Attributing knowledge: what it means to know something
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Oxford University Press
[2020]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 464 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780197508817 |
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction Parti i. Epistemology: What It Is ii. The Importance of Words iii. Some of the Distinctive Epistemic Claims I Attempt to Establish in This Book iv. Brief Synopses of the Chapters in This Book Part 2 v. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Ambiguity and Polysemy vi. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Retraction and the Factivity of“Know(s)” vii. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Literality and Metaphoricality viii. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Semantic Entailments ix. The Lexical Analysis of Words Versus the Functional Analysis of Them x. An Example: “True” xi. Xphilosophy and the Threat of Idiolectical Scepticism 1 1 1 4 1. Knowledge Attributions to Minimal Epistemic Agents 1.1 First Remarks 1.2 What Animals Know 1.3 Insects and Non-biological Things Know a Lot Too 1.4 The Flexibility of Cognition Attributions: 1 ing that p 1.5 Knowledge, Belief, Action, and Consciousness 1.6 Knowledge and Belief (and Consciousness Too) 1.7 Mindless Knowing 1.8 Final Lesson from Knowledge Attributions to Animals: Methods of Knowing aren’t Modular 1.9 What’s Been Done and a Look Ahead 6 9 12 12 20 23 26 29 31 36 45 45 51 57 65 67 70 74 77 81 2. Knowledge and Knowing thatp; “Knowledge” and “Knowing thatp” 2.1 First Remarks 2.2 “Knowledge” 2.3 “Knowingp” and “Knowing thatp” 83 83 85 93 3. The Variability of Know(s)-that Judgments 3.1 First Remarks 97 97
viii CONTENTS 3.2 Some Thought Experiments that Are Problematic for Classic Invariantists 102 3.3 Hawthorne’s DSK Principle 106 3.4 Comparing Knowing and Knowledge Attributions Across Contexts 109 3.5 Comparing Knowing and Knowledge Attributions Across Agents 120 3.6 Knowledge Relativism Denied 124 3.7 What Speaker-Hearers Can Reasonably Be Taken to Be Confused About with Respect to their Own Usage 125 3.8 Making Progress? (Where We Are and Where We’re Going) 129 4. Assertion Norms 4.1 Introduction; Preliminaries About Assertion 4.2 Semantic Perceptions 4.3 Experiencing Asserting, Assertions, and Their Differences 4.4 The Assertions of Spokespersons and Moorean Remarks 4.5 Assertions: Of Journalists, in Advertisements, by Cartoon Characters and Flakes 4.6 Assertion Norms 4.7 Burge’s Acceptance Principle 4.8 Expectations in Special Cases 4.9 Concluding Remarks 5. Usage Traps in the Language of Iterated Knowledge Attributions 5.1 Introductory Remarks About KK and K-tK and About Metacognition 5.2 Exclamation and Redundancy Uses of “Know(s)” 5.3 Redundancy Usages for “Aware” and the Puzzling Case of Pain 5.4 Iterated Knowledge and an Agent’s Command of Her Concepts 5.5 Davidson, Dretske, Esken, and Malcolm on Metacognition, Cognition, Belief, and Metabelief 5.6 Iterated Knowledge and Belief, and Justification 5.7 Level Confixsions in Epistemology 5.8 Conclusion and Transition to the Next Chapter 6. Iterated and Ground-Floor Cognition, KK and K-iK Arguments and Empirical Studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Cartesian Perspective: Full Metacognition About the Self 6.3 A Very Minimal
Ground-Floor Epistemic Agent Who Cognizes and Knows Without Iterated Knowledge or Cognitions 6.4 The Non-transparency of Knowing States 6.5 Iterated Knowledge About Deduction 6.6 Nonhuman-Animal Studies in “Metacognition” 6.7 A Possible Case of Nonhuman-Animal Iterated Cognition? 6.8 Conclusion 131 131 136 142 148 151 156 160 163 169 171 171 178 184 188 195 200 202 204 206 206 209 212 224 227 235 241 244
