Ukraine's nuclear disarmament: a history
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Istorija jadernoho rozzbrojennja Ukraïny |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ukraine's nuclear disarmament |b a history |c Yuri Kostenko ; edited by Svitlana Krasynska ; introduction by Paul J. D'Anieri ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj, Svitlana Krasynska and Olena Jennings |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents 7 Acknowledgments 8 A Note on Transliteration 9 Introduction (Paul J. D’Anieri) 23 Author's Note 31 Chapter 1. An Infant in a Grownups’ Game 83 Chapter 2. Ukraine Formulates Its Position on Nuclear Arms 135 Chapter 3. Breakthrough 187 Chapter 4. The Hawks’ Victory 229 Chapter 5. Going into Reverse 253 Chapter 6. Capitulation 275 Appendices 305 Notes 339 Illustration Credits 343 Index
Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and captions; page numbers in boldface refer to tables. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 25,65,69,77,111,112, 113, 123 Afanasiev, lurii, 52 Aizenberh, lakiv, 64, 66,133,178 Alma-Ata Protocols, 45, 46,72,110, 279-80 Altunian, Henrikh, 54 amyl, 66,88,313n8 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 307Ш2 Applebaum, Anne, 36,100, 308n16, 31Ш69 Arbatov, Georgil, 34, 34, 35, 308n14 Arzamas-16 Nuclear Center, 164 Aspin, Les, 39,141, 200, 200-201, 205, 328Ո29 Attali, Jacques, 118 August Putsch Of 1991,10, 47, 51, 53, 67,127,128, 307n7 Balandiuk, Mykolą, 99 Baltic countries, 28 Baltin, Eduard, 143 Barïakhtar, Viktor, 64,133,156,156 Belarus: position on nuclear disarmament, 76; ratification of nuclear treaties, 19, 82,135,31ІП73; surrender of nuclear weapons, 37, 39,46, 80, 82,126,312n86, 330Ո97,336Ո48 Belavezha Accords, 37,44,45 Biden, Joe, 201,207,202 Bilinsky, Yaroslav, 203 Bilorus, Oleh, 16,139,140, 261 Bizhan, Ivan, 92, 92, 94,147,151 Black Sea Fleet: Crimean bases of, 272,310ոո55-56; dispute over, 63; division of, 54-55, 267, 320n34, 337Ո66; nuclear weapons on, 100; Russia’s claim of, 68,183; Yalta Treaty on, 12,320n34 black soil: contamination of, 57 Blair, Bruce G., 201-2 Blix, Hans, 130 Bongiovi, Robert P., 274 Borzykh, Oleksandr, 84 Broad, William J„ 44,225 Brzeziński, ian, 240 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 17,61, 61, 63 Budapest CSCE summit, 264 Budapest Memorandum: cartoon about, 270; consequences of, 265; failure of, 268-69,335n42; limitations of, 332n22; original idea of, 263; provision on security assurance, 138, 263; Russia's foreign
policy and, 271-73; signing of, 12,263,264-65, 266,266; terms of, 265-266; text of, 300-301; US approach to, 332n22, 332n31; violation of, 336Ո55 Budjeryn, Mariana, 14,305nl Burbulis, Gennadii, 44 Burchak, Fedir, 239 Burns, William F., 49 Bush, George H. W.: address to Parliament of the Ukrainian SSR, 37; “Chicken Kiev” speech, 10, 38; foreign policy of, 10, 75; Kravchuk’s letters to, 76; official visit to Ukraine, 37; Yeltsin and, 38 Buteiko, Anton, 26, 64, 66, 66, 94-96,213-14 Canada’s foreign policy, 325n154 Cassette Scandal (Kuchmagate), 18,125,317ո81 Celec, Fred S„ 163 Center for Security Policy, 204,206,328n40 Cheney, Dick, 61 Chernenko, Vitalii, 84 Cherniak, Volodymyr, 52 Chernobyl disaster, 108, 310Ո61 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant: Shelter Object (Sarcophagus), 315Ո45 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 124,124,125,164, 213,315Ո48 China’s nuclear arsenal, 29, 30 Chornovil, V’iacheslav, 191,307Ш Chuchuk, Markian, 54 Clinton, Bill: at Budapest summit, 264,266; foreign policy, 206, 210,230,231,232; Kravchuk and, 12,130; negotiations at Boryspil Airport, 231-32,252 Clinton, Hillary, 337Ո63 Collective Security Treaty (Tashkent Pact), 312n87 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 82,312ո87 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): creation of, 37; division of military assets, 126; Minsk summit of 1993, 141; Russia's policy toward, 11, 36,142; Strategic Forces, 162,277-78 343
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), 90 Crimea: Russia’s annexation of, 9,269,310n55; Russia’s military bases in, 272, 310n55,310n56 Davos forum (February 1993), 261 Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, 31, 33,132, 225-26, 306n4, 306Ո5 Declaration “On Ukraine’s Nonnuclear Status,’’ 275-76 Decree on Urgent Measures for the Construction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, 31Ш62 Defense Council of Ukraine (DCU), 64-69, 309n48 Dem’ianenko, Vladyslav, 168 Democratic Party of Ukraine, 307n1 Demydov, Hryhorii, 54 Derkach, Leonid, 310n54 Derzhkomatom (Ukrainian State Committee for Nuclear Power Utilization), 105,108,111,112,123,314n38, 316n51. See also Ukratomenerhoprom Dolhanov, Vadym, 166,168 Donbas miners’ strike, 214,327n16 Donbas war, 22,182, 269, 274, 325Ш47, 338n72 Drach, Ivan, 31, 31,31-32, 307n1 Dubinin, lurii: career of, 145; estimate of number of nuclear warheads, 100,311ո69; negotiations on Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament, 90,141,144,145-47,149, 153,165,321Ո46; on November 18 parliamentary resolution, 220; photograph of, 145; on RussianUkrainian draft agreements, 212-13; on security guarantees for Ukraine, 264 Durdynets', Vasyl': debates on nuclear disarmament, 41,128, 155,156,166,188; “hawks’declaration” and, 187,191; on legality of the Trilateral Statement, 248; photograph of, 128; political career of, 128-29; position on nuclear treaty ratification, 174, 200 economic security, 54, 56,57 Egorov, Nikolai, 49 electronic warhead simulators (“equivalents”), 184 environmental security, 54, 57 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD), 71 European security, 17,140, 229 Expert Group for the Investigation of Opportunities for Using Nuclear Material Extracted from Nuclear Weapons, 314Ո27 Eyal, Jonathan, 39 Filonenko, Vitalii, 163 Fokin, Vitold, 44, 55 foreign ministers meeting in Moscow, 70 Fort Plutonium, 164, 314Ո34 43rd Rocket Army: map of unit locations, 119; missile launch facilities, 98; nuclear arsenal of, 94,209; oath of allegiance, 165, 321ո61 France's nuclear arsenal, 29, 30 fuel rod assembly. SeeTVEL Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 230 Garnett, Sherman, 17 344 Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament General Atomics (GA): expertise of, 105-6; meetings with Ukrainian officials, 104-5; nuclear technologies of, 314Ո37; proposal on repurposing of nuclear materials, 94,104-5,106,107, 315Ո41, 315n44 Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE), 61 global security system, 152,274 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 10,16,307n7 Gore, Albert, 181, 315Ո48 government negotiations on nuclear deal: American involvement in, 210; delegations, 151; discussion of compensation for the tactical weapons, 152; first round of, 144-50; Kostenko's opening speech at, 145; results of, 153, 154-55; Russia’s position at, 147-48,149,152-53, 210,211-12; second round of, 152-55; ShmaroVs role in, 210-12; Ukrainian position at, 148-49,210-11. See also Massandra summit Grachev, Pavel, 128,154 Graham, James J., 104,107 Gromov, Boris, 152,153, 153,165,166 Havryliuk, Viktor, 122,156 heavy bombers, 98, 99 Heiets՛, Valerii, 156 heptyl, 66, 88, 313n8 highly enriched uranium (HEU): conversion program, 104,117, 121, 315Ո44; cost of processing,
101,117,315Ո49, 316n64; Derzhkomatom strategy for utilization of, 316n51; as energy source, 88; estimated amount of, 122, 315Ո41; prospect of selling on the global market, 118,120; recommendations on handling, 117-18; storing options, 118; US-Russia agreement on, 149 Holovatyi, Serhii, 31, 32, 41, 42,249 Horyn', Bohdan, 51, 84,159, 208, 215, 216, 307n1 Hryshchenko, Kostiantyn, 151-52,152 lakheieva, Tetiana, 41,191 lakymenko, Oleksandr, 24 lanaiev, Gennadii, 307n7 laroshyns'kyi, Bohdan, 255 lazov, Dmitrii, 307ո7 levtu k hov, Vasyľ, 108 Iliasevych, laroslav, 255, 259 India: Nonproliferation Treaty an.d, 241,333n51; nuclear weapon tests, 29, 243 Information wars: American media in, 178-79; nuclear disarmament and, 176-77; Russia’s methods of, 179-80, 325П147; Ukrainian officials and, 180-81 Institute for Nuclear Research, 113,122 Institute for US and Canadian Studies (Russia), 34 Institute of Government and Law, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 77 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs): in Belarus, 80; destruction of silo of, 271; limits under SALT I and SALT II Treaties, 10; types of, 98,313n14; in Ukraine, 98,100, 133,192 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 10,243, 307П12 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 100,313n25 Inter-Regional Deputy Group, 52
Israel: Nonproliferation Treaty and, 241,333n51; as nuclear weapon state, 29,30,203,241-42 “Issues of Nuclear Safety” seminar, 92,163, 321n63, 322n85 lukhnovs'kyl, Iհօր, 43, 69, 70, 70,103,108, 315Ո41 Izmalkov, Valeril, 54,73 Japan: as member of G7 group, 102; as nonnuclear country, 22, 323ПІ13; nuclear technology, 65, 88,106,116; scientific and technical capability, 58 Kazakhstan: four-way talks between Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and, 214,215, 223; nonnuclear-weapon status of, 81; nuclear treaties signed by, 19,72,74,77,79,167,191, 264, 311Ո73, 318n1, ЗЗШ111; position on nuclear disarmament, 76, 80, 81; Soviet nuclear weapon in, 34, 71,150,180; surrender of nuclear weapons, 37,39,4546, 82,135, 243, 272, 273, 312n86, 330n97, 336n48 Kebich, Viacheslav, 44, 80, 81 Kendzior, la. M., 191 “Key Directions of Ukraine’s Foreign Policy” (document), 207-9 KGB: First Directorate of, 25; influence in the former Soviet bloc, 309Ո46, 332ПІ7; interference in Georgia affairs, 230, 331 n5 Kh-22NA cruise missile, 107 Kharkiv Research and Development Association Khartron, 66, 146,151,168,178 Khmara, Stepan, 51,74,189,207, 207,255 Kirimov, Ivan, 259 Kiselev, Vladimir, 102 Kissinger, Henry, 268 Kisun'ko, Grigoril, 137 Klerk, F. W. de, 85 Kokhno, Valerii, 172 Kokoshin, Andrei, 126 Koniukhov, Stanislav: career of, 150; at Defense Council meeting, 64, 66-67,150; on disposal of launch facilities, 330ПІ04; at government negotiations, 151; Leonid Kuchma and, 84; nuclear expertise of, 67; on operation of nuclear facilities, 67-68; photograph of, 750; proposal on nonnuclear deterrent systems, 172
