Units of Measurement: History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cham
Springer
2020
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Springer Series in Materials Science
122 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 304 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783030439682 9783030439712 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 9783030439682 |c Print |9 978-3-030-43968-2 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783030439712 |c pb |9 978-3-030-43971-2 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gupta, S. V. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1229519890 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Units of Measurement |b History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units |c S. V. Gupta |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cham |b Springer |c 2020 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 304 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Springer Series in Materials Science |v 122 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Measurement Science and Instrumentation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Characterization and Evaluation of Materials | |
| 650 | 4 | |a History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering, general | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physical measurements | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Measurement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Materials science | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Maßeinheit |0 (DE-588)4074617-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Geschichte |0 (DE-588)4020517-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Metrologie |0 (DE-588)4169749-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Maßsystem |0 (DE-588)4169063-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a SI-Einheiten |0 (DE-588)4077436-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Geschichte |A z |
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| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-030-43969-9 |
| 830 | 0 | |a Springer Series in Materials Science |v 122 |w (DE-604)BV000683335 |9 122 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung Deutsches Museum |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032323774&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032323774 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804181797265735680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
1
OLD
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENT IN
INDIA
...........................
1
1.1
TIME
INTERVALS
.......................................
I
1.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.................................
1
1.1.2
TIME
INTERVALS
................................
3
1.1.3
SIDEREAL
METRICS
..............................
9
1.1.4
TIME INTERVALS IN
CHANAKIYA
ARTHSASHTRA...........
9
1.1.5
MULTIPLICITY IN SMALLER TIME
INTERVALS
.............
10
1.1.6
REALIZATION
OF
NAADIKA: A
STANDARD
OF
A
TIME INTERVAL
................................
10
1.1.7
LUNAR METRICS
................................
11
1.1.8
ADJUSTMENT IN CALENDARS
.......................
12
1.1.9
MIDDLE-LEVEL
TIME INTERVALS
....................
12
1.1.10
BIGGER
TIME INTERVALS
..........................
13
1.1.11
NAMES
OF
14
MANVANTAR
........................
15
1.1.12
TIME
INTERVALS IN TERMS
OF
KALP
.................
15
1.1.13
SUMMARY
OF
BIGGER TIME
INTERVALS
...............
16
1.1.14
THE
TIME ELAPSED SINCE
CREATION
OF
UNIVERSE
......
17
1.1.15
DATE
OF
COMMENCEMENT
OF
THE
PRESENT
KALIYUG
.....
18
1.2
LENGTH
INTERVALS
......................................
19
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION
.................................
19
1.2.2
SETS
OF
SMALLER
LENGTH INTERVALS
.................
19
1.2.3 UNITS
OF
LENGTH IN MULTIPLES
OF
ANGUL
.............
20
1.2.4
TWO KINDS
OF
DANUSH
..........................
25
1.2.5 SCALE
OF
MOHENJO-DARO
........................
26
1.2.6 SUPPORTIVE
EVIDENCES
FOR TAKING
I
ANGUL EQUAL
TO
16.764
MM
................................
27
1.2.7 VARIOUS YOJAN
................................
28
1.2.8 LENGTH
IN
TERMS
OF
LATITUDE
.....................
29
1.2.9
PRE-AKBAR LENGTH
MEASURES
....................
31
1.2.10 WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES
IN AKBAR
TIME
.............
32
RI
$
B1IOTHEK
DEUTSCHES
MUSEUM S
HLUENCHE A
XII
CONTENTS
1.2.11
LENGTH
UNITS USED BY TAILORS
....................
33
1.2.12
LENGTH UNITS IN
DEPENDENT INDIA
.................
34
1.3 UNITS
OF
WEIGHT
AND
VOLUME
............................
35
1.3.1 INTRODUCTION
.................................
35
1.3.2
WEIGHTS NOMENCLATURE FROM MANUSMRITI...........
36
1.3.3
WEIGHTS IN TERMS
OF
TRESARENU
..................
39
1.3.4
CHARAK SYSTEM
OF
WEIGHTS
......................
39
1.3.5 WEIGHT
MEASUREMENT IN ANCIENT INDIA
.............
41
1.3.6
WEIGHTS
IN
TERMS
OF
GRAIN
OF
RICE (CHAWAL)
........
43
1.3.7 WEIGHTS USED
IN PRE-AKBAR PERIOD
...............
46
1.3.8 WEIGHTS
IN COLONIAL (PRE-INDEPENDENCE) YEARS
......
46
1.3.9
CONVENTIONS FOLLOWED BY PUBLIC FOR WEIGHTS
.......
48
1.3.10 WEIGHTS
AND
VOLUME MEASURES BY CHANAKIYA
.......
49
1.3.11 CONVERSION FACTORS
............................
56
REFERENCES
................................................
57
2
SYSTEM
OF
QUANTITIES
AND
UNITS
..............................
61
2.1 QUANTITIES
...........................................
61
2.2 SYSTEM
OF
QUANTITIES
..................................
62
2.2.1 QUANTITY
....................................
62
2.2.2
BASE
QUANTITY
................................
62
2.2.3
SYSTEM
OF
BASE
QUANTITIES
......................
62
2.2.4 DERIVED QUANTITY
.............................
62
2.2.5
QUANTITY
EQUATION
............................
63
2.2.6
QUANTITY VALUE EQUATION
.......................
63
2.2.7 DIMENSION
OF
DERIVED UNIT
.....................
64
2.3 MEASUREMENT
UNIT
....................................
64
2.3.1 SYSTEM
OF
MEASUREMENT UNITS
...................
64
2.3.2 SYSTEM
OF
BASE UNITS
..........................
65
2.3.3 DERIVED UNIT
.................................
65
2.3.4 UNIT EQUATION
................................
66
2.3.5 PROPERTIES
OF
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENT
..............
66
2.3.6
COHERENT DERIVED UNIT
.........................
67
2.4
QUANTITY
OF
DIMENSION
I
OR
DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITY
.........
68
2.4.1 DIMENSION
OF A
QUANTITY
.......................
68
2.4.2 QUANTITIES
OF
DIMENSION 1
OR
DIMENSIONLESS
QUANTITIES
...................................
69
2.4.3 ORDINAL
QUANTITY
..............................
70
2.4.4 QUANTITY SCALE, MEASUREMENT SCALE
...............
70
2.4.5 ORDINAL QUANTITY SCALE, ORDINAL
SCALE
.............
71
2.4.6
NOMINAL PROPERTY
.............................
71
2.5 CONVERSION FACTOR BETWEEN
UNITS
........................
71
2.6 QUANTITY RELATIONS
....................................
72
2.6.1 QUANTITY VALUE
...............................
72
CONTENTS
XLL]
2.6.2
NUMERICAL
QUANTITY
VALUE
......................
72
2.6.3
QUANTITY
CALCULUS
.............................
73
2.7 UNITS
USED
IN
BIOLOGY,
BIOCHEMISTRY,
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY,
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
...............
