Understanding terrorism: challenges, perspectives, and issues
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[2021]
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| Ausgabe: | 7th edition, international student edition |
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| Beschreibung: | xxvii, 559 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781071808429 |
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| adam_text | About the Author xx Acknowledgments xxi Introduction and Rationale xxii PART I · TERRORISM: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 1 · Terrorism: First Impressions 2 CHAPTER 2 · The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism 22 CHAPTER 3 · Beginnings: The Causes of Terrorism 46 PARTII · TERRORIST ENVIRONMENTS AND TYPOLOGIES 75 CHAPTER 4 · Terror From Above: Terrorism by the State 76 CHAPTER 5 · Terror From Below: Terrorism by Dissidents 107 CHAPTER 6 · Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism 134 CHAPTER 7 · Violent Ideologies; Terrorism From the Left and Right 166 CHAPTER 8 · Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism 210 CHAPTER 9 · Emerging Terrorist Environments: Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism 240 PARTMI · THE TERRORIST TRADE AND COUNTERTERRORISM 269 CHAPTER 10 · Tools of the Trade: Tactics and Targets of Terrorists 270 CHAPTER 11 · The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media 310
CHAPTER 12 · The American Case: Terrorism in the United States 335 CHAPTER 13 · Counterterrorism: The Options 381 PART IV · SECURINGTHE HOMELAND 421 CHAPTER 14 · A New Era: Homeland Security 422 CHAPTER 15 · What Next? The Future of Terrorism 455 Appendix A: Map References 481 Appendix B: Prominent Persons and Organizations 496 Glossary of Terms 505 Notes 521 Index 542 Note: Appendix C: Historical Examples, which presents a more extensive version of the time line printed in the front and back of this book, is available on the companion study site at edge.sagepub .com/martin7e.
About the Author Acknowledgments Introduction and Raţionate XX xxi xxii PART I · TERRORISM: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 1 · Terrorism: First Impressions 2 Opening Viewpoint: The Ideology of Al-Qa’ida First Considerations 2 4 An Overview of Extremism and Terrorism Terrorism at First Glance Sources of Extremism and Terrorism 4 5 6 Conceptual Considerations: Understanding Political Violence The Significance of Symbolism Political Violence: Μαία Prohibita or Mala in Se? The Just War Doctrine The Past as Prologue: Historical Perspectives on Terrorism The Historical Scope of Violence Antiquity The Roman Age The Ancient and Medieval Middle East The Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern Terrorism Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 1.1: The Gunpowder Plot of Guy Fawkes The French Revolution Nineteenth-Century Europe: Two Examples From the Left The Modern Era and the War on Terrorism Terrorism and Criminal Skill: Three Cases From the Modern Era Case 1: Anders Breivik Case 2: Theodore “Ted” Kaczyński Case 3: Ramzi Yousef 7 7 8 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 Chapter Summary 18 Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations 19 19 » DISCUSSION BOX:Total War Recommended Readings 19 20
CHAPTER 2 · The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: Are “Hate Crimes” Acts of Terrorism? Understanding Extremism: The Foundation of Terrorism Defining Extremism Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists The World of the Extremist Defining Terrorism: An Ongoing Debate Guerrilla Warfare A Sampling of Formal Definitions The American Context: Defining Terrorism in the United States m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 2.1: The Problem of Labeling the Enemy in the New Era of Terrorism Case in Point: Nonterrorist Mass Violence in the United States Types of Terrorism A Definitional Problem: Perspectives on Terrorism Perspective 1: Four Quotations Perspective 2: Participants in a Terrorist Environment Perspective 3: Terrorism or Freedom Fighting? Perspective 4: Extremism or “Mainstreamism”? The Political Violence Matrix Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force Case in Point: The Orlando Mass Shooting—An Act of Terrorism and a Hate Crime Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: Cold War Revolutionaries Recommended Readings CHAPTER 3 · Beginnings: The Causes of Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: The Case of Carlos Political Violence as Strategic Choice Making Revolution: Acts of Political Will Perception and Cultural Disconnect: Adversaries in the War on Terrorism Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice Sociological Explanations of Terrorism: Intergroup Conflict and Collective Violence Criminological Explanations of Terrorism: The Path to Political Criminality m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 3.1: Women as Terrorists
Psychological Explanations of Terrorism: Rationality and Terrorist Violence m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 3.2: Profiles of Violent Extremists: Leita Khaled and Abu Nidal Moral Justifications for Political Violence Moral Convictions of Terrorists Delineating Morality: Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil Seeking Utopia: Moral Ends Through Violent Means 22 22 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 37 38 39 40 40 42 42 42 43 45 46 46 49 49 51 52 52 56 58 60 63 65 65 66 67