Konovalov, Vitalii, 122, 237 Korzh, Anatolii, 54 Kostenko, Hryhorii, 55 Kostenko, Yuri: as chair of Working Group, 84; conversations with Brzeziński, 62-63; conversations with Pliushch, 84,187-88; on creation of Working Group, 83-84, 312n6; at Defense Council meeting, 68; on destruction of nuclear arsenal, 224; experience with Russian diplomacy, 320Ո44; “Kiev ft the Bomb: Ukrainians Reply,” 204-5; letter to Kravchuk on plutonium, 116; memo on national security, 54-55; negotiations on Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament and, 23,71-72,154-55,159; personal archive of, 24-25; photograph of, 177; on ratification of START 1,159; on right of ownership of nuclear weapons, 145, 250-51; “Some Observations Regarding the Implementation of START,” 150; speech at the Irpin sanatorium meeting, 145; trip to the US, 107; visit to Russian nuclear plant, 96-97; visit to the 43rd Rocket Army, 94 Kotsiuba, Oleksandr, 239 Kovtunenko, Oleksandr, 159, 241-42 Kozhushko, Oleksandr, 258 Kozyrev, Andrei, 83, 83,135,199 Kravchuk, Leonid: at Alma-Ata summit, 46; approach to security guarantee, 129-30,261-62; on Budapest Memorandum, 335Ո42; on Commonwealth of Independent States, 142; on compensation for nuclear material, 103; conversation with nuclear weapons specialists, 64; criticism of, 237; at Davos forum, 261-62; decrees of, 69,165,311n62; diplomacy of, 70, 76, 110,129,130,132,166,199, 261; interview for Holos Ukrainy on 16 December 1992,131֊ 32; Kostenko’s analytical memo to, 54-55; Kuchma and, 254; at Massandra summit, 19,272; at Minsk summit, 44; at Moscow summit of 1993,113,143; at National Defense
Council meeting, 159; national security policy of, 55-56, 309n48; at NATO headquarters, 97; negotiations at Boryspil Airport, 231-32,232; nuclear disarmament concept of, 18,19, 48, 64-65, 98,130,131-34, 210; opposition to, 144; Parliament vs., 237-40; photographs of, 43,195; political career of, 43,181, 317n109; on ratification of nuclear treaties, 95-96, 218-19; Resolution no. 41 (Res. 41), 55; at Russian-Ukrainian meeting, 141; Russia’s pressure on, 12,155; as signatory of Minsk Agreement, 44; on START ratification, 129; testimony before the Parliament on 3 February 1994, 245, 246, 247,248, 252; understanding of politics, 180, 181; visit to Moscow on 14 January 1994, 233; at Yalta summit, 142 Kravets, Nadiya, 15,305Ш2 Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 307n7, 309n46 Kriukov, Vitalii, 158 Kryzhanivs'kyi, Volodymyr, 136 Kryzhko, Oleksii, 151 Kuchma, Leonid: at Budapest summit, 264,266; criticism of Nunn-Lugar Act, 254; diplomacy of, 181, 267; draft treaties of Massandra Accords, 213; election as president, 253,334Ո1; foreign policy of, 317n81; General Atomics representatives’ meeting with, 104-5; Koniukhov and, 84; Kravchuk and, 254; letter to the Parliament on 2 November 1994, 253-55; on Lisbon Protocol, 251; nuclear disarmament strategy of, 12,18, 251, 262, 309n48,310Ո54, 315n48; photograph of, 794; political career of, 108,125,194,210, 215, 230; presidential campaign of, 334nl; protests against, 725; ratification of NPT and, 253, 255,256, 257-58; resignation as prime minister, 230; Russia’s criticism of, 198; statement on 3 June, 198, 200; technical expertise of, 84,187; Western media
on, 198 Kuchmagate. See Cassette Scandal Kuchma-Gore Commission, 108, 32Qn45 Kukhar, Valerii, 156,157,157 Kyrylenko, V’iacheslav, 306nl launch facilities. See missile silos Law “On Entrepreneurship,” 226 Law “On Ukraine’s Accession to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” 298-99 Lazorkin, Vitalii, 172 Lemish, Valentyn, 54, 239 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 230 Index 345
liquid-propellant missiles, 88, 99,101,146,313n8,313n14. See also SS-18 Satan missiles; SS-19 Stiletto missiles Lisbon Protocol; Article II of, 76; Article V of, 77,78,239; contradictions of, 80,193,197; distribution of quotas under, 312n80; execution of, 60; goal of, 74,76; legal analysis of, 77; media coverage of, 80; outcome of, 82; ratification process of, 23, 75,309n37, 311n73; Russia’s official statement on, 79-80; signatures of the parties to, 77,146; signing ceremony, 75,76; terms of, 11,19, 76, 81,132; text of, 283-84; timeframes of, 174; Ukraine and, 75-76; violation of, 143; Zlenko’s statement on, 78-79 low enriched uranium (LEU): conversion program, 49-50,104, 106,112; cost of transportation and insurance, 117,285, 288; revenues from the sale of, 117,120 Lugar, Richard, 129 Lukianenko, Levko, 51 Luk'ianov, Anatolii, 309n46 Lytvyn, Volodymyr, 306nl Major, John, 264,266 Makarevych, Mykolą, 144 Manhattan Project, 29 Marchuk, levhen: on Budapest Memorandum, 335n42; career of, 53; development of security policy, 55; photograph of, 53; position on nuclear disarmament, 142,171, 231, 316n52, 318ПІ09,323n113; statement on foreign policy, 170 Martynenko, Petra, 156-57 Másol, Vitalii, 255, 259, 259 Massandra Accords: Buteiko’s amendment to, 213-14; criticism of, 211; Russia’s view of, 329n74; signing of, 166, 211, 214, 229, 235, 323Ո102; terms of, 148, 229, 235, 323ПІ02; text of, 285-92 Matsiuk, Anatolii, 239 Mazepa, Ivan, 31 McCurry, Mike, 231 Mearsheimer, John, 13, 36,37, 204 Medvedev, Dmitry, 335n41 Melloan, George, 331n5, 332n17 Melnychenko, Mykolą, 125,317Ո80
Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 264,334nl6 Mikhailov, Viktor, 49 “Military and Political Aspects of Arms Reduction in Ukraine, The” (report), 158-59 Miller, Steven E., 13, 204 Ministry of Defense (Ukraine), 72-73,112,171 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukrainian MFA): disagreement with Ukrainian parliament, 183; headquarters of, 78; information war and, 180,181; Non-Proliferation Treaty ratification and, 128,239,333n51; nuclear disarmament strategy, 43, 80, 93-94,136,154,174,185-86, 210, 225,311Ո68,323Ո99; search for security guarantee, 138; START ratification and, 128; statement on Ukraine’s battle-readiness, 337n64 Minsk Agreement (1991): ratification of, 47; signing of, 44,110, 308n32; terms of, 308n32 Minsk Agreement on Strategic Forces, 46 346 Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament missile fuel utilization, 54, 88,320n36, 322n81,330n104 missile silos: destruction of, 224-25,322n81, 330Ո104; views of, 224,228 mixed-fuel technology, 65,116 Mokin, Borys, 84 Moroz, oleksandr, 51,165, 253, 255, 255, 259, 317n81 Moroz, Viktor, 55 Morozov, Kostiantyn, 96, 213, 329n74 Mostys'kyi, Andrii, 189,190,255 Motiuk, Myroslav, 54 Movchan, P. M., 250 Mukhin, Volodymyr, 253 Mykhtiuk, Volodymyr, 94-95, 95,209,266, 334Ո66 Mysnyk, Pavlo, 84 Mytrakhovych, Mykhailo, 55 Nahulko, Taras, 54 National Committee on Disarmament and the State Administration Committee on Nuclear Policy, 133,134 National Defense Council of Ukraine (NDC), 159-60,161-62 National Disarmament Committee, 188,194,326n1 National Nuclear
Energy Generation Company (Enerhoatom), 314Ո38 National Science Center of the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT), 113-14,117,121, 314n27 national security: concept of, 52,53-56; Kostenko’s memo on, 54-55; military interpretation of, 54,56; parliamentary working group on, 53-54, 56 National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDCU), 54, 309Ո48 National Security Council of Ukraine (NSCU), 54, 55 NATO: conceptual change of, 129; eastward expansion of, 231,233; “Issues of Nuclear Security” seminar, 92-93; Russia’s relations with, 229-30,336n62; security summit in Brussels, 230; Ukraine’s perception of, 140 Navy of Ukraine: formation of, 320n34 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 45, 46, 81, 81-82 Nazarenko, Arnold, 52,53,54 9 May celebrations, 24 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 174 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): arms race and, 242; Belarus’s accession to, 82; definition of nuclear-weapons in, ՅՅՅՈ46; goal of, 241; Kazakhstan’s accession to, 82; parliamentary debates on ratification, 196-97; participants of, 241; Review and Extension Conferences, 242; sanctions for violation of, 91; signatories of, 29-30, 241; terms of, 29-30; vote on extension of, 30 Non-Proliferation Treaty ratification: debates over, 95,253-60; draft Resolutions on, 255-56; lliasevych’s appeal, 258-59; Kuchma’s arguments, 253,256,257-58,259; security guarantees and, 260; Udovenko’s speech on, 256-57,258; Ukraine’s position on, 82,128,160-61, 209; vote on, 259 North Korea’s nuclear arsenal, 29,30 nuclear arms race, 29 nuclear button issue, 66,178 nuclear club: expansion of, 21,241-42, 243
Nuclear Fuel Services (NFS), 315n44 nuclear materials: compensation for, 148; cost of production, 102; estimated quantities of, 102; General Atomics’
proposal on repurposing of, 104-5; for power generation, repurposing of, 88-89,103-9; transportation and storage of, 122; utilization of, 113-16,118-20,123, 124,163,217,226-27, 229, 235, 289,316n51; value of, 101-2; weight estimates, 314n28. See also highly enriched uranium (HEU); low enriched uranium (LEU) nuclear power plants (NPP) in Eastern Europe, 315n46 nuclear weapons: compensation for the cost of, 89, 267; defense system against incidental explosion of, 333n61; detonation tests, 242-43; distribution of, 30; of the former Soviet republics, 75, 87; fuel for, 103,185; global arsenal of, 30,242, 269; loading into container, 265, 268; modernization of, 269; photograph of warheads, 108; protective gear, 88; public opinion poll on, 323n96; security measures, 243; as seed capital, 42; shipment to Russia, 110,113,266,267, 312n86; treaties on control of, 10; types of, 103; value of, 88, 305Ш; weight characteristics of, 96, 97 Nunn, Sam, 129 Nunn-Lugar Act, 254 Objects S (storage facilities), 211,329n70 Oliinyk, Borys, 253 Oliinyk, Ivan, 93 Omelchenko, Mykolą, 54 On Possible Options to Reducing and Limiting Strategic Arms in Line with START I,” 223 "On the Nonnuclear Status of Ukraine” (Parliamentary Statement), 226 Orange Revolution, 43,255, 319n29 Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 24, ЗОбпЗ Ozerne Airfield nuclear weapon processing facility, 274 Pakhomov, lurii, 174,175,324n128 Parliamentary Commission on Budget Planning, Finance and Pricing, 327Ո28 Parliamentary debates of 3 June 1993: closed session, 194; doves’ move, 187-91; Durdynets’ arguments, 191-92;