73
2.7.1
PHOTOCHEMICAL
OR
PHOTO-BIOLOGICAL
QUANTITIES
AND
THEIR
UNITS
......................
74
2.7.2
CONVERSION
OF
RADIOMETRIC
TO
PHOTOMETRIC
QUANTITIES
.........................
75
2.7.3 PHOTOMETRY
AND
PHOTON-NUMBER-BASED
QUANTITIES
...................................
76
2.7.4 UNITS
USED
IN PHOTOMETRY
......................
76
2.7.5
ACTINIC
ACTION
SPECTRUM
.......................
77
2.7.6 TYPES
OF
VISIONS
..............................
77
2.7.7 UNIT
IN
THE
FIELD
OF
SOUND
......................
78
2.7.8
UNITS
IN
THE
FIELD
OF
IONIZING
RADIATIONS
...........
78
2.8
SI UNITS IN
THE
FRAMEWORK
OF
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
............
78
REFERENCES
................................................
79
3
VARIOUS SYSTEMS
OF
UNITS
...................................
81
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.........................................
81
3.2
RELATIONS BETWEEN
THE
QUANTITIES
........................
81
3.2.1
DERIVED QUANTITIES
BY DEFINITION
.................
82
3.2.2
DERIVED QUANTITIES
BY
A
PHENOMENON
.............
84
3.3
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
......................
86
3.3.1
GAUSS SYSTEM
................................
86
3.3.2
CGS SYSTEM
.................................
86
3.3.3
FPS SYSTEM
.................................
87
3.4
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
OF
UNITS
......................
88
3.4.1 GIORGI SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
.........................
89
3.4.2 MAXWELL
SYSTEM
..............................
89
3.4.3 HARTREE
SYSTEM
...............................
89
3.4.4 UNITS
FOR
ATOMIC
AND
MOLECULAR
MEASUREMENTS
.....
89
3.4.5 MCWEENY SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
......................
90
3.4.6
OHM, AMPERE, SECOND
AND
METRE
SYSTEM
..........
90
3.4.7
FORCE,
LENGTH
AND
TIME
SYSTEM
..................
90
3.4.8
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
UNIVERSAL
CONSTANTS
(G, H, E
AND
Q)
..............................
91
3.4.9
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
ELECTRIC
CHARGE,
FLUX,
LENGTH
AND
TIME
.............................
92
3.4.10
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
L,
M,
T
AND
R
................
94
3.5
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
IN
TERMS
OF
L,
M,
T
AND
R-AN
EXAMPLE
..................................
94
3.6 MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
LENGTH
TIME
FLUX
AND
CHARGE
......................................
96
REFERENCES
................................................
96
XIV
CONTENTS
4 METRE CONVENTION
AND
EVOLUTION
OF
BASE UNITS
.................
97
4.1
BIPM
AND
METRE CONVENTION
............................
97
4.1.1
GENERAL CONFERENCE
ON
WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES (CGPM)
............................
98
4.1.2
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE
FOR
WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES (CIPM)
.............................
98
4.1.3 CONSULTATIVE
COMMITTEES
.......................
98
4.1.4 INTERNATIONAL BUREAU
OF
WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES
(BIPM)
.............................
100
4.1.5
LINKAGES
OF
VARIOUS
ORGANS
OF
METRE
CONVENTION
..................................
102
4.2 INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM
OF
UNITS SI
.........................
102
4.2.1
BASE UNITS
..................................
104
4.2.2
LATEST DEFINITIONS
OF
SI
BASE
UNITS
...............
104
4.3
EVOLUTION
OF
BASE UNITS
................................
104
4.3.1
UNIT
OF
TIME
.................................
106
4.3.2
UNIT
OF
LENGTH
...............................
107
4.3.3
UNIT
OF
MASS
.................................
110
4.3.4 UNIT
OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT
........................
112
4.3.5 UNIT
OF
TEMPERATURE
...........................
113
4.3.6 UNIT
OF
AMOUNT
OF
SUBSTANCE (MOLE)
..............
114
4.3.7
UNIT
OF
LUMINOUS INTENSITY
.....................
116
4.3.8
DEPENDENCE
OF
BASE
UNITS
......................
117
REFERENCES
................................................
118
5 NEW DEFINITIONS
OF
SI BASE UNITS
.............................
119
5.1 SEVEN DEFINING
CONSTANTS
AND
SI
BASE
UNITS
...............
119
5.2 IMPORTANCE
OF
DEFINING
CONSTANTS
........................
120
5.2.1
CAESIUM
FREQUENCY
...........................
120
5.2.2
VELOCITY
OF
LIGHT
.............................
120
5.2.3 PLANCK S CONSTANT
.............................
120
5.2.4 ELEMENTARY
CHARGE
............................
120
5.2.5 BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT
...........................
120
5.2.6
AVOGADRO CONSTANT
............................
121
5.2.7
LUMINOUS
EFFICACY
............................
121
5.3
MAGNITUDE
OF
DEFINING
CONSTANT IN SI UNITS
................
121
5.4
FORMAL
DEFINITIONS
OF
SI UNITS
...........................
121
5.4.1 THE SECOND
..................................
122
5.4.2
THE METRE
...................................
122
5.4.3 THE KILOGRAM
................................
122
5.4.4 THE AMPERE
.................................
122
5.4.5 THE KELVIN
..................................
122
5.4.6
THE MOLE
...................................
123
5.4.7
THE CANDELA
.................................
123
CONTENTS
XV
5.5
EFFECT
OF
THE
NEW
DEFINITION
...........................
123
5.5.1
SECOND
.....................................
123
5.5.2
METRE
......................................
124
5.5.3
KILOGRAM
...................................
124
5.5.4
AMPERE
.....................................
124
5.5.5
THE KELVIN
..................................
125
5.5.6
THE MOLE
...................................
125
5.5.7
THE
CANDELA
.................................
126
5.6
EXPRESSING
SI
BASE UNITS IN
DEFINING CONSTANTS
.............
126
5.6.1
THE SECOND IN
TERMS
OF
AVCS
...................
126
5.6.2
THE METRE IN
TERMS
OF
C
AND
S
..................
127
5.6.3
THE KILOGRAM IN
TERMS
OF
H
....................
127
5.6.4
THE AMPERE IN
TERMS
OF
E
AND
S
.................
127
5.6.5
THE KELVIN IN
TERMS
OF
K
.......................
127
5.6.6
MOLE IN
TERMS
OF
NA
..........................
128
5.6.7
CANDELA
IN TERMS
OF
KCD
........................
128
5.7
RELATIONSHIP
MATRIX
...................................
128
5.7.1
DEFINING
CONSTANTS
IN
TERMS
OF
BASE
UNITS
.........
129
5.7.2
BASE
UNITS IN
TERMS
OF
DEFINING CONSTANTS
.........
129
5.7.3
USE
OF
THE
MATRIX
.............................
