Handbook of blockchain law: a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology
Handbook of Blockchain Law' provides an overview of the key features and functionalities of blockchain technology in a legal context in a remarkably descriptive way. Blockchain has become attractive to companies and governments as it promises to solve the age-old problem of mutability in transa...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Alphen aan den Rijn
Wolters Kluwer
[2020]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Handbook of Blockchain Law' provides an overview of the key features and functionalities of blockchain technology in a legal context in a remarkably descriptive way. Blockchain has become attractive to companies and governments as it promises to solve the age-old problem of mutability in transactions ? that is, it makes falsification and recalculation impossible once a transaction has been committed to the technology. The systematic and comprehensive approach set forth in this book, including coverage of existing relevant law in various jurisdictions with a particular focus on European law and US law and practical guidance on how to tackle legal issues raised by the use of blockchain, ensures a one-stop-shop reference book for anyone considering blockchain-based solutions or rendering advice for them |
| Beschreibung: | xxxviii, 490 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9789403517636 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of blockchain law |b a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |c Edited by Matthias Artzt, Thomas Richter |
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| 520 | 3 | |a Handbook of Blockchain Law' provides an overview of the key features and functionalities of blockchain technology in a legal context in a remarkably descriptive way. Blockchain has become attractive to companies and governments as it promises to solve the age-old problem of mutability in transactions ? that is, it makes falsification and recalculation impossible once a transaction has been committed to the technology. The systematic and comprehensive approach set forth in this book, including coverage of existing relevant law in various jurisdictions with a particular focus on European law and US law and practical guidance on how to tackle legal issues raised by the use of blockchain, ensures a one-stop-shop reference book for anyone considering blockchain-based solutions or rendering advice for them | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Richter, Thomas |4 edt | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Summary of Contents Editors v Contributors vii Foreword Sandra Ro xxix Preface xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Chapter 1 Understanding Blockchain Jake van der Laan 1 Chapter 2 Blockchain and Information Security Dave Hirsch 77 Chapter 3 Blockchain Regulation Thomas Richter 123 Chapter 4 Blockchain and Smart Contracts Philip Trillmich, Matthias Goetz Chris Ewing 163 Chapter 5 Blockchain and Data Privacy Matthias Artzt, Lothar Determann William Long xiii 193
Summary of Contents Chapter 6 Capital Markets Michael Juenemann 265 Chapter 7 Blockchain and Intellectual Property Andreas Holzwarth-Rochford 369 Chapter 8 Blockchain and Antitrust Jay Modrali 415 Bibliography 445 Electronic References 465 Table of Cases 475 Index 479 xiv
Table of Contents Editors v Contributors vii Foreword Sandra Ro xxix Preface xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Chapter 1 Understanding Blockchain Jake van der Laan §1.01 Introduction §1.02 Core Concepts [A] Record-Keeping [B] How Computers Encode Data [C] How Computers Store Large Numbers [D] Computer Programming [1] Variables [2] Control Structures [3] Data Structures [a] The Array [b] The Linked List [4] Syntax [5] From Program Code toMachine Code §1.03 The Mathematics of Blockchain [A] The Hash Function [B] The Cryptographic Hash Function [1] The‘Always the Same’Property XV 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 13
Table of Contents §1.04 §1.05 §1.06 §1.07 §1.08 §1.09 §1.10 [2] The ‘Digital Signature’ Property [3] The ‘No Reverse Engineering’ Property [C] The Hash List [D] The Merkle Tree [E] Public-Private Key Encryption Database Concepts [A] Database Operations [B] A Transaction Log Distinguished from a Database [C] Database Transactions: The ACID Properties Networking Fundamentals [A] P2P Networks Core Blockchain Functionality [A] Tying Blocks Together to Prevent Tampering [B] Adding a Time Cost [1] The Nonce [2] The Probabilitiesof Generatinga Particular Hash Value [a] Randomness [b] Sample Space [3] Not Replacing Generated Events [4] A Cryptographic Hash Function Behaves Like a Random Variable [5] Requiring a Hash ValueBelow a Certain Value [C] The Proof of Work Process Transactions on the Bitcoin Blockchain [A] Bitcoin Scripting [B] Entitlement Tracking [C] The UTXO Database The Distributed Blockchain [A] The Bitcoin Network [B] The Memory Pool [C] Adding a Mined Block [D] The Double Spending Problem [E] The Mining Reward [F] Mining Pools [G] The 51% Attack Blockchain Forks [A] The Soft Fork [B] The Hard Fork Blockchain as a Platform [A] Ethereum [1] Gas: Limiting How Long a Program Can Run [2] An Ethereum Transaction [3] Ethereum Transaction Account Types [a] The EOA [b] The Contract Account xvi 13 14 15 16 17 20 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 28 28 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 34 36 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 40 41 41 42 43 44 44 44
