The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
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| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 188-202 |
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| ISBN: | 9781316647264 |
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| adam_text | Contents List ofFigures Acknowledgments page viii ix 1 Introduction 1 2 3 An Unusual Testing Ground: Building a Town in the Marshes, 1955-1962 23 Children of the Great Patriotic War: The Formation of Soviet Scientists, 1930-1955 49 “We Were Building a Town for Ourselves”: Everyday Life in Chernogolovka in the 1960s and 1970s 75 4 Scientists, Ideology, and the Communist Party in Chernogolovka 5 Chernogolovka Scientists between Loyalty and Dissent: The Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia and the Liubarskii Affair 131 6 Scientists behind the Iron Curtain: Traveling Abroad in the 1960s and 1970s 152 108 Conclusion 175 Biographical Notes Bibliography Index 181 188 203 vii
Bibliography Archival Collections Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk - ARAN (Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences) fond 2 - Presidium of the Academy of Sciences fond 342 - N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics fond 434 - Moscow House of Scientists fond 579 - Main Administrative Board on Foreign Affairs of the Academy of Sciences fond 1647 - A.N. Nesmeianov fond 1654 - I.E. Tamm fond 1729 - M.V. Keldysh fond 1916 - A.P. Aleksandrov fond 2046 ֊ A.I. Shal’nikov Rossiiskiigosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii -RGANI (Russian State Archive of Contemporary History) fond 5 ֊ Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union op. 17 ֊ Department of Science and Higher Education (1951-1952, 1952-1953,1953-1955) op. 30 - General Department (1953-1966) op. 32 - Department of Administrative Party Work (1965-1966) op. 35 - Department of Science and Higher Education (1955-1956, 1956-1962,1965-1966) op. 37 ֊ Department of Science and Higher Education (1956-1962, 1964-1966) op. 55 - Department of Ideology (1962-1965) op. 58-90 - Departments of the Central Committee (1966-1984) Tsentral’nyi arkhiv obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii Moskvy - TsAOPIM (Central Archive of Social and Political History of Moscow) fond 8099 - Party Organization of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences fond 1281 - Party Organization of the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences fond 4491 - Party Organization of the Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences 188
Bibliography 189 fond 78 ֊ October Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union fond 128 ֊ Noginsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Arkhiv Instituta Problem Khimicheskoi Fiziki (Archive of the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics ֊ Former Archive of the Branch of the Institute of Chemical Physics) fond 1 - Scientific Archive of the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Decrees of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1953-2005) Newsletter (stengazeta) of the Branch of the Institute of Chemical Physics Orders and Resolutions of the ICP Branch Photo Archive of the IPCP Reports on Scientific Travels (1967-1982) Trade Union Records of the ICP Branch Arkhiv Instituta Fiúki Tverdogo Tela (Archive of the Institute of Solid State Physics) fond 1 - Scientific Archive of the Institute of Solid State Physics Newsletter (stengazeta) of the Institute of Solid State Physics Photo Archive of the ISSP Reports on Scientific Travels Trade Union Records of the ISSP (1968-2006) Arkhiv Doma Uchenykh Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN v Chernogolovke (Archive of the House of Scientists at the Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka) Cinema Club “Kaleidoscope” Decrees of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1967, 1972, and 1988) Photo Archive of the House of Scientists Proceedings of the Meetings of the House of Scientists (1971-1987) Reports on the Work of the House of Scientists (1981-1987) Statute of the House of Scientists Arkhiv Mezhdunarodnogo obshchestva “Memorial” (Archive of the International Society
