International human rights law:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2020]
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| Ausgabe: | Ninth edition |
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| Beschreibung: | xxxviii, 454 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780198843672 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Textbook on international human rights |
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| adam_text | OUTLINE CONTENTS
PREFACE XV
TABLE OF CASES/COMMUNICATIONS XIX
TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS XXV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 8
3 THE UNITED NATIONS 29
4 THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS 56
5 REGIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 72
6 EUROPE 83
7 THE AMERICAS 108
8 AFRICA 126
9 MONITORING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS 144
10 SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS*GENERAL COMMENTS 171
11 EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION 185
12 RIGHTS FOR SPECIFIC VULNERABLE PERSONS 210
13 THE RIGHT TO LIFE 238
14 THE RIGHT TO LIBERTY OF PERSON 257
15 EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW*THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL 274
16 THE RIGHT TO WORK 296
17 FREEDOM FROM TORTURE; CRUEL, INHUMAN, AND DEGRADING
TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT 312
18 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION 330
19 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND MINORITY RIGHTS 348
20 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 375
21 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION 390
22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 405
23 CURRENT ISSUES: NON-STATE ACTORS 421
INDEX 437
DETAILED CONTENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CASES/COMMUNICATIONS
TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS
XV
XIX
XXV
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 1
1.2 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 1
1.3
OVERVIEW AND STRUCTURE OF
BOOK 4
2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN 2.7
RIGHTS 8
2.2 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: REVOLUTIONS
AND RIGHTS 9 2.8
2.3 THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 10
2.4 THE LAW OF ALIENS 10
2.4.1 REPARATIONS AND REPRISALS 11
2.4.2 THE TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT J 7
2.4.3 CONTEMPORARY LAW ON ALIENS 13
2.5 DIPLOMATIC LAWS 13
2.5.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIPLOMATIC
LAW 14 2.9
2.5.2 MODERN DIPLOMATIC LAW 14
2.6 THE LAWS OF WAR*INTERNATIONAL 2.10
HUMANITARIAN LAW 15
2.6.1 THE LAWS OF WAR 15
2.6.2 HUMANITARIAN LAW 16
2.6.3 MODERN HUMANITARIAN LAW AND LAWS
OF WAR 7 7
SLAVERY 18
2.7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW 18
2.7.2 THE MODERN LAW OF SLAVERY 19
MINORITY RIGHTS 19
2.8.1 THE TREATY APPROACH TO MINORITIES 19
2.8.2 THE LINK TO NATIONALISM 20
2.8.3 AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR 20
2.8.4 THE PEACE CONFERENCE 21
2.8.5 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND
MINORITIES 22
2.8.6 THE MODERN LAW ON MINORITIES 24
THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANIZATION 25
AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR 26
2.10.1 THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE 26
2.10.2 TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS 26
2.10.3 ON THE BRINK OF THE UNITED
NATIONS 27
3 THE UNITED NATIONS
29
3.1 THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER 29
3.2 THE SECURITY COUNCIL 30
3.2.1 SELF-DETERMINATION 31
3.2.2 UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTIONS 32
3.2.3 OTHER SITUATIONS 32
3.2.4 SANCTIONS 33
3.3 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 33
3.3.1 DEBATES AND DECLARATIONS ON HUMAN
RIGHTS ISSUES 34
3.3.2 RECEIVING REPORTS 35
3.4 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 35
3.5 THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 36
3.5.1 THE COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF
WOMEN (CSW) 36
3.6 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL 37
3.6.1 THE FORMER COMMISSION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS 37
3.6.2 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL 37
3.6.3 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
COUNCIL 38
3.6.4 INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINTS 39
3.6.5 SPECIAL PROCEDURES 40
3.6.6 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL ADVISORY
COMMITTEE 41
3.7 THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS 41
3.7.1 HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS 42
VIII DETAILED CONTENTS
3.8 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW*AN
INDEPENDENT SYSTEM 42
3.8.1 THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUREMBERG
CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL 43
3.8.2 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 43
3.9 DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 43
3.9.1 TREATY-MONITORING BODIES 45
3.10 BUILDING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 50
3.10.1 PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS 50
3.11 OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS 52
3.11.1 SLAVERY, TORTURE, FORCED LABOUR,
AND TRAFFICKING 53
3.12 THE IMPACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS ON
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS 53
4 THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS
56
4.1 THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS 57
4.1.1 IS THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
BINDING? 57
4.1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION 58
4.1.3 THE CONTENT OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION 59
4.1.4 MINORITY PROTECTION AND THE
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 60
4.1.5 THE RELEVANCE OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION 61