Table of Contents §1.11 §1.12 §1.13 §1.14 §1.15 §1.16 §1.17 [4] The Ethereum Virtual Machine Smart Contracts [A] Programming Smart Contracts [B] Oracles [C] Decentralized Applications Tokens on the Blockchain [A] The ERC-20 Token Standard [B] Crowdfunding on the Blockchain [1] Initial Coin Offerings [2] Token Generation Events [3] Initial Exchange Offerings [4] Security Token Offerings [5] A Note on Token Fungibility Bitcoin and Ethereum Governance [A] The Bitcoin Governance Process [1] Bitcoin Improvement Proposals [2] Segwit [B] Ethereum Governance [C] Off-Chain and On-Chain Governances Moving Beyond Ethereum [A] Public (Permissionless) Blockchains [B] Private (Permissioned) Blockchains [C] Distributed Ledger Technologies Distributed System Consensus Theory [A] Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Processes [B] The FLP Impossibility Result [C] Consensus Mechanism Properties [1] The CAP Theorem Other DLT and Consensus Approaches [A] Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)-Based Networks [1] Ripple [2] Stellar [B] Proof of Stake-Based Networks [1] Peercoin [C] Delegated Proof of Stake-Based Networks [1] BitShares [D] Directed Acyclic Graph-Based Networks [1] Graph Basics [2] Using a DAG as a Ledger [3] IOTA Enterprise Blockchain Platforms [A] Hyperledger [1] Fabric [2] Sawtooth [3] Proof of Elapsed Time Consensus xvii 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 62 62 62 63 64 64 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 68
Table of Contents [4] Transaction Families Scaling the Blockchain [A] Sharding [B] Sidechains [1] The Lightning Network [C] Multilayer Blockchains §1.19 Blockchain as a Service Further Reading §1.18 70 70 70 71 72 74 75 75 Chapter 2 Blockchain and Information Security Dave Hirsch §2.01 Risks and Vulnerabilities [A] Private Keys: A Single Point of Failure [1] Lost Private Keys Typically Means a Total Loss of Bitcoins Held at the Associated Public Key Address [a] Legal Implications of Lost Private Keys [b] Policy Considerations [2] Death: Risks Associated with Digital Asset Inheritance [a] Legal Implications of Dying Without a Plan to Transfer Private Keys [b] Policy Implications [3] Stolen Keys: Beware of Hacking, Malware, and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Considerations [4] Compromised Keys: Digital Assets Are Only as Secure as the Keys That Control Them [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Implications [5] Kidnapping Seeking Digital Assets: The Intersection of Physical and Information Security [a] Legal Implications of Kidnappingfor Ransom [b] Policy Implications [6] SIM Swapping: Exploiting Vulnerabilities in Digital Identities [a] Legal Implications of SIM Swaps [b] Policy Implications [B] Digital Asset Exchanges and Third-Party Services:Different Roles, Different Risks [1] Digital Asset Exchanges: Hacks Happen [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Implications [2] Reliance on Third Parties: Exit Scams Happen [a] Legal Implications xviii 77 78 81 81 83 84 85 86 86 86 89 90 90 92 92 93 96 97 98 102 103 103 104 106 107 108 110
Table of Contents [b] Policy Implications Third-Party Exploits: Trust Misplaced [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Implications §2.02 Tools and Methods to Address Risks [A] Individual Options for Protecting Digital Assets [1] Paper Wallets [2] Hardware Wallets [3] Multi-sig Wallets [B] Outsourcing Security: Custodians Further Reading [3] 111 112 115 116 118 118 118 119 120 120 120 Chapter 3 Blockchain Regulation Thomas Richter §3.01 DefiningBlockchain for Regulation Purposes [A] Background: The ‘Legal Factor’ [B] The Meaning of ‘Blockchain’ in the Context of Regulation [1] The Relevance of a Legal Definition [2] Various Organizational Forms of Blockchains [3] Legal Relevance of the Blockchain Protocol [4] Inherent Characteristics of Blockchains and Their Legal Implications [5] Summary [C] The Meaning of ‘Regulation’ in the Context of Blockchain [1] Which Kind of Regulation Can Be Relevant for Blockchains? [2] Which Legal Subjects Can Be Relevant for Blockchains? [3] ‘Code Is Law’ and ‘Code As Law’ [4] Summary §3.02 Regulatory Challenges [A] Decentralization as Key Challenge [B] Jurisdiction [C] Anonymity §3.03 Regulatory Concepts [A] The Regulatory Principle of Technology Neutrality [B] Regulating the Use Case Versus Regulating the Technology [C] Regulatory Sandboxing §3.04 Regulatory Actors [A] Governments and Law Makers [B] Regulatory Authorities and Enforcement Agencies [C] Courts [D] International and European Bodies and National Banks §3.05 Addressees of Regulation [A] Addressing ‘the Blockchain’ as Subject of Regulation xix 123 123 123 125 125 126 129 131 132 133 133
135 136 138 139 139 139 140 141 142 144 145 146 146 147 147 148 149 149