hawks’ move, 191-96; Kuchma’s speech, 194-96, 200; outcome of, 196-97; Pliushch’s summary of, 197; on right to ownership of nuclear weapons, 192-93; Tarasiuk’s speech, 194; Western media on, 199-200; Zlenko’s speech, 188-91,199 Parliamentary session of 3 February 1994: debate on Article V of the Lisbon Protocol, 244; debate on Ukraine’s nuclear status, 244-45, 246; Durdynets’s statement, 248-49; idea of effective disarmament, 249, 251; Kravchuk’s testimony, 245,246,247, 248, 251-52; MPs deliberations, 249-52; Radets'kyi’s testimony, 245-47, 248; resolution, 252; Zlenko’s testimony, 245, 246,247, 248 Parliament Commission on Foreign Affairs, 136 Parliament of the Ukrainian SSR, 31-34, 52 Parliament of Ukraine (Verkhovna Rada): analysis of the provisions of the NPT, 240; assessment of the Trilateral Statement, 237-40; Committee on nuclear disarmament, 41-42; debate on Lisbon Protocol, 244; debate on Ukraine’s accession to Non-Proliferation Treaty, 244-45; Defense and National Security Commission, 59; expertise in nuclear weapons, 83; first convocation of, 27; hearing on nuclear disarmament, 160; hearings on ratification of START 1,155-56; March 1994 elections, 240,253; photograph of the building of, 40; statement “On the Nonnuclear Status of Ukraine,” 43,73,132,226; statement “On Ukraine’s Right of Ownership of Nuclear Weapons,” 167; Working Group for Addressing the Issues Related to Refining Ukraine's System of National Security, 308Ո29 Parliament of Ukraine’s resolutions: On Additional Measures to Ensure that Ukraine Gains Nonnuclear Status, 110-11, 226, 260,281-82; On
Additional Measures to Ensure Ukraine’s Attainment of Nonnuclear Weapon State Status, 69,73; On the Implementation by the President of Ukraine and Government of Ukraine of Recommendations in Point 11 of the Resolution of the Parliament of Ukraine, 296-97; on ratification of START I (18 November 1993), 216, 218-22, 237, 240, 246, 248, 251, 252, 262; On Ratifying the Treaty Between the USSR and USA on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Nuclear Arms, 226-27; On the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, 293-95; On the Trilateral Statement by the Presidents of Ukraine, the US and Russia, 240 Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963,10 Partnership for Peace, 229-30 Pavliukov, Valerii, 151 Pavlychko, Dmytro, 41, 64-65, 65,130,182, 207-8, 219, 307Ո1 People’s Council (Narodna Rada), 27,306n5 People’s Movement of Ukraine for Reconstruction (Narodnyi Rukh), 31, 306n5, 307Ո1 Perry, William, 267 Pifer, Steven, 14, 263, 332Ո31 Pivdenmash (Yuzhmash, Southern Machine-Building Plant): chief designer of, 64, 66, 84,150,170,172, 248; competition in the global market, 67; director of, 12,194,194; interior view of, 68; Kostenko’s visit to, 310n54; production of nuclear missiles, 71, 81, 98,146,160,187, 310n58, 313Ո14 Piiushch, Ivan: background and career of, 26,54; diplomacy of, 129,130; Kostenko’s conversations with, 187-88; at National Defense Council, 159; order to assess the Trilateral Statement, 237; personality of, 187; photograph of, 54, 195; ratification of START I and, 131,155; support of the Working Group, 53, 83-84, 309n37 plutonium: conversion to nuclear fuel,
112,115-16; as energy source, 88,107; estimated value of, 106,115, 237; Japan’s accumulation of, 116; storage of, 115,116; utilization of, 88-89,235 political prisoners, 51 Popov, Gavriil, 52 Porovskyi, Mykolą, 74 Potter, William C., 99 Powell, Robert, 21 precision-guided weapons, munitions (PGMs), 67,127,172,173, 175,182,193, 223, 247-48 Pressler, Larry, 224 Prykhodko, Viktor, 54 Pugo, Boris, 307n7 Putin, Vladimir, 220-21,336-37n63 Pyatt, Geoffrey, 332Ո22 Index 347
Pylyp Orlyk Institute for Democracy, 177 R֊12 Dvina, 106 Radets'kyi, Vitalii, 219, 231, 245, 245-47, 248 Rasmussen, Fogh, 336n62 ratification of interstate treaties: democratic practice of, ЗЗОпЮО Ratushnyi, Mykhailo, 259 “Relationship between Society and Military in Central and Eastern Europe, The” seminar, 92 Repets'kyi, Vasyl', 158 Revolution of Dignity, 23, 37, 81, 212, 273, 306n2, 336Ո55 Riabchenko, Serhii, 52 Rogozin, Dmitry, 269 Romanov, lurii, 175 Rome Conference of May 1995,196,197 RS-22 ICBM launcher, 272 Rudia, Kostiantyn, 105 Russia: control over CIS’s nuclear forces, 68,162; double standards politics, 321 n55; economic crisis, 49; foreign policy, 230, 332n16; imperialistic ambitions, 230-231; international arms trade, 127; as major threat to world peace, 274,336n62; media attacks on Ukraine, 70,147, 155, 205, 236-37, 323Ո97, 324Ո119; military doctrine of, 128,153; military-industrial complex, 308n14; noncompliance with START I, 330Ո97; nuclear industry infrastructure, 164, 314Ո34; nuclear power of, 30, 269, 272-73, 330Ո97; proposal on Soviet weaponry, 35; revision of defense system, 126; sanctions against, 22, 336Ո55; secret talks with G7 countries, 149; Strategic Nuclear Forces, 149-50,151,152; technical capacities of, 153; territorial claims over Sevastopol, 24,206, 207, 209,216, 258, 267,337Ո66; transfer of the nuclear warheads to, 147, 336n48 Russian diplomacy, 45-48,155,320n44 Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 139, 210 Russia-Ukraine border, 24,266, 310n55,329n70, 336n55, ЗЗбПбЗ, 337Ո65 Russia-Ukraine relations: 1997 agreement, 310n56; diplomatic
scuffle in, 144; economic ties, 36, 317n80, 337n66; Minsk summit of 1993,141-42; Moscow summit of 1993,141,142,143,144; Russia’s vision of, 141-142, 271-273; talks on nuclear disarmament, 136,162, 165-66, 210-11; territorial disputes, 24; Ukraine’s vision of, 142; US role In, 16 Russo-Georgian War of 2008,24, 305n1 Russo-Ukrainian war of 2014, 20, 24,213,271,331Ш1, 336Ո55 Ryzhov, lurii, 52, 52, 309Ո46 Sakharov, Andrei, 51, 51 SALT Treaties, 10 security guarantees: French government approach to, 262; Russian position on, 262,335n33; Ukraine's position on, 260,261,263,319n21; US approach to, 261, 318n15; world practice of, 260-61 Security Service of Ukraine (SBU): development of National Security Policy of Ukraine and, 55; directors of, 24, 53, 310Ո54,323Ո113; name change, 54; nuclear disarmament and, 48, 84, 86, 98,111,142,170,175, 348 Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament 316Ո52,316n53; reform of the KGB into, 124; reports to the Working Group provided by, 112 Selivanov, Volodymyr, 55 Semenets', Serhii, 41,54 Semipalatinsk Test Site, 29 Serebriannykov, lurii, 54,84 Sevastopol: Russia’s territorial claims over, 24, 207,209, 258, 267,337Ո66 Shalikashvili, John, 129 Shaposhnikov, Yevgeny, 126,127, 127,128 Shcherbak, lurii, 52 Shekhovtsov, Oleksii, 84 Shevchenko, Oles, 140 Shevchenko, Vitalii, 258 Shishkin, Albert, 49 Shmarov, Valerii, 210-11, 211, 219, 220 Shovkoshytnyi, V. F., 250 Shteinberg, Mark, 100 Shushkevych, Stanislav, 44, 46,135 Shvatskyi, levhen, 55 Sidak, Volodymyr, 55 Sikorski, Radek, 144 Sinovets, Polina, 305ПІ Skoryk, Larysa, 51,54 Slobodeniuk, Volodymyr, 54 Slocombe,
Walter B., 203 Smirnov, Igor, 49 Sobchak, Anatolii, 52 solid-fuel missiles. See also SS-24 Scalpel missile systems; SS-25 Topol mobile ballistic missile systems South Africa, Republic of (RSA): destruction of nuclear weapons, 29, 85-86 Soviet air defense rockets, 104 Soviet Union: arms reduction treaties, 307n12; dissolution of, 26-27; division of military assets of, 126; national security policy, 309Ո46; nuclear tests in, 29,242-43; nuclear weapons, 34, 97,148; Strategic Rocket Forces, 308n19 SS-18 Satan missiles, 81,135,150,248, 310n58, 313Ш4 SS-19 Stiletto missiles: cost of elimination of, 193; decommissioning of, 67,160, 215, 266; engine case, 101; maintenance of, 148; power of, 313n14 SS-24 Scalpel missile systems: cost of elimination of, 193; decommissioning of, 266; missile silo for, 111; photographs of, 99,114, 122; power of, 98-99; production of, 310Ո58,313Ո14; service of, 71,150,160; Ukraine’s proposal on, 67,172,182 SS-25 Topol mobile ballistic missile systems, 44, 80,126, 313Ո14 Stankevich, Sergei, 52 Starovoitova, Galina, 52 START I agreement: American media on, 136-37; cost of, 94-95,193; implementation mechanisms, 76,222-25; international significance of, 10; negotiations of, 210; parties of, 11; Russia’s preconditions related to, 136; signing of, 37; Soviet collapse and, 77; supplemental protocol to, 39; terms of, 33,75,161,174, 214,251, 307n4; US Senate Committee hearings on, 201 START I ratification: by Belarus, 135; exchange of certificates on, 264; government public statements on, 218-19;
Kravchuk's proposition on, 217-18; legal aspects of, 156-57; obstacles to, 156; parliamentary hearings on, 155-56,196-97, 214-18; preparations for, 95,128, 129,130-31,309Ո37, 314n27; press coverage of, 21920, 221; resolution on, 216,218-22; Russia’s pressure on Ukraine for, 131,136; Russia’s reaction to, 220, 221; by Ukraine, 12, 77,137; Ukraine’s national interests and, 93,161,209; vote on, 218; Working Group and, 131, 215, 216-17 START II agreement: ratification of, 137,220-21; Russia media on, 137; signing of, 11,135,137,143; terms of, 135, 318Ш; Ukraine’s support of, 135; US and Russia’s compliance with, 136 State Committee for Safeguarding the Population from the Effects of the Accident at Chernobyl NPP (Derzhkomchornobyl), 108 State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP), 307n7 State Nuclear and Radiation Safety Committee (Derzhatomnahliad), 95, 96,128 Stevens, Christopher, 14 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SiPRI), 269, 336Ո56 Stoltenberg, Jens, 336n58 Strategic Nuclear Forces in Ukraine, 148,149,151 Strategic Nuclear Forces of the former USSR, 153,154 Strelnykov, Volodymyr, 84 Streltsov, Mikhail, 135,139 Stus, Volodymyr, 54 Sukhorukin, Vladimir, 115 Sukhorukov, Andrii, 54, 84 Sulzhynsky, Walter, 168 Sych, ludi, 333n61 Systems Planning and Analysis, Inc. (SPA), 184-85 tactical nuclear weapons: compensation for, 106,109,146, 152,161, 220,235, 238, 239; Lisbon Protocol on, 21617; transfer to Russia, 68, 69,71,72-74; in Ukraine's nuclear arsenal, 98,100, 311n69; Ukraine’s policy regarding, 226-27, 250, 252, 254; Ukrainian press on, 315Ո48 Talbott,