4.2 THE UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL
COVENANTS OF 1966 62
4.2.1 A FAMILY OF UNIVERSAL RIGHTS? 64
4.2.2 THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
RIGHTS 65
4.2.3 THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL
AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 66
4.3 BUILDING ON THE BILL OF RIGHTS-
EXTENDING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 68
4.4 CONCLUSIONS ON THE BILL OF HUMAN
RIGHTS 69
5 REGIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
72
5.1 THE ADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL 5.3
SYSTEMS 73
5.1.1 DRAFTING AND ADOPTING TEXTS 73
5.1.2 ACCESSIBILITY 73
5.1.3 ENFORCEABILITY 74
5.2 THE PRINCIPAL REGIONAL SYSTEMS 75 5.4
OTHER REGIONAL INITIATIVES 76
5.3.1 THE ARAB LEAGUE 77
5.3.2 THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT
STATES 77
5.3.3 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 78
CONCLUSIONS ON REGIONAL SYSTEMS 80
6 EUROPE
83
6.1 COUNCIL OF EUROPE 83
6.1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION 84
6.1.2 THE CONVENTION AND ASSOCIATED
INSTRUMENTS 84
6.1.3 THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 88
6.1.4 IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS*
THE INSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY 91
6.1.5 MONITORING THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 92
6.2 ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND
CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE 96
6.2.1 THE OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC
INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 98
6.2.2 THE HIGH COMMISSIONER ON NATIONAL
MINORITIES 98
6.2.3 THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF
THE MEDIA 99
6.3 EUROPEAN UNION 99
6.3.1 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE/COURT
OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND
HUMAN RIGHTS 700
6.3.2 CONSTITUTIONAL RECOGNITION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION 101
6.3.3 THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 102
6.3.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
AGENCY 103
6.3.5 SOCIAL POLICY 103
6.4 CONCLUSIONS 104
DETAILED CONTENTS IX
7 THE AMERICAS
108
7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN
HUMAN RIGHTS 108
7.2 THE DECLARATION AND THE
CONVENTIONS 109
7.2.1 THE AMERICAN DECLARATION 109
7.2.2 THE AMERICAN CONVENTION 7 70
7.2.3 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS 170
7.2.4 OTHER CONVENTIONS AND
INSTRUMENTS 7 7 7
7.3 THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 113
7.3.1 THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS 7 73
7.3.2 THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN
RIGHTS 7 74
7.3.3 THE INTER-AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR
INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT 116
7.3.4 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 7 7
7.3.5 THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION OF
WOMEN 7 77
7.4 IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS 117
7.4.1 MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTS OUTWITH
THE CONVENTION 7 78
7.4.2 CONVENTION*REPORTS 720
7.4.3 CONVENTION*INTER-STATE
COMPLAINTS 120
7.4.4 CONVENTION*INDIVIDUAL
COMPLAINTS 120
7.5 CONCLUSIONS 123
8 AFRICA
126
8.1 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
PROTECTION 127
8.2 THE AFRICAN CHARTER AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS 127
8.2.1 THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND
PEOPLES RIGHTS 127
8.2.2 THE OAU CONVENTION GOVERNING THE
SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF REFUGEE PROBLEMS
IN AFRICA 1969 128
8.2.3 AFRICAN UNION CONVENTION FOR
THE PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE OF
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN AFRICA
2009 730
8.2.4 THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON THE RIGHTS
AND WELFARE OF THE CHILD 1990 130
8.2.5 PROTOCOL ON WOMEN S RIGHTS 130
8.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 131
8.3.1 THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN
AND PEOPLES RIGHTS 132
8.3.2 THE AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND
PEOPLES RIGHTS 7 32
8.3.3 PROPOSED AFRICAN COURT OF JUSTICE
AND HUMAN RIGHTS 734
8.3.4 THE ASSEMBLY OF HEADS OF STATE AND
GOVERNMENT 735
8.3.5 THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) 736
8.4 ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS 137
8.4.1 REPORTS 737
8.4.2 INTER-STATE COMPLAINTS 737
8.4.3 INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINTS 738
8.5 AFRICAN (SUB-)REGIONAL
MECHANISMS 140
8.5.1 ECOWAS 740
8.5.2 EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 740
8.6 CONCLUSIONS 141
9 MONITORING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS
144
9.1 THE REPORTS SYSTEM 144
9.2 INTER-STATE COMPLAINTS 146
9.3 INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINTS 147
9.4 SPECIAL PROCEDURES: RAPPORTEURS,
INDEPENDENT EXPERTS, AND WORKING
GROUPS 149
9.5 SITE/COUNTRY VISITS 150
9.5.1 TORTURE PREVENTION AND VISITS TO
PLACES OF DETENTION 150
9.6 FACT FINDING MISSIONS AND
COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY 150
9.7 THE ROLE OF ANCILLARY BODIES 151
9.7.1 UNITED NATIONS BODIES 757
9.7.2 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED
CROSS 753
9.8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGOS) 153
9.9 INDIVIDUALS 154
9.10 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTITUTIONS 155
9.11 OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS WITH THE
PRESENT SYSTEM 155
9.11.1 RATIFICATIONS, DECLARATIONS, AND
RESERVATIONS 756
9.11.2 STATE REPORTS*QUANTITY AND
QUALITY 758
DETAILED CONTENTS
9.11.3 RESOURCES 161
9.11.4 IMPLEMENTATION AND SANCTIONS 164
9.12 PLURALISM AND HOMOGENEITY 166
9.13 REFORM? SOME OBSERVATIONS 166
10 SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS*GENERAL COMMENTS
171
10.1 CONTENT OF LIGHTS 171
10.2 STATE DISCRETION AND OTHER
LIMITATIONS 172
10.2.1 STATE DISCRETION 172
