 85, 157 Werblan Andrzej 111 Wiejacz Józef Waldemar 70, 137 Wielowiejski Andrzej 52, 91, 134, 156 Willaume Małgorzata 136, 157 Willman Adam 18 Wilson Thomas Woodrow 11, 65-67, 84, 87, 94, 103, 105, 106, 112 Witusz Andrzej 159 Włodek Zbigniew 134, 156 Wojtyła Karał - zob. Jan Paweł II, papież Wolfowitz Paul 108 Wyszyński Stefan 25, 37, 38, 43,44, 51, 54, 55, 62, 148, 159 Zagoździński Tadeusz 159 Zakrzewski Andrzej 11, 65,155 Zamiatin Leonid M. 94 Zawadzki Wacław 44 Zieją Jan 44 Zieliński Zygmunt 44 Ziembiński Wojciech 44 Żabiński Andrzej 111 Żerko Stanisław 15, 18, 157 Żiwkow Todor 87 Opracował Krzysztof W. Zięba
Summary The Yalta syndrome. Foreign powers’ policy towards Polish crises of 1968-1981 With Poland as Soviet Union’s largest satellite country in Europe, and additionally a passageway for important transportation routes into East Germany, Western analysts perceived the crises in Poland as a destabilising factor in the Soviet domination over the Central Europe. However, in 1968, it. was mostly the events in Czechoslovakia that attracted atten tion of external observers. As for Poland, one would only report anti-Semitic excesses and Polish participation in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Western powers limited their reactions to a statement that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe entered a period of instability. The relevance of this observation was confirmed by the tragic events in Poland in December 1970. At that point Moscow decided that removing Władysław Gomułka from power could help to restore order in Poland. In any case, it recommended a use of just political instruments to resolve the crisis. Great Britain welcomed the fall of Gomułka, expecting more from Edward Gierek in the hope that he would undertake the effort to modernise Polish economy. One of the studies of the US State Department stated that the incidents in Poland revealed a profound abnormality of the system imposed by the Soviet Union, and that sooner or later it would result in a rebellion in one or the other country. However, Washington positively welcomed the relatively quick calming of the unrests in Poland. Another Polish crisis of 1976 was triggered by the announcement of radical price
increases of food to start on 28 June 1976. This intention was very badly received by Moscow, but it did not make the Polish authorities go back on their decision. The an nounced price rises resulted in numerous strikes, followed even by arrests. The report of the Political Committee of the NATO Council stated that the violent social reaction to the increase in prices went hand in hand with the society’s realisation that the government in Warsaw was unable to impose its will. The US intelligence report pointed out that should the public order collapse, both Warsaw and Moscow would want it restored by the Polish armed forces and only if this measure failed, would the Soviets intervene. The election of Karol Wojtyła Pope in October 1978 changed the perception of Po land. One of the British analyses after the Pope’s 1979 visit claimed that Poland demon strated that not only was she not totalitarian due to the existing organised forces outside of the system (party and government), but, in a particular way, she had a pluralistic nature.