Memorial) fond 103 - Biographical Materials: K. Liubarskii fond 156 - The Collection of Periodicals Forschungsstelle Osteuropa (Archive of the Research Center for East European Studies) fond 42 ֊ K.A. Liubarskii fond 86 - Raisa Orlova’s Interviews
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Index Abdrashitov, Vadim, 104 Abrikosov, Alexei on anti-Semitic campaign, 113 education, 66 Nobel Prize in Physics, 47, 66n88 parents, 66 political views, 137-138 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 scientific career, 46 Academy of Sciences decree on building scientific center, 25 decree on House of Scientists, 99-100 funding of Chernogolovka, 10 scientific centers, 80-8ln28 travel policy, 162, 167 Afanasiev, Yuri, 178 Akademgorodok construction of, 2, 10, 32 food supply, 87 historiography, 16 housing and infrastructure, 76 Khrushchev’s visits to, 29 party organization, 111 state support, 28-29 young specialists in, 36 Akulov, Nikolai, ՅՕոՅՕ Alferov, Zhores, 176 All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINTTI), 155nl4 Antonioni, Michelangelo, 104 Apin, Al’fred, 36, 38 Arzamas-16 (Sarov), 9, 76 Babkin, Gennadii, 101, 105 Bailes, Kendall, 15, 131 Barshai, Rudolf, 101 Beliaev, Aleksandr, 36 Beria, Lavrentii, 2 Bidulia, Pavel, 70 biomedical research, 40 Bogdanov, Gennadii on absence of crime in Chernogolovka, 93 awareness of Stalinist repressions, 56-57 childhood, 56 on collective identity, 96 on Doctors’ Plot, 113 education, 39, 70-71 foreign travel experience, 158, 167-168, 170-171 impact of Stalin’s death on, 114 on involvement in public work, 128 at meeting on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 139 member of party organization, 120, 123 on movie repertoire, 104-105 on population of Chernogolovka, 42 scientific career, 40, 75 student life in Moscow, 70-71 war memories, 60-61, 63 Bronstein, Matvei, ՅՕոՅՕ Broude, Vladimir, 99, 105 Brown, Kate, !6, 106,
132 Bykov, Rolan, 104 Calvin, Melvin, 145 Chambers, Robert, 167 Chemical Evolution (Calvin), 145 Chernogolovka. See also Noginsk Scientific Center; testing ground project absence of crime, 92-93 arrival of first employees, 1 biomedical research, 40 chemical research, 40 classified research, 39 combustion science, 4, 39 construction of, 23-24 decline of, 107, 175, 179 development of polymer science, 40 directors of laboratories, 39 Dubovitskii’s role in development of, 78 fiindamental research, 10, 12 203
204 Index Chernogolovka (cont.) historical context, З landscaping, 93, 94 living conditions, 106, 175 local grocery store, 19 location, 23 non-military research, 39 organizational structure, 36 original settlement, 23-24 population growth, 75 recreational facilities, 93, 94-96 restriction of visitors, 152 school, 94 scientific community, 1, 2, 10-11, 20,25, 45-46 social and cultural life, 21 state funding, 15 status of scientists, 4, 16-17 transformation into scientific center, 1,2,25 Chernogolovka scientists. See also cultural life; everyday life; foreign travels; housing access to foreign media, 141 affiliation with Communist party, 110, 123 anti-Semitic campaign and, 113 awareness of Stalinist repressions, 56 career choice, 66, 70 challenges