10.2.2 CLASH OF RIGHTS 174
10.2.3 DEROGATIONS 174
10.2.4 RESERVATIONS 176
10.2.5 DECLARATIONS 179
10.2.6 DENUNCIATIONS 179
10.3 INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION 180
10.4 EXAMINING HUMAN RIGHTS 181
11 EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION 185
11.1 THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY 186
11.2 THE PROHIBITION ON
DISCRIMINATION 186
11.3 SEX DISCRIMINATION 187
11.3.1 THE DECLARATION ON THE ELIMINATION
OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
WOMEN 189
11.3.2 DEVELOPING THE LAW 189
11.3.3 THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION
OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
AGAINST WOMEN 190
11.3.4 STRENGTHENING WOMEN S RIGHTS 192
11.4 RACE DISCRIMINATION 192
11.4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW 193
11.4.2 THE DECLARATION AND THE
CONVENTION 194
11.4.3 DEFINITION OF RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION 195
11.4.4 CONCLUSIONS 196
11.5 RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION 197
11.5.1 DEVELOPING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROHIBITION 798
11.5.2 DEVELOPING THE DECLARATION 199
11.5.3 CONTENT OF THE DECLARATION 200
11.5.4 DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT 201
11.5.5 SPECIAL THEMATIC RAPPORTEURS
ON RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE AND
DISCRIMINATION 202
11.5.6 DISCRIMINATION AT WORK 202
11.5.7 CONCLUSIONS 203
11.6 OTHER GROUNDS OF DISCRIMINATION 204
11.6.1 LANGUAGE 204
11.6.2 ABILITY/DISABILITY 205
11.6.3 OTHERS 206
11.7 CONCLUSIONS 207
12 RIGHTS FOR SPECIFIC VULNERABLE PERSONS
210
12.1 VULNERABLE PEOPLE 211 12.5
12.2 REFUGEES 211
12.2.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 212
12.2.2 REFUGEES RIGHTS AND THE 1951
CONVENTION 212
12.2.3 THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH 12.6
COMMISSIONER FOR
REFUGEES 214
12.2.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 275
12.2.5 DEVELOPMENTS 276
12.3 INTERNALLY DISPLACED
PERSONS 217
12.3.1 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 217 Y^-J
12.3.2 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 218
12.4 STATELESS PERSONS 218
12.4.1 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 279
12.4.2 RIGHTS OF STATELESS PERSONS 220 J28
WOMEN 220
12.5.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 220
12.5.2 RIGHTS OF WOMEN 221
12.5.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 225
12.5.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 225
CHILDREN 226
12.6.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 226
12.6.2 CHILDREN S RIGHTS AND THE UNITED
NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS
OF THE CHILD 227
12.6.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 23)
12.6.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 231
OLDER PERSONS 232
12.7.1 KEY ISSUES 233
12.7.2 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 233
12.7.3 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 234
CONCLUSIONS 23S
DETAILED CONTENTS XI
13 THE RIGHT TO LIFE
238
13.1 RIGHT TO LIFE 238
13.1.1 A POSITIVE OBLIGATION TO PROTECT
LIFE 239
13.1.2 PARAMETERS OF LIFE 241
13.2 PERMISSIBLE DEPRIVATION OF LIFE 243
13.2.1 DEATH PENALTY 243
13.2.2 DEATH BY ACTIONS OF STATE SECURITY
FORCES 245
13.2.3 DEATH DURING ARMED CONFLICT 247
13.3 GENOCIDE 248
13.3.1 DEFINITION OF GENOCIDE 249
13.3.2 THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION 250
13.3.3 GENOCIDE AS AN INTERNATIONAL
CRIME 251
13.3.4 THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS 252
13.3.5 CONCLUSIONS ON THE PROHIBITION ON
GENOCIDE 253
13.4 CONCLUSIONS 254
14 THE RIGHT TO LIBERTY OF PERSON
257
14.1 SLAVERY AND SERVITUDE 257 14.2
14.1.1 SLAVERY 258
14.1.2 SLAVE TRADE AND TRAFFICKING 259
14.1.3 ANALOGOUS PRACTICES 26?
14.1.4 FORCED OR COMPULSORY
LABOUR 262 24 3
LIBERTY AND SECURITY OF PERSON 264
14.2.1 DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 265
14.2.2 GROUNDS OF DETENTION 265
14.2.3 PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 269
14.2.4 DEROGATIONS FROM THE PROVISIONS 271
CONCLUSIONS 271
15 EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW*THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL
274
15.1 RECOGNITION, EQUALITY, AND ACCESS
ISSUES 275
15.1.1 RECOGNITION AS A PERSON BEFORE
THE LAW 275
15.1.2 LACK OF CAPACITY TO ENTER LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS 276
15.1.3 PROBLEMS WITH DEFINING PERSONS 277
15.1.4 EQUALITY OF PERSONS BEFORE THE
LAW 277
15.1.5 A RIGHT OF ACCESS TO A COURT? 278
15.2 PROHIBITION ON RETROACTIVE PENAL
LEGISLATION 279
15.2.1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
CRIMES 279
15.2.2 DEFINING CRIMES 280
15.2.3 EXAMPLES OF VIOLATIONS 280
15.3 WHAT ARE COURTS AND TRIBUNALS ? 281
15.3.1 THE TREATY-MONITORING BODIES? 282
15.4 AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL
COURT 282
15.4:1 JURISPRUDENCE 283
15.5 PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE 285
15.6 MINIMUM GUARANTEES FOR CRIMINAL
TRIALS 286
15.6.1 THE LANGUAGE OF THE TRIAL AND
CHARGES 287
15.6.2 ADEQUATE TIME AND FACILITIES TO
PREPARE AND CONDUCT A
DEFENCE 288
15.6.3 TRIAL IN ABSENTIA 290
15.6.4 LEGAL AID 290
15.6.5 TRIAL WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME 290
15.6.6 PUBLIC HEARING 291
15.6.7 DOUBLE JEOPARDY 292
15.6.8 APPEAL HEARING 292
15.7 CONCLUSIONS 293
16 THE RIGHT TO WORK
296
16.1 THE RIGHT TO WORK 296
16.1.1 AN ABSOLUTE RIGHT? 297
16.1.2 THE DUTY INCUMBENT ON STATES 297
16.1.3 COMPONENTS OF THE RIGHT TO WORK 298
16.1.4 FREEDOM FROM ARBITRARY DISMISSAL 299
16.1.5 EQUALITY 300
16.2 THE RIGHT TO JUST AND FAVOURABLE
CONDITIONS OF WORK AND
REMUNERATION 302
16.2.1 CONDITIONS OF WORK 302
16.2.2 WORKING TIME AND REST PERIODS 304
16.2.3 HOLIDAYS 305
XII DETAILED CONTENTS
16.2.4 REMUNERATION 305
16.2.5 LINK TO ADEQUATE STANDARD OF
LIVING 307
16.3 THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL
WORK 308
16.4 CONCLUSIONS 310
17 FREEDOM FROM TORTURE; CRUEL, INHUMAN, AND DEGRADING
TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
312
17.1 A HIERARCHY OF TREATMENT? 312 17.3
17.1.1 THE INCLUSION OF MENTAL SUFFERING 313
17.2 TORTURE 314
17.2.1 THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION 314
17.2.2 THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM 316 17.4
17.2.3 THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM 317
17.2.4 THREAT OF TORTURE 317
17.2.5 REPRISALS 318
17.2.6 SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL 17.5
EXPERIMENTATION 318 J ^
17.2.7 COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS 319
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR
PUNISHMENT 319
17.3.1 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT 319
17.3.2 DEATH-ROW PHENOMENON 321
PREVENTION OF TORTURE, CRUEL, INHUMAN
OR DEGRADING TREATMENT 323
17.4.1 THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION 324
17.4.2 THE REGIONAL POSITION 325
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 326
CONCLUSIONS 327
18 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
330
18.1 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION 330
18.2 THE ORIGINS OF THE RIGHT TO SELF-
DETERMINATION 331
18.2.1 AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR 332
18.2.2 THE ERA OF THE LEAGUE OF
NATIONS 332
18.3 THE UNITED NATIONS, DECOLONIZATION,
AND SELF-DETERMINATION 333
18.4 SELF-DETERMINATION TODAY 335
18.4.1 EXAMPLES OF NON-COLONIAL SELF-
DETERMINATION 336
18.5
18.6
18.4.2 SECESSION 338
18.4.3 DIFFERENT COVENANTS, DIFFERENT
RIGHTS? 339
18.4.4 AUTONOMY FOR MINORITY AND
INDIGENOUS GROUPS 341
18.4.5 FREE, PRIOR, AND INFORMED
CONSENT 342
18.4.6 SELF-DETERMINATION AND THE AFRICAN
CHARTER 343
CLAIMING SELF-DETERMINATION 343
CONCLUSIONS 345
19 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND MINORITY RIGHTS
348
19.1 MINORITY RIGHTS 349
19.1.1 BACKGROUND TO MINORITY RIGHTS 349
19.1.2 THE NEED FOR MINORITY PROTECTION 350
19.1.3 DEFINING MINORITIES 351
19.1.4 THE SCOPE OF ART 27 OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL
AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 354
19.1.5 OTHER UN INITIATIVES 362
19.1.6 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 362
19.2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 364
19.2.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 364
19.2.2 CLAIMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 365
19.2.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 369
19.2.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 370
19.3 CONCLUSIONS 372
20 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
375
20.1 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 376
20.2 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND MEDIA 377
20.2.1 STATE-OWNED MEDIA 378
20.2.2 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 379
20.2.3 LINK TO HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION 379
20.3 OVERLAP WITH OTHER RIGHTS
(CORRESPONDENCE, PRIVACY,
ASSOCIATION) 379
DETAILED CONTENTS XIII
20.4 EXCEPTIONS 380
20.4.1 PROPAGANDA FOR WAR OR NATIONAL,
RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS HATRED 382
20.4.2 WAR/PUBLIC EMERGENCY 383
20.4.3 NATIONAL SECURITY/PUBLIC ORDER 383
20.5
20.4.4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MORALS 385
20.4.5 THE RIGHTS AND REPUTATIONS OF
OTHERS 386
CONCLUSIONS 387
21 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION
390
21.1 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 391
21.1.1 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 391
21.1.2 NATURE OF EDUCATION 394
21.1.3 ACADEMIC FREEDOM 397
21.1.4 THE UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL
RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHT TO
EDUCATION 398
21.2 THE RIGHT TO HUMAN RIGHTS
EDUCATION 398
21.2.1 LINKS TO OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS 399
21.2.2 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL EDUCATION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS 399
21.2.3 TEACHING NON-DISCRIMINATION 400
21.2.4 THE UNITED NATIONS DECADE OF
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION 401
21.3 CONCLUSIONS 402
22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 405
22.1 THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT 406
22.2 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS 406
22.3 TOWARDS AGENDA 2030 408
22.4 AGENDA 2030 FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT 408
22.4.1 PEOPLE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 409
22.4.2 PLANET: ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS 410
22.4.3 PROSPERITY: ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT 412
22 A A PEACE 413
22.5 UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS 414
22.5.1 MONITORING PROGRESS TOWARDS THE
SDGS 475
22.5.2 CROSS-CUTTING HUMAN RIGHTS
THEMES 417
22.5.3 ACCOUNTABILITY 418
22.5.4 PARTICIPATION 47 9
22.5 CONCLUSIONS 420
23 CURRENT ISSUES: NON-STATE ACTORS
421
23.1 POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT,
RESPECT, PROMOTE, AND FULFIL TREATY
OBLIGATIONS 422
23.2 NON-STATE ARMED GROUPS 422
23.2.1 PRIVATE ARMED SECURITY FIRMS 425
23.3 BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 426
23.3.1 ILO FUNDAMENTAL CONVENTIONS 428
23.3.2 UN GLOBAL COMPACT 429
23.3.3 UN GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON BUSINESS
AND HUMAN RIGHTS 430
23.4 INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND NON-
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 431
23.4.1 THE UNITED NATIONS 431
23.4.2 NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS 432
23.5 CONCLUSIONS 434
INDEX
437
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| adam_txt |
OUTLINE CONTENTS
PREFACE XV
TABLE OF CASES/COMMUNICATIONS XIX
TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS XXV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 8
3 THE UNITED NATIONS 29
4 THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS 56
5 REGIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 72
6 EUROPE 83
7 THE AMERICAS 108