Moral Purity: Codes of Self-Sacrifice Understanding Codes of Self-Sacrifice 67 70 Chapter Summary 70 Key Terms and Concepts 71 Prominent Persons and Organizations • DISCUSSION BOX: Bloody Sunday and Black September 71 72 Recommended Readings 73 PARTII · TERRORIST ENVIRONMENTS AND TYPOLOGI ES 75 CHAPTER 4 · Terror From Above: Terrorism by the State 76 Opening Viewpoint: State Terrorism as Domestic and Foreign Policy 76 The State as Terrorist: A State Terrorism Paradigm 78 Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism: State Patronage and Assistance State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model State Sponsorship: The Assistance Model Case in Point: Failed States Violence Abroad: Terrorism as Foreign Policy 79 80 82 85 85 Moral Support: Politically Sympathetic Sponsorship Technical Support: Logistically Supportive Sponsorship Selective Participation: Episode-Specific Sponsorship Active Participation: Joint Operations 87 88 89 90 Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 4.1: Calculation or Miscalculation? 91 Violence at Home: Terrorism as Domestic Policy Legitimizing State Authority State Domestic Authority Unofficial Repression: Vigilante Domestic State Terrorism Repression as Policy: Official Domestic State Terrorism 91 92 93 93 95 » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 4.2: Cleansing Society 96 Mass Repression: Genocidai Domestic State Terrorism Case in Point: Death Squads in Latin America 97 99 The Problem of Accountability: Monitoring State Terrorism 101 Chapter Summary 103 Key Terms and Concepts 104 Prominent Persons and Organizations ш DISCUSSION BOX: Authoritarianism and Democracy 104 105 Recommended Readings 106
CHAPTER 5 · Terror From Below: Terrorism by Dissidents 107 Opening Viewpoint: The Tupamaros 107 The Rebel as Terrorist: A Dissident Terrorism Paradigm 109 Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism: A Clear World Vision Nihilist Dissident Terrorism: Revolution for the Sake of Revolution Nationalist Dissident Terrorism: The Aspirations of a People 110 111 111
Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 5.1: Chechen Terrorism in Russia Revolutionaries, Nihilists, and Nationalists: Freedom Fighters? Case in Point: The U.S. Perspective on Foreign Terrorist Organizations Warring Against the State: Antistate Dissident Terrorism Intensities of Conflict: Antistate Terrorist Environments m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 5.2:The Palestinian Movement Defeat Is Unthinkable: The Terrorists’ Faith in Victory 112 113 114 116 116 118 119 Warring Against a People: Communal Terrorism 120 Ethnonationalist Communal Terrorism Religious Communal Terrorism Ideological Communal Terrorism 121 122 124 Operational Shifts: Dissidents and the New Terrorism The New Dissident Terrorist Morality m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 5,3: Child Soldiers Terrorist Cells and Lone Wolves: New Models for a New War Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX:TheTamilTigers Recommended Readings CHAPTER 6 · Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: The Journey of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Primary and Secondary Motives: The Idiosyncratic Quality of Religious Terrorism Understanding Jihad as a Primary Religious Motive: An Observation and Caveat 126 126 127 128 130 131 131 131 133 134 134 137 138 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 6.1: Jihad: Struggling in the Way of God A Case of Secondary Religious Motive: The Protocols of the Learned Eiders of Zion Historical Cases in Point: Fighting, Dying, and Killing in the Name of the Faith Judeo-Christian Antiquity Christian Crusades The Order of Assassins A Secret Cult of Murder Modem Arab Nationalism and the Rise
of Islamist Extremism Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism in the Modem Era National Case: Iran Regional Case: Pakistan and India Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 6.2: Assault on Mumbai Dissident Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle East Movement Case: The International Mujahideen (Holy Warriors for the Faith) Organization Case: The Al-Qa’ida Network 138 139 140 140 141 142 142 143 144 145 145 146 148 149 149 151 152
Nation-Building Case: The Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant National Case: Boko Haram in Nigeria Transnational Case: The Algerian Jihadis Internecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in Iraq Cult Case: Aum Shinrikyõ (Supreme Truth) The Future of Religious Terrorism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: The One True Faith Recommended Readings CHAPTER 7 · Violent Ideologies: Terrorism From the Left and Right 154 157 158 159 160 161 163 163 163 164 165 166 Opening Viewpoint: Racist Skinheads as a Supportive Environment Reactionaries and Radicals: The Classical Ideological Continuum 166 168 An Ideological Analysis: From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe Ideologies and Ideals 170 172 Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 7,1 : Required Reading on the “New Left 176 177 For the Exploited: Class Struggle For the People: Leftist Nationalism Special-Interest Extremism Problems on the Radical Left Class Struggle and National Liberation: The Terrorist Left m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 7.2; Vanguard Theory 179 180 180 181 182 183 Regional Case: Latin America Regional Case: Europe 183 187 Right-Wing Activism and Extremism 191 Political Parties and Dissident Movements Tradition and Order Right-Wing Nationalism Religion and Mysticism Race and Order: The Terrorist Right Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 7.3; Violent Reactionaries; Characteristics of the Extreme Right Regional Case: Europe Violent Ideologies in the New Era of Terrorism The “New Terrorism” The Terrorist Left in the New Era The Terrorist Right in the New Era
Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations ш DISCUSSION BOX 7.1; Young Nationatist Idealists m DISCUSSION BOX 7.2; Order From Chaos Recommended Readings 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 200 200 200 202 203 205 205 205 207 208