of postwar period, 64 collective identity, 53, 57, 58, 72, 96, 109 Communist believers, 135, 137 conformity among, 143, 150-151 educational background, 73, 112, 169 emigration, 179 fundamental research, 68 Gorbachev’s reforms and, 175, 177-178 Great Terror and, 55 ideological views, 109, 129,136 impact of popular science on, 71-72 international community and, 171-172 involvement in public work, 78, 93-94, 96, 128 living standards, 106-107 loyalty to Soviet regime, 22, 106, 109, 112, 138, 157, 176-177 material conditions, 175, 179 optimism of, 73 participation in subbotniks, 93-94 “passive participation,” 21, 110, 126, (See also “privilege of passive participation”) “playing by the rules,” 124, 129 political opinions, 21-22, 129, 133, 134-135,137, 151 pride of Soviet science, 172-173 as products of the Khrushchev era, 74, 110, 117-118
professional autonomy of, 151 scientific exchanges, 154-155 shared memories and values, 65 social backgrounds of, 53, 56, 68-69 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 121, 125, 141 Soviet propaganda and, 111-112, 169-170 Stalin’s death and, 115 war memories, 59-60, 61 World War II and formation of, 50, 63-64 Chernozemova, Valentina, 99-100, 103 Chronicle of Current Events, The (samizdat periodical), 145, 146 Chugunova, Maria, 102 Cold War prestige of science during, 20, 67 professional opportunities for scientists, 50-51,66,74 Communist Party of the Soviet Union 20th Congress, 110 21st Congress, 7 22nd Congress, 7-8, 27 control of people’s life, 108 membership priority, 122 organizational structure, 108 qualities of true Communist, 112 communist party organization in Chernogolovka affiliation with October regional committee, 111, 121 growth of membership, 120 jurisdiction of Noginskii gorkom, 109 philosophical and ideological seminars, 124-125, 129 primary party organizations (PPO), 111, 119, 120 recruitment into, 120 relationship with scientists, 108-109, 120, 124, 128 “rules of the game,” 124n86, 124-125 topics of party meetings, 126-128 workers and staff as members of, 123, 124 Communist Youth League (Komsomol), 112 Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1,25,32, 36 cultural life access to film repositories, 104, 105-106 cinema club “Kaleidoscope,” 101, 104 concerts, 101, 103 development of, 97-98 film repertoire, 102, 104-105 guest lecturers, 98 hobby groups (kruzhki), 101 intellectual freedom, 105 local performances, 99, 100-101 movie theater, 98-99 poetry association, 101
205 Index Tarkovskii’s visit, 102 theater studio, 100 trips to Moscow to concert halls, 99 Vysotskii’s concerts, 98,103 de-Stalinization, 1,24,110 dissent Chernogolovka scientists and, 105,134-135, 137,151 definition, 13 ln3 in the USSR, two pillars of, 132 dissident movement, 131, 133nl4,134, 145 Dolukhanova, Zara, 101 Dremin, Anatolit, 39 Dubček, Alexander, 139 Dubna physics center, 10 Dubovitskii, Fedor as administrator, 36, 76 food supply management, 87, 89 housing distribution, 81, 83-84 on involvement of scientists in construction, 95 Liubarskii Affair, 148-149 participation in cultural life, 103 primary party organization and, 120, 135-136 recruitment of researchers, 41 role on development of Chernogolovka, 20, 32, 78 search for construction organization, 81 on sports facilities, 95 Efimov, Oleg attendance of Stalin’s funeral, 114-115 education, 72 friendship with Liubarskii, 145-146 grocery shopping, 89 impact of popular science on, 72 invitation to join Communist party, 123 Liubarskii Affair and, 149 on official propaganda, 170 political views, 137, 138 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 relations with mother, 58 research interests, 40 restriction on foreign travels, 161, 164 samizdat movement and, 146 on staff of public organizations, 124 support of Soviet regime, 85 war memories, 62, 64 Emanuel’, Nikolai, 39, 120 Enman, Vladimir birth, 58 childhood, 54 on collective identity of scientists, 96 description of Chernogolovka, 23 on difficulties of everyday life, 41 education, 72-73 on grocery shopping, 87 housing, 78-79 impact of Great Terror on, 54 job