8 AFRICA 126
9 MONITORING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS 144
10 SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS*GENERAL COMMENTS 171
11 EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION 185
12 RIGHTS FOR SPECIFIC VULNERABLE PERSONS 210
13 THE RIGHT TO LIFE 238
14 THE RIGHT TO LIBERTY OF PERSON 257
15 EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW*THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL 274
16 THE RIGHT TO WORK 296
17 FREEDOM FROM TORTURE; CRUEL, INHUMAN, AND DEGRADING
TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT 312
18 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION 330
19 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES'AND MINORITY RIGHTS 348
20 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 375
21 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION 390
22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 405
23 CURRENT ISSUES: NON-STATE ACTORS 421
INDEX 437
DETAILED CONTENTS
PREFACE
TABLE OF CASES/COMMUNICATIONS
TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS
XV
XIX
XXV
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 1
1.2 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 1
1.3
OVERVIEW AND STRUCTURE OF
BOOK 4
2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN 2.7
RIGHTS 8
2.2 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: REVOLUTIONS
AND RIGHTS 9 2.8
2.3 THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 10
2.4 THE LAW OF ALIENS 10
2.4.1 REPARATIONS AND REPRISALS 11
2.4.2 THE TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT J 7
2.4.3 CONTEMPORARY LAW ON ALIENS 13
2.5 DIPLOMATIC LAWS 13
2.5.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIPLOMATIC
LAW 14 2.9
2.5.2 MODERN DIPLOMATIC LAW 14
2.6 THE LAWS OF WAR*INTERNATIONAL 2.10
HUMANITARIAN LAW 15
2.6.1 THE LAWS OF WAR 15
2.6.2 HUMANITARIAN LAW 16
2.6.3 MODERN HUMANITARIAN LAW AND LAWS
OF WAR 7 7
SLAVERY 18
2.7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW 18
2.7.2 THE MODERN LAW OF SLAVERY 19
MINORITY RIGHTS 19
2.8.1 THE TREATY APPROACH TO MINORITIES 19
2.8.2 THE LINK TO NATIONALISM 20
2.8.3 AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR 20
2.8.4 THE PEACE CONFERENCE 21
2.8.5 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND
MINORITIES 22
2.8.6 THE MODERN LAW ON MINORITIES 24
THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANIZATION 25
AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR 26
2.10.1 THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE 26
2.10.2 TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS 26
2.10.3 ON THE BRINK OF THE UNITED
NATIONS 27
3 THE UNITED NATIONS
29
3.1 THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER 29
3.2 THE SECURITY COUNCIL 30
3.2.1 SELF-DETERMINATION 31
3.2.2 UNITED NATIONS INTERVENTIONS 32
3.2.3 OTHER SITUATIONS 32
3.2.4 SANCTIONS 33
3.3 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 33
3.3.1 DEBATES AND DECLARATIONS ON HUMAN
RIGHTS ISSUES 34
3.3.2 RECEIVING REPORTS 35
3.4 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 35
3.5 THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL 36
3.5.1 THE COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF
WOMEN (CSW) 36
3.6 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL 37
3.6.1 THE FORMER COMMISSION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS 37
3.6.2 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL 37
3.6.3 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
COUNCIL 38
3.6.4 INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINTS 39
3.6.5 SPECIAL PROCEDURES 40
3.6.6 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL ADVISORY
COMMITTEE 41
3.7 THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS 41
3.7.1 HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS 42
VIII DETAILED CONTENTS
3.8 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW*AN
INDEPENDENT SYSTEM 42
3.8.1 THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUREMBERG
CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL 43
3.8.2 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 43
3.9 DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 43
3.9.1 TREATY-MONITORING BODIES 45
3.10 BUILDING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 50
3.10.1 PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS 50
3.11 OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS 52
3.11.1 SLAVERY, TORTURE, FORCED LABOUR,
AND TRAFFICKING 53
3.12 THE IMPACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS ON
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS 53
4 THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS
56
4.1 THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS 57
4.1.1 IS THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
BINDING? 57
4.1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION 58
4.1.3 THE CONTENT OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION 59
4.1.4 MINORITY PROTECTION AND THE
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 60
4.1.5 THE RELEVANCE OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION 61
4.2 THE UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL
COVENANTS OF 1966 62
4.2.1 A FAMILY OF UNIVERSAL RIGHTS? 64
4.2.2 THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
RIGHTS 65
4.2.3 THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL
AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 66
4.3 BUILDING ON THE BILL OF RIGHTS-
EXTENDING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW 68
4.4 CONCLUSIONS ON THE BILL OF HUMAN
RIGHTS 69
5 REGIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
72
5.1 THE ADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL 5.3
SYSTEMS 73
5.1.1 DRAFTING AND ADOPTING TEXTS 73
5.1.2 ACCESSIBILITY 73
5.1.3 ENFORCEABILITY 74
5.2 THE PRINCIPAL REGIONAL SYSTEMS 75 5.4
OTHER REGIONAL INITIATIVES 76
5.3.1 THE ARAB LEAGUE 77
5.3.2 THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT
STATES 77
5.3.3 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 78