Table of Contents [1] [2] Legal Personality of the Blockchain The Malta Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act 2018 [3] Decentralized Autonomous Organizations as a New Corporate Form [4] Summary [B] Addressing Blockchain Actors as Subjects of Regulation [1] Validation Nodes (‘Nodes’) [2] Mining Nodes (‘Miners’) [3] Blockchain Users [4] Coders §3.06 Examples of Specific Blockchain Regulation [A] United States [B] Outside of the US [C] Definition and Summary §3.07 Outlook: Financial Services Prudential Regulation §3.08 Summary Further Reading 149 150 150 152 152 152 154 154 155 155 155 159 160 160 161 161 Chapter 4 Blockchain and Smart Contracts Philip Tríllmich, Matthias Goetz Chrìs Ewing §4.01 Terminology and Characteristics: What Is a Smart Contract? [A] History of the Term ‘Smart Contract’ [B] Technical Characteristics of a ‘Smart Contract’ [C] Terminology [1] The Meaning of the Term ‘Smart’in Smart Contract [2] What Does the Term ‘Contract’ Mean in Smart Contract? [3] The Attempt to Develop a Definition [D] Characteristics of ‘Smart Contracts’ as an Application of a Blockchain §4.02 Fields of Application [A] Legal Profession [B] Insurance Industry [C] Music Industry/Media industry [D] Energy Supply Industry [E] Internet of Things [F] Sharing Economy §4.03 Contract Law Issues [A] Applicable Law Versus‘Code in Law’ [B] Formation of a Smart Contract [1] Contracting Parties [2] Form Requirements [3] Offer and Acceptance [C] Regulatory Issues and Smart Contracts XX 163 163 163 164 165 165 165 166 167 169 169 170 171 173 174 175 176 176 177 177 178 181 182
Table of Contents [D] Consumer-Protection Laws and Smart Contracts [ 1 ] EU Directive 2011 /83/EU [2] Unfair Standard Terms [E] Interpretation of Smart Contracts and Their Terms [F] Performance and Remedies §4.04 Outlook [A] Benefits, Opportunities and Limitations of Smart Contracts [B] Use of Smart Contracts in the Future Further Reading 182 182 183 184 186 188 188 191 192 Chapter 5 Blockchain and Data Privacy Matthias Artzt, Lothar Determann William Long §5.01 Introduction and Executive Summary §5.02 Personal Data in the Context of the GDPR [A] Definition of Personal Data in the Context of a Blockchain [1] Public Keys [2] Transactional Data [B] How Is Personal Data Processed on a Blockchain? [C] Application of the GDPR to the Blockchain §5.03 Identifying Controllers and Processors in a Blockchain Environment under the GDPR [A] Definition of Controller and Processor [B] Legal Status of Participants of a Blockchain Network [1] Static Number of Roles and Responsibilities [2] Miners [3] Nodes [4] Wallets [5] Users of a Blockchain [6] Developer of Smart Contracts [7] Oracles [8] Governance Bodies and Joint-/Co-controllership [C] Frictions Between Controllership and Obligations under the GDPR §5.04 Legal Basis and Consent under the GDPR [A] Contractual Necessity [B] Consent [C] Legitimate Interest [D] Compliance with a Legal Obligation [E] Special Categories of Personal Data §5.05 Security of Data Processing on a Blockchain in the Context of the GDPR [A] Personal Data Versus Anonymous Data [B] Particular Security Techniques [1] Encryption xxi 193 193 194 194 195 197 198 199 201
201 201 201 203 205 206 206 208 209 210 211 212 214 214 216 217 218 218 218 218 219
Table of Contents [2] Hashing [3] Multi-layered Blockchains [4] Storing Personal Data Off-Chain [C] Principles of Purpose Limitation and Data Minimization [1] Purpose Limitation [2] Data Minimization [3] Evaluation in the Light of the Principles of Purpose Limitation and Data Minimization: Multi-layered Blockchains Versus Off-Chain Storage [D] Recommendation for Security Measures in a Blockchain Environment [E] Implications in the Case of Security Breaches §5.06 Data Subject Rights under the GDPR [A] How Do Data Subject Rights Apply to the Blockchain? [B] Right to Access Personal Data [C] Right to Rectification [D] Right to Erasure [1] What Does Erasure Mean? [2] The Techniques to Erase Data [3] Public Keys/Identifiers of Blockchain Users §5.07 Accountability Principles under the GDPR [A] Lawfulness, Fairness and Transparency [B] Purpose Limitation, Data Minimization and Storage Limitation [C] Use of Data Privacy Impact Assessment [D] Data Protection by Design and Default [E] Record of Processing Activities [F] Appointment of a DPO §5.08 International Data Transfers on a Blockchain under the GDPR §5.09 Outlook §5.10 Blockchain and US Privacy Law [A] US Privacy Law Versus EU Data Protection Regulation [B] Federal and State Law [C] Diverse Terminology [D] General and Specific US Privacy Laws applied to Blockchain [1] General US Privacy Laws [2] Specific US Privacy Laws [E] Blockchain and CCPA [1] Scope of CCPA [2] Which Blockchain Participants Must Comply with CCPA? [3] CCPA Compliance Obligations [4] Data Access and Deletion Rights [5] Sanctions and Remedies Further Reading
xxii 219 220 220 221 221 223 223 225 225 226 226 227 228 229 229 230 232 233 234 235 236 23 7 240 240 241 243 243 244 249 249 250 250 252 255 256 257 258 261 262 264
Table of Contents Chapter 6 Capital Markets Michael Juenemann §6.01 Capital Markets and Blockchain Michael Juenemann [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectuses [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.02 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Austria Johannes Frank Philipp Kinsky [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectuses [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.03 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Belarus Klim Stashevsky Mikhail Khodosevich [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.04 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Estonia Kirsti Pent [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.05 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Finland Mika Puurunen [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [E] Conclusion §6.06 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - France Bertrand Levy [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.07 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report ֊ Germany Michael Juenemann [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus
xxiii 265 265 265 268 271 273 275 276 277 278 278 280 280 281 282 284 286 286 290 291 292 293 294 296 297 299 300 300 300 301 303 305 306 306 308 310
Table of Contents [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.08 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Italy Stefano Febbi [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectuses [D] Regulatory Specifics for OrganizedTrade §6.09 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Liechtenstein Johannes Dür [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Special Requirements for a Prospectus [C] Blockchain Finality [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.10 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Poland Aleksandra Widziewicz [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.11 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Spain Jose Luis Lorente Howell [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Special Requirements for Organized Trade §6.12 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Switzerland Olivier Favre Fabio Elsener [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [1] Payment Tokens and Utility Tokens Without Claims [2] Asset Tokens and Utility Tokens Conferring Claims [3] Developments: DLT Rights [C] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [1] Payment Tokens and Utility Tokens [2] Asset Tokens [3] Developments: Introduction of DLT Trading Facility §6.13 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Singapore Kim Kit Ow [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D]
Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [E] Conclusion §6.14 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Canada Daniel Fuke Mike Stephens xxiv 312 314 314 316 316 318 321 323 324 325 328 329 329 331 332 332 334 334 337 337 338 340 341 342 342 342 343 344 344 345 346 347 347 348 350 352 353 353
Table of Contents [A] [B] [C] [D] What Makes a Token a Security Crypto Winter Special Requirements for Prospectus Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [1] Registration Request and Oversight [2] Regulatory Gaps [3] Enforcement [E] Conclusion §6.15 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - USA James Gatto [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [1] US SEC [2] The Commodities Futures TradingCommission [3] The Financial Crimes EnforcementNetwork [4] FINRA [5] The 1RS [6] State Laws Further Reading 354 356 357 358 358 358 358 360 360 360 361 362 363 365 365 365 366 Chapter 7 Blockchain and Intellectual Property Andreas Holzwarth-Rochford §7.01 Introduction §7.02 Trademark [A] Definition [B] Duration [C] Territory [D] Goods and Services [E] Types of Trademarks [F] Registration Process [G] Post Registration [H] Enforcement Examples and Practical Hints [I] §7.03 Designs [A] Definition [B] Duration/Territory [C] Registration/Invalidity Procedures/Protection Requirements [D] Enforcement [E] Examples and Practical Hints §7.04 Copyright [A] Definition [B] Rights Given by Copyright, Duration and Practical Hints §7.05 Open Source §7.06 Patents/Utility Models [A] Definition/Content of Patent Application xxv 369 369 371 371 371 371 372 372 373 374 374 375 376 376 376 378 379 380 381 381 381 382 385 385
Table of Contents Rights Provided by a Patent Territory [1] European Patents/Planned European Unitary Patent [2] Further Regional Patents European Patents/Planned European Unitary Patent [D] Protection Requirements EPO [1] Novelty/Grace Period [2] Priority [3] International Patent Applications [4] Exclusion from Patentability [5] Assessing Patentability of CII: Examples of Blockchain-Related EP Patents [6] Opposition Procedure [7] Enablement [E] Protection Requirements USPTO: Examples of Blockchain-Related US Patents [F] Practical Hints Protection by Patents [1] Strategic Considerations [2] Observation/Surveillance of Third-Party Rights [3] Transfer of Rights [a] German Act on Employee Inventions [G] Utility Models [1] Background [2] Registration Procedure: Branching Off [3] Protection Requirements/Duration [4] Protectable Subject Matter [5] Summary of Pros and Cons of Utility Models §7.07 Trade Secret [A] General Background [В] Legal Basis: Definition [C] Practical Aspects Further Reading [В] [C] 385 386 387 389 389 389 390 391 392 393 396 397 398 401 401 401 402 403 404 404 405 406 407 407 408 408 409 410 413 Chapter 8 Blockchain and Antitrust Jay Modrali §8.01 Introduction Anticompetitive Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices §8.02 [A] Introduction to Concepts [B] Horizontal Agreements and Blockchain [1] Information Exchange [2] Standardization [C] Vertical Agreements and Blockchain [D] Appropriate Safeguards §8.03 Abuse of Dominance xxvi 415 415 416 416 418 419 421 422 424 424
Table of Contents [A] [B] Introduction of Concepts Big Data [1] Mandating Data Access [2] Policing Data Sharing and Pooling [C] Online Platforms [1] Most Favoured Nations [2] Multi-homing [3] Interoperability [4] Transparency [5] Leveraging [6] Self-Preferencing [D] Article 102 TFEU and Blockchain [E] Appropriate Safeguards §8.04 Merger Control [A] Introduction to Concepts [B] Full-Function Joint Ventures [C] Gun-Jumping [D] Merger Control and Blockchain [E] Appropriate Safeguards Further Reading 424 426 427 429 430 431 431 431 432 432 432 432 433 434 434 435 436 437 442 443 Bibliography 445 Electronic References 465 Table of Cases 475 Index 479 xxvii