168 Syndrom Jałty The US Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the Pope’s visit had a significant im pact on the social activity and that a serious crisis in Poland could not be ruled out in the nearest firture. And indeed, strikes had been on the rise since May 1980. According to Leonid Brezhnev, the foundation of the trade union Solidarity in Au gust 1980 was a beginning of a counter-revolution. The Soviet leader considered de claring martial law in Poland. The US Central Intelligence Agency estimated that the agreement reached in August between the strikers and the authorities ֊ if implemented literally - would constitute a threat to the foundations of the communist system in Poland. A similar opinion prevailed in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, i.e. that from the ideological point of view the August agreement was simply unacceptable for the ruling party. It assumed that the Gierek’s people would be removed and as a worst-case scenario a solution would be adopted not unlike the one from Czechoslovakia in 1968. The British Ambassador in Warsaw believed that the Polish government faced a situation of squaring the circle. Carrying out the agreement from Gdańsk would steer the country towards an economic disaster, but withdrawing from it could mean a disaster of a political kind. The analysis of the Foreign Office stated that it was in the interest of the West to show restraint and emphasise that the situation in Poland was an internal matter to be resolved without external interference. The past Soviet military interventions in East Germany (1953), Hungary
(1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) made Western analysts consider such a possibility in relation to Poland. Washington considered that the Russians might decide to invade Poland if Ronald Reagan won the November elections (1980), which would give them a short period of “interregnum”. Organised resistance of the Polish army was not taken into account, and any improvised resistance would be most likely overcome by the Russians within two days. However, in general, overthrowing the current government was considered more likely than Soviet invasion. Paris estimated that if the Polish government did not regain control of the situation, it would lead to a very serious risk of Soviet intervention. The analysis of the Political Committee of the NATO Council from October 1980 included a claim that the Soviet Union had objective reasons to intervene in Poland. This was be cause according to Moscow, certain points of the agreement reached in the summer were counter-revolutionary, especially establishing free trade unions and granting workers the right to strike. It concluded that above all, Poland should not let the defeat of communism become too evident. The British Foreign Office estimated that invading Poland would yield less significant consequences than the invasion of Afghanistan, since the latter had concerned a new area, potentially dangerous to the interests of the West and offended the public in the Muslim countries. Subordinating Poland yet again would produce no such repercussions and it would not hinder the strategic or political balance in Europe. The invasion did not
take place. The manoeuvres of the Soviet, East German and Czechoslovak troops, which could have easily turned into an invasion, were called off by the Russians on 5 December 1980. The principal reason for this decision was, the reluc tance to get involved in another armed conflict - apart from Afghanistan - and then also the fear of the consequences of economic sanctions and possibly even militajy collabo ration between the United States and China. As a result, unlike during the crises of 1953, 1956 and 1968, Moscow opted for more sophisticated means to protect Soviet interests in
The Yalta syndrome. Foreign powers’ policy towards Polish crises of 1968-1981 169 Poland by leaving the task to deal with the Solidarity movement to local quislings. Nev ertheless, the Russians did not intend to resign openly from using the threat of interven tion. The sheer fear that it could come to that was supposed to urge the authorities to act resolutely against Solidarity, and the union leaders to withdraw from actions that could threaten the leading role of the party. At the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (23 February ֊ 3 March 1981), Leonid Brezhnev said that the pillars holding the socialist state in Poland had been threatened, but at the same time he assured that help would be granted to Poland if needed. British Ambassador Kenneth Pridham wrote from Warsaw on 6 February 1981 that on the road to anarchy Poland reached a point where the Soviet Union could consider intervention a necessary move. During the White House meeting on 26 March 1981, Sec retary of State Alexander Haig did not discount the possibility of imminent operations of Polish armed forces and perhaps also of Soviet ones. In his statement, President Reagan did not rule out such a possibility either. These kinds of fears were sustained by the Soviet Ambassador in Washington, Anatoly Dobiynin, who on 1 April 1981 was making Haig aware that if the Soviet Union deemed marching into Poland necessary, it would do it. At the meeting of the NATO Council on 30 June 1981, it was estimated that the ma noeuvres in Poland’s neighbourhood were aimed at exerting psychological pressure
on the Polish society rather than preparing for intervention. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was prepared to react with limited forces to any type of crisis. It is likely that the Russians would indeed decide to intervene in order to prevent the abandonment of the Warsaw Pact by the Polish authorities or if the lines of communication between the Soviet Union and East Germany were put in danger. The Soviet concerns that “Poland was drifting towards alien shores” were confirmed by the “Message to the Nations of the Eastern Europe” agreed upon during the Congress of Solidarity on 8 September 1981. It contained a declaration of support of the 10-mil lion-member union for those who would decide to take the difficult path of struggle for the free trade union movement in the countries of the Soviet bloc. Moscow reacted im mediately. On 9 September, Warsaw was informed of an intention of a far-reaching re duction of raw materials, starting from 1 January 1982. It was an announcement of brutal economic restrictions. The representative of the United States in the NATO Council estimated that contin ued existence of Solidarity was a threat to Soviet domination in the Eastern Europe and might result in destabilisation of the region. The analysis made in the Foreign Office on 13 October stated that the Russians would be extremely reluctant to run a military in tervention in Poland, but they could decide to pursue it if the confrontation between the government and Solidarity did not allow any party to control the situation. According to Soviet leaders, making Jaruzelski First
Secretary of the Communist Party in Poland (18 October 1981) would facilitate the pacification of the opposition with local measures. At a meeting of the Soviet Politburo on 29 October, the Defence Minister Dmitjy Ustinov and the KGB chief Yuri Andropov had to admit that sending troops to Poland was out of the question. Jaruzelski’s attempts to persuade the Soviet leaders on 10-12 December to an armed intervention were vehemently rejected in Moscow.