Strobe, 140,141,202, 206,212, 213, 216,231 Taman Division, 307n7 Tarasiuk, Borys: background and career of, 133,168,194,223; diplomacy of, 138-39,261; photograph of, 138; on security guarantee, 262; on Trilateral Statement, 332n14 Tashkent Pact, 82,312ո87 Techsnabexport company, 49 Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), 177 Tolstov, Serhii, 99,205 Tolubko, Volodymyr, 26, 74, 84, 93,127,158,170-71, 171 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), 35,75, 308Ո12, 337Ո64 Treaty on Open Skies, 307Ш2 Trilateral Statement: information campaign on, 236-37; negotiations of, 332n14; parliamentary deliberations on, 237-40,249; publication of, 233; ratification of, 12; Russian media on, 236; security guarantees issue, 239; signing of, 9,12, 235; supporters of, 239; terms of, 233-35; Ukrainian law and, 233-35, 236 “Trilateral Statement of the Presidents of Ukraine, the US and Russia,” 222 Tupolev TU-95MS strategic bombers, 88, 99,313Ш9 Tupolev Tu-160 ultramodern strategic bombers, 88, 99, 313ПІ9 Tuzla Island: Russia’s claim of, 24, 268-69,310ո55 TVEL (fuel rod assembly), 89,101,107; reprocessing of HEU into, 117-20 Tyma, ludi, 255 Tymoshenko, Viktor, 171 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 310Ո56, 315n48 Udovenko, Hennadii, 144, 256,262,334n16 Ukraine: armed forces of, 20,35,171,267,273,325Ш55; August Putsch and, 51; budget of, 94; Canada and, 325Ո154; constitution of, 18; currency depreciation, 28,310Ո53, ЗЗІПЗ; declaration of sovereignty, 10; dependence on Russia, 12,324n128; diplomacy of, 327n24; economic development of, 12, 20, 230, 306n6, 310П53, 331ՈՅ; energy sector of, 103; European
Union and, 140,181-82, 319n29; executive branch of, 18, 27, 28-29; foreign policy of, 169, 207-9, 229, 325Ո147; government of, 124,125,126,199; information war and, 177; institutional conflict in, 18; legal recognition of property of, 158, 226; military doctrine, 169-72,173, 324Ш23; military-industrial complex of, 53; national security policy, 23,54,56-59, 60,169, 309n48; NATO membership debates, 16, 24,140-41,306n2, 319n21; non-nuclear status of, 10, 31-32,33,41,78,79; nuclear power industry, 314Ո36, 314Ո38,316n51; oath of allegiance to, 154,321n61; parallel with Bosnia, 202-3; path to Eurointegration of, 272; political development of, 17-18, 27-28, 307n1; ratification of arms reduction treaties, 82,128-29, 308Ш2; reform program, 51-53, 229; right of ownership over nuclear weapons, 227; Russia’s invasion of, 21, 22,24; security dilemma of, 11, 21; Soviet debt and, 158; technical capabilities of, 66; territory of, 27. See also Russia-Ukraine relations Ukraine-Hungary relations, 182-83 Ukraine's nuclear arsenal: conversion to nuclear fuel assemblies, 50; cost of maintenance of, 160,171; debates on ownership of, 145-46,158,159-60,165,166,167-68, 192-93; discussions about future of, 92,163-65, 319n29; estimated quantity of, 30, 98-100,100; heavy bombers, 98-99; information exchange about, 92, 94,98; limits of reduction of, 162; myths about, 163; proposal of international control of, 184; removal from battle duty, 160; status of, 70-71; storage program for, 163-64; strategic nuclear missiles, 88,101; type of weapons, 100 Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament: Arbatov plan, 34-36,
45,147; beginning of, 33; compensation for, 16,102-3,315Ո48, 334n66; consequences of, 21-22; cooperation with the West, 42-43, 90; cost of, 94,183-84, 326-327n7; counterfactual scenarios of, 19-21; Defense Council meeting on, 64-69; expert opinion on, 97,158-59; future implications of, 21-22; global security and, 26970; idea of transfer weapons to Russia, 43,44-45, 46, 86; Kostenko’s arguments about, 15-19; Kyiv’s plan for, 41-45, 87-90, 31ІП73; lack of guiding documents about, 311Ո68; media coverage of, 178,182, 312n6; national Index 349
interests and, 60, 83,157-58; parliamentary hearings on, 15-16,41-42,155-56; results of, 273-74; Russia’s approach to, 36, 37, 45-48,147, 211, 303,331Ո111; security guarantees, 20,138-41,161; studies of, 13-15, 17,24-25,36; technical aspects related to, 69-70,71; Ukraine’s bargaining position on, 16,18-19, 225-27; United States and, 16,17, 37-39,40,74,129,161,182, 204,270-71; Western perception of, 22,38-39; White House plan for, 37-40 Ukraine’s nuclear fuel cycle, 108-9,110,111-12 Ukrainian-American relations, 37,39-40,182,183,200-6, 216, 229, 273-74, 32Ш55, 328Ո30, 332n23 Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, 207 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 24, ЗОбпЗ Ukrainian KGB: dissolution of, 52-53; leadership and personnel of, 51; reform of, 51-53,124; telecommunication channels with the Kremlin, 124-25 Ukrainian Republican Party, 207, 208,307n1 Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), 25,26 Ukratomenerhoprom, 314ո38. See also Derzhkomatom Unified Command Post (UCP), 116,118,120 United Armed Forces of the CIS, 126 United States: foreign policy of, 40; nuclear advantage of, 30, 269-70, 273; nuclear power centers of, 102,107; purchase of highly enriched uranium (HEU), 48-49; Senate hearings on Ukraine, 203-4,209; support of assessment of the Trilateral Statement, 238-39; creation of, 84,309n37,312n6; dismissal of, 129; effectiveness of, 131; expert committee of, 113; “For Service Use” policy brief, 196; meetings of, 168; members of, 84,131; recommendations of, 86,193-94,197,216-17; tasks of, 84-85 Yalta summit, 12,19, 211 Yastrzhembsky, Sergey, 168 Yeltsin, Boris:
Alma-Ata Protocol, 46; approach to democracy, 233; background and career of, 47; at Budapest summit, 264,266; foreign policy of, 317n80, 327n16,337n66; with George H. W. Bush, 38; in Masandra, 212; at Moscow summit of 1993,113,143; negotiations with Kravchuk, 132; photograph of, 47; at Russian-Ukralnian meeting, 141; signing of the Minsk Agreement, 44; at the Yalta summit, 142 Yushchenko, Victor, 43, 53, 255, 305n1, 319n21 Yuzhmash. See Pivdenmash Zaiets', Ivan, 41,54, 84,190 Zakaria, Fareed, 204 Zelens'kyi, Viktor, 64,113, 113,115,118,314n27 Zenit space systems, 310ո58 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 230, 230 Zlenko, Anatolii: arguments for nuclear disarmament, 64-66,185-86, 189,199, 248, 318Ո109, 326ՈՈՅ-4; background and career of, 67; development of security policy, 55; diplomacy of, 48,70,231; on foreign policy of Ukraine, 208-9,326n6; joint press conference with Kozyrev, 83; photograph of, 67; ratification of START I and, 219, 220; on security guarantees for Ukraine, 139, 319n21,326n5; statement on Lisbon Protocol, 78-79; support of START II, 135; testimony before the Parliament on 3 February 1994,245,246,247,248; on Ukraine’s ownership of nuclear weapons, 190; visit to Moscow, 83; Western media on, 199 Zviahils'kyl, lefym, 231 nuclear non-proliferation, 11, 39, 40 Ural Electrochemical Combine (Sverdlovsk-44), 49, 97 uranium enrichment, 65-66 uranium-plutonium oxide (MOX), 65 US-Russian Uranium Deal, 48-50,101,102,106,117 Valenia, 1.1., 250 Varennikov, Valentin, 307n7 Vasylenko, Volodymyr, 32-33, 33 Vienna conventions, 87 Vítových, Oleh, 255 VVER-1000 nuclear power reactors,
109,111,118,119,122 Vydrln, Dmytro, 156 Vyshnevs'kyi, Ivan, 64,65-66,116 Warsaw Pact, 3l3n10 Western media: bias of, 177; coverage of Ukraine’s disarmament, 178-79,180,183,198,199, 201, 308Ш9 Westinghouse company, 103,108,109, 315Ո46,315n47 Wisner, Frank, 16,140,261 Wolsack, Henk, 164 Woolsey, Robert James, Jr., 136,202, 202, 308n19 Working Group for Addressing Issues Related to Ratification of START and to Ukraine’s Attaining a Non-Nuclear Status: ԽթրԽօհտ 350 Ukraine’s Nuclear Disarmament Staatsbibliothek ! München |
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Contents 7 Acknowledgments 8 A Note on Transliteration 9 Introduction (Paul J. D’Anieri) 23 Author's Note 31 Chapter 1. An Infant in a Grownups’ Game 83 Chapter 2. Ukraine Formulates Its Position on Nuclear Arms 135 Chapter 3. Breakthrough 187 Chapter 4. The Hawks’ Victory 229 Chapter 5. Going into Reverse 253 Chapter 6. Capitulation 275 Appendices 305 Notes 339 Illustration Credits 343 Index
Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and captions; page numbers in boldface refer to tables. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 25,65,69,77,111,112, 113, 123 Afanasiev, lurii, 52 Aizenberh, lakiv, 64, 66,133,178 Alma-Ata Protocols, 45, 46,72,110, 279-80 Altunian, Henrikh, 54 amyl, 66,88,313n8 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 307Ш2 Applebaum, Anne, 36,100, 308n16, 31Ш69 Arbatov, Georgil, 34, 34, 35, 308n14 Arzamas-16 Nuclear Center, 164 Aspin, Les, 39,141, 200, 200-201, 205, 328Ո29 Attali, Jacques, 118 August Putsch Of 1991,10, 47, 51, 53, 67,127,128, 307n7 Balandiuk, Mykolą, 99 Baltic countries, 28 Baltin, Eduard, 143 Barïakhtar, Viktor, 64,133,156,156 Belarus: position on nuclear disarmament, 76; ratification of nuclear treaties, 19, 82,135,31ІП73; surrender of nuclear weapons, 37, 39,46, 80, 82,126,312n86, 330Ո97,336Ո48 Belavezha Accords, 37,44,45 Biden, Joe, 201,207,202 Bilinsky, Yaroslav, 203 Bilorus, Oleh, 16,139,140, 261 Bizhan, Ivan, 92, 92, 94,147,151 Black Sea Fleet: Crimean bases of, 272,310ոո55-56; dispute over, 63; division of, 54-55, 267, 320n34, 337Ո66; nuclear weapons on, 100; Russia’s claim of, 68,183; Yalta Treaty on, 12,320n34 black soil: contamination of, 57 Blair, Bruce G., 201-2 Blix, Hans, 130 Bongiovi, Robert P., 274 Borzykh, Oleksandr, 84 Broad, William J„ 44,225 Brzeziński, ian, 240 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 17,61, 61, 63 Budapest CSCE summit, 264 Budapest Memorandum: cartoon about, 270; consequences of, 265; failure of, 268-69,335n42; limitations of, 332n22; original idea of, 263; provision on security assurance, 138, 263; Russia's foreign
