Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies: the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Leiden
Sidestone Press
[2020]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 249 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9789088908361 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Preface 11 List of Figures 13 Introduction 17 Aims and Methodology 17 Previous Methods 18 Defining the Parameters of the Research 18 Geographical Boundary 18 Chronological Boundary 18 The Focus of the Research 19 Inclusion of Ethnographic Items 19 Emerging Techniques: Future Research 20 1. Connecting Disciplines and Traditions in Archaeological Skin Processing Research 21 1.1 Introduction to Current Analysis Techniques for Processed Skin 21 1.2 Identification of Species 21 1.3 Identification of Tannage Technologies: CurrentMethods 22 1.4 Identification of Tannage Technologies: Advancing Current Capabilities 25 1.5 Terminology Concerns and Clarification 25 1.6 Conclusion 27 2. Investigating Early Tanning Technologies 2.1 Introduction to Methodology and Skin Morphology 29 29 2.2 Developed Method of Systematic Analysis of Skin Artefacts 29 2.3 Overview of Chosen Tanning Technologies 30 2.4 Layers of Object Biography 36 Sewing and Cordage 36 Wear and Tear 36 Archaeological, Experimental Interment and Preservation Issues 36 Post Excavation Treatments 36 2.5 Conclusion 3. Rationale for Faunal Selection 3.1 Introduction to Faunal Selection Chapter 36 37 37 Key Species of Economic Importance 37 Evaluation and Support of Selected Species 38 From Hunting to Herding 38
3.2 Introduction to European SpeciesSelection Key Species UseThrough Time andGeneral Trends 39 39 Mesolithic 40 Neolithic 40 Copper Age 41 Bronze Age - Early Iron Age 41 Continental and Regional Significance 42 Overview of the Archaeological Evidence 42 Faunal Presence in Archaeological Sites 42 Processed Skin Finds 42 Genetic Research 43 Rock Art and Associated Artefacts 43 Evidence for Choosing Variety 43 Size 43 Hair/Coat type 44 Genetics 44 Breed Rosters 44 Conclusion 3.3 European Faunal Selection Wild Species Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Domestic Species 44 45 45 45 47 Pig (Sus scrofa domesticas) 47 Sheep (Ovis aries) 48 Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) 49 Cattle (Bos taurus) 50 Horse (Equus caballus) 52 3.4 Introduction to North American Species Selection Key Species Use Through Time and General Temporal Trends 53 53 Early Holocene 54 Middle Holocene 54 Late Holocene 54 Geographic Trends in Faunal Use: Regional vs Continental Significance Overview of Archaeological Evidence 55 56 Faunal Presence in Sites 56 Processed Skin Finds and Ethnographic Evidence of Use 56 Rock Art and Associated Artefacts 57 3.5 Selected North American Species 57 Mule and White Tail Deer (Odocoileus hemionus virginianus) 57 Bison (Bison bison) 60 Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) 62 Bighorn Sheep (Ow's canadensis) 66 Elk (Cervus canadensis) 69 3.6 Introduction to Transcontinental Species Selection 71
3.7 Selected Transcontinental Species Relndeer/Caribou {Rangifer tarandus) Moose (Alces alces) 3.8 Furbearer Species Selection 71 71 74 76 Utilisation of Furbearers Through Time: Archaeological Evidence 77 Chosen Species 78 Leporids 78 Beaver (Castor sp.) 78 Domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiáris) 79 Bear (Ursus sp.) 79 3.9 Average Skin Size of Selected Species 4. Methodology for Chosen Tanning Technologies 4.1 Introduction to Methodology and Skin Morphology 4.2 Reductive Treatments 82 83 83 84 De-fleshing 84 De-hairing and de-graining 84 4.3 Fat and Smoke Tannages 87 Wet Scrape Method 89 Dry Scrape Method 91 Smoking or Smoke Tanning 93 4.4 Vegetable Tannage (Bark Tannage) 96 4.5 Alum Tawing 98 4.6 Urine Tannage 101 4.7 Rawhide Method 102 4.8 Discussion 103 4.9 Conclusion 104 5. Analysis of Experimental Reference Sample Collection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Macroscopic Analysis 105 105 105 Colour 106 Surface Texture 106 Membrane Remnants and Fibre Rolls 106 Light Translucency 106 Stretch 106 Pliability 107 Ultraviolet Light Reactivity 107 Macroscopic Criteria Identification Photographs 107 Ordinal Scale for Evaluation of Pliability 112 Light Translucence and UV Reactivity Tables 113 Macroscopic Analysis Criteria Tables 119 5.3 Microscopic Analysis of Surface Features 125 Background information for each sample species 125 Observations of Surface Features 125 Flesh side 125 Grain Side 126 Thickness 126