CONCLUSIONS ON REGIONAL SYSTEMS 80
6 EUROPE
83
6.1 COUNCIL OF EUROPE 83
6.1.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION 84
6.1.2 THE CONVENTION AND ASSOCIATED
INSTRUMENTS 84
6.1.3 THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 88
6.1.4 IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS*
THE INSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY 91
6.1.5 MONITORING THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 92
6.2 ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND
CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE 96
6.2.1 THE OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC
INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 98
6.2.2 THE HIGH COMMISSIONER ON NATIONAL
MINORITIES 98
6.2.3 THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF
THE MEDIA 99
6.3 EUROPEAN UNION 99
6.3.1 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE/COURT
OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND
HUMAN RIGHTS 700
6.3.2 CONSTITUTIONAL RECOGNITION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION 101
6.3.3 THE CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 102
6.3.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
AGENCY 103
6.3.5 SOCIAL POLICY 103
6.4 CONCLUSIONS 104
DETAILED CONTENTS IX
7 THE AMERICAS
108
7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN
HUMAN RIGHTS 108
7.2 THE DECLARATION AND THE
CONVENTIONS 109
7.2.1 THE AMERICAN DECLARATION 109
7.2.2 THE AMERICAN CONVENTION 7 70
7.2.3 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS 170
7.2.4 OTHER CONVENTIONS AND
INSTRUMENTS 7 7 7
7.3 THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 113
7.3.1 THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS 7 73
7.3.2 THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN
RIGHTS 7 74
7.3.3 THE INTER-AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR
INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT 116
7.3.4 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 7 7
7.3.5 THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION OF
WOMEN 7 77
7.4 IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS 117
7.4.1 MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTS OUTWITH
THE CONVENTION 7 78
7.4.2 CONVENTION*REPORTS 720
7.4.3 CONVENTION*INTER-STATE
COMPLAINTS 120
7.4.4 CONVENTION*INDIVIDUAL
COMPLAINTS 120
7.5 CONCLUSIONS 123
8 AFRICA
126
8.1 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
PROTECTION 127
8.2 THE AFRICAN CHARTER AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS 127
8.2.1 THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND
PEOPLES' RIGHTS 127
8.2.2 THE OAU CONVENTION GOVERNING THE
SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF REFUGEE PROBLEMS
IN AFRICA 1969 128
8.2.3 AFRICAN UNION CONVENTION FOR
THE PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE OF
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN AFRICA
2009 730
8.2.4 THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON THE RIGHTS
AND WELFARE OF THE CHILD 1990 130
8.2.5 PROTOCOL ON WOMEN'S RIGHTS 130
8.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 131
8.3.1 THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN
AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS 132
8.3.2 THE AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND
PEOPLES' RIGHTS 7 32
8.3.3 PROPOSED AFRICAN COURT OF JUSTICE
AND HUMAN RIGHTS 734
8.3.4 THE ASSEMBLY OF HEADS OF STATE AND
GOVERNMENT 735
8.3.5 THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) 736
8.4 ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS 137
8.4.1 REPORTS 737
8.4.2 INTER-STATE COMPLAINTS 737
8.4.3 INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINTS 738
8.5 AFRICAN (SUB-)REGIONAL
MECHANISMS 140
8.5.1 ECOWAS 740
8.5.2 EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 740
8.6 CONCLUSIONS 141
9 MONITORING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING HUMAN RIGHTS
144
9.1 THE REPORTS SYSTEM 144
9.2 INTER-STATE COMPLAINTS 146
9.3 INDIVIDUAL COMPLAINTS 147
9.4 SPECIAL PROCEDURES: RAPPORTEURS,
INDEPENDENT EXPERTS, AND WORKING
GROUPS 149
9.5 SITE/COUNTRY VISITS 150
9.5.1 TORTURE PREVENTION AND VISITS TO
PLACES OF DETENTION 150
9.6 FACT FINDING MISSIONS AND
COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY 150
9.7 THE ROLE OF ANCILLARY BODIES 151
9.7.1 UNITED NATIONS'BODIES 757
9.7.2 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED
CROSS 753
9.8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGOS) 153
9.9 INDIVIDUALS 154
9.10 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTITUTIONS 155
9.11 OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS WITH THE
PRESENT SYSTEM 155
9.11.1 RATIFICATIONS, DECLARATIONS, AND
RESERVATIONS 756
9.11.2 STATE REPORTS*QUANTITY AND
QUALITY 758
DETAILED CONTENTS
9.11.3 RESOURCES 161
9.11.4 IMPLEMENTATION AND SANCTIONS 164
9.12 PLURALISM AND HOMOGENEITY 166
9.13 REFORM? SOME OBSERVATIONS 166
10 SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS*GENERAL COMMENTS
171
10.1 CONTENT OF LIGHTS 171
10.2 STATE DISCRETION AND OTHER
LIMITATIONS 172
10.2.1 STATE DISCRETION 172
10.2.2 CLASH OF RIGHTS 174
10.2.3 DEROGATIONS 174
10.2.4 RESERVATIONS 176
10.2.5 DECLARATIONS 179
10.2.6 DENUNCIATIONS 179
10.3 INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION 180
10.4 EXAMINING HUMAN RIGHTS 181
11 EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION 185
11.1 THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY 186
11.2 THE PROHIBITION ON
DISCRIMINATION 186
11.3 SEX DISCRIMINATION 187
11.3.1 THE DECLARATION ON THE ELIMINATION
OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
WOMEN 189
11.3.2 DEVELOPING THE LAW 189
11.3.3 THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION
OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
AGAINST WOMEN 190
11.3.4 STRENGTHENING WOMEN'S RIGHTS 192
11.4 RACE DISCRIMINATION 192
11.4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW 193
11.4.2 THE DECLARATION AND THE