CONTENTS 7. Inferential Justification 7.1 First Remarks 7.2 Justification and Truth 7.3 Justifications Based on Truth-Preserving Deduction 7.4 Infinite Chains of Justifications 7.4.1 Infinite Deductive Sequences of Justifications 7.4.2 Probabilistic Infinite Sequences of Justifications 7.4.3 A Failing Grade for Infinitism, Nevertheless 7.5 Conclusion . ІХ 245 245 258 261 267 267 273 277 284 8. Representational Justification and Challenges to “the Given” 8.1 Representational Justification Characterized 8.2 Representation and Deduction Exhaust Justification 8.3 The Given-Dilemma for Nonpropositional Justification 8.4 Why Representational Justifications Needn’t Be Experiential 8.5 There Are Justificational Stopping Points 8.6 Justificational Stopping Points in Conversation 8.7 Metacognitive Motivations for Enriching Justification 8.8 Concluding Remarks 285 285 288 293 296 301 305 311 318 9. Confidence, Belief, and Knowledge; The Vagueness of “Know(s)” 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Piecemeal Knowledge and Piecemeal Iterated Knowledge 9.3 Confidence, Knowledge, and Iterated Knowledge 9.4 The Invisibility of Epistemic Standards; the Invisibility of the Vagueness of Epistemic Standards 9.5 Williamson on KK 9.6 Concluding Remarks 320 320 323 327 334 339 341 10. Usage Challenges to Fallibilism 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Preliminaries: Characterizing Fallibilism, Infallibilism, and Parity Reasoning 10.3 When Factivity Misleads 10.4 The Factivity of “Know(s)” and Kripke’s Dogmatism Paradox 10.5 The Factivity and Fallibility of “Know(s)”; and Lotteries 10.6 Going to Extremes 10.7 Prefaces and
Lotteries 10.8 Fallibility Implies the Denial of Knowledge Closure 10.9 Rational Belief and Concluding Remarks 343 343 11. The(Complex)StructureoftheMeaningof“Know(s)” 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Conditions for “Know(s)”; the Relation of These Conditions to Criterion Transcendence 386 386 345 353 357 362 369 373 376 382 386
X CONTENTS 11.3 Wby “Know(s)” Evades a Definition 11.4 Conceptually Engineering a Successor Notion to “Know(s)”? 11.5 Social-Role Epistemology 391 399 410 Conclusion 414 Appendix: The Aesthetics ofHangman Knots Bibliography Index 417 427 445
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Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction Parti i. Epistemology: What It Is ii. The Importance of Words iii. Some of the Distinctive Epistemic Claims I Attempt to Establish in This Book iv. Brief Synopses of the Chapters in This Book Part 2 v. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Ambiguity and Polysemy vi. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Retraction and the Factivity of“Know(s)” vii. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Literality and Metaphoricality viii. Insights from Lexical Semantics: Semantic Entailments ix. The Lexical Analysis of Words Versus the Functional Analysis of Them x. An Example: “True” xi. Xphilosophy and the Threat of Idiolectical Scepticism 1 1 1 4 1. Knowledge Attributions to Minimal Epistemic Agents 1.1 First Remarks 1.2 What Animals Know 1.3 Insects and Non-biological Things Know a Lot Too 1.4 The Flexibility of Cognition Attributions: 1 ing that p 1.5 Knowledge, Belief, Action, and Consciousness 1.6 Knowledge and Belief (and Consciousness Too) 1.7 Mindless Knowing 1.8 Final Lesson from Knowledge Attributions to Animals: Methods of Knowing aren’t Modular 1.9 What’s Been Done and a Look Ahead 6 9 12 12 20 23 26 29 31 36 45 45 51 57 65 67 70 74 77 81 2. Knowledge and Knowing thatp; “Knowledge” and “Knowing thatp” 2.1 First Remarks 2.2 “Knowledge” 2.3 “Knowingp” and “Knowing thatp” 83 83 85 93 3. The Variability of Know(s)-that Judgments 3.1 First Remarks 97 97
viii CONTENTS 3.2 Some Thought Experiments that Are Problematic for Classic Invariantists 102 3.3 Hawthorne’s DSK Principle 106 3.4 Comparing Knowing and Knowledge Attributions Across Contexts 109 3.5 Comparing Knowing and Knowledge Attributions Across Agents 120 3.6 Knowledge Relativism Denied 124 3.7 What Speaker-Hearers Can Reasonably Be Taken to Be Confused About with Respect to their Own Usage 125 3.8 Making Progress? (Where We Are and Where We’re Going) 129 4. Assertion Norms 4.1 Introduction; Preliminaries About Assertion 4.2 Semantic Perceptions 4.3 Experiencing Asserting, Assertions, and Their Differences 4.4 The Assertions of Spokespersons and Moorean Remarks 4.5 Assertions: Of Journalists, in Advertisements, by Cartoon Characters and Flakes 4.6 Assertion Norms 4.7 Burge’s Acceptance Principle 4.8 Expectations in Special Cases 4.9 Concluding Remarks 5. Usage Traps in the Language of Iterated Knowledge Attributions 5.1 Introductory Remarks About KK and K-tK and About Metacognition 5.2 Exclamation and Redundancy Uses of “Know(s)” 5.3 Redundancy Usages for “Aware” and the Puzzling Case of Pain 5.4 Iterated Knowledge and an Agent’s Command of Her Concepts 5.5 Davidson, Dretske, Esken, and Malcolm on Metacognition, Cognition, Belief, and Metabelief 5.6 Iterated Knowledge and Belief, and Justification 5.7 Level Confixsions in Epistemology 5.8 Conclusion and Transition to the Next Chapter 6. Iterated and Ground-Floor Cognition, KK and K-iK Arguments and Empirical Studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Cartesian Perspective: Full Metacognition About the Self 6.3 A Very Minimal