Fibre Size Fibre Separation Fibre weave Microscopic Criteria Identification Photographs Microscopic Analysis Criteria Tables 126 127 127 128 132 5.4 Low-Power Microscopic Cross Section Analysis Fibre Size Fullness Splitting Up Appearance of the Fibre Network Angle of Weave Cross Section Characteristic Identification Photographs Compactness Cross Section Analysis Data Tables Individual Fibre Analysis Photographs 138 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 144 146 5.5 Individual Fibre Analysis Fibre Size Outline Surface Texture Lustre Individual Fibre Analysis 146 146 146 146 146 148 5.6 Conclusion 148 6. Sample Collection Analysis by Tannage Type. Interpretation of Resutts 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Macroscopic Characteristics Colour Surface Texture Handle Thickness Pliability Stretch Miscellaneous 149 149 151 154 155 161 164 164 6.3 Light Translucence and Ultraviolet Light Reactivity Light Translucence Ultraviolet Light Reactivity: Surfaces Ultraviolet Light Reactivity: Freshly Cut Edge 169 169 169 169 6.4 Microscopic Characteristics Fibre Size Fibre Definition Fibre Separation Fibre Weave 173 173 175 175 178 6.5 Cross Sections Fibre Size Fibre Fullness Compactness Splitting-Up 180 180 180 180 180
Angle of Weave 182 Appearance of the Fibre Network 182 6.6 Individual Fibre Analysis by Tannage Type 183 Fibre Size 183 Fibre Fullness 184 Fibre Outline 184 Surface Texture 184 Lustre 184 Translucence 184 Splitting up 184 7. Identification of In-Life Use Traces. Analysis of Modern Reference Collection of Traditionally Tanned Clothing 189 7.1 Introduction to In-Life Use Traces 189 7.2 Manufacturing Sequence 189 7.3 Edge Morphology 191 7.4 Hole Appearance 197 7.5 Tooling 198 7.6 Wear 199 7.7 Conclusion 200 8. Tying it All Together: Summaries of Discriminating Traits by Tannage Type and Preservation Context 201 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Summaries of Defining Characteristics and Tendencies by Tannage Type Rawhide 201 Fat Tannages 201 203 Dry Scrape Brain Tan 203 Wet Scrape Brain Tan 206 Urine Tan 206 Vegetable Tan (Bark Tan) 208 Alum Taw 208 8.3 Preservation Environment and Exposure: What Survives? 208 8.4 Conservation: Impacts on Defining Characteristics 211 8.5 Assessment of Preservation Contexts Basedon Analysis of Museum Collections 212 8.5a Introduction to Preservation Contexts 8.6 Preservation Contexts 212 214 Assessment of General Burial Contexts 214 Assessment of Dry Preservation Contexts 214 Assessment of Wet Preservation Contexts 214 Assessment of Frozen Preservation Contexts 21 5 Assessment of Ethnographically CollectedItems 216 8.7 Summary of the Preservation of Discriminating Traits 217 8.8 Conclusion 217 8.9 List of All Museum Artefacts Analysed 218
9. Case Study of Ethnographically Collected Container 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Artefact Analysis for MSC Catalogue Number E37631 -0 (Processed Skin Container) 221 10. Discussion and Conclusion 225 10.1 Completion of Original Aims and Objectives 225 10.2 Future Directions for Research 226 10.3 Critical Reflection 227 10.4 Concluding Statements 227 Appendix 1: Blank recording form for discriminating traits 229 Glossary of Terms Used in Text 231 Bibliography 237 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Preface 11 List of Figures 13 Introduction 17 Aims and Methodology 17 Previous Methods 18 Defining the Parameters of the Research 18 Geographical Boundary 18 Chronological Boundary 18 The Focus of the Research 19 Inclusion of Ethnographic Items 19 Emerging Techniques: Future Research 20 1. Connecting Disciplines and Traditions in Archaeological Skin Processing Research 21 1.1 Introduction to Current Analysis Techniques for Processed Skin 21 1.2 Identification of Species 21 1.3 Identification of Tannage Technologies: CurrentMethods 22 1.4 Identification of Tannage Technologies: Advancing Current Capabilities 25 1.5 Terminology Concerns and Clarification 25 1.6 Conclusion 27 2. Investigating Early Tanning Technologies 2.1 Introduction to Methodology and Skin Morphology 29 29 2.2 Developed Method of Systematic Analysis of Skin Artefacts 29 2.3 Overview of Chosen Tanning Technologies 30 2.4 Layers of Object Biography 36 Sewing and Cordage 36 Wear and Tear 36 Archaeological, Experimental Interment and Preservation Issues 36 Post Excavation Treatments 36 2.5 Conclusion 3. Rationale for Faunal Selection 3.1 Introduction to Faunal Selection Chapter 36 37 37 Key Species of Economic Importance 37 Evaluation and Support of Selected Species 38 From Hunting to Herding 38