policy and, 271-73; signing of, 12,263,264-65, 266,266; terms of, 265-266; text of, 300-301; US approach to, 332n22, 332n31; violation of, 336Ո55 Budjeryn, Mariana, 14,305nl Burbulis, Gennadii, 44 Burchak, Fedir, 239 Burns, William F., 49 Bush, George H. W.: address to Parliament of the Ukrainian SSR, 37; “Chicken Kiev” speech, 10, 38; foreign policy of, 10, 75; Kravchuk’s letters to, 76; official visit to Ukraine, 37; Yeltsin and, 38 Buteiko, Anton, 26, 64, 66, 66, 94-96,213-14 Canada’s foreign policy, 325n154 Cassette Scandal (Kuchmagate), 18,125,317ո81 Celec, Fred S„ 163 Center for Security Policy, 204,206,328n40 Cheney, Dick, 61 Chernenko, Vitalii, 84 Cherniak, Volodymyr, 52 Chernobyl disaster, 108, 310Ո61 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant: Shelter Object (Sarcophagus), 315Ո45 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 124,124,125,164, 213,315Ո48 China’s nuclear arsenal, 29, 30 Chornovil, V’iacheslav, 191,307Ш Chuchuk, Markian, 54 Clinton, Bill: at Budapest summit, 264,266; foreign policy, 206, 210,230,231,232; Kravchuk and, 12,130; negotiations at Boryspil Airport, 231-32,252 Clinton, Hillary, 337Ո63 Collective Security Treaty (Tashkent Pact), 312n87 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 82,312ո87 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): creation of, 37; division of military assets, 126; Minsk summit of 1993, 141; Russia's policy toward, 11, 36,142; Strategic Forces, 162,277-78 343
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom), 90 Crimea: Russia’s annexation of, 9,269,310n55; Russia’s military bases in, 272, 310n55,310n56 Davos forum (February 1993), 261 Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, 31, 33,132, 225-26, 306n4, 306Ո5 Declaration “On Ukraine’s Nonnuclear Status,’’ 275-76 Decree on Urgent Measures for the Construction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, 31Ш62 Defense Council of Ukraine (DCU), 64-69, 309n48 Dem’ianenko, Vladyslav, 168 Democratic Party of Ukraine, 307n1 Demydov, Hryhorii, 54 Derkach, Leonid, 310n54 Derzhkomatom (Ukrainian State Committee for Nuclear Power Utilization), 105,108,111,112,123,314n38, 316n51. See also Ukratomenerhoprom Dolhanov, Vadym, 166,168 Donbas miners’ strike, 214,327n16 Donbas war, 22,182, 269, 274, 325Ш47, 338n72 Drach, Ivan, 31, 31,31-32, 307n1 Dubinin, lurii: career of, 145; estimate of number of nuclear warheads, 100,311ո69; negotiations on Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament, 90,141,144,145-47,149, 153,165,321Ո46; on November 18 parliamentary resolution, 220; photograph of, 145; on RussianUkrainian draft agreements, 212-13; on security guarantees for Ukraine, 264 Durdynets', Vasyl': debates on nuclear disarmament, 41,128, 155,156,166,188; “hawks’declaration” and, 187,191; on legality of the Trilateral Statement, 248; photograph of, 128; political career of, 128-29; position on nuclear treaty ratification, 174, 200 economic security, 54, 56,57 Egorov, Nikolai, 49 electronic warhead simulators (“equivalents”), 184 environmental security, 54, 57 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD), 71 European security, 17,140, 229 Expert Group for the Investigation of Opportunities for Using Nuclear Material Extracted from Nuclear Weapons, 314Ո27 Eyal, Jonathan, 39 Filonenko, Vitalii, 163 Fokin, Vitold, 44, 55 foreign ministers meeting in Moscow, 70 Fort Plutonium, 164, 314Ո34 43rd Rocket Army: map of unit locations, 119; missile launch facilities, 98; nuclear arsenal of, 94,209; oath of allegiance, 165, 321ո61 France's nuclear arsenal, 29, 30 fuel rod assembly. SeeTVEL Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 230 Garnett, Sherman, 17 344 Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament General Atomics (GA): expertise of, 105-6; meetings with Ukrainian officials, 104-5; nuclear technologies of, 314Ո37; proposal on repurposing of nuclear materials, 94,104-5,106,107, 315Ո41, 315n44 Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE), 61 global security system, 152,274 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 10,16,307n7 Gore, Albert, 181, 315Ո48 government negotiations on nuclear deal: American involvement in, 210; delegations, 151; discussion of compensation for the tactical weapons, 152; first round of, 144-50; Kostenko's opening speech at, 145; results of, 153, 154-55; Russia’s position at, 147-48,149,152-53, 210,211-12; second round of, 152-55; ShmaroVs role in, 210-12; Ukrainian position at, 148-49,210-11. See also Massandra summit Grachev, Pavel, 128,154 Graham, James J., 104,107 Gromov, Boris, 152,153, 153,165,166 Havryliuk, Viktor, 122,156 heavy bombers, 98, 99 Heiets՛, Valerii, 156 heptyl, 66, 88, 313n8 highly enriched uranium (HEU): conversion program, 104,117, 121, 315Ո44; cost of processing,
101,117,315Ո49, 316n64; Derzhkomatom strategy for utilization of, 316n51; as energy source, 88; estimated amount of, 122, 315Ո41; prospect of selling on the global market, 118,120; recommendations on handling, 117-18; storing options, 118; US-Russia agreement on, 149 Holovatyi, Serhii, 31, 32, 41, 42,249 Horyn', Bohdan, 51, 84,159, 208, 215, 216, 307n1 Hryshchenko, Kostiantyn, 151-52,152 lakheieva, Tetiana, 41,191 lakymenko, Oleksandr, 24 lanaiev, Gennadii, 307n7 laroshyns'kyi, Bohdan, 255 lazov, Dmitrii, 307ո7 levtu k hov, Vasyľ, 108 Iliasevych, laroslav, 255, 259 India: Nonproliferation Treaty an.d, 241,333n51; nuclear weapon tests, 29, 243 Information wars: American media in, 178-79; nuclear disarmament and, 176-77; Russia’s methods of, 179-80, 325П147; Ukrainian officials and, 180-81 Institute for Nuclear Research, 113,122 Institute for US and Canadian Studies (Russia), 34 Institute of Government and Law, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 77 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs): in Belarus, 80; destruction of silo of, 271; limits under SALT I and SALT II Treaties, 10; types of, 98,313n14; in Ukraine, 98,100, 133,192 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 10,243, 307П12 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 100,313n25 Inter-Regional Deputy Group, 52
Israel: Nonproliferation Treaty and, 241,333n51; as nuclear weapon state, 29,30,203,241-42 “Issues of Nuclear Safety” seminar, 92,163, 321n63, 322n85 lukhnovs'kyl, Iհօր, 43, 69, 70, 70,103,108, 315Ո41 Izmalkov, Valeril, 54,73 Japan: as member of G7 group, 102; as nonnuclear country, 22, 323ПІ13; nuclear technology, 65, 88,106,116; scientific and technical capability, 58 Kazakhstan: four-way talks between Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and, 214,215, 223; nonnuclear-weapon status of, 81; nuclear treaties signed by, 19,72,74,77,79,167,191, 264, 311Ո73, 318n1, ЗЗШ111; position on nuclear disarmament, 76, 80, 81; Soviet nuclear weapon in, 34, 71,150,180; surrender of nuclear weapons, 37,39,4546, 82,135, 243, 272, 273, 312n86, 330n97, 336n48 Kebich, Viacheslav, 44, 80, 81 Kendzior, la. M., 191 “Key Directions of Ukraine’s Foreign Policy” (document), 207-9 KGB: First Directorate of, 25; influence in the former Soviet bloc, 309Ո46, 332ПІ7; interference in Georgia affairs, 230, 331 n5 Kh-22NA cruise missile, 107 Kharkiv Research and Development Association Khartron, 66, 146,151,168,178 Khmara, Stepan, 51,74,189,207, 207,255 Kirimov, Ivan, 259 Kiselev, Vladimir, 102 Kissinger, Henry, 268 Kisun'ko, Grigoril, 137 Klerk, F. W. de, 85 Kokhno, Valerii, 172 Kokoshin, Andrei, 126 Koniukhov, Stanislav: career of, 150; at Defense Council meeting, 64, 66-67,150; on disposal of launch facilities, 330ПІ04; at government negotiations, 151; Leonid Kuchma and, 84; nuclear expertise of, 67; on operation of nuclear facilities, 67-68; photograph of, 750; proposal on nonnuclear deterrent systems, 172
Konovalov, Vitalii, 122, 237 Korzh, Anatolii, 54 Kostenko, Hryhorii, 55 Kostenko, Yuri: as chair of Working Group, 84; conversations with Brzeziński, 62-63; conversations with Pliushch, 84,187-88; on creation of Working Group, 83-84, 312n6; at Defense Council meeting, 68; on destruction of nuclear arsenal, 224; experience with Russian diplomacy, 320Ո44; “Kiev ft the Bomb: Ukrainians Reply,” 204-5; letter to Kravchuk on plutonium, 116; memo on national security, 54-55; negotiations on Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament and, 23,71-72,154-55,159; personal archive of, 24-25; photograph of, 177; on ratification of START 1,159; on right of ownership of nuclear weapons, 145, 250-51; “Some Observations Regarding the Implementation of START,” 150; speech at the Irpin sanatorium meeting, 145; trip to the US, 107; visit to Russian nuclear plant, 96-97; visit to the 43rd Rocket Army, 94 Kotsiuba, Oleksandr, 239 Kovtunenko, Oleksandr, 159, 241-42 Kozhushko, Oleksandr, 258 Kozyrev, Andrei, 83, 83,135,199 Kravchuk, Leonid: at Alma-Ata summit, 46; approach to security guarantee, 129-30,261-62; on Budapest Memorandum, 335Ո42; on Commonwealth of Independent States, 142; on compensation for nuclear material, 103; conversation with nuclear weapons specialists, 64; criticism of, 237; at Davos forum, 261-62; decrees of, 69,165,311n62; diplomacy of, 70, 76, 110,129,130,132,166,199, 261; interview for Holos Ukrainy on 16 December 1992,131֊ 32; Kostenko’s analytical memo to, 54-55; Kuchma and, 254; at Massandra summit, 19,272; at Minsk summit, 44; at Moscow summit of 1993,113,143; at National Defense
Council meeting, 159; national security policy of, 55-56, 309n48; at NATO headquarters, 97; negotiations at Boryspil Airport, 231-32,232; nuclear disarmament concept of, 18,19, 48, 64-65, 98,130,131-34, 210; opposition to, 144; Parliament vs., 237-40; photographs of, 43,195; political career of, 43,181, 317n109; on ratification of nuclear treaties, 95-96, 218-19; Resolution no. 41 (Res. 41), 55; at Russian-Ukrainian meeting, 141; Russia’s pressure on, 12,155; as signatory of Minsk Agreement, 44; on START ratification, 129; testimony before the Parliament on 3 February 1994, 245, 246, 247,248, 252; understanding of politics, 180, 181; visit to Moscow on 14 January 1994, 233; at Yalta summit, 142 Kravets, Nadiya, 15,305Ш2 Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 307n7, 309n46 Kriukov, Vitalii, 158 Kryzhanivs'kyi, Volodymyr, 136 Kryzhko, Oleksii, 151 Kuchma, Leonid: at Budapest summit, 264,266; criticism of Nunn-Lugar Act, 254; diplomacy of, 181, 267; draft treaties of Massandra Accords, 213; election as president, 253,334Ո1; foreign policy of, 317n81; General Atomics representatives’ meeting with, 104-5; Koniukhov and, 84; Kravchuk and, 254; letter to the Parliament on 2 November 1994, 253-55; on Lisbon Protocol, 251; nuclear disarmament strategy of, 12,18, 251, 262, 309n48,310Ո54, 315n48; photograph of, 794; political career of, 108,125,194,210, 215, 230; presidential campaign of, 334nl; protests against, 725; ratification of NPT and, 253, 255,256, 257-58; resignation as prime minister, 230; Russia’s criticism of, 198; statement on 3 June, 198, 200; technical expertise of, 84,187; Western media