offer, 23 member of Communist party, 108 scientific career, 108 Stalin’s death and, 115 war memories, 62 work at auto-repair factory, 62 Eremenko, Leonid, 90, 95 Esenin-Vol’pin, Aleksandr, 134, 145 everyday life. See also cultural life; food supplies; housing cultural center, 76 health care, 75 infrastructure, 75 lack of basic comforts, 75 sports activities, 95 Experimental Factory of Scientific Instrumentation, 84 Fellini, Federico, 105 Fock, Vladimir, ՅՕոՅՕ food supplies assortment of food in stores, 90, 91 during Brezhnev era, 106 changing situation with, 87, 92 delivery of, 91-92 Dubovitskii’s management of, 89 farmer’s market, 91 food rationing system, 89, 90, 92 gardening, 88 lack of complaints about, 92 opening of “Gastronom,” 85, 87, 90-91 provision of vegetables, 90 travels for groceries, 87 foreign travels access to hard currency, 167, 168 application approval procedure, 163 benefits for science, 156, 174 communication with Western scientists during, 167 familiarity of scientists with Western culture, 168 instructions of the Academy of Sciences on, 162 interest in Soviet visitors abroad, 168 interview process, 164 obtaining travel documents, 163 organization of, 166 professional activities during, 172
206 Index foreign travels (cont.) reports about, 171 restrictions on, 159, 160, 161 scientists’ perception of, 165-166, 167, 170 security reviews, 163-164 selection criteria for, 157 Soviet practice of, 156 statistics of, 156 visa obtaining process, 161-163 Fürst, Juliane, 50, 109 housing average apartment in Chernogolovka, 81 during Brezhnev era, 84 decline of residential construction, 84 dormitory, 84 government investment in, 79-80 individual cottages, 81 Khrushchev’s program to improve, 80, 82 priority of scientists, 82-84, 85 in the Soviet Union, shortage of, 79 Hungarian Uprising, 118, 174 Galich, Aleksandr, 136 Gantmakher, Feliks, 70 Gantmakher, Vsevolod awards, 155 board member of the House of Scientists, 100 on collective identity of scientists, 96-97 on Communist Party and science, 124 decline of party membership, 122 foreign travels, 155-156, 159 on intellectual freedom, 105 living conditions, 84 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 research interests, 45—46 scientific career, 45 trip to England, 167 Gantmakher effect, 45 46, 155 Gerovitch, Slava, 132 Gilburd, Eleonory, 169 GIPRONII, 33 Glavspetsstroi (contractor), 34, 81 Gol’danskii, Vitalii, 34 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 177 Gor’kov, Lev, 99 Gorsuch, Anne, 153, 174n85 Graham, Loren, 15, 132, 176n2 Great Patriotic War destruction of infrastructure, 59 formation of Soviet scientists and, 50 German attack of Stalingrad, 58-59 human losses, 59 patriotic sentiments after, 63 postwar years, 65, 173-174 suffering and survival during, 58 urban housing stock, 79 Great Terror, 57, 111-112 lakir, Petr, 145 Institute of