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Summary of Contents Editors v Contributors vii Foreword Sandra Ro xxix Preface xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Chapter 1 Understanding Blockchain Jake van der Laan 1 Chapter 2 Blockchain and Information Security Dave Hirsch 77 Chapter 3 Blockchain Regulation Thomas Richter 123 Chapter 4 Blockchain and Smart Contracts Philip Trillmich, Matthias Goetz Chris Ewing 163 Chapter 5 Blockchain and Data Privacy Matthias Artzt, Lothar Determann William Long xiii 193
Summary of Contents Chapter 6 Capital Markets Michael Juenemann 265 Chapter 7 Blockchain and Intellectual Property Andreas Holzwarth-Rochford 369 Chapter 8 Blockchain and Antitrust Jay Modrali 415 Bibliography 445 Electronic References 465 Table of Cases 475 Index 479 xiv
Table of Contents Editors v Contributors vii Foreword Sandra Ro xxix Preface xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Chapter 1 Understanding Blockchain Jake van der Laan §1.01 Introduction §1.02 Core Concepts [A] Record-Keeping [B] How Computers Encode Data [C] How Computers Store Large Numbers [D] Computer Programming [1] Variables [2] Control Structures [3] Data Structures [a] The Array [b] The Linked List [4] Syntax [5] From Program Code toMachine Code §1.03 The Mathematics of Blockchain [A] The Hash Function [B] The Cryptographic Hash Function [1] The‘Always the Same’Property XV 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 13 13
Table of Contents §1.04 §1.05 §1.06 §1.07 §1.08 §1.09 §1.10 [2] The ‘Digital Signature’ Property [3] The ‘No Reverse Engineering’ Property [C] The Hash List [D] The Merkle Tree [E] Public-Private Key Encryption Database Concepts [A] Database Operations [B] A Transaction Log Distinguished from a Database [C] Database Transactions: The ACID Properties Networking Fundamentals [A] P2P Networks Core Blockchain Functionality [A] Tying Blocks Together to Prevent Tampering [B] Adding a Time Cost [1] The Nonce [2] The Probabilitiesof Generatinga Particular Hash Value [a] Randomness [b] Sample Space [3] Not Replacing Generated Events [4] A Cryptographic Hash Function Behaves Like a Random Variable [5] Requiring a Hash ValueBelow a Certain Value [C] The Proof of Work Process Transactions on the Bitcoin Blockchain [A] Bitcoin Scripting [B] Entitlement Tracking [C] The UTXO Database The Distributed Blockchain [A] The Bitcoin Network [B] The Memory Pool [C] Adding a Mined Block [D] The Double Spending Problem [E] The Mining Reward [F] Mining Pools [G] The 51% Attack Blockchain Forks [A] The Soft Fork [B] The Hard Fork Blockchain as a Platform [A] Ethereum [1] Gas: Limiting How Long a Program Can Run [2] An Ethereum Transaction [3] Ethereum Transaction Account Types [a] The EOA [b] The Contract Account xvi 13 14 15 16 17 20 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 28 28 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 34 36 36 37 38 38 39 40 40 40 41 41 42 43 44 44 44
Table of Contents §1.11 §1.12 §1.13 §1.14 §1.15 §1.16 §1.17 [4] The Ethereum Virtual Machine Smart Contracts [A] Programming Smart Contracts [B] Oracles [C] Decentralized Applications Tokens on the Blockchain [A] The ERC-20 Token Standard [B] Crowdfunding on the Blockchain [1] Initial Coin Offerings [2] Token Generation Events [3] Initial Exchange Offerings [4] Security Token Offerings [5] A Note on Token Fungibility Bitcoin and Ethereum Governance [A] The Bitcoin Governance Process [1] Bitcoin Improvement Proposals [2] Segwit [B] Ethereum Governance [C] Off-Chain and On-Chain Governances Moving Beyond Ethereum [A] Public (Permissionless) Blockchains [B] Private (Permissioned) Blockchains [C] Distributed Ledger Technologies Distributed System Consensus Theory [A] Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Processes [B] The FLP Impossibility Result [C] Consensus Mechanism Properties [1] The CAP Theorem Other DLT and Consensus Approaches [A] Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)-Based Networks [1] Ripple [2] Stellar [B] Proof of Stake-Based Networks [1] Peercoin [C] Delegated Proof of Stake-Based Networks [1] BitShares [D] Directed Acyclic Graph-Based Networks [1] Graph Basics [2] Using a DAG as a Ledger [3] IOTA Enterprise Blockchain Platforms [A] Hyperledger [1] Fabric [2] Sawtooth [3] Proof of Elapsed Time Consensus xvii 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 62 62 62 63 64 64 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 68