CHAPTER 8 · Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: Terrorism in the Age of Globalization W CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 8.1:The Changing Environment of International Terrorism Defining International Terrorism Expanding the Struggle: The Spillover Effect Unambiguous International Implications m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 8,2: The Benghazi Attack 210 210 212 214 215 217 218 Terrorist Environments and International Terrorism 219 Globalized Revolution: Reasons for International Terrorism 222 Ideological Reasons: Modern “isms” and International Revolutionary Solidarity Practical Reasons: Perceived Efficiency Tactical Reasons: Adaptations of Revolutionary Theory to International Operations Historical Reasons: Perceptions of International Terrorism Globalized Solidarity: International Terrorist Networks m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE8.3: A Remarkable Example of International Terrorism: The Japanese Red Army and the Lod (Lydda) Airport Massacre Cold War Terrorist-Networking Theory International Terrorist Environments The International Dimension of the New Terrorism Movement Case: Afghan Arabs at War Organization Case: Al-Qa’ida and International Terrorism m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 8.4: Beyond Al-Qa’ida Wartime Case: Terrorist Violence in Iraq Postscript: The “Stateless Revolutionaries” The Japanese Red Army Al-Qa’ida Palestinian Nationalism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: Understanding Terrorist “Spillovers : Middte Eastern and North African Spillovers in Europe Recommended Readings CHAPTER 9 · Emerging Terrorist
Environments: Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism 222 223 224 225 226 227 227 228 230 230 232 234 235 236 236 236 236 237 238 238 238 239 240 Opening Viewpoint: ISIS Gender-Selective Terrorism Culture and Conflict: Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence 240 242 Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men Background to Terrorism Against Women: Cultural Repression and Violence An Emerging Recognition: Terrorism Against Women Responding to Gender-Selective Political Violence 243 244 246 249
Protecting the Enterprise: Criminal Dissident Terrorism The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 9.1: Lebanon s Beka’aValley Traditional Criminal Enterprises Criminal-Political Enterprises Case in Point: The Logic of Narco-terrorism » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 9.2: The Tri-Border Area of South America A Global Problem: Regional Cases of Criminal Dissident Terrorism Regional Case: Latin America Regional Case: Asia Regional Case: Europe Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: Political Violence Against Women: Gender Communal Terrorism? Recommended Readings PARTIU · THETERRORISTTRADE AND COUNTERTERRORISM CHAPTER 10 · Tools of the Trade: Tactics and Targets of Terrorists Opening Viewpoint: Actionable Intelligence—Israel and the Hunt for the Engineer The Purpose: Terrorist Objectives Typical Objectives Playing to the Audience: Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies The New Terrorism and New Objectives The Means: Terrorist Methods Concept: Asymmetric Warfare An Introduction to Common Methods of Terrorists Weapons Old and New » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 10.1:The Al-Qa ida “Terrorist Manual” The Focus: Terrorist Targets The Symbolism of Targets 251 251 252 252 253 253 254 255 255 260 262 265 265 266 266 267 269 270 270 272 272 275 278 279 279 281 282 292 294 296 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 10.2:The Symbolism of Targets: Terrorist Attacks Against the United States 297 The Threat From Cyberterrorism 298 The Outcome: Is Terrorism Effective? 301 Media and Political Attention Having an Impact on an Audience 302 302 m CHAPTER
PERSPECTIVE 10.3: Tactical Horror; Digital, Video, and Audio Terrorism Forcing Concessions From an Enemy Interest Disruption of Normal Routines Provoking the State to Overreact Effective Terrorism: The King David Hotel Bombing 302 303 304 304 305
Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: Attacks Against the U.S. Marine and French Paratrooper Headquarters in Beirut Recommended Readings CHAPTER It · The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media Opening Viewpoint: Media-Oriented Terror and Lebanon’s Hezbollah TWo Perspectives: The Media and Governments 306 307 307 308 309 310 310 311 The Perspective of the Media The Perspective of Governments 311 312 Understanding the Role of the Media 312 Publicizing the Cause Spreading the Word: Mass Communications and the Terrorists’ Message 313 314 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.1: Delivering the Message 314 No More Printing Presses: Mass Communications and the “New Media” Truth and Consequences: Reporting Terrorism 318 318 » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.2: Al Jazeera A New Battleground: The War for the Information High Ground 319 322 Practical Considerations: Using the Media m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.3: WikiLeaks Information Is Power: The Media as a Weapon Problems on the New Battleground: The Risk of Backlash The Public’s Right to Know: Regulating the Media The Free Press m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.4: Self-Regulation and the American Media The State-Regulated Press Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations • DISCUSSION BOX: Freedom of Reporting and Security Issues Recommended Readings CHAPTER 12 · The American Case: Terrorism in the United States 322 325 326 328 329 329 330 331 332 332 332 333 334 335 Opening Viewpoint: Lynching—Vigilante Communal Terrorism in the United States An
Introduction to the American Case 335 337 Weighing the Origins of Terrorism in the United States 339 Background to Terrorism: Left-Wing Activism and Ideological Extremism in America Origins of the Modern Civil Rights Movement The Rise of Black Power Growth of the New Left 340 340 341 341
Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States 342 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.1: Seeds of Terrorism: Radicals on the American Left Generational Rebellion: New Left Terrorism Civil Strife: Ethnonationalist Terrorism on the Left The Revolution Continues: Leftist Hard Cores Single-Issue Violence on the Left Background to Terrorism: Right-Wing Activism and Ideological Extremism in America Religious Politics and the Christian Right Rise of the Antigovernment Patriots 343 345 346 350 352 353 353 354 Ж CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.2: Conspiracy Theories on the American Right Racial Supremacy: An Old Problem With New Beginnings 355 357 » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.3: Seeds of Terrorism: Reactionaries on the American Right Racial Mysticism Race and the Bible: The Christian Identity Creation Myth Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States Homegrown Racism: The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan Racial Mysticism: Neo-Nazi Terrorism Patriot Threats Case in Point: Moralist Terrorism International Terrorism in the United States The Spillover Effect in the United States The New Terrorism in the United States 358 359 360 360 361 363 366 369 371 372 373 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.4: The Anthrax Crisis: A Post-9/11 Anomaly Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: Domestic Terrorism in the American Context Recommended Readings CHAPTER 13 · Counterterrorism: The Options Opening Viewpoint: The Death of Osama bin Laden Responding to Terror: The Scope of Options Use of Force Operations Other Than War Legalistic Options Warlike Operations: Counterterrorism and the Use of
Force Maximum Use of Force: Suppression Campaigns m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.1: Operation El Dorado Canyon War in the Shadows, Part 1: Coercive Covert Operations Surgical Use of Force: Special Operations Forces Ж CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.2: Hostage Rescues Operations Other Than War: Repressive Options War in the Shadows, Part 2: Nonviolent Covert Operations m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.3:The Utility of Monitoring Social Networking Media 375 377 378 378 379 379 381 381 383 383 383 384 385 386 389 389 393 396 398 398 400
Knowing the Enemy: Intelligence Hardening the Target: Enhanced Security Long-Term Coercion: Economic Sanctions 401 403 404 Operations Other Than War: Conciliatory Options 407 Reasoned Dialogue: Diplomatic Options Responding to Grievances: Social Reform Giving Them What They Want: Concessionary Options 407 409 410 Applying the Rule of Law: Legalistic Options 410 Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism: The Global Perspective 411 Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.4: The Role of the “International Police” Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism International Law: Legalistic Responses by the World Community Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: The Utility of Elite Counterterrorist Units Recommended Readings 412 412 414 417 417 418 418 419 PART IV · SECURINGTHE HOMELAND 421 CHAPTER 14 · A New Era: Homeland Security 422 Opening Viewpoint: International Collaboration on Surveillance and Data Mining Homeland Security in Perspective 422 423 The Threat From Homegrown Jihadists Asymmetric Warfare: The Paris and Brussels Incidents Asymmetric Warfare and the Contagion Effect: The Case of Motorized Vehicle Attacks Crisis and Homeland Security: The European and American Contexts 424 426 The American Case: Homeland Security in the United States 429 Interagency Challenges Counterterrorism Laws in the United States The Homeland Security Enterprise The U.S. Intelligence Community: Mission and Challenges 427 428 430 432 438 441 CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 14.1: Waging War in the Era of the New Terrorism Civil Liberties and Securing the Homeland 441 444 Security
and Liberty: Historical Perspectives Balancing Civil Liberties and Homeland Security Achieving Security 444 447 450 m Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: After the Next 9/11 Recommended Readings 452 452 452 453 453
CHAPTER 15 · What Next? The Future of Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: Carnivore and the Dawn of Internet Surveillance An Overview of Near-Term Projections The Theory of Terrorist “Waves” Fourth-Generation War Whither the “Old Terrorism”? The Future of Terrorism: Terrorist Environments in the 21st Century Terrorist Typologies in the New Era The World in Conflict: Persisting Sources of Terrorism The Future of Terrorism: New Threats High-Tech Terrorism Soft Targets and Terrorist Symbolism Controlling Terrorism: Ending Terrorist Campaigns and New Challenges A Theoretical Model for Ending Terrorist Campaigns Responding to Terrorism: Conventional Adaptations Combating Terrorism in the New Era The Continued Utility of Force Countering Terrorist Financial Operations The Case for International Cooperation Final Considerations The Future of International Terrorism The Future of the Violent Left The Future of the Violent Right Chapter Summary A Final Thought on Reform and Revolution Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX:Toward Big Brother? 455 455 458 458 459 460 461 462 464 468 468 470 470 471 471 472 473 474 476 477 477 477 477 478 478 479 479 479 Recommended Readings 480 Appendix A: Map References 481 Appendix B: Prominent Persons and Organizations 496 Glossary of Terms 505 Notes 521 Index 542 Note: Appendix C: Historical Examples, which presents a more extensive version of the time line printed in the front and back of this book, is available on the companion study site at edge.sagepub .com/martin7e.