129
5.8
INTER-DEPENDENCE
OF
BASE UNITS
.........................
129
5.8.1
NEW
SI
UNITS
................................
130
5.8.2
OLD
SI
UNITS
.................................
130
6
REALIZATION
OF
THE
SI
BASE UNITS
(S, M, KILOGRAM)
...............
133
6.1
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
THE
UNIT
OF
TIME
..................
133
6.1.1
ATOMIC
CLOCKS
...............................
133
6.1.2
PRIMARY
FREQUENCY
STANDARDS
...................
133
6.1.3
SECONDARY
REPRESENTATIONS
OF
THE
SECOND
..........
134
6.1.4
INTERNATIONAL
ATOMIC
TIME (TAI)
.................
134
6.1.5
TERRESTRIAL
TIME
(TT),
GEOCENTRIC
COORDINATE
TIME
(TCG)
.................................
135
6.1.6
COORDINATED
UNIVERSAL TIME
(UTC)
...............
136
6.2
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
THE
METRE
........................
136
6.2.1
STANDARD
RADIATIONS
...........................
138
6.3
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
THE
KILOGRAM
(VIA KIBBLE
BALANCE)
....
138
6.3.1
ELECTROMECHANICAL
(KIBBLE)
BALANCES
.............
138
6.3.2
CONSTANT
MAGNETIC
FIELD (GENERATION)
.............
145
6.3.3
CHANGE
OF
THE
RELUCTANCE
OF
THE
YOKE
.............
150
6.3.4
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
OF
THE
RARE EARTH
MAGNET......
150
6.3.5
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
OF
THE
YOKE
MATERIAL..........
151
6.3.6
ENGINEERING
OF
MAGNETS
WITH
SMALLER
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS
.......................
151
6.3.7
ACTIVELY
CONTROLLING
THE
TEMPERATURE
.............
152
XVI
CONTENTS
6.3.8 VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS
.........................
152
6.3.9
VOLTMETER
...................................
154
6.3.10
CURRENT
GENERATION
AND
MEASUREMENT
.............
156
6.3.11 RESULTS
.....................................
161
6.4 PRACTICAL REALIZATION
OF
THE
KILOGRAM (VIA
XRCD
METHOD)
....
162
6.4.1 PRINCIPLE
....................................
162
6.4.2
SPHERE
......................................
164
6.4.3 OBTAINING
28SI-ENRICHED
POLYCRYSTAL
..............
164
6.4.4 SINGLE
CRYSTAL
GROWTH
.........................
165
6.4.5 ISOTOPIC
COMPOSITION
OF
SILICON
..................
166
6.4.6
CRYSTAL
PERFECTION:
EVALUATION
OF
POINT DEFECTS
.....
166
6.4.7 MSL
LAYERS
.................................
168
6.4.8 MOLAR
MASS
..................................
170
6.4.9 LATTICE
PARAMETER
.............................
171
REFERENCES
(KIBBLE BALANCE)
.................................
174
REFERENCES
(XRCD)
.........................................
176
7 REALIZATION
OF
SI BASE
UNIT
AMPERE
AND
OTHER ELECTRIC UNITS.....
179
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.........................................
179
7.2 DEFINITION
OF
THE
ELECTRICAL/MAGNETIC
UNITS
.................
179
7.2.1
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
AMPERE, SI BASE
UNIT
OF
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
........................
179
7.2.2 DERIVED
UNITS
................................
180
7.3
MOLE
...............................................
185
7.4
REALIZATION
OF
MOLE
...................................
186
7.4.1 PURE
SAMPLE
.................................
186
7.4.2
PURE
GAS
....................................
187
7.4.3
CHEMICAL
ELECTROLYSIS
..........................
187
7.5
PRIMARY
METHOD
......................................
188
REFERENCES
................................................
188
8 BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT DEFINING
KELVIN
K
.......................
189
8.1 INTRODUCTION
TO
BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT
......................
189
8.2
ACOUSTIC
GAS THERMOMETRY
AGT
........................
190
8.2.1
MEASUREMENT
AT
NPL,
UK
......................
191
8.2.2
MAIN
UNCERTAINTY
COMPONENTS
..................
193
8.3 RADIATION
THERMOMETRY
................................
194
8.3.1
TOTAL RADIATION
THERMOMETRY
TRT
(STEFAN-BOLTZMANN
MEASUREMENT)
................
195
8.3.2
SPECTRAL-BAND-LIMITED
RADIATION
THERMOMETRY
.....
196
8.4 THERMAL-EQUATION-OF-STATE
METHODS
......................
197
8.4.1
CONSTANT-VOLUME
GAS THERMOMETRY
(CVGT)
.......
197
8.4.2
DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT
GAS THERMOMETRY
............
197
8.4.3
RESULTS
.....................................
199
8.5
REFRACTIVE-INDEX
GAS THERMOMETRY
RIGT
.................
200
8.6 DOPPLER-BROADENING
THERMOMETRY
.......................
202
8.7 NOISE THERMOMETRY
...................................
204
CONTENTS
XVII
8.8
REALIZATION
OF
K (HIERARCHY
OF
TEMPERATURE)
...............
206
8.8.1 TEMPERATURE
SCALE
............................
207
8.8.2 DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
SCALES
....................
207
8.8.3
HIERARCHY
IN
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
...........
208
REFERENCES
................................................
208
9
RADIOMETRY,
PHOTOMETRY
AND
REALIZATION
OF
CANDELA
AND
MOLE
.........................................
213
9.1
SI
UNITS USED IN RADIOMETRY
AND
PHOTOMETRY
...............
213
9.2
TRACEABILITY
AND
REALIZATION
OF
PHOTOMETRIC
UNITS
...........
214
9.2.1
TRACEABILITY ROUTES
FOR
THE
PRACTICAL REALIZATION
OF
PHOTOMETRIC UNITS
..........................
214
9.3
REALIZATIONOF
THE
CANDELA (CD)
..........................
215
9.4
REALIZATION
OF
THE
LUMEN (LM),
SI DERIVED
UNIT
OF
LUMINOUS
FLUX 0V.................................
217
9.5
REALIZATION
OF
THE
LUX (LX), SI DERIVED
UNIT
OF
ILLUMINANCE
EV
.................................
218
REFERENCES
................................................
218
10
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
AND
THEIR UNITS
..........................
219
10.1
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
....................................
219
10.2
UNITS
OF
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
.............................
219
10.3
SI
DERIVED
UNITS
......................................
220
10.3.1
UNITS
EXPRESSED IN TERMS
OF
BASE
UNITS
...........
220
10.3.2
DERIVED UNITS
WITH
SPECIAL
NAMES
...............
221
10.3.3
DERIVED
UNITS
FORMED
FROM
THE
DERIVED
UNITS
WITH
SPECIAL NAMES
...........................
224
10.3.4
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
OF
DIMENSION
1
...............
227
10.4
UNITS
OUTSIDE
THE
SI
...................................