Ground-Floor Epistemic Agent Who Cognizes and Knows Without Iterated Knowledge or Cognitions 6.4 The Non-transparency of Knowing States 6.5 Iterated Knowledge About Deduction 6.6 Nonhuman-Animal Studies in “Metacognition” 6.7 A Possible Case of Nonhuman-Animal Iterated Cognition? 6.8 Conclusion 131 131 136 142 148 151 156 160 163 169 171 171 178 184 188 195 200 202 204 206 206 209 212 224 227 235 241 244
CONTENTS 7. Inferential Justification 7.1 First Remarks 7.2 Justification and Truth 7.3 Justifications Based on Truth-Preserving Deduction 7.4 Infinite Chains of Justifications 7.4.1 Infinite Deductive Sequences of Justifications 7.4.2 Probabilistic Infinite Sequences of Justifications 7.4.3 A Failing Grade for Infinitism, Nevertheless 7.5 Conclusion . ІХ 245 245 258 261 267 267 273 277 284 8. Representational Justification and Challenges to “the Given” 8.1 Representational Justification Characterized 8.2 Representation and Deduction Exhaust Justification 8.3 The Given-Dilemma for Nonpropositional Justification 8.4 Why Representational Justifications Needn’t Be Experiential 8.5 There Are Justificational Stopping Points 8.6 Justificational Stopping Points in Conversation 8.7 Metacognitive Motivations for Enriching Justification 8.8 Concluding Remarks 285 285 288 293 296 301 305 311 318 9. Confidence, Belief, and Knowledge; The Vagueness of “Know(s)” 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Piecemeal Knowledge and Piecemeal Iterated Knowledge 9.3 Confidence, Knowledge, and Iterated Knowledge 9.4 The Invisibility of Epistemic Standards; the Invisibility of the Vagueness of Epistemic Standards 9.5 Williamson on KK 9.6 Concluding Remarks 320 320 323 327 334 339 341 10. Usage Challenges to Fallibilism 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Preliminaries: Characterizing Fallibilism, Infallibilism, and Parity Reasoning 10.3 When Factivity Misleads 10.4 The Factivity of “Know(s)” and Kripke’s Dogmatism Paradox 10.5 The Factivity and Fallibility of “Know(s)”; and Lotteries 10.6 Going to Extremes 10.7 Prefaces and
Lotteries 10.8 Fallibility Implies the Denial of Knowledge Closure 10.9 Rational Belief and Concluding Remarks 343 343 11. The(Complex)StructureoftheMeaningof“Know(s)” 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Conditions for “Know(s)”; the Relation of These Conditions to Criterion Transcendence 386 386 345 353 357 362 369 373 376 382 386
X CONTENTS 11.3 Wby “Know(s)” Evades a Definition 11.4 Conceptually Engineering a Successor Notion to “Know(s)”? 11.5 Social-Role Epistemology 391 399 410 Conclusion 414 Appendix: The Aesthetics ofHangman Knots Bibliography Index 417 427 445 |
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| spelling | Azzouni, Jody 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)142352764 aut Attributing knowledge what it means to know something Jody Azzouni New York Oxford University Press [2020] © 2020 xiii, 464 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 gnd rswk-swf Wissen (DE-588)4066559-8 gnd rswk-swf Wissen (DE-588)4066559-8 s Erkenntnistheorie (DE-588)4070914-0 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, UPDF 9780197508824 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9780197508831 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780197508848 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032250508&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title_full | Attributing knowledge what it means to know something Jody Azzouni |
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| title_short | Attributing knowledge |
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