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About the Author xx Acknowledgments xxi Introduction and Rationale xxii PART I · TERRORISM: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 1 · Terrorism: First Impressions 2 CHAPTER 2 · The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism 22 CHAPTER 3 · Beginnings: The Causes of Terrorism 46 PARTII · TERRORIST ENVIRONMENTS AND TYPOLOGIES 75 CHAPTER 4 · Terror From Above: Terrorism by the State 76 CHAPTER 5 · Terror From Below: Terrorism by Dissidents 107 CHAPTER 6 · Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism 134 CHAPTER 7 · Violent Ideologies; Terrorism From the Left and Right 166 CHAPTER 8 · Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism 210 CHAPTER 9 · Emerging Terrorist Environments: Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism 240 PARTMI · THE TERRORIST TRADE AND COUNTERTERRORISM 269 CHAPTER 10 · Tools of the Trade: Tactics and Targets of Terrorists 270 CHAPTER 11 · The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media 310
CHAPTER 12 · The American Case: Terrorism in the United States 335 CHAPTER 13 · Counterterrorism: The Options 381 PART IV · SECURINGTHE HOMELAND 421 CHAPTER 14 · A New Era: Homeland Security 422 CHAPTER 15 · What Next? The Future of Terrorism 455 Appendix A: Map References 481 Appendix B: Prominent Persons and Organizations 496 Glossary of Terms 505 Notes 521 Index 542 Note: Appendix C: Historical Examples, which presents a more extensive version of the time line printed in the front and back of this book, is available on the companion study site at edge.sagepub .com/martin7e.
About the Author Acknowledgments Introduction and Raţionate XX xxi xxii PART I · TERRORISM: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 1 · Terrorism: First Impressions 2 Opening Viewpoint: The Ideology of Al-Qa’ida First Considerations 2 4 An Overview of Extremism and Terrorism Terrorism at First Glance Sources of Extremism and Terrorism 4 5 6 Conceptual Considerations: Understanding Political Violence The Significance of Symbolism Political Violence: Μαία Prohibita or Mala in Se? The Just War Doctrine The Past as Prologue: Historical Perspectives on Terrorism The Historical Scope of Violence Antiquity The Roman Age The Ancient and Medieval Middle East The Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern Terrorism Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 1.1: The Gunpowder Plot of Guy Fawkes The French Revolution Nineteenth-Century Europe: Two Examples From the Left The Modern Era and the War on Terrorism Terrorism and Criminal Skill: Three Cases From the Modern Era Case 1: Anders Breivik Case 2: Theodore “Ted” Kaczyński Case 3: Ramzi Yousef 7 7 8 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 Chapter Summary 18 Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations 19 19 » DISCUSSION BOX:Total War Recommended Readings 19 20
CHAPTER 2 · The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: Are “Hate Crimes” Acts of Terrorism? Understanding Extremism: The Foundation of Terrorism Defining Extremism Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists The World of the Extremist Defining Terrorism: An Ongoing Debate Guerrilla Warfare A Sampling of Formal Definitions The American Context: Defining Terrorism in the United States m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 2.1: The Problem of Labeling the Enemy in the New Era of Terrorism Case in Point: Nonterrorist Mass Violence in the United States Types of Terrorism A Definitional Problem: Perspectives on Terrorism Perspective 1: Four Quotations Perspective 2: Participants in a Terrorist Environment Perspective 3: Terrorism or Freedom Fighting? Perspective 4: Extremism or “Mainstreamism”? The Political Violence Matrix Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force Case in Point: The Orlando Mass Shooting—An Act of Terrorism and a Hate Crime Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: Cold War Revolutionaries Recommended Readings CHAPTER 3 · Beginnings: The Causes of Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: The Case of Carlos Political Violence as Strategic Choice Making Revolution: Acts of Political Will Perception and Cultural Disconnect: Adversaries in the War on Terrorism Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice Sociological Explanations of Terrorism: Intergroup Conflict and Collective Violence Criminological Explanations of Terrorism: The Path to Political Criminality m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 3.1: Women as Terrorists
Psychological Explanations of Terrorism: Rationality and Terrorist Violence m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 3.2: Profiles of Violent Extremists: Leita Khaled and Abu Nidal Moral Justifications for Political Violence Moral Convictions of Terrorists Delineating Morality: Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil Seeking Utopia: Moral Ends Through Violent Means 22 22 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 37 38 39 40 40 42 42 42 43 45 46 46 49 49 51 52 52 56 58 60 63 65 65 66 67
Moral Purity: Codes of Self-Sacrifice Understanding Codes of Self-Sacrifice 67 70 Chapter Summary 70 Key Terms and Concepts 71 Prominent Persons and Organizations • DISCUSSION BOX: Bloody Sunday and Black September 71 72 Recommended Readings 73 PARTII · TERRORIST ENVIRONMENTS AND TYPOLOGI ES 75 CHAPTER 4 · Terror From Above: Terrorism by the State 76 Opening Viewpoint: State Terrorism as Domestic and Foreign Policy 76 The State as Terrorist: A State Terrorism Paradigm 78 Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism: State Patronage and Assistance State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model State Sponsorship: The Assistance Model Case in Point: Failed States Violence Abroad: Terrorism as Foreign Policy 79 80 82 85 85 Moral Support: Politically Sympathetic Sponsorship Technical Support: Logistically Supportive Sponsorship Selective Participation: Episode-Specific Sponsorship Active Participation: Joint Operations 87 88 89 90 Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 4.1: Calculation or Miscalculation? 91 Violence at Home: Terrorism as Domestic Policy Legitimizing State Authority State Domestic Authority Unofficial Repression: Vigilante Domestic State Terrorism Repression as Policy: Official Domestic State Terrorism 91 92 93 93 95 » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 4.2: Cleansing Society 96 Mass Repression: Genocidai Domestic State Terrorism Case in Point: Death Squads in Latin America 97 99 The Problem of Accountability: Monitoring State Terrorism 101 Chapter Summary 103 Key Terms and Concepts 104 Prominent Persons and Organizations ш DISCUSSION BOX: Authoritarianism and Democracy 104 105 Recommended Readings 106