228
10.4.1
UNITS
ACCEPTED
FOR
USE
WITH
THE
SI
...............
229
10.4.2
NON-SI
UNITS
WITH
EXPERIMENTALLY
OBTAINED VALUES
..............................
233
10.4.3
NON-SI
UNITS USED
BY
SPECIAL
GROUPS
.............
234
10.4.4
OTHER
NON-SI
UNITS
WITH
SPECIAL
NAMES
...........
235
10.4.5 OTHER
NON-SI
UNITS
FOUND
IN OLD
LITERATURE
........
235
REFERENCES
................................................
235
11
EXPRESSING
SI UNITS
........................................
237
11.1
INTRODUCTION
.........................................
237
11.2
SLPREFIXES
..........................................
237
11.2.1 RULES
FOR
USING SI PREFIXES
.....................
237
11.2.2
PREFIX
ABOUT
THE
KILOGRAM
......................
239
11.3
WRITING
OF
SI
UNIT SYMBOLS
.............................
239
11.3.1 UNIT SYMBOLS
AND
THEIR COMBINATIONS
............
239
11.3.2 NAMES
OF
UNITS
...............................
240
11.3.3 QUANTITY
CALCULUS
.............................
241
XVIII
CONTENTS
11.3.4
STATING VALUES
OF
QUANTITIES
OF
DIMENSION
ONE...... 244
11.4
EXPRESSION
OF
NUMBERS
................................
245
11.4.1
FORMATTING
NUMBERS
AND
THE
DECIMAL
MARKER
......
246
11.4.2
EXPRESSING
THE
MEASUREMENT
UNCERTAINTY
..........
246
11.5
ADVANTAGES
OF
SI
UNITS
................................
247
11.5.1
HARMONIZATION
OF
UNITS
........................
247
11.5.2
EXPRESSING
THE
VALUES
OF µ0
AND E0
IN TERMS
OF
SI
UNITS
.......................................
249
11.5.3
MAGNETIC
FLUX
DENSITY/MAGNETIZING
FORCE
.........
250
11.5.4
INTENSITY
OF
MAGNETIZATION
......................
251
11.5.5
HOMOGENIZING
OF
UNITS
OF
ENERGY
IN HEAT
.........
252
11.5.6
COHERENT
SYSTEM
.............................
252
11.5.7
COHERENT
DERIVED
UNIT
.........................
252
11.5.8
WELL-DEFINED
UNITS
............................
253
11.6
EXPRESSING
ELECTROSTATIC
AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC
QUANTITIES
IN SI UNITS
..........................................
253
11.6.1
CHARGE
AND
CURRENT
...........................
254
11.6.2
POTENTIAL
....................................
255
11.6.3
ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE
..........................
256
11.6.4
ELECTRICAL
CAPACITANCE
.........................
257
11.6.5
EMU
OF
MAGNETIC
FLUX
.........................
257
11.6.6
MAGNETIC
FIELD
STRENGTH
(FLUX
DENSITY)
...........
257
11.6.7
ELECTRIC
FIELD
................................
258
11.6.8
INDUCTANCE
..................................
258
11.6.9
OERESTED
....................................
258
REFERENCES
................................................
259
12
PAST
EFFORTS
IN REDEFINING
OF
SI UNITS
.........................
261
12.1
IN
TERMS
OF
PHYSICAL
CONSTANTS
..........................
261
12.1.1
BASIS
OF
SI UNITS
..............................
261
12.2
FROM
A
SINGLE
SOURCE
..................................
262
12.2.1
IN TERMS
OF
HYDROGEN
ATOM
....................
262
12.2.2
IN TERMS
OF
ONLY
ONE STANDARD
(FREQUENCY)........
263
12.2.3
IN TERMS
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
CONSTANTS
USING
MAXWELL
EQUATIONS
............................
263
12.2.4
A CONSISTENT
SET
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
CONSTANTS
BY BIPM
...........................
264
12.3
CIPM RECOMMENDATION
1 (CI-2005)
......................
264
12.4
A PROPOSAL
TO
REDEFINE
KILOGRAM,
AMPERE,
KELVIN
AND
MOLE
......................................
266
12.4.1
KILOGRAM
...................................
266
12.4.2
AMPERE
.....................................
266
12.4.3
KELVIN
......................................
266
12.4.4
MOLE
.......................................
266
XIX
CONTENTS
12.5
THE
VALUES
OF
H,
E,
K
AND
NA
............................
267
12.5.1
OBSERVATIONS
.................................
268
12.6
PRACTICAL
STANDARDS
TO
REALIZE KILOGRAM
...................
268
12.6.1
OTHER
METHODS
OF
REDEFINING
KILOGRAM
...........
268
REFERENCES
................................................
269
13
SCIENTISTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENTS
...............
271
13.1
SCIENTISTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
BASE UNITS
.....................
271
13.1.1
ANDERS
CELSIUS
...............................
271
13.1.2
ANDRE
MARIE
AMPERE
..........................
273
13.1.3 AVOGADRO
...................................
273
13.1.4
BOLTZMANN
LUDWIG
EDUARD
.....................
275
13.1.5
LORD KELVIN
.................................
276
13.1.6
PLANCK,
KARL
ERNST LUDWIG MARX (MAX)
...........
277
13.2
SCIENTISTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
DERIVED
UNITS
..................
279
13.2.1
SIR
ISAAC
NEWTON
.............................
279
13.2.2
HEINRICH
RUDOLF
HERTZ
.........................
280
13.2.3
BLAISE
PASCAL
.................................
281
13.2.4 JAMES PRESCOTT
JOULE
...........................
282
13.2.5 JAMES WATT
..................................
283
13.2.6 CHARLES
AUGUSTIN COULOMB
.....................
284
13.2.7
ALESSANDRO VOLTA
..............................
285
13.2.8
MICHAEL
FARADAY
..............................
286
13.2.9
WILHELM
EDUARD
WEBER
........................
287
13.2.10
NICKOLA TESLA
................................
288
13.2.11
JOSEPH
HENRY
................................
289
13.2.12
ANTOINE HENRI
BECQUEREL
.......................
290
13.2.13 LOUIS
HAROLD
GRAY
............................
291
13.2.14 ROLF
M.
SIEVERT
...............................
292
13.2.15 GEORG SIMON
OHM
............................
294
13.2.16 WERNER
VON SIEMENS
..........................
295
13.3
SOME UNITS
NOT
NAMED
AFTER
ANY SCIENTIST
................
296
INDEX
........................................................
297
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
1
OLD
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENT IN
INDIA
.
1
1.1
TIME
INTERVALS
.
I
1.1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.1.2
TIME
INTERVALS
.
3
1.1.3
SIDEREAL
METRICS
.
9
1.1.4
TIME INTERVALS IN
CHANAKIYA
ARTHSASHTRA.
9
1.1.5
MULTIPLICITY IN SMALLER TIME
INTERVALS
.