CONVENTION 194
11.4.3 DEFINITION OF 'RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION' 195
11.4.4 CONCLUSIONS 196
11.5 RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION 197
11.5.1 DEVELOPING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROHIBITION 798
11.5.2 DEVELOPING THE DECLARATION 199
11.5.3 CONTENT OF THE DECLARATION 200
11.5.4 DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT 201
11.5.5 SPECIAL THEMATIC RAPPORTEURS
ON RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE AND
DISCRIMINATION 202
11.5.6 DISCRIMINATION AT WORK 202
11.5.7 CONCLUSIONS 203
11.6 OTHER GROUNDS OF DISCRIMINATION 204
11.6.1 LANGUAGE 204
11.6.2 ABILITY/DISABILITY 205
11.6.3 OTHERS 206
11.7 CONCLUSIONS 207
12 RIGHTS FOR SPECIFIC VULNERABLE PERSONS
210
12.1 VULNERABLE PEOPLE 211 12.5
12.2 REFUGEES 211
12.2.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 212
12.2.2 REFUGEES' RIGHTS AND THE 1951
CONVENTION 212
12.2.3 THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH 12.6
COMMISSIONER FOR
REFUGEES 214
12.2.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 275
12.2.5 DEVELOPMENTS 276
12.3 INTERNALLY DISPLACED
PERSONS 217
12.3.1 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 217 Y^-J
12.3.2 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 218
12.4 STATELESS PERSONS 218
12.4.1 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 279
12.4.2 RIGHTS OF STATELESS PERSONS 220 J28
WOMEN 220
12.5.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 220
12.5.2 RIGHTS OF WOMEN 221
12.5.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 225
12.5.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 225
CHILDREN 226
12.6.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 226
12.6.2 CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND THE UNITED
NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS
OF THE CHILD 227
12.6.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 23)
12.6.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 231
OLDER PERSONS 232
12.7.1 KEY ISSUES 233
12.7.2 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 233
12.7.3 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 234
CONCLUSIONS 23S
DETAILED CONTENTS XI
13 THE RIGHT TO LIFE
238
13.1 RIGHT TO LIFE 238
13.1.1 A POSITIVE OBLIGATION TO PROTECT
LIFE 239
13.1.2 PARAMETERS OF LIFE 241
13.2 PERMISSIBLE DEPRIVATION OF LIFE 243
13.2.1 DEATH PENALTY 243
13.2.2 DEATH BY ACTIONS OF STATE SECURITY
FORCES 245
13.2.3 DEATH DURING ARMED CONFLICT 247
13.3 GENOCIDE 248
13.3.1 DEFINITION OF GENOCIDE 249
13.3.2 THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION 250
13.3.3 GENOCIDE AS AN INTERNATIONAL
CRIME 251
13.3.4 THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS 252
13.3.5 CONCLUSIONS ON THE PROHIBITION ON
GENOCIDE 253
13.4 CONCLUSIONS 254
14 THE RIGHT TO LIBERTY OF PERSON
257
14.1 SLAVERY AND SERVITUDE 257 14.2
14.1.1 SLAVERY 258
14.1.2 SLAVE TRADE AND TRAFFICKING 259
14.1.3 ANALOGOUS PRACTICES 26?
14.1.4 FORCED OR COMPULSORY
LABOUR 262 24 3
LIBERTY AND SECURITY OF PERSON 264
14.2.1 DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 265
14.2.2 GROUNDS OF DETENTION 265
14.2.3 PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 269
14.2.4 DEROGATIONS FROM THE PROVISIONS 271
CONCLUSIONS 271
15 EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW*THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL
274
15.1 RECOGNITION, EQUALITY, AND ACCESS
ISSUES 275
15.1.1 RECOGNITION AS A PERSON BEFORE
THE LAW 275
15.1.2 LACK OF CAPACITY TO ENTER LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS 276
15.1.3 PROBLEMS WITH DEFINING'PERSONS' 277
15.1.4 EQUALITY OF PERSONS BEFORE THE
LAW 277
15.1.5 A RIGHT OF ACCESS TO A COURT? 278
15.2 PROHIBITION ON RETROACTIVE PENAL
LEGISLATION 279
15.2.1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
CRIMES 279
15.2.2 DEFINING CRIMES 280
15.2.3 EXAMPLES OF VIOLATIONS 280
15.3 WHAT ARE 'COURTS AND TRIBUNALS'? 281
15.3.1 THE TREATY-MONITORING BODIES? 282
15.4 AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL
COURT 282
15.4:1 JURISPRUDENCE 283
15.5 PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE 285
15.6 MINIMUM GUARANTEES FOR CRIMINAL
TRIALS 286
15.6.1 THE LANGUAGE OF THE TRIAL AND
CHARGES 287
15.6.2 ADEQUATE TIME AND FACILITIES TO
PREPARE AND CONDUCT A
DEFENCE 288
15.6.3 TRIAL IN ABSENTIA 290
15.6.4 LEGAL AID 290
15.6.5 TRIAL WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME 290
15.6.6 PUBLIC HEARING 291
15.6.7 DOUBLE JEOPARDY 292
15.6.8 APPEAL HEARING 292
15.7 CONCLUSIONS 293
16 THE RIGHT TO WORK
296
16.1 THE RIGHT TO WORK 296
16.1.1 AN ABSOLUTE RIGHT? 297
16.1.2 THE DUTY INCUMBENT ON STATES 297
16.1.3 COMPONENTS OF THE RIGHT TO WORK 298
16.1.4 FREEDOM FROM ARBITRARY DISMISSAL 299
16.1.5 EQUALITY 300
16.2 THE RIGHT TO JUST AND FAVOURABLE
CONDITIONS OF WORK AND
REMUNERATION 302
16.2.1 CONDITIONS OF WORK 302
16.2.2 WORKING TIME AND REST PERIODS 304
16.2.3 HOLIDAYS 305
XII DETAILED CONTENTS
16.2.4 REMUNERATION 305
16.2.5 LINK TO ADEQUATE STANDARD OF
LIVING 307
16.3 THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL
WORK 308
16.4 CONCLUSIONS 310
17 FREEDOM FROM TORTURE; CRUEL, INHUMAN, AND DEGRADING
TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
312
17.1 A HIERARCHY OF TREATMENT? 312 17.3
17.1.1 THE INCLUSION OF MENTAL SUFFERING 313
17.2 TORTURE 314
17.2.1 THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION 314
17.2.2 THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM 316 17.4
17.2.3 THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM 317
17.2.4 THREAT OF TORTURE 317
17.2.5 REPRISALS 318
17.2.6 SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL 17.5
EXPERIMENTATION 318 \J ^
17.2.7 COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS 319
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR
PUNISHMENT 319
17.3.1 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT 319
17.3.2 DEATH-ROW PHENOMENON 321
PREVENTION OF TORTURE, CRUEL, INHUMAN
OR DEGRADING TREATMENT 323