CHAPTER 5 · Terror From Below: Terrorism by Dissidents 107 Opening Viewpoint: The Tupamaros 107 The Rebel as Terrorist: A Dissident Terrorism Paradigm 109 Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism: A Clear World Vision Nihilist Dissident Terrorism: Revolution for the Sake of Revolution Nationalist Dissident Terrorism: The Aspirations of a People 110 111 111
Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 5.1: Chechen Terrorism in Russia Revolutionaries, Nihilists, and Nationalists: Freedom Fighters? Case in Point: The U.S. Perspective on Foreign Terrorist Organizations Warring Against the State: Antistate Dissident Terrorism Intensities of Conflict: Antistate Terrorist Environments m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 5.2:The Palestinian Movement Defeat Is Unthinkable: The Terrorists’ Faith in Victory 112 113 114 116 116 118 119 Warring Against a People: Communal Terrorism 120 Ethnonationalist Communal Terrorism Religious Communal Terrorism Ideological Communal Terrorism 121 122 124 Operational Shifts: Dissidents and the New Terrorism The New Dissident Terrorist Morality m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 5,3: Child Soldiers Terrorist Cells and Lone Wolves: New Models for a New War Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX:TheTamilTigers Recommended Readings CHAPTER 6 · Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: The Journey of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Primary and Secondary Motives: The Idiosyncratic Quality of Religious Terrorism Understanding Jihad as a Primary Religious Motive: An Observation and Caveat 126 126 127 128 130 131 131 131 133 134 134 137 138 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 6.1: Jihad: Struggling in the Way of God A Case of Secondary Religious Motive: The Protocols of the Learned Eiders of Zion Historical Cases in Point: Fighting, Dying, and Killing in the Name of the Faith Judeo-Christian Antiquity Christian Crusades The Order of Assassins A Secret Cult of Murder Modem Arab Nationalism and the Rise
of Islamist Extremism Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism in the Modem Era National Case: Iran Regional Case: Pakistan and India Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 6.2: Assault on Mumbai Dissident Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle East Movement Case: The International Mujahideen (Holy Warriors for the Faith) Organization Case: The Al-Qa’ida Network 138 139 140 140 141 142 142 143 144 145 145 146 148 149 149 151 152
Nation-Building Case: The Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant National Case: Boko Haram in Nigeria Transnational Case: The Algerian Jihadis Internecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in Iraq Cult Case: Aum Shinrikyõ (Supreme Truth) The Future of Religious Terrorism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: The One True Faith Recommended Readings CHAPTER 7 · Violent Ideologies: Terrorism From the Left and Right 154 157 158 159 160 161 163 163 163 164 165 166 Opening Viewpoint: Racist Skinheads as a Supportive Environment Reactionaries and Radicals: The Classical Ideological Continuum 166 168 An Ideological Analysis: From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe Ideologies and Ideals 170 172 Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 7,1 : Required Reading on the “New Left" 176 177 For the Exploited: Class Struggle For the People: Leftist Nationalism Special-Interest Extremism Problems on the Radical Left Class Struggle and National Liberation: The Terrorist Left m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 7.2; Vanguard Theory 179 180 180 181 182 183 Regional Case: Latin America Regional Case: Europe 183 187 Right-Wing Activism and Extremism 191 Political Parties and Dissident Movements Tradition and Order Right-Wing Nationalism Religion and Mysticism Race and Order: The Terrorist Right Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 7.3; Violent Reactionaries; Characteristics of the Extreme Right Regional Case: Europe Violent Ideologies in the New Era of Terrorism The “New Terrorism” The Terrorist Left in the New Era The Terrorist Right in the New Era
Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations ш DISCUSSION BOX 7.1; Young Nationatist Idealists m DISCUSSION BOX 7.2; Order From Chaos Recommended Readings 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 200 200 200 202 203 205 205 205 207 208