Table of Contents [4] Transaction Families Scaling the Blockchain [A] Sharding [B] Sidechains [1] The Lightning Network [C] Multilayer Blockchains §1.19 Blockchain as a Service Further Reading §1.18 70 70 70 71 72 74 75 75 Chapter 2 Blockchain and Information Security Dave Hirsch §2.01 Risks and Vulnerabilities [A] Private Keys: A Single Point of Failure [1] Lost Private Keys Typically Means a Total Loss of Bitcoins Held at the Associated Public Key Address [a] Legal Implications of Lost Private Keys [b] Policy Considerations [2] Death: Risks Associated with Digital Asset Inheritance [a] Legal Implications of Dying Without a Plan to Transfer Private Keys [b] Policy Implications [3] Stolen Keys: Beware of Hacking, Malware, and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Considerations [4] Compromised Keys: Digital Assets Are Only as Secure as the Keys That Control Them [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Implications [5] Kidnapping Seeking Digital Assets: The Intersection of Physical and Information Security [a] Legal Implications of Kidnappingfor Ransom [b] Policy Implications [6] SIM Swapping: Exploiting Vulnerabilities in Digital Identities [a] Legal Implications of SIM Swaps [b] Policy Implications [B] Digital Asset Exchanges and Third-Party Services:Different Roles, Different Risks [1] Digital Asset Exchanges: Hacks Happen [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Implications [2] Reliance on Third Parties: Exit Scams Happen [a] Legal Implications xviii 77 78 81 81 83 84 85 86 86 86 89 90 90 92 92 93 96 97 98 102 103 103 104 106 107 108 110
Table of Contents [b] Policy Implications Third-Party Exploits: Trust Misplaced [a] Legal Implications [b] Policy Implications §2.02 Tools and Methods to Address Risks [A] Individual Options for Protecting Digital Assets [1] Paper Wallets [2] Hardware Wallets [3] Multi-sig Wallets [B] Outsourcing Security: Custodians Further Reading [3] 111 112 115 116 118 118 118 119 120 120 120 Chapter 3 Blockchain Regulation Thomas Richter §3.01 DefiningBlockchain for Regulation Purposes [A] Background: The ‘Legal Factor’ [B] The Meaning of ‘Blockchain’ in the Context of Regulation [1] The Relevance of a Legal Definition [2] Various Organizational Forms of Blockchains [3] Legal Relevance of the Blockchain Protocol [4] Inherent Characteristics of Blockchains and Their Legal Implications [5] Summary [C] The Meaning of ‘Regulation’ in the Context of Blockchain [1] Which Kind of Regulation Can Be Relevant for Blockchains? [2] Which Legal Subjects Can Be Relevant for Blockchains? [3] ‘Code Is Law’ and ‘Code As Law’ [4] Summary §3.02 Regulatory Challenges [A] Decentralization as Key Challenge [B] Jurisdiction [C] Anonymity §3.03 Regulatory Concepts [A] The Regulatory Principle of Technology Neutrality [B] Regulating the Use Case Versus Regulating the Technology [C] Regulatory Sandboxing §3.04 Regulatory Actors [A] Governments and Law Makers [B] Regulatory Authorities and Enforcement Agencies [C] Courts [D] International and European Bodies and National Banks §3.05 Addressees of Regulation [A] Addressing ‘the Blockchain’ as Subject of Regulation xix 123 123 123 125 125 126 129 131 132 133 133
135 136 138 139 139 139 140 141 142 144 145 146 146 147 147 148 149 149
Table of Contents [1] [2] Legal Personality of the Blockchain The Malta Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act 2018 [3] Decentralized Autonomous Organizations as a New Corporate Form [4] Summary [B] Addressing Blockchain Actors as Subjects of Regulation [1] Validation Nodes (‘Nodes’) [2] Mining Nodes (‘Miners’) [3] Blockchain Users [4] Coders §3.06 Examples of Specific Blockchain Regulation [A] United States [B] Outside of the US [C] Definition and Summary §3.07 Outlook: Financial Services Prudential Regulation §3.08 Summary Further Reading 149 150 150 152 152 152 154 154 155 155 155 159 160 160 161 161 Chapter 4 Blockchain and Smart Contracts Philip Tríllmich, Matthias Goetz Chrìs Ewing §4.01 Terminology and Characteristics: What Is a Smart Contract? [A] History of the Term ‘Smart Contract’ [B] Technical Characteristics of a ‘Smart Contract’ [C] Terminology [1] The Meaning of the Term ‘Smart’in Smart Contract [2] What Does the Term ‘Contract’ Mean in Smart Contract? [3] The Attempt to Develop a Definition [D] Characteristics of ‘Smart Contracts’ as an Application of a Blockchain §4.02 Fields of Application [A] Legal Profession [B] Insurance Industry [C] Music Industry/Media industry [D] Energy Supply Industry [E] Internet of Things [F] Sharing Economy §4.03 Contract Law Issues [A] Applicable Law Versus‘Code in Law’ [B] Formation of a Smart Contract [1] Contracting Parties [2] Form Requirements [3] Offer and Acceptance [C] Regulatory Issues and Smart Contracts XX 163 163 163 164 165 165 165 166 167 169 169 170 171 173 174 175 176 176 177 177 178 181 182
Table of Contents [D] Consumer-Protection Laws and Smart Contracts [ 1 ] EU Directive 2011 /83/EU [2] Unfair Standard Terms [E] Interpretation of Smart Contracts and Their Terms [F] Performance and Remedies §4.04 Outlook [A] Benefits, Opportunities and Limitations of Smart Contracts [B] Use of Smart Contracts in the Future Further Reading 182 182 183 184 186 188 188 191 192 Chapter 5 Blockchain and Data Privacy Matthias Artzt, Lothar Determann William Long §5.01 Introduction and Executive Summary §5.02 Personal Data in the Context of the GDPR [A] Definition of Personal Data in the Context of a Blockchain [1] Public Keys [2] Transactional Data [B] How Is Personal Data Processed on a Blockchain? [C] Application of the GDPR to the Blockchain §5.03 Identifying Controllers and Processors in a Blockchain Environment under the GDPR [A] Definition of Controller and Processor [B] Legal Status of Participants of a Blockchain Network [1] Static Number of Roles and Responsibilities [2] Miners [3] Nodes [4] Wallets [5] Users of a Blockchain [6] Developer of Smart Contracts [7] Oracles [8] Governance Bodies and Joint-/Co-controllership [C] Frictions Between Controllership and Obligations under the GDPR §5.04 Legal Basis and Consent under the GDPR [A] Contractual Necessity [B] Consent [C] Legitimate Interest [D] Compliance with a Legal Obligation [E] Special Categories of Personal Data §5.05 Security of Data Processing on a Blockchain in the Context of the GDPR [A] Personal Data Versus Anonymous Data [B] Particular Security Techniques [1] Encryption xxi 193 193 194 194 195 197 198 199 201