3.2 Introduction to European SpeciesSelection Key Species UseThrough Time andGeneral Trends 39 39 Mesolithic 40 Neolithic 40 Copper Age 41 Bronze Age - Early Iron Age 41 Continental and Regional Significance 42 Overview of the Archaeological Evidence 42 Faunal Presence in Archaeological Sites 42 Processed Skin Finds 42 Genetic Research 43 Rock Art and Associated Artefacts 43 Evidence for Choosing Variety 43 Size 43 Hair/Coat type 44 Genetics 44 Breed Rosters 44 Conclusion 3.3 European Faunal Selection Wild Species Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Domestic Species 44 45 45 45 47 Pig (Sus scrofa domesticas) 47 Sheep (Ovis aries) 48 Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) 49 Cattle (Bos taurus) 50 Horse (Equus caballus) 52 3.4 Introduction to North American Species Selection Key Species Use Through Time and General Temporal Trends 53 53 Early Holocene 54 Middle Holocene 54 Late Holocene 54 Geographic Trends in Faunal Use: Regional vs Continental Significance Overview of Archaeological Evidence 55 56 Faunal Presence in Sites 56 Processed Skin Finds and Ethnographic Evidence of Use 56 Rock Art and Associated Artefacts 57 3.5 Selected North American Species 57 Mule and White Tail Deer (Odocoileus hemionus virginianus) 57 Bison (Bison bison) 60 Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) 62 Bighorn Sheep (Ow's canadensis) 66 Elk (Cervus canadensis) 69 3.6 Introduction to Transcontinental Species Selection 71
3.7 Selected Transcontinental Species Relndeer/Caribou {Rangifer tarandus) Moose (Alces alces) 3.8 Furbearer Species Selection 71 71 74 76 Utilisation of Furbearers Through Time: Archaeological Evidence 77 Chosen Species 78 Leporids 78 Beaver (Castor sp.) 78 Domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiáris) 79 Bear (Ursus sp.) 79 3.9 Average Skin Size of Selected Species 4. Methodology for Chosen Tanning Technologies 4.1 Introduction to Methodology and Skin Morphology 4.2 Reductive Treatments 82 83 83 84 De-fleshing 84 De-hairing and de-graining 84 4.3 Fat and Smoke Tannages 87 Wet Scrape Method 89 Dry Scrape Method 91 Smoking or Smoke Tanning 93 4.4 Vegetable Tannage (Bark Tannage) 96 4.5 Alum Tawing 98 4.6 Urine Tannage 101 4.7 Rawhide Method 102 4.8 Discussion 103 4.9 Conclusion 104 5. Analysis of Experimental Reference Sample Collection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Macroscopic Analysis 105 105 105 Colour 106 Surface Texture 106 Membrane Remnants and Fibre Rolls 106 Light Translucency 106 Stretch 106 Pliability 107 Ultraviolet Light Reactivity 107 Macroscopic Criteria Identification Photographs 107 Ordinal Scale for Evaluation of Pliability 112 Light Translucence and UV Reactivity Tables 113 Macroscopic Analysis Criteria Tables 119 5.3 Microscopic Analysis of Surface Features 125 Background information for each sample species 125 Observations of Surface Features 125 Flesh side 125 Grain Side 126 Thickness 126
Fibre Size Fibre Separation Fibre weave Microscopic Criteria Identification Photographs Microscopic Analysis Criteria Tables 126 127 127 128 132 5.4 Low-Power Microscopic Cross Section Analysis Fibre Size Fullness Splitting Up Appearance of the Fibre Network Angle of Weave Cross Section Characteristic Identification Photographs Compactness Cross Section Analysis Data Tables Individual Fibre Analysis Photographs 138 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 144 146 5.5 Individual Fibre Analysis Fibre Size Outline Surface Texture Lustre Individual Fibre Analysis 146 146 146 146 146 148 5.6 Conclusion 148 6. Sample Collection Analysis by Tannage Type. Interpretation of Resutts 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Macroscopic Characteristics Colour Surface Texture Handle Thickness Pliability Stretch Miscellaneous 149 149 151 154 155 161 164 164 6.3 Light Translucence and Ultraviolet Light Reactivity Light Translucence Ultraviolet Light Reactivity: Surfaces Ultraviolet Light Reactivity: Freshly Cut Edge 169 169 169 169 6.4 Microscopic Characteristics Fibre Size Fibre Definition Fibre Separation Fibre Weave 173 173 175 175 178 6.5 Cross Sections Fibre Size Fibre Fullness Compactness Splitting-Up 180 180 180 180 180