10
1.1.6
REALIZATION
OF
NAADIKA: A
STANDARD
OF
A
TIME INTERVAL
.
10
1.1.7
LUNAR METRICS
.
11
1.1.8
ADJUSTMENT IN CALENDARS
.
12
1.1.9
MIDDLE-LEVEL
TIME INTERVALS
.
12
1.1.10
BIGGER
TIME INTERVALS
.
13
1.1.11
NAMES
OF
14
MANVANTAR
.
15
1.1.12
TIME
INTERVALS IN TERMS
OF
KALP
.
15
1.1.13
SUMMARY
OF
BIGGER TIME
INTERVALS
.
16
1.1.14
THE
TIME ELAPSED SINCE
CREATION
OF
UNIVERSE
.
17
1.1.15
DATE
OF
COMMENCEMENT
OF
THE
PRESENT
KALIYUG
.
18
1.2
LENGTH
INTERVALS
.
19
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION
.
19
1.2.2
SETS
OF
SMALLER
LENGTH INTERVALS
.
19
1.2.3 UNITS
OF
LENGTH IN MULTIPLES
OF
ANGUL
.
20
1.2.4
TWO KINDS
OF
DANUSH
.
25
1.2.5 SCALE
OF
MOHENJO-DARO
.
26
1.2.6 SUPPORTIVE
EVIDENCES
FOR TAKING
I
ANGUL EQUAL
TO
16.764
MM
.
27
1.2.7 VARIOUS YOJAN
.
28
1.2.8 LENGTH
IN
TERMS
OF
LATITUDE
.
29
1.2.9
PRE-AKBAR LENGTH
MEASURES
.
31
1.2.10 WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES
IN AKBAR
TIME
.
32
RI
$
B1IOTHEK
DEUTSCHES
MUSEUM S
HLUENCHE'A
XII
CONTENTS
1.2.11
LENGTH
UNITS USED BY TAILORS
.
33
1.2.12
LENGTH UNITS IN
DEPENDENT INDIA
.
34
1.3 UNITS
OF
WEIGHT
AND
VOLUME
.
35
1.3.1 INTRODUCTION
.
35
1.3.2
WEIGHTS NOMENCLATURE FROM MANUSMRITI.
36
1.3.3
WEIGHTS IN TERMS
OF
TRESARENU
.
39
1.3.4
CHARAK SYSTEM
OF
WEIGHTS
.
39
1.3.5 WEIGHT
MEASUREMENT IN ANCIENT INDIA
.
41
1.3.6
WEIGHTS
IN
TERMS
OF
GRAIN
OF
RICE (CHAWAL)
.
43
1.3.7 WEIGHTS USED
IN PRE-AKBAR PERIOD
.
46
1.3.8 WEIGHTS
IN COLONIAL (PRE-INDEPENDENCE) YEARS
.
46
1.3.9
CONVENTIONS FOLLOWED BY PUBLIC FOR WEIGHTS
.
48
1.3.10 WEIGHTS
AND
VOLUME MEASURES BY CHANAKIYA
.
49
1.3.11 CONVERSION FACTORS
.
56
REFERENCES
.
57
2
SYSTEM
OF
QUANTITIES
AND
UNITS
.
61
2.1 QUANTITIES
.
61
2.2 SYSTEM
OF
QUANTITIES
.
62
2.2.1 QUANTITY
.
62
2.2.2
BASE
QUANTITY
.
62
2.2.3
SYSTEM
OF
BASE
QUANTITIES
.
62
2.2.4 DERIVED QUANTITY
.
62
2.2.5
QUANTITY
EQUATION
.
63
2.2.6
QUANTITY VALUE EQUATION
.
63
2.2.7 DIMENSION
OF
DERIVED UNIT
.
64
2.3 MEASUREMENT
UNIT
.
64
2.3.1 SYSTEM
OF
MEASUREMENT UNITS
.
64
2.3.2 SYSTEM
OF
BASE UNITS
.
65
2.3.3 DERIVED UNIT
.
65
2.3.4 UNIT EQUATION
.
66
2.3.5 PROPERTIES
OF
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENT
.
66
2.3.6
COHERENT DERIVED UNIT
.
67
2.4
QUANTITY
OF
DIMENSION
I
OR
DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITY
.
68
2.4.1 DIMENSION
OF A
QUANTITY
.
68
2.4.2 QUANTITIES
OF
DIMENSION 1
OR
DIMENSIONLESS
QUANTITIES
.
69
2.4.3 ORDINAL
QUANTITY
.
70
2.4.4 QUANTITY SCALE, MEASUREMENT SCALE
.
70
2.4.5 ORDINAL QUANTITY SCALE, ORDINAL
SCALE
.
71
2.4.6
NOMINAL PROPERTY
.
71
2.5 CONVERSION FACTOR BETWEEN
UNITS
.
71
2.6 QUANTITY RELATIONS
.
72
2.6.1 QUANTITY VALUE
.
72
CONTENTS
XLL]
2.6.2
NUMERICAL
QUANTITY
VALUE
.
72
2.6.3
QUANTITY
CALCULUS
.
73
2.7 UNITS
USED
IN
BIOLOGY,
BIOCHEMISTRY,
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY,
FORENSIC
SCIENCE
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
.
73
2.7.1
PHOTOCHEMICAL
OR
PHOTO-BIOLOGICAL
QUANTITIES
AND
THEIR
UNITS
.
74
2.7.2
CONVERSION
OF
RADIOMETRIC
TO
PHOTOMETRIC
QUANTITIES
.
75
2.7.3 PHOTOMETRY
AND
PHOTON-NUMBER-BASED
QUANTITIES
.
76
2.7.4 UNITS
USED
IN PHOTOMETRY
.
76
2.7.5
ACTINIC
ACTION
SPECTRUM
.
77
2.7.6 TYPES
OF
VISIONS
.
77
2.7.7 UNIT
IN
THE
FIELD
OF
SOUND
.
78
2.7.8
UNITS
IN
THE
FIELD
OF
IONIZING
RADIATIONS
.
78
2.8
SI UNITS IN
THE
FRAMEWORK
OF
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
78
REFERENCES
.
79
3
VARIOUS SYSTEMS
OF
UNITS
.
81
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
81
3.2
RELATIONS BETWEEN
THE
QUANTITIES
.
81
3.2.1
DERIVED QUANTITIES
BY DEFINITION
.
82
3.2.2
DERIVED QUANTITIES
BY
A
PHENOMENON
.
84
3.3
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
.
86
3.3.1
GAUSS SYSTEM
.
86
3.3.2
CGS SYSTEM
.
86
3.3.3
FPS SYSTEM
.
87
3.4
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
OF
UNITS
.
88
3.4.1 GIORGI SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
.
89
3.4.2 MAXWELL
SYSTEM
.
89
3.4.3 HARTREE
SYSTEM
.