Chemical Physics (ICP) archival collections, 19 construction of testing ground, 1, 32 creation of, 24, 30 dissolution of Political Department, 118 role in Soviet science, 24 Institute of Chemical Physics (ICP) Branch creation of, 1 development of polymer industry, 44 foreign travels, 173 meeting on Czechoslovakia invasion, 139, 140-141 primary party organization, 19, 118, 120 reception on grocery store opening, 85 Institute of New Chemical Problems (INCP), 44 Institute of Physical Problems (IPP), 45 Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP) archival collections, 19-20 creation of, 10,44 early development of, 44-45 foreign travels, 155-156 meeting on Czechoslovakia invasion, 141-142 number of employees, 122 primary party organization, 19, 121, 122 recruitment of scientists, 45—46 research agenda, 44 research facilities, 46 scientific trips, 155nl6 Institute of Theoretical Physics (ITP) creation of, 10,46 foreign travels, 173 housing for scientists, 83-84 research agenda, 47 intelligentsia, 13-14 Ioffe, Abram, 30n27 Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman, 157nl8 Hornsby, Robert, 124n86, 13ln3 House of Scientists {Dom Uchenykh), 98, 99-100 Joravsky, David, 15 Josephson, Paul, 16, 26, 68, 111, 132 Kaidanovskii, Aleksandr, 104 Kapitsa, Petr, 27, 45, 73, 152
Index Karabasov, Iurii, 121 Kawalerowicz, Jerzy, 104 Keldysh, Mstislav, 35,43 Kelly, Catriona, 52 Khalataikov, Isaak, 46 Khariton, Yulii, 30,38 Khristianovich, Sergei, 27 Khrushchev, Nikita on Communism, 75 on construction of socialism, 6 creation of Scientific Council, 26 denunciation of the cult of personally, 115-116 domestic policy, 6 expectations for Soviet youth, 37 foreign travels, 153-154 ideological views, 5, 6, 7 on improving the living conditions, 80 personality, 5-6 removal from power, 4 science policy, 2, 12, 19,26,27,47 scientific intelligentsia and, 8 “secret speech,” 2, 5,110,115-116 support of Semenov, 34 Virgin Lands campaign, 7 visits to Akademgorodok, 29 Khrushchev, Sergei, 34 Kieślowski, Krzysztof, 104 Konovalova, Nina arrival in Chernogolovka, 39 awareness of Stalinist terror, 56 childhood, 55 on cultural life, 97 education, 69 foreign travel experience, 158,166-167,168 member of Communist party, 120 research interests, 40 war memories, 63 Korsunskii, Moisei, 72 Kozakov, Mikhail, 98, 99 Krasnoiarsk-26, 76, 86-87 Kurchatov, Igor’, 27 Kurdiumov, Georgii, 44,46 Landau, Lev, ՅՕոՅՕ, 45 Lavrentiev, Mikhail, 2, 26, 28-29 Lavrentieva, Tatiana, 99 Ledogorov, Igor’, 100 Ledogorova, Stal’, 100 Lenin, Vladimir, 8 Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute, 30 libraries’ subscription to foreign periodicals, 155nl4 Liubarskii, Kronid arrest, 134, 147 207 circle of friends, 145 connection with dissidents, 145 education, 143-145 engagement in samizdat, 145 family, 143-144, 147, 150 political views, 135,137,143-144 prosecution of, 21, 139 status among scientists, 144
student activist, 144 Liubarskii Affair administration of Chernogolovka and, 148 background, 143 impact on science community, 148, 150 interviews about, 149-150 KGB investigation, 149 party organization meetings on, 147-148 trial and sentence, 147, 148-149 Liubovskaia, Rimma birthday, 111 childhood, 71 education, 71 foreign travels, 165,166n54 on life during repressions, 57 on postwar period, 64-65 scientific career, 49 war memories, 49, 60 Liubovskii, Rustem on construction of recreational park, 94-95 foreign travels, 98,161, 165, 168 friends, 145, 146-147 housing, 83 invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 141, 142 Liubarskii Affair and, 149 member of Communist party, 121 political views, 137, 146-147 on relation between generations, 57 samizdat movement and, 146-147 war experience, 62-63 year of birth, 59 Lovell, Stephen, 58n44 Lysenko, Trofim, 28, ՅՕոՅՕ Lysenko Affair, 134nl6 Manelis, Georgii affiliation with Communist party, 120 age, 38 awareness of Stalinist terror, 56 chairman of the House of Scientists, 100 on collective identity, 96 comparison of Soviet and Western scientists, 172 criticism of food assortment, 91 on cultural life, 103-104