Angle of Weave 182 Appearance of the Fibre Network 182 6.6 Individual Fibre Analysis by Tannage Type 183 Fibre Size 183 Fibre Fullness 184 Fibre Outline 184 Surface Texture 184 Lustre 184 Translucence 184 Splitting up 184 7. Identification of In-Life Use Traces. Analysis of Modern Reference Collection of Traditionally Tanned Clothing 189 7.1 Introduction to In-Life Use Traces 189 7.2 Manufacturing Sequence 189 7.3 Edge Morphology 191 7.4 Hole Appearance 197 7.5 Tooling 198 7.6 Wear 199 7.7 Conclusion 200 8. Tying it All Together: Summaries of Discriminating Traits by Tannage Type and Preservation Context 201 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Summaries of Defining Characteristics and Tendencies by Tannage Type Rawhide 201 Fat Tannages 201 203 Dry Scrape Brain Tan 203 Wet Scrape Brain Tan 206 Urine Tan 206 Vegetable Tan (Bark Tan) 208 Alum Taw 208 8.3 Preservation Environment and Exposure: What Survives? 208 8.4 Conservation: Impacts on Defining Characteristics 211 8.5 Assessment of Preservation Contexts Basedon Analysis of Museum Collections 212 8.5a Introduction to Preservation Contexts 8.6 Preservation Contexts 212 214 Assessment of General Burial Contexts 214 Assessment of Dry Preservation Contexts 214 Assessment of Wet Preservation Contexts 214 Assessment of Frozen Preservation Contexts 21 5 Assessment of Ethnographically CollectedItems 216 8.7 Summary of the Preservation of Discriminating Traits 217 8.8 Conclusion 217 8.9 List of All Museum Artefacts Analysed 218
9. Case Study of Ethnographically Collected Container 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Artefact Analysis for MSC Catalogue Number E37631 -0 (Processed Skin Container) 221 10. Discussion and Conclusion 225 10.1 Completion of Original Aims and Objectives 225 10.2 Future Directions for Research 226 10.3 Critical Reflection 227 10.4 Concluding Statements 227 Appendix 1: Blank recording form for discriminating traits 229 Glossary of Terms Used in Text 231 Bibliography 237 |
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| spelling | Kamper, Theresa Emmerich Verfasser (DE-588)1235842479 aut Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples Theresa Emmerich Kamper Leiden Sidestone Press [2020] © 2020 249 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 gnd rswk-swf Bräunung (DE-588)4382288-5 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Leder (DE-588)4034974-3 gnd rswk-swf Haut (DE-588)4023838-6 gnd rswk-swf Haut (DE-588)4023838-6 s Leder (DE-588)4034974-3 s Bräunung (DE-588)4382288-5 s Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-90-8890-837-8 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032262427&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kamper, Theresa Emmerich Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 gnd Bräunung (DE-588)4382288-5 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Leder (DE-588)4034974-3 gnd Haut (DE-588)4023838-6 gnd |
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| title | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples |
| title_auth | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples |
| title_exact_search | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples |
| title_full | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples Theresa Emmerich Kamper |
| title_fullStr | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples Theresa Emmerich Kamper |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples Theresa Emmerich Kamper |
| title_short | Determining prehistoric skin processing technologies |
| title_sort | determining prehistoric skin processing technologies the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples |
| title_sub | the macro and microscopic characteristics of experimental samples |
| topic | Experiment (DE-588)4015999-1 gnd Bräunung (DE-588)4382288-5 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Leder (DE-588)4034974-3 gnd Haut (DE-588)4023838-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Experiment Bräunung Archäologie Leder Haut |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032262427&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kampertheresaemmerich determiningprehistoricskinprocessingtechnologiesthemacroandmicroscopiccharacteristicsofexperimentalsamples |