89
3.4.4 UNITS
FOR
ATOMIC
AND
MOLECULAR
MEASUREMENTS
.
89
3.4.5 MCWEENY SYSTEM
OF
UNITS
.
90
3.4.6
OHM, AMPERE, SECOND
AND
METRE
SYSTEM
.
90
3.4.7
FORCE,
LENGTH
AND
TIME
SYSTEM
.
90
3.4.8
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
UNIVERSAL
CONSTANTS
(G, H, E
AND
Q)
.
91
3.4.9
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
ELECTRIC
CHARGE,
FLUX,
LENGTH
AND
TIME
.
92
3.4.10
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
L,
M,
T
AND
R
.
94
3.5
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
IN
TERMS
OF
L,
M,
T
AND
R-AN
EXAMPLE
.
94
3.6 MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM
IN
TERMS
OF
LENGTH
TIME
FLUX
AND
CHARGE
.
96
REFERENCES
.
96
XIV
CONTENTS
4 METRE CONVENTION
AND
EVOLUTION
OF
BASE UNITS
.
97
4.1
BIPM
AND
METRE CONVENTION
.
97
4.1.1
GENERAL CONFERENCE
ON
WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES (CGPM)
.
98
4.1.2
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE
FOR
WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES (CIPM)
.
98
4.1.3 CONSULTATIVE
COMMITTEES
.
98
4.1.4 INTERNATIONAL BUREAU
OF
WEIGHTS
AND
MEASURES
(BIPM)
.
100
4.1.5
LINKAGES
OF
VARIOUS
ORGANS
OF
METRE
CONVENTION
.
102
4.2 INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM
OF
UNITS SI
.
102
4.2.1
BASE UNITS
.
104
4.2.2
LATEST DEFINITIONS
OF
SI
BASE
UNITS
.
104
4.3
EVOLUTION
OF
BASE UNITS
.
104
4.3.1
UNIT
OF
TIME
.
106
4.3.2
UNIT
OF
LENGTH
.
107
4.3.3
UNIT
OF
MASS
.
110
4.3.4 UNIT
OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT
.
112
4.3.5 UNIT
OF
TEMPERATURE
.
113
4.3.6 UNIT
OF
AMOUNT
OF
SUBSTANCE (MOLE)
.
114
4.3.7
UNIT
OF
LUMINOUS INTENSITY
.
116
4.3.8
DEPENDENCE
OF
BASE
UNITS
.
117
REFERENCES
.
118
5 NEW DEFINITIONS
OF
SI BASE UNITS
.
119
5.1 SEVEN DEFINING
CONSTANTS
AND
SI
BASE
UNITS
.
119
5.2 IMPORTANCE
OF
DEFINING
CONSTANTS
.
120
5.2.1
CAESIUM
FREQUENCY
.
120
5.2.2
VELOCITY
OF
LIGHT
.
120
5.2.3 PLANCK'S CONSTANT
.
120
5.2.4 ELEMENTARY
CHARGE
.
120
5.2.5 BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT
.
120
5.2.6
AVOGADRO CONSTANT
.
121
5.2.7
LUMINOUS
EFFICACY
.
121
5.3
MAGNITUDE
OF
DEFINING
CONSTANT IN SI UNITS
.
121
5.4
FORMAL
DEFINITIONS
OF
SI UNITS
.
121
5.4.1 THE SECOND
.
122
5.4.2
THE METRE
.
122
5.4.3 THE KILOGRAM
.
122
5.4.4 THE AMPERE
.
122
5.4.5 THE KELVIN
.
122
5.4.6
THE MOLE
.
123
5.4.7
THE CANDELA
.
123
CONTENTS
XV
5.5
EFFECT
OF
THE
NEW
DEFINITION
.
123
5.5.1
SECOND
.
123
5.5.2
METRE
.
124
5.5.3
KILOGRAM
.
124
5.5.4
AMPERE
.
124
5.5.5
THE KELVIN
.
125
5.5.6
THE MOLE
.
125
5.5.7
THE
CANDELA
.
126
5.6
EXPRESSING
SI
BASE UNITS IN
DEFINING CONSTANTS
.
126
5.6.1
THE SECOND IN
TERMS
OF
AVCS
.
126
5.6.2
THE METRE IN
TERMS
OF
C
AND
S
.
127
5.6.3
THE KILOGRAM IN
TERMS
OF
H
.
127
5.6.4
THE AMPERE IN
TERMS
OF
E
AND
S
.
127
5.6.5
THE KELVIN IN
TERMS
OF
K
.
127
5.6.6
MOLE IN
TERMS
OF
NA
.
128
5.6.7
CANDELA
IN TERMS
OF
KCD
.
128
5.7
RELATIONSHIP
MATRIX
.
128
5.7.1
DEFINING
CONSTANTS
IN
TERMS
OF
BASE
UNITS
.
129
5.7.2
BASE
UNITS IN
TERMS
OF
DEFINING CONSTANTS
.
129
5.7.3
USE
OF
THE
MATRIX
.
129
5.8
INTER-DEPENDENCE
OF
BASE UNITS
.
129
5.8.1
NEW
SI
UNITS
.
130
5.8.2
OLD
SI
UNITS
.
130
6
REALIZATION
OF
THE
SI
BASE UNITS
(S, M, KILOGRAM)
.
133
6.1
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
THE
UNIT
OF
TIME
.
133
6.1.1
ATOMIC
CLOCKS
.
133
6.1.2
PRIMARY
FREQUENCY
STANDARDS
.
133
6.1.3
SECONDARY
REPRESENTATIONS
OF
THE
SECOND
.
134
6.1.4
INTERNATIONAL
ATOMIC
TIME (TAI)
.
134
6.1.5
TERRESTRIAL
TIME
(TT),
GEOCENTRIC
COORDINATE
TIME
(TCG)
.
135
6.1.6
COORDINATED
UNIVERSAL TIME
(UTC)
.
136
6.2
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
THE
METRE
.
136
6.2.1
STANDARD
RADIATIONS
.
138
6.3
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
THE
KILOGRAM
(VIA KIBBLE
BALANCE)
.
138
6.3.1
ELECTROMECHANICAL
(KIBBLE)
BALANCES
.
138
6.3.2
CONSTANT
MAGNETIC
FIELD (GENERATION)
.
145
6.3.3
CHANGE
OF
THE
RELUCTANCE
OF
THE
YOKE
.
150
6.3.4
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
OF
THE
RARE EARTH
MAGNET.
150
6.3.5
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
OF
THE
YOKE
MATERIAL.
151
6.3.6
ENGINEERING
OF
MAGNETS
WITH
SMALLER
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS
.
151
6.3.7
ACTIVELY
CONTROLLING
THE
TEMPERATURE
.
152
XVI
CONTENTS
6.3.8 VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS
.
152
6.3.9
VOLTMETER
.
154
6.3.10
CURRENT
GENERATION
AND
MEASUREMENT
.
156
6.3.11 RESULTS
.