17.4.1 THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION 324
17.4.2 THE REGIONAL POSITION 325
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 326
CONCLUSIONS 327
18 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
330
18.1 THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION 330
18.2 THE ORIGINS OF THE RIGHT TO SELF-
DETERMINATION 331
18.2.1 AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR 332
18.2.2 THE ERA OF THE LEAGUE OF
NATIONS 332
18.3 THE UNITED NATIONS, DECOLONIZATION,
AND SELF-DETERMINATION 333
18.4 SELF-DETERMINATION TODAY 335
18.4.1 EXAMPLES OF NON-COLONIAL SELF-
DETERMINATION 336
18.5
18.6
18.4.2 SECESSION 338
18.4.3 DIFFERENT COVENANTS, DIFFERENT
RIGHTS? 339
18.4.4 AUTONOMY FOR MINORITY AND
INDIGENOUS GROUPS 341
18.4.5 FREE, PRIOR, AND INFORMED
CONSENT 342
18.4.6 SELF-DETERMINATION AND THE AFRICAN
CHARTER 343
CLAIMING SELF-DETERMINATION 343
CONCLUSIONS 345
19 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' AND MINORITY RIGHTS
348
19.1 MINORITY RIGHTS 349
19.1.1 BACKGROUND TO MINORITY RIGHTS 349
19.1.2 THE NEED FOR MINORITY PROTECTION 350
19.1.3 DEFINING'MINORITIES' 351
19.1.4 THE SCOPE OF ART 27 OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL
AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 354
19.1.5 OTHER UN INITIATIVES 362
19.1.6 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 362
19.2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 364
19.2.1 HISTORICAL ISSUES 364
19.2.2 CLAIMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 365
19.2.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 369
19.2.4 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 370
19.3 CONCLUSIONS 372
20 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
375
20.1 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 376
20.2 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND MEDIA 377
20.2.1 STATE-OWNED MEDIA 378
20.2.2 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 379
20.2.3 LINK TO HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION 379
20.3 OVERLAP WITH OTHER RIGHTS
(CORRESPONDENCE, PRIVACY,
ASSOCIATION) 379
DETAILED CONTENTS XIII
20.4 EXCEPTIONS 380
20.4.1 PROPAGANDA FOR WAR OR NATIONAL,
RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS HATRED 382
20.4.2 WAR/PUBLIC EMERGENCY 383
20.4.3 NATIONAL SECURITY/PUBLIC ORDER 383
20.5
20.4.4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MORALS 385
20.4.5 THE RIGHTS AND REPUTATIONS OF
OTHERS 386
CONCLUSIONS 387
21 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION
390
21.1 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 391
21.1.1 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 391
21.1.2 NATURE OF EDUCATION 394
21.1.3 ACADEMIC FREEDOM 397
21.1.4 THE UNITED NATIONS' SPECIAL
RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHT TO
EDUCATION 398
21.2 THE RIGHT TO HUMAN RIGHTS
EDUCATION 398
21.2.1 LINKS TO OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS 399
21.2.2 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL EDUCATION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS 399
21.2.3 TEACHING NON-DISCRIMINATION 400
21.2.4 THE UNITED NATIONS DECADE OF
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION 401
21.3 CONCLUSIONS 402
22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 405
22.1 THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT 406
22.2 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS 406
22.3 TOWARDS AGENDA 2030 408
22.4 AGENDA 2030 FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT 408
22.4.1 PEOPLE: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 409
22.4.2 PLANET: ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS 410
22.4.3 PROSPERITY: ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT 412
22 A A PEACE 413
22.5 UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS 414
22.5.1 MONITORING PROGRESS TOWARDS THE
SDGS 475
22.5.2 CROSS-CUTTING HUMAN RIGHTS
THEMES 417
22.5.3 ACCOUNTABILITY 418
22.5.4 PARTICIPATION 47 9
22.5 CONCLUSIONS 420
23 CURRENT ISSUES: NON-STATE ACTORS
421
23.1 POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT,
RESPECT, PROMOTE, AND FULFIL TREATY
OBLIGATIONS 422
23.2 NON-STATE ARMED GROUPS 422
23.2.1 PRIVATE ARMED SECURITY FIRMS 425
23.3 BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 426
23.3.1 ILO FUNDAMENTAL CONVENTIONS 428
23.3.2 UN GLOBAL COMPACT 429
23.3.3 UN GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON BUSINESS
AND HUMAN RIGHTS 430
23.4 INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND NON-
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 431
23.4.1 THE UNITED NATIONS 431
23.4.2 NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS 432
23.5 CONCLUSIONS 434
INDEX
437 |
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| spelling | Smith, Rhona K. M. Verfasser (DE-588)173795668 aut Textbook on international human rights International human rights law Rhona K.M. Smith Ninth edition Oxford Oxford University Press [2020] © 2020 xxxviii, 454 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032250805&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Smith, Rhona K. M. International human rights law Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd |
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| title | International human rights law |
| title_alt | Textbook on international human rights |
| title_auth | International human rights law |
| title_exact_search | International human rights law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International human rights law |
| title_full | International human rights law Rhona K.M. Smith |
| title_fullStr | International human rights law Rhona K.M. Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | International human rights law Rhona K.M. Smith |
| title_short | International human rights law |
| title_sort | international human rights law |
| topic | Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Völkerrecht Menschenrecht Lehrbuch |
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