201 201 201 203 205 206 206 208 209 210 211 212 214 214 216 217 218 218 218 218 219
Table of Contents [2] Hashing [3] Multi-layered Blockchains [4] Storing Personal Data Off-Chain [C] Principles of Purpose Limitation and Data Minimization [1] Purpose Limitation [2] Data Minimization [3] Evaluation in the Light of the Principles of Purpose Limitation and Data Minimization: Multi-layered Blockchains Versus Off-Chain Storage [D] Recommendation for Security Measures in a Blockchain Environment [E] Implications in the Case of Security Breaches §5.06 Data Subject Rights under the GDPR [A] How Do Data Subject Rights Apply to the Blockchain? [B] Right to Access Personal Data [C] Right to Rectification [D] Right to Erasure [1] What Does Erasure Mean? [2] The Techniques to Erase Data [3] Public Keys/Identifiers of Blockchain Users §5.07 Accountability Principles under the GDPR [A] Lawfulness, Fairness and Transparency [B] Purpose Limitation, Data Minimization and Storage Limitation [C] Use of Data Privacy Impact Assessment [D] Data Protection by Design and Default [E] Record of Processing Activities [F] Appointment of a DPO §5.08 International Data Transfers on a Blockchain under the GDPR §5.09 Outlook §5.10 Blockchain and US Privacy Law [A] US Privacy Law Versus EU Data Protection Regulation [B] Federal and State Law [C] Diverse Terminology [D] General and Specific US Privacy Laws applied to Blockchain [1] General US Privacy Laws [2] Specific US Privacy Laws [E] Blockchain and CCPA [1] Scope of CCPA [2] Which Blockchain Participants Must Comply with CCPA? [3] CCPA Compliance Obligations [4] Data Access and Deletion Rights [5] Sanctions and Remedies Further Reading
xxii 219 220 220 221 221 223 223 225 225 226 226 227 228 229 229 230 232 233 234 235 236 23 7 240 240 241 243 243 244 249 249 250 250 252 255 256 257 258 261 262 264
Table of Contents Chapter 6 Capital Markets Michael Juenemann §6.01 Capital Markets and Blockchain Michael Juenemann [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectuses [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.02 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Austria Johannes Frank Philipp Kinsky [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectuses [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.03 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Belarus Klim Stashevsky Mikhail Khodosevich [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.04 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Estonia Kirsti Pent [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.05 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Finland Mika Puurunen [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [E] Conclusion §6.06 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - France Bertrand Levy [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.07 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report ֊ Germany Michael Juenemann [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus
xxiii 265 265 265 268 271 273 275 276 277 278 278 280 280 281 282 284 286 286 290 291 292 293 294 296 297 299 300 300 300 301 303 305 306 306 308 310
Table of Contents [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.08 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Italy Stefano Febbi [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectuses [D] Regulatory Specifics for OrganizedTrade §6.09 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Liechtenstein Johannes Dür [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Special Requirements for a Prospectus [C] Blockchain Finality [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.10 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Poland Aleksandra Widziewicz [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade §6.11 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Spain Jose Luis Lorente Howell [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D] Special Requirements for Organized Trade §6.12 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Switzerland Olivier Favre Fabio Elsener [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [1] Payment Tokens and Utility Tokens Without Claims [2] Asset Tokens and Utility Tokens Conferring Claims [3] Developments: DLT Rights [C] Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [1] Payment Tokens and Utility Tokens [2] Asset Tokens [3] Developments: Introduction of DLT Trading Facility §6.13 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Singapore Kim Kit Ow [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [B] Blockchain Finality [C] Special Requirements for Prospectus [D]
Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [E] Conclusion §6.14 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - Canada Daniel Fuke Mike Stephens xxiv 312 314 314 316 316 318 321 323 324 325 328 329 329 331 332 332 334 334 337 337 338 340 341 342 342 342 343 344 344 345 346 347 347 348 350 352 353 353