on, 198 Kuchmagate. See Cassette Scandal Kuchma-Gore Commission, 108, 32Qn45 Kukhar, Valerii, 156,157,157 Kyrylenko, V’iacheslav, 306nl launch facilities. See missile silos Law “On Entrepreneurship,” 226 Law “On Ukraine’s Accession to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” 298-99 Lazorkin, Vitalii, 172 Lemish, Valentyn, 54, 239 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 230 Index 345
liquid-propellant missiles, 88, 99,101,146,313n8,313n14. See also SS-18 Satan missiles; SS-19 Stiletto missiles Lisbon Protocol; Article II of, 76; Article V of, 77,78,239; contradictions of, 80,193,197; distribution of quotas under, 312n80; execution of, 60; goal of, 74,76; legal analysis of, 77; media coverage of, 80; outcome of, 82; ratification process of, 23, 75,309n37, 311n73; Russia’s official statement on, 79-80; signatures of the parties to, 77,146; signing ceremony, 75,76; terms of, 11,19, 76, 81,132; text of, 283-84; timeframes of, 174; Ukraine and, 75-76; violation of, 143; Zlenko’s statement on, 78-79 low enriched uranium (LEU): conversion program, 49-50,104, 106,112; cost of transportation and insurance, 117,285, 288; revenues from the sale of, 117,120 Lugar, Richard, 129 Lukianenko, Levko, 51 Luk'ianov, Anatolii, 309n46 Lytvyn, Volodymyr, 306nl Major, John, 264,266 Makarevych, Mykolą, 144 Manhattan Project, 29 Marchuk, levhen: on Budapest Memorandum, 335n42; career of, 53; development of security policy, 55; photograph of, 53; position on nuclear disarmament, 142,171, 231, 316n52, 318ПІ09,323n113; statement on foreign policy, 170 Martynenko, Petra, 156-57 Másol, Vitalii, 255, 259, 259 Massandra Accords: Buteiko’s amendment to, 213-14; criticism of, 211; Russia’s view of, 329n74; signing of, 166, 211, 214, 229, 235, 323Ո102; terms of, 148, 229, 235, 323ПІ02; text of, 285-92 Matsiuk, Anatolii, 239 Mazepa, Ivan, 31 McCurry, Mike, 231 Mearsheimer, John, 13, 36,37, 204 Medvedev, Dmitry, 335n41 Melloan, George, 331n5, 332n17 Melnychenko, Mykolą, 125,317Ո80
Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 264,334nl6 Mikhailov, Viktor, 49 “Military and Political Aspects of Arms Reduction in Ukraine, The” (report), 158-59 Miller, Steven E., 13, 204 Ministry of Defense (Ukraine), 72-73,112,171 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukrainian MFA): disagreement with Ukrainian parliament, 183; headquarters of, 78; information war and, 180,181; Non-Proliferation Treaty ratification and, 128,239,333n51; nuclear disarmament strategy, 43, 80, 93-94,136,154,174,185-86, 210, 225,311Ո68,323Ո99; search for security guarantee, 138; START ratification and, 128; statement on Ukraine’s battle-readiness, 337n64 Minsk Agreement (1991): ratification of, 47; signing of, 44,110, 308n32; terms of, 308n32 Minsk Agreement on Strategic Forces, 46 346 Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament missile fuel utilization, 54, 88,320n36, 322n81,330n104 missile silos: destruction of, 224-25,322n81, 330Ո104; views of, 224,228 mixed-fuel technology, 65,116 Mokin, Borys, 84 Moroz, oleksandr, 51,165, 253, 255, 255, 259, 317n81 Moroz, Viktor, 55 Morozov, Kostiantyn, 96, 213, 329n74 Mostys'kyi, Andrii, 189,190,255 Motiuk, Myroslav, 54 Movchan, P. M., 250 Mukhin, Volodymyr, 253 Mykhtiuk, Volodymyr, 94-95, 95,209,266, 334Ո66 Mysnyk, Pavlo, 84 Mytrakhovych, Mykhailo, 55 Nahulko, Taras, 54 National Committee on Disarmament and the State Administration Committee on Nuclear Policy, 133,134 National Defense Council of Ukraine (NDC), 159-60,161-62 National Disarmament Committee, 188,194,326n1 National Nuclear
Energy Generation Company (Enerhoatom), 314Ո38 National Science Center of the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT), 113-14,117,121, 314n27 national security: concept of, 52,53-56; Kostenko’s memo on, 54-55; military interpretation of, 54,56; parliamentary working group on, 53-54, 56 National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDCU), 54, 309Ո48 National Security Council of Ukraine (NSCU), 54, 55 NATO: conceptual change of, 129; eastward expansion of, 231,233; “Issues of Nuclear Security” seminar, 92-93; Russia’s relations with, 229-30,336n62; security summit in Brussels, 230; Ukraine’s perception of, 140 Navy of Ukraine: formation of, 320n34 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 45, 46, 81, 81-82 Nazarenko, Arnold, 52,53,54 9 May celebrations, 24 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 174 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): arms race and, 242; Belarus’s accession to, 82; definition of nuclear-weapons in, ՅՅՅՈ46; goal of, 241; Kazakhstan’s accession to, 82; parliamentary debates on ratification, 196-97; participants of, 241; Review and Extension Conferences, 242; sanctions for violation of, 91; signatories of, 29-30, 241; terms of, 29-30; vote on extension of, 30 Non-Proliferation Treaty ratification: debates over, 95,253-60; draft Resolutions on, 255-56; lliasevych’s appeal, 258-59; Kuchma’s arguments, 253,256,257-58,259; security guarantees and, 260; Udovenko’s speech on, 256-57,258; Ukraine’s position on, 82,128,160-61, 209; vote on, 259 North Korea’s nuclear arsenal, 29,30 nuclear arms race, 29 nuclear button issue, 66,178 nuclear club: expansion of, 21,241-42, 243
Nuclear Fuel Services (NFS), 315n44 nuclear materials: compensation for, 148; cost of production, 102; estimated quantities of, 102; General Atomics’
proposal on repurposing of, 104-5; for power generation, repurposing of, 88-89,103-9; transportation and storage of, 122; utilization of, 113-16,118-20,123, 124,163,217,226-27, 229, 235, 289,316n51; value of, 101-2; weight estimates, 314n28. See also highly enriched uranium (HEU); low enriched uranium (LEU) nuclear power plants (NPP) in Eastern Europe, 315n46 nuclear weapons: compensation for the cost of, 89, 267; defense system against incidental explosion of, 333n61; detonation tests, 242-43; distribution of, 30; of the former Soviet republics, 75, 87; fuel for, 103,185; global arsenal of, 30,242, 269; loading into container, 265, 268; modernization of, 269; photograph of warheads, 108; protective gear, 88; public opinion poll on, 323n96; security measures, 243; as seed capital, 42; shipment to Russia, 110,113,266,267, 312n86; treaties on control of, 10; types of, 103; value of, 88, 305Ш; weight characteristics of, 96, 97 Nunn, Sam, 129 Nunn-Lugar Act, 254 Objects S (storage facilities), 211,329n70 Oliinyk, Borys, 253 Oliinyk, Ivan, 93 Omelchenko, Mykolą, 54 On Possible Options to Reducing and Limiting Strategic Arms in Line with START I,” 223 "On the Nonnuclear Status of Ukraine” (Parliamentary Statement), 226 Orange Revolution, 43,255, 319n29 Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 24, ЗОбпЗ Ozerne Airfield nuclear weapon processing facility, 274 Pakhomov, lurii, 174,175,324n128 Parliamentary Commission on Budget Planning, Finance and Pricing, 327Ո28 Parliamentary debates of 3 June 1993: closed session, 194; doves’ move, 187-91; Durdynets’ arguments, 191-92;
hawks’ move, 191-96; Kuchma’s speech, 194-96, 200; outcome of, 196-97; Pliushch’s summary of, 197; on right to ownership of nuclear weapons, 192-93; Tarasiuk’s speech, 194; Western media on, 199-200; Zlenko’s speech, 188-91,199 Parliamentary session of 3 February 1994: debate on Article V of the Lisbon Protocol, 244; debate on Ukraine’s nuclear status, 244-45, 246; Durdynets’s statement, 248-49; idea of effective disarmament, 249, 251; Kravchuk’s testimony, 245,246,247, 248, 251-52; MPs deliberations, 249-52; Radets'kyi’s testimony, 245-47, 248; resolution, 252; Zlenko’s testimony, 245, 246,247, 248 Parliament Commission on Foreign Affairs, 136 Parliament of the Ukrainian SSR, 31-34, 52 Parliament of Ukraine (Verkhovna Rada): analysis of the provisions of the NPT, 240; assessment of the Trilateral Statement, 237-40; Committee on nuclear disarmament, 41-42; debate on Lisbon Protocol, 244; debate on Ukraine’s accession to Non-Proliferation Treaty, 244-45; Defense and National Security Commission, 59; expertise in nuclear weapons, 83; first convocation of, 27; hearing on nuclear disarmament, 160; hearings on ratification of START 1,155-56; March 1994 elections, 240,253; photograph of the building of, 40; statement “On the Nonnuclear Status of Ukraine,” 43,73,132,226; statement “On Ukraine’s Right of Ownership of Nuclear Weapons,” 167; Working Group for Addressing the Issues Related to Refining Ukraine's System of National Security, 308Ո29 Parliament of Ukraine’s resolutions: On Additional Measures to Ensure that Ukraine Gains Nonnuclear Status, 110-11, 226, 260,281-82; On