CHAPTER 8 · Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: Terrorism in the Age of Globalization W CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 8.1:The Changing Environment of International Terrorism Defining International Terrorism Expanding the Struggle: The Spillover Effect Unambiguous International Implications m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 8,2: The Benghazi Attack 210 210 212 214 215 217 218 Terrorist Environments and International Terrorism 219 Globalized Revolution: Reasons for International Terrorism 222 Ideological Reasons: Modern “isms” and International Revolutionary Solidarity Practical Reasons: Perceived Efficiency Tactical Reasons: Adaptations of Revolutionary Theory to International Operations Historical Reasons: Perceptions of International Terrorism Globalized Solidarity: International Terrorist Networks m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE8.3: A Remarkable Example of International Terrorism: The Japanese Red Army and the Lod (Lydda) Airport Massacre Cold War Terrorist-Networking Theory International Terrorist Environments The International Dimension of the New Terrorism Movement Case: Afghan Arabs at War Organization Case: Al-Qa’ida and International Terrorism m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 8.4: Beyond Al-Qa’ida Wartime Case: Terrorist Violence in Iraq Postscript: The “Stateless Revolutionaries” The Japanese Red Army Al-Qa’ida Palestinian Nationalism Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: Understanding Terrorist “Spillovers": Middte Eastern and North African Spillovers in Europe Recommended Readings CHAPTER 9 · Emerging Terrorist
Environments: Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism 222 223 224 225 226 227 227 228 230 230 232 234 235 236 236 236 236 237 238 238 238 239 240 Opening Viewpoint: ISIS Gender-Selective Terrorism Culture and Conflict: Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence 240 242 Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men Background to Terrorism Against Women: Cultural Repression and Violence An Emerging Recognition: Terrorism Against Women Responding to Gender-Selective Political Violence 243 244 246 249
Protecting the Enterprise: Criminal Dissident Terrorism The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 9.1: Lebanon's Beka’aValley Traditional Criminal Enterprises Criminal-Political Enterprises Case in Point: The Logic of Narco-terrorism » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 9.2: The Tri-Border Area of South America A Global Problem: Regional Cases of Criminal Dissident Terrorism Regional Case: Latin America Regional Case: Asia Regional Case: Europe Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: Political Violence Against Women: Gender Communal Terrorism? Recommended Readings PARTIU · THETERRORISTTRADE AND COUNTERTERRORISM CHAPTER 10 · Tools of the Trade: Tactics and Targets of Terrorists Opening Viewpoint: Actionable Intelligence—Israel and the Hunt for the Engineer The Purpose: Terrorist Objectives Typical Objectives Playing to the Audience: Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies The New Terrorism and New Objectives The Means: Terrorist Methods Concept: Asymmetric Warfare An Introduction to Common Methods of Terrorists Weapons Old and New » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 10.1:The Al-Qa'ida “Terrorist Manual” The Focus: Terrorist Targets The Symbolism of Targets 251 251 252 252 253 253 254 255 255 260 262 265 265 266 266 267 269 270 270 272 272 275 278 279 279 281 282 292 294 296 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 10.2:The Symbolism of Targets: Terrorist Attacks Against the United States 297 The Threat From Cyberterrorism 298 The Outcome: Is Terrorism Effective? 301 Media and Political Attention Having an Impact on an Audience 302 302 m CHAPTER
PERSPECTIVE 10.3: Tactical Horror; Digital, Video, and Audio Terrorism Forcing Concessions From an Enemy Interest Disruption of Normal Routines Provoking the State to Overreact Effective Terrorism: The King David Hotel Bombing 302 303 304 304 305
Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: Attacks Against the U.S. Marine and French Paratrooper Headquarters in Beirut Recommended Readings CHAPTER It · The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media Opening Viewpoint: Media-Oriented Terror and Lebanon’s Hezbollah TWo Perspectives: The Media and Governments 306 307 307 308 309 310 310 311 The Perspective of the Media The Perspective of Governments 311 312 Understanding the Role of the Media 312 Publicizing the Cause Spreading the Word: Mass Communications and the Terrorists’ Message 313 314 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.1: Delivering the Message 314 No More Printing Presses: Mass Communications and the “New Media” Truth and Consequences: Reporting Terrorism 318 318 » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.2: Al Jazeera A New Battleground: The War for the Information High Ground 319 322 Practical Considerations: Using the Media m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.3: WikiLeaks Information Is Power: The Media as a Weapon Problems on the New Battleground: The Risk of Backlash The Public’s Right to Know: Regulating the Media The Free Press m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 11.4: Self-Regulation and the American Media The State-Regulated Press Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations • DISCUSSION BOX: Freedom of Reporting and Security Issues Recommended Readings CHAPTER 12 · The American Case: Terrorism in the United States 322 325 326 328 329 329 330 331 332 332 332 333 334 335 Opening Viewpoint: Lynching—Vigilante Communal Terrorism in the United States An
Introduction to the American Case 335 337 Weighing the Origins of Terrorism in the United States 339 Background to Terrorism: Left-Wing Activism and Ideological Extremism in America Origins of the Modern Civil Rights Movement The Rise of Black Power Growth of the New Left 340 340 341 341
Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States 342 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.1: Seeds of Terrorism: Radicals on the American Left Generational Rebellion: New Left Terrorism Civil Strife: Ethnonationalist Terrorism on the Left The Revolution Continues: Leftist Hard Cores Single-Issue Violence on the Left Background to Terrorism: Right-Wing Activism and Ideological Extremism in America Religious Politics and the Christian Right Rise of the Antigovernment Patriots 343 345 346 350 352 353 353 354 Ж CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.2: Conspiracy Theories on the American Right Racial Supremacy: An Old Problem With New Beginnings 355 357 » CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.3: Seeds of Terrorism: Reactionaries on the American Right Racial Mysticism Race and the Bible: The Christian Identity Creation Myth Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States Homegrown Racism: The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan Racial Mysticism: Neo-Nazi Terrorism Patriot Threats Case in Point: Moralist Terrorism International Terrorism in the United States The Spillover Effect in the United States The New Terrorism in the United States 358 359 360 360 361 363 366 369 371 372 373 m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 12.4: The Anthrax Crisis: A Post-9/11 Anomaly Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: Domestic Terrorism in the American Context Recommended Readings CHAPTER 13 · Counterterrorism: The Options Opening Viewpoint: The Death of Osama bin Laden Responding to Terror: The Scope of Options Use of Force Operations Other Than War Legalistic Options Warlike Operations: Counterterrorism and the Use of
Force Maximum Use of Force: Suppression Campaigns m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.1: Operation El Dorado Canyon War in the Shadows, Part 1: Coercive Covert Operations Surgical Use of Force: Special Operations Forces Ж CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.2: Hostage Rescues Operations Other Than War: Repressive Options War in the Shadows, Part 2: Nonviolent Covert Operations m CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.3:The Utility of Monitoring Social Networking Media 375 377 378 378 379 379 381 381 383 383 383 384 385 386 389 389 393 396 398 398 400
Knowing the Enemy: Intelligence Hardening the Target: Enhanced Security Long-Term Coercion: Economic Sanctions 401 403 404 Operations Other Than War: Conciliatory Options 407 Reasoned Dialogue: Diplomatic Options Responding to Grievances: Social Reform Giving Them What They Want: Concessionary Options 407 409 410 Applying the Rule of Law: Legalistic Options 410 Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism: The Global Perspective 411 Ш CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 13.4: The Role of the “International Police” Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism International Law: Legalistic Responses by the World Community Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations Ш DISCUSSION BOX: The Utility of Elite Counterterrorist Units Recommended Readings 412 412 414 417 417 418 418 419 PART IV · SECURINGTHE HOMELAND 421 CHAPTER 14 · A New Era: Homeland Security 422 Opening Viewpoint: International Collaboration on Surveillance and Data Mining Homeland Security in Perspective 422 423 The Threat From Homegrown Jihadists Asymmetric Warfare: The Paris and Brussels Incidents Asymmetric Warfare and the Contagion Effect: The Case of Motorized Vehicle Attacks Crisis and Homeland Security: The European and American Contexts 424 426 The American Case: Homeland Security in the United States 429 Interagency Challenges Counterterrorism Laws in the United States The Homeland Security Enterprise The U.S. Intelligence Community: Mission and Challenges 427 428 430 432 438 441 CHAPTER PERSPECTIVE 14.1: Waging War in the Era of the New Terrorism Civil Liberties and Securing the Homeland 441 444 Security
and Liberty: Historical Perspectives Balancing Civil Liberties and Homeland Security Achieving Security 444 447 450 m Chapter Summary Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX: After the Next 9/11 Recommended Readings 452 452 452 453 453
CHAPTER 15 · What Next? The Future of Terrorism Opening Viewpoint: Carnivore and the Dawn of Internet Surveillance An Overview of Near-Term Projections The Theory of Terrorist “Waves” Fourth-Generation War Whither the “Old Terrorism”? The Future of Terrorism: Terrorist Environments in the 21st Century Terrorist Typologies in the New Era The World in Conflict: Persisting Sources of Terrorism The Future of Terrorism: New Threats High-Tech Terrorism Soft Targets and Terrorist Symbolism Controlling Terrorism: Ending Terrorist Campaigns and New Challenges A Theoretical Model for Ending Terrorist Campaigns Responding to Terrorism: Conventional Adaptations Combating Terrorism in the New Era The Continued Utility of Force Countering Terrorist Financial Operations The Case for International Cooperation Final Considerations The Future of International Terrorism The Future of the Violent Left The Future of the Violent Right Chapter Summary A Final Thought on Reform and Revolution Key Terms and Concepts Prominent Persons and Organizations m DISCUSSION BOX:Toward Big Brother? 455 455 458 458 459 460 461 462 464 468 468 470 470 471 471 472 473 474 476 477 477 477 477 478 478 479 479 479 Recommended Readings 480 Appendix A: Map References 481 Appendix B: Prominent Persons and Organizations 496 Glossary of Terms 505 Notes 521 Index 542 Note: Appendix C: Historical Examples, which presents a more extensive version of the time line printed in the front and back of this book, is available on the companion study site at edge.sagepub .com/martin7e. |
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| spelling | Martin, Gus Verfasser (DE-588)13574475X aut Understanding terrorism challenges, perspectives, and issues Gus Martin 7th edition, international student edition Los Angeles ; London Sage [2021] xxvii, 559 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5443-7587-8 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032325657&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Understanding terrorism challenges, perspectives, and issues |
| title_auth | Understanding terrorism challenges, perspectives, and issues |
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| title_short | Understanding terrorism |
| title_sort | understanding terrorism challenges perspectives and issues |
| title_sub | challenges, perspectives, and issues |
| topic | Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd |
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