161
6.4 PRACTICAL REALIZATION
OF
THE
KILOGRAM (VIA
XRCD
METHOD)
.
162
6.4.1 PRINCIPLE
.
162
6.4.2
SPHERE
.
164
6.4.3 OBTAINING
28SI-ENRICHED
POLYCRYSTAL
.
164
6.4.4 SINGLE
CRYSTAL
GROWTH
.
165
6.4.5 ISOTOPIC
COMPOSITION
OF
SILICON
.
166
6.4.6
CRYSTAL
PERFECTION:
EVALUATION
OF
POINT DEFECTS
.
166
6.4.7 MSL
LAYERS
.
168
6.4.8 MOLAR
MASS
.
170
6.4.9 LATTICE
PARAMETER
.
171
REFERENCES
(KIBBLE BALANCE)
.
174
REFERENCES
(XRCD)
.
176
7 REALIZATION
OF
SI BASE
UNIT
AMPERE
AND
OTHER ELECTRIC UNITS.
179
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
179
7.2 DEFINITION
OF
THE
ELECTRICAL/MAGNETIC
UNITS
.
179
7.2.1
PRACTICAL
REALIZATION
OF
AMPERE, SI BASE
UNIT
OF
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
.
179
7.2.2 DERIVED
UNITS
.
180
7.3
MOLE
.
185
7.4
REALIZATION
OF
MOLE
.
186
7.4.1 PURE
SAMPLE
.
186
7.4.2
PURE
GAS
.
187
7.4.3
CHEMICAL
ELECTROLYSIS
.
187
7.5
PRIMARY
METHOD
.
188
REFERENCES
.
188
8 BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT DEFINING
KELVIN
K
.
189
8.1 INTRODUCTION
TO
BOLTZMANN
CONSTANT
.
189
8.2
ACOUSTIC
GAS THERMOMETRY
AGT
.
190
8.2.1
MEASUREMENT
AT
NPL,
UK
.
191
8.2.2
MAIN
UNCERTAINTY
COMPONENTS
.
193
8.3 RADIATION
THERMOMETRY
.
194
8.3.1
TOTAL RADIATION
THERMOMETRY
TRT
(STEFAN-BOLTZMANN
MEASUREMENT)
.
195
8.3.2
SPECTRAL-BAND-LIMITED
RADIATION
THERMOMETRY
.
196
8.4 THERMAL-EQUATION-OF-STATE
METHODS
.
197
8.4.1
CONSTANT-VOLUME
GAS THERMOMETRY
(CVGT)
.
197
8.4.2
DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT
GAS THERMOMETRY
.
197
8.4.3
RESULTS
.
199
8.5
REFRACTIVE-INDEX
GAS THERMOMETRY
RIGT
.
200
8.6 DOPPLER-BROADENING
THERMOMETRY
.
202
8.7 NOISE THERMOMETRY
.
204
CONTENTS
XVII
8.8
REALIZATION
OF
K (HIERARCHY
OF
TEMPERATURE)
.
206
8.8.1 TEMPERATURE
SCALE
.
207
8.8.2 DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
SCALES
.
207
8.8.3
HIERARCHY
IN
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
.
208
REFERENCES
.
208
9
RADIOMETRY,
PHOTOMETRY
AND
REALIZATION
OF
CANDELA
AND
MOLE
.
213
9.1
SI
UNITS USED IN RADIOMETRY
AND
PHOTOMETRY
.
213
9.2
TRACEABILITY
AND
REALIZATION
OF
PHOTOMETRIC
UNITS
.
214
9.2.1
TRACEABILITY ROUTES
FOR
THE
PRACTICAL REALIZATION
OF
PHOTOMETRIC UNITS
.
214
9.3
REALIZATIONOF
THE
CANDELA (CD)
.
215
9.4
REALIZATION
OF
THE
LUMEN (LM),
SI DERIVED
UNIT
OF
LUMINOUS
FLUX 0V.
217
9.5
REALIZATION
OF
THE
LUX (LX), SI DERIVED
UNIT
OF
ILLUMINANCE
EV
.
218
REFERENCES
.
218
10
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
AND
THEIR UNITS
.
219
10.1
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
.
219
10.2
UNITS
OF
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
.
219
10.3
SI
DERIVED
UNITS
.
220
10.3.1
UNITS
EXPRESSED IN TERMS
OF
BASE
UNITS
.
220
10.3.2
DERIVED UNITS
WITH
SPECIAL
NAMES
.
221
10.3.3
DERIVED
UNITS
FORMED
FROM
THE
DERIVED
UNITS
WITH
SPECIAL NAMES
.
224
10.3.4
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
OF
DIMENSION
1
.
227
10.4
UNITS
OUTSIDE
THE
SI
.
228
10.4.1
UNITS
ACCEPTED
FOR
USE
WITH
THE
SI
.
229
10.4.2
NON-SI
UNITS
WITH
EXPERIMENTALLY
OBTAINED VALUES
.
233
10.4.3
NON-SI
UNITS USED
BY
SPECIAL
GROUPS
.
234
10.4.4
OTHER
NON-SI
UNITS
WITH
SPECIAL
NAMES
.
235
10.4.5 OTHER
NON-SI
UNITS
FOUND
IN OLD
LITERATURE
.
235
REFERENCES
.
235
11
EXPRESSING
SI UNITS
.
237
11.1
INTRODUCTION
.
237
11.2
SLPREFIXES
.
237
11.2.1 RULES
FOR
USING SI PREFIXES
.
237
11.2.2
PREFIX
ABOUT
THE
KILOGRAM
.
239
11.3
WRITING
OF
SI
UNIT SYMBOLS
.
239
11.3.1 UNIT SYMBOLS
AND
THEIR COMBINATIONS
.
239
11.3.2 NAMES
OF
UNITS
.
240
11.3.3 QUANTITY
CALCULUS
.
241
XVIII
CONTENTS
11.3.4
STATING VALUES
OF
QUANTITIES
OF
DIMENSION
ONE. 244
11.4
EXPRESSION
OF
NUMBERS
.
245
11.4.1
FORMATTING
NUMBERS
AND
THE
DECIMAL
MARKER
.
246
11.4.2
EXPRESSING
THE
MEASUREMENT
UNCERTAINTY
.
246
11.5
ADVANTAGES
OF
SI
UNITS
.
247
11.5.1
HARMONIZATION
OF
UNITS
.
247
11.5.2
EXPRESSING
THE
VALUES
OF µ0
AND E0
IN TERMS
OF
SI
UNITS
.
249
11.5.3
MAGNETIC
FLUX
DENSITY/MAGNETIZING
FORCE
.
250
11.5.4
INTENSITY
OF
MAGNETIZATION
.
251
11.5.5
HOMOGENIZING
OF
UNITS
OF
ENERGY
IN HEAT
.
252
11.5.6
COHERENT
SYSTEM
.
252
11.5.7
COHERENT
DERIVED
UNIT
.