Additional Measures to Ensure Ukraine’s Attainment of Nonnuclear Weapon State Status, 69,73; On the Implementation by the President of Ukraine and Government of Ukraine of Recommendations in Point 11 of the Resolution of the Parliament of Ukraine, 296-97; on ratification of START I (18 November 1993), 216, 218-22, 237, 240, 246, 248, 251, 252, 262; On Ratifying the Treaty Between the USSR and USA on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Nuclear Arms, 226-27; On the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, 293-95; On the Trilateral Statement by the Presidents of Ukraine, the US and Russia, 240 Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963,10 Partnership for Peace, 229-30 Pavliukov, Valerii, 151 Pavlychko, Dmytro, 41, 64-65, 65,130,182, 207-8, 219, 307Ո1 People’s Council (Narodna Rada), 27,306n5 People’s Movement of Ukraine for Reconstruction (Narodnyi Rukh), 31, 306n5, 307Ո1 Perry, William, 267 Pifer, Steven, 14, 263, 332Ո31 Pivdenmash (Yuzhmash, Southern Machine-Building Plant): chief designer of, 64, 66, 84,150,170,172, 248; competition in the global market, 67; director of, 12,194,194; interior view of, 68; Kostenko’s visit to, 310n54; production of nuclear missiles, 71, 81, 98,146,160,187, 310n58, 313Ո14 Piiushch, Ivan: background and career of, 26,54; diplomacy of, 129,130; Kostenko’s conversations with, 187-88; at National Defense Council, 159; order to assess the Trilateral Statement, 237; personality of, 187; photograph of, 54, 195; ratification of START I and, 131,155; support of the Working Group, 53, 83-84, 309n37 plutonium: conversion to nuclear fuel,
112,115-16; as energy source, 88,107; estimated value of, 106,115, 237; Japan’s accumulation of, 116; storage of, 115,116; utilization of, 88-89,235 political prisoners, 51 Popov, Gavriil, 52 Porovskyi, Mykolą, 74 Potter, William C., 99 Powell, Robert, 21 precision-guided weapons, munitions (PGMs), 67,127,172,173, 175,182,193, 223, 247-48 Pressler, Larry, 224 Prykhodko, Viktor, 54 Pugo, Boris, 307n7 Putin, Vladimir, 220-21,336-37n63 Pyatt, Geoffrey, 332Ո22 Index 347
Pylyp Orlyk Institute for Democracy, 177 R֊12 Dvina, 106 Radets'kyi, Vitalii, 219, 231, 245, 245-47, 248 Rasmussen, Fogh, 336n62 ratification of interstate treaties: democratic practice of, ЗЗОпЮО Ratushnyi, Mykhailo, 259 “Relationship between Society and Military in Central and Eastern Europe, The” seminar, 92 Repets'kyi, Vasyl', 158 Revolution of Dignity, 23, 37, 81, 212, 273, 306n2, 336Ո55 Riabchenko, Serhii, 52 Rogozin, Dmitry, 269 Romanov, lurii, 175 Rome Conference of May 1995,196,197 RS-22 ICBM launcher, 272 Rudia, Kostiantyn, 105 Russia: control over CIS’s nuclear forces, 68,162; double standards politics, 321 n55; economic crisis, 49; foreign policy, 230, 332n16; imperialistic ambitions, 230-231; international arms trade, 127; as major threat to world peace, 274,336n62; media attacks on Ukraine, 70,147, 155, 205, 236-37, 323Ո97, 324Ո119; military doctrine of, 128,153; military-industrial complex, 308n14; noncompliance with START I, 330Ո97; nuclear industry infrastructure, 164, 314Ո34; nuclear power of, 30, 269, 272-73, 330Ո97; proposal on Soviet weaponry, 35; revision of defense system, 126; sanctions against, 22, 336Ո55; secret talks with G7 countries, 149; Strategic Nuclear Forces, 149-50,151,152; technical capacities of, 153; territorial claims over Sevastopol, 24,206, 207, 209,216, 258, 267,337Ո66; transfer of the nuclear warheads to, 147, 336n48 Russian diplomacy, 45-48,155,320n44 Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 139, 210 Russia-Ukraine border, 24,266, 310n55,329n70, 336n55, ЗЗбПбЗ, 337Ո65 Russia-Ukraine relations: 1997 agreement, 310n56; diplomatic
scuffle in, 144; economic ties, 36, 317n80, 337n66; Minsk summit of 1993,141-42; Moscow summit of 1993,141,142,143,144; Russia’s vision of, 141-142, 271-273; talks on nuclear disarmament, 136,162, 165-66, 210-11; territorial disputes, 24; Ukraine’s vision of, 142; US role In, 16 Russo-Georgian War of 2008,24, 305n1 Russo-Ukrainian war of 2014, 20, 24,213,271,331Ш1, 336Ո55 Ryzhov, lurii, 52, 52, 309Ո46 Sakharov, Andrei, 51, 51 SALT Treaties, 10 security guarantees: French government approach to, 262; Russian position on, 262,335n33; Ukraine's position on, 260,261,263,319n21; US approach to, 261, 318n15; world practice of, 260-61 Security Service of Ukraine (SBU): development of National Security Policy of Ukraine and, 55; directors of, 24, 53, 310Ո54,323Ո113; name change, 54; nuclear disarmament and, 48, 84, 86, 98,111,142,170,175, 348 Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament 316Ո52,316n53; reform of the KGB into, 124; reports to the Working Group provided by, 112 Selivanov, Volodymyr, 55 Semenets', Serhii, 41,54 Semipalatinsk Test Site, 29 Serebriannykov, lurii, 54,84 Sevastopol: Russia’s territorial claims over, 24, 207,209, 258, 267,337Ո66 Shalikashvili, John, 129 Shaposhnikov, Yevgeny, 126,127, 127,128 Shcherbak, lurii, 52 Shekhovtsov, Oleksii, 84 Shevchenko, Oles, 140 Shevchenko, Vitalii, 258 Shishkin, Albert, 49 Shmarov, Valerii, 210-11, 211, 219, 220 Shovkoshytnyi, V. F., 250 Shteinberg, Mark, 100 Shushkevych, Stanislav, 44, 46,135 Shvatskyi, levhen, 55 Sidak, Volodymyr, 55 Sikorski, Radek, 144 Sinovets, Polina, 305ПІ Skoryk, Larysa, 51,54 Slobodeniuk, Volodymyr, 54 Slocombe,
Walter B., 203 Smirnov, Igor, 49 Sobchak, Anatolii, 52 solid-fuel missiles. See also SS-24 Scalpel missile systems; SS-25 Topol mobile ballistic missile systems South Africa, Republic of (RSA): destruction of nuclear weapons, 29, 85-86 Soviet air defense rockets, 104 Soviet Union: arms reduction treaties, 307n12; dissolution of, 26-27; division of military assets of, 126; national security policy, 309Ո46; nuclear tests in, 29,242-43; nuclear weapons, 34, 97,148; Strategic Rocket Forces, 308n19 SS-18 Satan missiles, 81,135,150,248, 310n58, 313Ш4 SS-19 Stiletto missiles: cost of elimination of, 193; decommissioning of, 67,160, 215, 266; engine case, 101; maintenance of, 148; power of, 313n14 SS-24 Scalpel missile systems: cost of elimination of, 193; decommissioning of, 266; missile silo for, 111; photographs of, 99,114, 122; power of, 98-99; production of, 310Ո58,313Ո14; service of, 71,150,160; Ukraine’s proposal on, 67,172,182 SS-25 Topol mobile ballistic missile systems, 44, 80,126, 313Ո14 Stankevich, Sergei, 52 Starovoitova, Galina, 52 START I agreement: American media on, 136-37; cost of, 94-95,193; implementation mechanisms, 76,222-25; international significance of, 10; negotiations of, 210; parties of, 11; Russia’s preconditions related to, 136; signing of, 37; Soviet collapse and, 77; supplemental protocol to, 39; terms of, 33,75,161,174, 214,251, 307n4; US Senate Committee hearings on, 201 START I ratification: by Belarus, 135; exchange of certificates on, 264; government public statements on, 218-19;
Kravchuk's proposition on, 217-18; legal aspects of, 156-57; obstacles to, 156; parliamentary hearings on, 155-56,196-97, 214-18; preparations for, 95,128, 129,130-31,309Ո37, 314n27; press coverage of, 21920, 221; resolution on, 216,218-22; Russia’s pressure on Ukraine for, 131,136; Russia’s reaction to, 220, 221; by Ukraine, 12, 77,137; Ukraine’s national interests and, 93,161,209; vote on, 218; Working Group and, 131, 215, 216-17 START II agreement: ratification of, 137,220-21; Russia media on, 137; signing of, 11,135,137,143; terms of, 135, 318Ш; Ukraine’s support of, 135; US and Russia’s compliance with, 136 State Committee for Safeguarding the Population from the Effects of the Accident at Chernobyl NPP (Derzhkomchornobyl), 108 State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP), 307n7 State Nuclear and Radiation Safety Committee (Derzhatomnahliad), 95, 96,128 Stevens, Christopher, 14 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SiPRI), 269, 336Ո56 Stoltenberg, Jens, 336n58 Strategic Nuclear Forces in Ukraine, 148,149,151 Strategic Nuclear Forces of the former USSR, 153,154 Strelnykov, Volodymyr, 84 Streltsov, Mikhail, 135,139 Stus, Volodymyr, 54 Sukhorukin, Vladimir, 115 Sukhorukov, Andrii, 54, 84 Sulzhynsky, Walter, 168 Sych, ludi, 333n61 Systems Planning and Analysis, Inc. (SPA), 184-85 tactical nuclear weapons: compensation for, 106,109,146, 152,161, 220,235, 238, 239; Lisbon Protocol on, 21617; transfer to Russia, 68, 69,71,72-74; in Ukraine's nuclear arsenal, 98,100, 311n69; Ukraine’s policy regarding, 226-27, 250, 252, 254; Ukrainian press on, 315Ո48 Talbott,
Strobe, 140,141,202, 206,212, 213, 216,231 Taman Division, 307n7 Tarasiuk, Borys: background and career of, 133,168,194,223; diplomacy of, 138-39,261; photograph of, 138; on security guarantee, 262; on Trilateral Statement, 332n14 Tashkent Pact, 82,312ո87 Techsnabexport company, 49 Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), 177 Tolstov, Serhii, 99,205 Tolubko, Volodymyr, 26, 74, 84, 93,127,158,170-71, 171 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), 35,75, 308Ո12, 337Ո64 Treaty on Open Skies, 307Ш2 Trilateral Statement: information campaign on, 236-37; negotiations of, 332n14; parliamentary deliberations on, 237-40,249; publication of, 233; ratification of, 12; Russian media on, 236; security guarantees issue, 239; signing of, 9,12, 235; supporters of, 239; terms of, 233-35; Ukrainian law and, 233-35, 236 “Trilateral Statement of the Presidents of Ukraine, the US and Russia,” 222 Tupolev TU-95MS strategic bombers, 88, 99,313Ш9 Tupolev Tu-160 ultramodern strategic bombers, 88, 99, 313ПІ9 Tuzla Island: Russia’s claim of, 24, 268-69,310ո55 TVEL (fuel rod assembly), 89,101,107; reprocessing of HEU into, 117-20 Tyma, ludi, 255 Tymoshenko, Viktor, 171 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 310Ո56, 315n48 Udovenko, Hennadii, 144, 256,262,334n16 Ukraine: armed forces of, 20,35,171,267,273,325Ш55; August Putsch and, 51; budget of, 94; Canada and, 325Ո154; constitution of, 18; currency depreciation, 28,310Ո53, ЗЗІПЗ; declaration of sovereignty, 10; dependence on Russia, 12,324n128; diplomacy of, 327n24; economic development of, 12, 20, 230, 306n6, 310П53, 331ՈՅ; energy sector of, 103; European