170 Syndrom Jałty The martial law was introduced on 13 December 1981 and sparked numerous re actions in the West. President Reagan appealed to the Polish authorities to talk and find a compromise with Solidarity, and threatened to suspend economic aid. As a matter of fact, talks regarding a 740-million-dollar loan for Poland were put on hold, another 71 million dollars were blocked for a loan that had been granted but not yet used, and US territorial waters became closed for Polish fishing vessels. US announced its sanctions against the Soviet Union on 29 December 1981. They included a flight ban over US terri tory for Aeroflot aircrafts, and a suspension in negotiations with the Soviet Union over the sale of crops and resources necessary for gas pipeline construction. According to Richard Pipes, member of the National Security Council, the significance of the sanctions went beyond economic matters, since they moved away from the Yalta syndrome, i.e. tacit agreement on Poland to remain under the Soviet area of influence. The European Parliament passed a resolution condemning Polish authorities and ap pealed to them to rescind the martial law, release the arrested citizens, and restore civil rights and trade union liberties. The flicker of hope that not everything had been lost found its way to the report of the British Embassy in Warsaw, which followed the motto of underground Solidarity: “the winter is yours, but the summer will be ours”. |
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| author | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1112954724 |
| author_facet | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- |
| author_variant | a k ak |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046929615 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8280 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1190716335 (DE-599)KXP170025412X |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1968-1981 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1968-1981 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV046929615 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:34:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:57:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376763118 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032338567 |
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| physical | 170 Seiten Illustrationen |
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| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
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| publisher | Polska Akademia Umiejętności |
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| series2 | Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności |
| spelling | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)1112954724 aut Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 Andrzej Kastory The Yalta syndrome Kraków Polska Akademia Umiejętności 2019 170 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego / Polska Akademia Umiejętności tom 119 Englische Zusammenfassung Geschichte 1968-1981 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Unruhen (DE-588)4136263-9 gnd rswk-swf Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 gnd rswk-swf Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Grudzień 1970 (Polska) Marzec 1968 (Polska) Polityka międzynarodowa PRL. Wydarzenia w Polsce (1976) Wydarzenia w Polsce (1980-1981) Francja Stany Zjednoczone (USA) Wielka Brytania ZSRR. Polska / 1968 (Wydarzenia marcowe) Polska / 1970 (Wydarzenia grudniowe) Polska / 1976 (Wydarzenia czerwcowe) Polska / 1980-1981 (Powstanie Solidarności) 1901-2000 1945-1989 Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 s Unruhen (DE-588)4136263-9 s Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1968-1981 z DE-604 Polska Akademia Umiejętności Rozprawy Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego tom 119 (DE-604)BV008199286 119 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032338567&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032338567&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032338567&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032338567&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032338567&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kastory, Andrzej 1939- Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Unruhen (DE-588)4136263-9 gnd Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 gnd Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4136263-9 (DE-588)4046539-1 (DE-588)4003554-2 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 |
| title_alt | The Yalta syndrome |
| title_auth | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 |
| title_exact_search | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 |
| title_full | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 Andrzej Kastory |
| title_fullStr | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 Andrzej Kastory |
| title_full_unstemmed | Syndrom Jałty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 Andrzej Kastory |
| title_short | Syndrom Jałty |
| title_sort | syndrom jalty polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysow w latach 1968 1981 the yalta syndrome foreign powers policy towards polish crises of 1968 1981 |
| title_sub | polityka mocarstw wobec polskich kryzysów w latach 1968-1981 = The Yalta syndrome : foreign powers' policy towards polish crises of 1968-1981 |
| topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Unruhen (DE-588)4136263-9 gnd Politische Krise (DE-588)4046539-1 gnd Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Politik Unruhen Politische Krise Aufstand Polen |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008199286 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kastoryandrzej syndromjałtypolitykamocarstwwobecpolskichkryzysowwlatach19681981theyaltasyndromeforeignpowerspolicytowardspolishcrisesof19681981 AT kastoryandrzej theyaltasyndrome |
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