208 Index Manelis, Georgii (cont.) education, 69 foreign travels, 160, 164, 166n54, 168-169 on grocery shopping, 88 on homeless and poverty in the West, 171 housing, 81 Komsomol member, 112 on life during repressions, 57 on living conditions in Chernogolovka, 65 on new school in Chernogolovka, 94 on optimism of postwar generation, 50 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 research interests, 39 scientific career, 38-39 war memories, 63 Martemianov, Vladimir affiliation with Communist party, 121 dispute on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 140 reputation, 140 violation of the “rules of the game,” 141 Medvedev, Zhores, 133nl4, 134 Merridale, Catherine, 54, 58n44 Merzhanov, Aleksandr, 39, 138 Mezhov-Deglin, Leonid age, 59 education, 73 family, 51-52 foreign travels, 166n54, 171 hardship of childhood, 51-52 impact of Great Terror on, 51-52 political opinions, 52, 137 scientific career, 46, 73 war experience, 61-62 on work of local party organization, 128 Mileiko, Sergei affiliation with Communist party, 123 memories of Stalin’s death, 115 on mission of postwar generation, 65 war memories, 58-59 military-industrial complex, 4, 5, 25, 51 Ministry of Medium Machine-Building, 10, 32 Mironova, Emma, 90 Mitta, Aleksandr, 104 Moscow Physical-Technical Institute (Fiztech), 51,68 Moscow State University (MGU) Chemistry Department, 39 Physical and Technical Department, 51 Physics Department, 66, 71 Nesmeianov, Aleksandr, 27, 28 nitrogen fixation research, 40 Noginsk Scientific Center. See also Chernogolovka atmosphere of the Thaw and, 48 creation of, 35,44 government funding, 44
population, 44 renaming, 35n49 research institutes, 47 Norrish, Ronald, 168 nuclear project first nuclear reactor, 11 launch of, 9 publication of scientific papers, 30n28 test of atomic and hydrogen bombs, 11, 67 October regional committee (Oktiabr’skii raikom ), 109, 121, 122 Oistrakh, David, 101 Okudzhava, Bulat, 98, 136 oral history methodology, 18-19 Orlov, Yuri, 134 Osipyan, Yuri assistance in foreign travels, 157, 159 deputy director of the Institute of Solid State Physics, 44, 73 KGB surveillance of, 126 participation in cultural life, 103, 104 recruitment of scientists, 45 scientific career, 44-45 Osokina, Elena, 87n54 Ozersk (Cheliabinsk-40) comparative study of, 16 emergence of, 9 food supply, 87 plutonium production, 9, 76 as socialist paradise, 106 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 104 “passive dissidents,” 133, 136-137 “peaceful coexistence” doctrine, 153 Pervukhin, Mikhail, 31 Petinov, Vladimir, 121 Pimenov, Revol’t, 134 Pioneer movement, 112 Pod’iapol’skii, Grigorii, 145 Pokhil, Pavel, 36 Poliakov, Iurii, 101 Poniatovskii, Evgenii affiliation with Communist party, 123 childhood, 54—55 education, 45 foreign travels, 158-159, 169 impact of Great Terror on, 54-55 political opinions, 136 Prague Spring, 139 Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, 35, 37, 44,46, 99-100, 163
Index primary party organizations (PPO), 108-109, 111, 123 “privilege of passive participation,” 21, 110, 126,141 Pushchino biological center, 10,28 Reddaway, Peter, 132 Richmond, Yale, 165 Romanov, Aleksei, 104 Rothberg, Abraham, 132 Sagdeev, Roald, 161, 165 Sakharov, Andrei, 49, 74nl23, 131, 132 Šalova, Galina, 145 samizdat publications, 145, 146 Sarov (Arzamas-16), 9,76 Scientific Council (Sovet po nauke), 26 scientific intelligentsia childhood experience, 49 conformity of, 176-177 Khrushchev’s view of, 8 participation in work of Communist Party, 124 privileges of, 3, 77-78, 107, 110-111, 172-173, 176-177 relations with Soviet regime, 11, 26 Thaw and, 15,48 scientific tourism, 155nl5 scientific towns decline of, 178-179 distribution of funds, 8Օ-81Ո28 emergence of, 9,27 privileges of living in, 3,76 scientists Cold War generation, 17 environmental and health-related issues, 