252
11.5.8
WELL-DEFINED
UNITS
.
253
11.6
EXPRESSING
ELECTROSTATIC
AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC
QUANTITIES
IN SI UNITS
.
253
11.6.1
CHARGE
AND
CURRENT
.
254
11.6.2
POTENTIAL
.
255
11.6.3
ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE
.
256
11.6.4
ELECTRICAL
CAPACITANCE
.
257
11.6.5
EMU
OF
MAGNETIC
FLUX
.
257
11.6.6
MAGNETIC
FIELD
STRENGTH
(FLUX
DENSITY)
.
257
11.6.7
ELECTRIC
FIELD
.
258
11.6.8
INDUCTANCE
.
258
11.6.9
OERESTED
.
258
REFERENCES
.
259
12
PAST
EFFORTS
IN REDEFINING
OF
SI UNITS
.
261
12.1
IN
TERMS
OF
PHYSICAL
CONSTANTS
.
261
12.1.1
BASIS
OF
SI UNITS
.
261
12.2
FROM
A
SINGLE
SOURCE
.
262
12.2.1
IN TERMS
OF
HYDROGEN
ATOM
.
262
12.2.2
IN TERMS
OF
ONLY
ONE STANDARD
(FREQUENCY).
263
12.2.3
IN TERMS
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
CONSTANTS
USING
MAXWELL
EQUATIONS
.
263
12.2.4
A CONSISTENT
SET
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
CONSTANTS
BY BIPM
.
264
12.3
CIPM RECOMMENDATION
1 (CI-2005)
.
264
12.4
A PROPOSAL
TO
REDEFINE
KILOGRAM,
AMPERE,
KELVIN
AND
MOLE
.
266
12.4.1
KILOGRAM
.
266
12.4.2
AMPERE
.
266
12.4.3
KELVIN
.
266
12.4.4
MOLE
.
266
XIX
CONTENTS
12.5
THE
VALUES
OF
H,
E,
K
AND
NA
.
267
12.5.1
OBSERVATIONS
.
268
12.6
PRACTICAL
STANDARDS
TO
REALIZE KILOGRAM
.
268
12.6.1
OTHER
METHODS
OF
REDEFINING
KILOGRAM
.
268
REFERENCES
.
269
13
SCIENTISTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENTS
.
271
13.1
SCIENTISTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
BASE UNITS
.
271
13.1.1
ANDERS
CELSIUS
.
271
13.1.2
ANDRE
MARIE
AMPERE
.
273
13.1.3 AVOGADRO
.
273
13.1.4
BOLTZMANN
LUDWIG
EDUARD
.
275
13.1.5
LORD KELVIN
.
276
13.1.6
PLANCK,
KARL
ERNST LUDWIG MARX (MAX)
.
277
13.2
SCIENTISTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
DERIVED
UNITS
.
279
13.2.1
SIR
ISAAC
NEWTON
.
279
13.2.2
HEINRICH
RUDOLF
HERTZ
.
280
13.2.3
BLAISE
PASCAL
.
281
13.2.4 JAMES PRESCOTT
JOULE
.
282
13.2.5 JAMES WATT
.
283
13.2.6 CHARLES
AUGUSTIN COULOMB
.
284
13.2.7
ALESSANDRO VOLTA
.
285
13.2.8
MICHAEL
FARADAY
.
286
13.2.9
WILHELM
EDUARD
WEBER
.
287
13.2.10
NICKOLA TESLA
.
288
13.2.11
JOSEPH
HENRY
.
289
13.2.12
ANTOINE HENRI
BECQUEREL
.
290
13.2.13 LOUIS
HAROLD
GRAY
.
291
13.2.14 ROLF
M.
SIEVERT
.
292
13.2.15 GEORG SIMON
OHM
.
294
13.2.16 WERNER
VON SIEMENS
.
295
13.3
SOME UNITS
NOT
NAMED
AFTER
ANY SCIENTIST
.
296
INDEX
.
297 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Gupta, S. V. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1229519890 |
| author_facet | Gupta, S. V. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gupta, S. V. |
| author_variant | s v g sv svg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046914410 |
| classification_rvk | ZQ 3110 ZQ 3100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1195499270 (DE-599)BVBBV046914410 |
| dewey-full | 530.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530.8 |
| dewey-search | 530.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3530.8 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik |
| edition | Second edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046914410 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:29:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:57:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783030439682 9783030439712 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032323774 |
| oclc_num | 1195499270 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 DE-210 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-210 |
| physical | XXIII, 304 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Springer Series in Materials Science |
| series2 | Springer Series in Materials Science |
| spelling | Gupta, S. V. Verfasser (DE-588)1229519890 aut Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units S. V. Gupta Second edition Cham Springer 2020 XXIII, 304 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer Series in Materials Science 122 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Measurement Science and Instrumentation Characterization and Evaluation of Materials History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics Engineering, general Physical measurements Measurement Materials science Physics Engineering Maßeinheit (DE-588)4074617-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd rswk-swf Maßsystem (DE-588)4169063-1 gnd rswk-swf SI-Einheiten (DE-588)4077436-3 gnd rswk-swf Maßeinheit (DE-588)4074617-3 s Maßsystem (DE-588)4169063-1 s Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 SI-Einheiten (DE-588)4077436-3 s Geschichte z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-43969-9 Springer Series in Materials Science 122 (DE-604)BV000683335 122 Digitalisierung Deutsches Museum application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032323774&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gupta, S. V. Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units Springer Series in Materials Science Measurement Science and Instrumentation Characterization and Evaluation of Materials History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics Engineering, general Physical measurements Measurement Materials science Physics Engineering Maßeinheit (DE-588)4074617-3 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd Maßsystem (DE-588)4169063-1 gnd SI-Einheiten (DE-588)4077436-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074617-3 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4169749-2 (DE-588)4169063-1 (DE-588)4077436-3 |
| title | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units |
| title_auth | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units |
| title_exact_search | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units |
| title_full | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units S. V. Gupta |
| title_fullStr | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units S. V. Gupta |
| title_full_unstemmed | Units of Measurement History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units S. V. Gupta |
| title_short | Units of Measurement |
| title_sort | units of measurement history fundamentals and redefining the si base units |
| title_sub | History, Fundamentals and Redefining the SI Base Units |
| topic | Measurement Science and Instrumentation Characterization and Evaluation of Materials History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics Engineering, general Physical measurements Measurement Materials science Physics Engineering Maßeinheit (DE-588)4074617-3 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd Maßsystem (DE-588)4169063-1 gnd SI-Einheiten (DE-588)4077436-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Measurement Science and Instrumentation Characterization and Evaluation of Materials History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics Engineering, general Physical measurements Measurement Materials science Physics Engineering Maßeinheit Geschichte Metrologie Maßsystem SI-Einheiten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032323774&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000683335 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT guptasv unitsofmeasurementhistoryfundamentalsandredefiningthesibaseunits |