Table of Contents [A] [B] [C] [D] What Makes a Token a Security Crypto Winter Special Requirements for Prospectus Regulatory Specifics for Organized Trade [1] Registration Request and Oversight [2] Regulatory Gaps [3] Enforcement [E] Conclusion §6.15 Capital Markets and Blockchain: Country Report - USA James Gatto [A] What Makes a Token a Security? [1] US SEC [2] The Commodities Futures TradingCommission [3] The Financial Crimes EnforcementNetwork [4] FINRA [5] The 1RS [6] State Laws Further Reading 354 356 357 358 358 358 358 360 360 360 361 362 363 365 365 365 366 Chapter 7 Blockchain and Intellectual Property Andreas Holzwarth-Rochford §7.01 Introduction §7.02 Trademark [A] Definition [B] Duration [C] Territory [D] Goods and Services [E] Types of Trademarks [F] Registration Process [G] Post Registration [H] Enforcement Examples and Practical Hints [I] §7.03 Designs [A] Definition [B] Duration/Territory [C] Registration/Invalidity Procedures/Protection Requirements [D] Enforcement [E] Examples and Practical Hints §7.04 Copyright [A] Definition [B] Rights Given by Copyright, Duration and Practical Hints §7.05 Open Source §7.06 Patents/Utility Models [A] Definition/Content of Patent Application xxv 369 369 371 371 371 371 372 372 373 374 374 375 376 376 376 378 379 380 381 381 381 382 385 385
Table of Contents Rights Provided by a Patent Territory [1] European Patents/Planned European Unitary Patent [2] Further Regional Patents European Patents/Planned European Unitary Patent [D] Protection Requirements EPO [1] Novelty/Grace Period [2] Priority [3] International Patent Applications [4] Exclusion from Patentability [5] Assessing Patentability of CII: Examples of Blockchain-Related EP Patents [6] Opposition Procedure [7] Enablement [E] Protection Requirements USPTO: Examples of Blockchain-Related US Patents [F] Practical Hints Protection by Patents [1] Strategic Considerations [2] Observation/Surveillance of Third-Party Rights [3] Transfer of Rights [a] German Act on Employee Inventions [G] Utility Models [1] Background [2] Registration Procedure: Branching Off [3] Protection Requirements/Duration [4] Protectable Subject Matter [5] Summary of Pros and Cons of Utility Models §7.07 Trade Secret [A] General Background [В] Legal Basis: Definition [C] Practical Aspects Further Reading [В] [C] 385 386 387 389 389 389 390 391 392 393 396 397 398 401 401 401 402 403 404 404 405 406 407 407 408 408 409 410 413 Chapter 8 Blockchain and Antitrust Jay Modrali §8.01 Introduction Anticompetitive Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices §8.02 [A] Introduction to Concepts [B] Horizontal Agreements and Blockchain [1] Information Exchange [2] Standardization [C] Vertical Agreements and Blockchain [D] Appropriate Safeguards §8.03 Abuse of Dominance xxvi 415 415 416 416 418 419 421 422 424 424
Table of Contents [A] [B] Introduction of Concepts Big Data [1] Mandating Data Access [2] Policing Data Sharing and Pooling [C] Online Platforms [1] Most Favoured Nations [2] Multi-homing [3] Interoperability [4] Transparency [5] Leveraging [6] Self-Preferencing [D] Article 102 TFEU and Blockchain [E] Appropriate Safeguards §8.04 Merger Control [A] Introduction to Concepts [B] Full-Function Joint Ventures [C] Gun-Jumping [D] Merger Control and Blockchain [E] Appropriate Safeguards Further Reading 424 426 427 429 430 431 431 431 432 432 432 432 433 434 434 435 436 437 442 443 Bibliography 445 Electronic References 465 Table of Cases 475 Index 479 xxvii |
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| spelling | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology Edited by Matthias Artzt, Thomas Richter Alphen aan den Rijn Wolters Kluwer [2020] xxxviii, 490 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Handbook of Blockchain Law' provides an overview of the key features and functionalities of blockchain technology in a legal context in a remarkably descriptive way. Blockchain has become attractive to companies and governments as it promises to solve the age-old problem of mutability in transactions ? that is, it makes falsification and recalculation impossible once a transaction has been committed to the technology. The systematic and comprehensive approach set forth in this book, including coverage of existing relevant law in various jurisdictions with a particular focus on European law and US law and practical guidance on how to tackle legal issues raised by the use of blockchain, ensures a one-stop-shop reference book for anyone considering blockchain-based solutions or rendering advice for them Artzt, Matthias 1968- (DE-588)122114671 edt Richter, Thomas edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-94-035-1815-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-94-035-1863-3 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032302709&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
| title | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
| title_auth | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
| title_full | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology Edited by Matthias Artzt, Thomas Richter |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology Edited by Matthias Artzt, Thomas Richter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology Edited by Matthias Artzt, Thomas Richter |
| title_short | Handbook of blockchain law |
| title_sort | handbook of blockchain law a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
| title_sub | a guide to understanding and resolving the legal challenges of the blockchain technology |
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