134Ո16 foreign travel policy, 22, 152-154, 165, 173 idealism of, 14, 20 increasing number of, 74 individual initiatives, 25 international communications, 152-153, 154 local party organizations and, 21 memoirs, 138 oral history, 18 as part of Soviet intelligentsia, 13 political and ideological beliefs, 21, 173-174, 174n85 in postwar period, opportunities for, 51 primary sources, 18-20 professional opportunities for, 20, 74 reaction to Gorbachev’s perestroika, 22 social status of, 3, 8, 86, 131 studies of, 12,17 209 support of Soviet regime, 8-9, 14-15, 132, 133-134 “Thaw generation” of, 25 Sedykh, Vera, 101 Semenov, Nikolai advocate of young generation of scientists, 37, 73 on building scientific
towns, 29 on challenges of modern science, 35 Chernogolovka project, 20, 23, 25, 32, 35 correspondence with Petr Kapitsa, 23, 30-31,47 on cultivation of scientists, 35 on decentralization of science, 29 disagreements with Nesmeianov, 34 idea of housing for scientists, 81 interpretation of the Thaw, 48 Khrushchev and, 34 Nobel Prize award, 1, 29-30, 34 opposition to Lysenko, ՅՕոՅՕ on power of science, 1, 12 prosecutions of physicists and, ՅՕոՅՕ relations with Soviet authorities, 29, 34 on science and socialism, 30 scientific career, 9, 24, 26, 29-30, 31 support of de-Stalinization, 118 testing ground idea, 24, 31 Semenov’s “kindergarten,” 39 Shatz, Marshall, 132 Shchegolev, Igor’, 142 Shekhtman, Veniamin affiliation with Communist party, 123, 142-143 education, 69-70 effect of anti-Semitic campaign on, 113-114 foreign travels, 167 “passive participation,” 143 political opinions, 136 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 scientific career, 45, 69-70, 100 shestidesiatniki, 145 Shibaeva, Rimma, 56, 84-85 Shilov, Aleksandr arrival in Chernogolovka, 40 education, 69 foreign travels, 157, 158 political opinions, 119-120, 135 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 recollections of childhood, 55 scientific career, 69 Semenov’s patronage, 158 war experience, 63 work in local party organization, 135-136, 142
210 Index Shilov, Evgenii, 55 Shukshin, Vasilii, 104 solid state physics, 46, 171-172 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia criticism of, 140,141-142 crush of the Prague Spring, 139 party meeting discussions on, 139, 140-141 scientists’ reaction to, 138-139 Soviet science concentration of scientific institutes, 28 emergence of new disciplines, 28 fundamental research, 27, 35 funding, 67-68,176n2, 179 major accomplishments, 2 patronage networks, 29 political shift in, 26 politics of decentralization, 28 scholarship on, 4, 15 Soviet Union alienation of intellectuals and state, 14 anti-Semitic campaign, 69,113 consumer culture, 85-86 cult of science, 12, 68 cultural agreement on exchanges with US, 154 defeat of anti-party group, 118 de-Stalinization, 1-2 dissident trials, 14 economic development, 77, 177 foreign policy, 169-170 higher education, 50-51, 67 housing shortage, 79-80 individual initiatives, 87n54 investment in consumer-oriented industries, 77 lack of debate on Great Terror, 58n44 legacy of the Stalin era, 5 living standards, 106 military-industrial complex, 12n34 myth of a “happy childhood,” 52, 53nl4 popular science in, 71 postwar period, 64-65 propaganda, 169-170 student population, 67 urban living space, 79 Stalin, Joseph, 1, 8-9, 114 Stepanov, Nikolai, 49 Stepanova, Rimma, 83. See also Liubovskaia, Rimma Suvorov, Ernest on distribution of housing, 128 education, 72 Great Terror experience, 56 head of party organization, 121 impact of popular science on, 72 life in Tashkent, 64 recollections of Stalin’s death, 115 on situation with food supply, 92 Tarkovskii,