Union and, 140,181-82, 319n29; executive branch of, 18, 27, 28-29; foreign policy of, 169, 207-9, 229, 325Ո147; government of, 124,125,126,199; information war and, 177; institutional conflict in, 18; legal recognition of property of, 158, 226; military doctrine, 169-72,173, 324Ш23; military-industrial complex of, 53; national security policy, 23,54,56-59, 60,169, 309n48; NATO membership debates, 16, 24,140-41,306n2, 319n21; non-nuclear status of, 10, 31-32,33,41,78,79; nuclear power industry, 314Ո36, 314Ո38,316n51; oath of allegiance to, 154,321n61; parallel with Bosnia, 202-3; path to Eurointegration of, 272; political development of, 17-18, 27-28, 307n1; ratification of arms reduction treaties, 82,128-29, 308Ш2; reform program, 51-53, 229; right of ownership over nuclear weapons, 227; Russia’s invasion of, 21, 22,24; security dilemma of, 11, 21; Soviet debt and, 158; technical capabilities of, 66; territory of, 27. See also Russia-Ukraine relations Ukraine-Hungary relations, 182-83 Ukraine's nuclear arsenal: conversion to nuclear fuel assemblies, 50; cost of maintenance of, 160,171; debates on ownership of, 145-46,158,159-60,165,166,167-68, 192-93; discussions about future of, 92,163-65, 319n29; estimated quantity of, 30, 98-100,100; heavy bombers, 98-99; information exchange about, 92, 94,98; limits of reduction of, 162; myths about, 163; proposal of international control of, 184; removal from battle duty, 160; status of, 70-71; storage program for, 163-64; strategic nuclear missiles, 88,101; type of weapons, 100 Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament: Arbatov plan, 34-36,
45,147; beginning of, 33; compensation for, 16,102-3,315Ո48, 334n66; consequences of, 21-22; cooperation with the West, 42-43, 90; cost of, 94,183-84, 326-327n7; counterfactual scenarios of, 19-21; Defense Council meeting on, 64-69; expert opinion on, 97,158-59; future implications of, 21-22; global security and, 26970; idea of transfer weapons to Russia, 43,44-45, 46, 86; Kostenko’s arguments about, 15-19; Kyiv’s plan for, 41-45, 87-90, 31ІП73; lack of guiding documents about, 311Ո68; media coverage of, 178,182, 312n6; national Index 349
interests and, 60, 83,157-58; parliamentary hearings on, 15-16,41-42,155-56; results of, 273-74; Russia’s approach to, 36, 37, 45-48,147, 211, 303,331Ո111; security guarantees, 20,138-41,161; studies of, 13-15, 17,24-25,36; technical aspects related to, 69-70,71; Ukraine’s bargaining position on, 16,18-19, 225-27; United States and, 16,17, 37-39,40,74,129,161,182, 204,270-71; Western perception of, 22,38-39; White House plan for, 37-40 Ukraine’s nuclear fuel cycle, 108-9,110,111-12 Ukrainian-American relations, 37,39-40,182,183,200-6, 216, 229, 273-74, 32Ш55, 328Ո30, 332n23 Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, 207 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 24, ЗОбпЗ Ukrainian KGB: dissolution of, 52-53; leadership and personnel of, 51; reform of, 51-53,124; telecommunication channels with the Kremlin, 124-25 Ukrainian Republican Party, 207, 208,307n1 Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), 25,26 Ukratomenerhoprom, 314ո38. See also Derzhkomatom Unified Command Post (UCP), 116,118,120 United Armed Forces of the CIS, 126 United States: foreign policy of, 40; nuclear advantage of, 30, 269-70, 273; nuclear power centers of, 102,107; purchase of highly enriched uranium (HEU), 48-49; Senate hearings on Ukraine, 203-4,209; support of assessment of the Trilateral Statement, 238-39; creation of, 84,309n37,312n6; dismissal of, 129; effectiveness of, 131; expert committee of, 113; “For Service Use” policy brief, 196; meetings of, 168; members of, 84,131; recommendations of, 86,193-94,197,216-17; tasks of, 84-85 Yalta summit, 12,19, 211 Yastrzhembsky, Sergey, 168 Yeltsin, Boris:
Alma-Ata Protocol, 46; approach to democracy, 233; background and career of, 47; at Budapest summit, 264,266; foreign policy of, 317n80, 327n16,337n66; with George H. W. Bush, 38; in Masandra, 212; at Moscow summit of 1993,113,143; negotiations with Kravchuk, 132; photograph of, 47; at Russian-Ukralnian meeting, 141; signing of the Minsk Agreement, 44; at the Yalta summit, 142 Yushchenko, Victor, 43, 53, 255, 305n1, 319n21 Yuzhmash. See Pivdenmash Zaiets', Ivan, 41,54, 84,190 Zakaria, Fareed, 204 Zelens'kyi, Viktor, 64,113, 113,115,118,314n27 Zenit space systems, 310ո58 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 230, 230 Zlenko, Anatolii: arguments for nuclear disarmament, 64-66,185-86, 189,199, 248, 318Ո109, 326ՈՈՅ-4; background and career of, 67; development of security policy, 55; diplomacy of, 48,70,231; on foreign policy of Ukraine, 208-9,326n6; joint press conference with Kozyrev, 83; photograph of, 67; ratification of START I and, 219, 220; on security guarantees for Ukraine, 139, 319n21,326n5; statement on Lisbon Protocol, 78-79; support of START II, 135; testimony before the Parliament on 3 February 1994,245,246,247,248; on Ukraine’s ownership of nuclear weapons, 190; visit to Moscow, 83; Western media on, 199 Zviahils'kyl, lefym, 231 nuclear non-proliferation, 11, 39, 40 Ural Electrochemical Combine (Sverdlovsk-44), 49, 97 uranium enrichment, 65-66 uranium-plutonium oxide (MOX), 65 US-Russian Uranium Deal, 48-50,101,102,106,117 Valenia, 1.1., 250 Varennikov, Valentin, 307n7 Vasylenko, Volodymyr, 32-33, 33 Vienna conventions, 87 Vítových, Oleh, 255 VVER-1000 nuclear power reactors,
109,111,118,119,122 Vydrln, Dmytro, 156 Vyshnevs'kyi, Ivan, 64,65-66,116 Warsaw Pact, 3l3n10 Western media: bias of, 177; coverage of Ukraine’s disarmament, 178-79,180,183,198,199, 201, 308Ш9 Westinghouse company, 103,108,109, 315Ո46,315n47 Wisner, Frank, 16,140,261 Wolsack, Henk, 164 Woolsey, Robert James, Jr., 136,202, 202, 308n19 Working Group for Addressing Issues Related to Ratification of START and to Ukraine’s Attaining a Non-Nuclear Status: ԽթրԽօհտ 350 Ukraine’s Nuclear Disarmament Staatsbibliothek ! München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kostenko, Jurij Ivanovyč 1951- |
| author2 | Krasynska, Svitlana Krasynska, Svitlana Wolanskyj, Lidia 1950- Jennings, Olena |
| author2_role | edt trl trl trl |
| author2_variant | s k sk s k sk l w lw o j oj |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080504079 (DE-588)1233827022 (DE-588)130357766 (DE-588)1265527660 (DE-588)1263482821 |
| author_facet | Kostenko, Jurij Ivanovyč 1951- Krasynska, Svitlana Krasynska, Svitlana Wolanskyj, Lidia 1950- Jennings, Olena |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kostenko, Jurij Ivanovyč 1951- |
| author_variant | j i k ji jik |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046910862 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8306 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1249672735 (DE-599)BVBBV046910862 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1991-1996 gnd Geschichte 1991-1994 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1991-1996 Geschichte 1991-1994 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA Ukraine Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV046910862 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:28:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-29T13:00:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674249301 |
| language | English Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032320318 |
| oclc_num | 1249672735 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 350 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210427 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Harvard series in Ukrainian studies |
| series2 | Harvard series in Ukrainian studies |
| spelling | Kostenko, Jurij Ivanovyč 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)1080504079 aut Istorija jadernoho rozzbrojennja Ukraïny Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history Yuri Kostenko ; edited by Svitlana Krasynska ; introduction by Paul J. D'Anieri ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj, Svitlana Krasynska and Olena Jennings Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute [2020] © 2020 350 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Harvard series in Ukrainian studies 78 Aus dem Ukrainischen übersetzt Geschichte 1991-1996 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1991-1994 gnd rswk-swf Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 s Geschichte 1991-1996 z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1991-1994 z Krasynska, Svitlana (DE-588)1233827022 edt trl D'Anieri, Paul J. 1965- (DE-588)130357766 win Wolanskyj, Lidia 1950- (DE-588)1265527660 trl Jennings, Olena (DE-588)1263482821 trl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, Kindle 978-0-674-25087-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-674-25088-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-674-25086-4 (DE-604)BV048194792 Gefolgt von 2. ed. 2023 978-0-674-29534-6 (DE-604)BV049350378 Harvard series in Ukrainian studies 78 (DE-604)BV002789515 78 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032320318&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032320318&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kostenko, Jurij Ivanovyč 1951- Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history Harvard series in Ukrainian studies Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4332988-3 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history |
| title_alt | Istorija jadernoho rozzbrojennja Ukraïny |
| title_auth | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history |
| title_exact_search | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history |
| title_full | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history Yuri Kostenko ; edited by Svitlana Krasynska ; introduction by Paul J. D'Anieri ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj, Svitlana Krasynska and Olena Jennings |
| title_fullStr | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history Yuri Kostenko ; edited by Svitlana Krasynska ; introduction by Paul J. D'Anieri ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj, Svitlana Krasynska and Olena Jennings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament a history Yuri Kostenko ; edited by Svitlana Krasynska ; introduction by Paul J. D'Anieri ; translated by Lidia Wolanskyj, Svitlana Krasynska and Olena Jennings |
| title_short | Ukraine's nuclear disarmament |
| title_sort | ukraine s nuclear disarmament a history |
| title_sub | a history |
| topic | Atomare Abrüstung (DE-588)4332988-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atomare Abrüstung Internationale Politik USA Ukraine Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032320318&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032320318&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002789515 |
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