Andrei, 102, 104 testing ground project beginning of construction, 33,36 budget, 32 closeness to nature, 42 communication with government officials, 31,43 contractors, 33, 34 Council of Ministers’ resolution on, 25, 32 government funding, 37 hardship of first decades, 42 independent laboratories, 38 infrastructure, 43 Keldysh’s visit, 43 living conditions, 41 optimism of the first residents, 4M2 population of, 43 recruitment of researchers, 32, 36-37,41 research on nitrogen fixation, 40 residential housing, 1 selection of construction site, 32 Semenov’s idea of, 31 spending on infrastructure, 43 transformation into scientific center, 41 Thaw “children of enemies of people,” 72 development of science and technology, 9, 11 historiography, 12-13,14 scientific intelligentsia and, 48, 176 Soviet science policy, 26 Third Program of the Communist Party, 27,77, 78nll,86 Timirbaev, Al’bert, 101, 103, 104,105 Troitsk, 10 Tromly, Benjamin, 15, 66-67 Tsentrakademstroi, 33, 81 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 54nl9 Ukrainka, Lana on crisis in Czechoslovakia, 141 education, 71 impact of Stalin’s death on, 114 life in postwar Ukraine, 64 Vashin, Lev affiliation with Communist party, 119, 135-136 age, 58 childhood, 56 dispute with Martemianov, 140
211 Index experience of Great Terror, 58 housing, 81 ideological views, 119 on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 141 on Liubarskii, 144 political opinions, 135 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 116 research interests, 39 restriction on foreign travels, 160-161 scientific career, 38, 100 war memories, 61 Vishnevskaia, Galina, 101 Vladimir Pomerantsev “On Sincerity in Literature,” 144 Vysotskii, Vladimir, 98 Wajda, Andrzej, 104 Weiner, Douglas, 11, 132 Zakharov, Vladimir, 57 Zel’dovich, Yakov, 30, 38 Zelenograd, 10,76 Zernov, Pavel, 43 Zhdanov, Andrei, 153 Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoiarsk-26), 76, 86-87 Zubok, Vladislav, 6, 11, 73-74 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents List ofFigures Acknowledgments page viii ix 1 Introduction 1 2 3 An Unusual Testing Ground: Building a Town in the Marshes, 1955-1962 23 Children of the Great Patriotic War: The Formation of Soviet Scientists, 1930-1955 49 “We Were Building a Town for Ourselves”: Everyday Life in Chernogolovka in the 1960s and 1970s 75 4 Scientists, Ideology, and the Communist Party in Chernogolovka 5 Chernogolovka Scientists between Loyalty and Dissent: The Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia and the Liubarskii Affair 131 6 Scientists behind the Iron Curtain: Traveling Abroad in the 1960s and 1970s 152 108 Conclusion 175 Biographical Notes Bibliography Index 181 188 203 vii
Bibliography Archival Collections Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk - ARAN (Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences) fond 2 - Presidium of the Academy of Sciences fond 342 - N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics fond 434 - Moscow House of Scientists fond 579 - Main Administrative Board on Foreign Affairs of the Academy of Sciences fond 1647 - A.N. Nesmeianov fond 1654 - I.E. Tamm fond 1729 - M.V. Keldysh fond 1916 - A.P. Aleksandrov fond 2046 ֊ A.I. Shal’nikov Rossiiskiigosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii -RGANI (Russian State Archive of Contemporary History) fond 5 ֊ Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union op. 17 ֊ Department of Science and Higher Education (1951-1952, 1952-1953,1953-1955) op. 30 - General Department (1953-1966) op. 32 - Department of Administrative Party Work (1965-1966) op. 35 - Department of Science and Higher Education (1955-1956, 1956-1962,1965-1966) op. 37 ֊ Department of Science and Higher Education (1956-1962, 1964-1966) op. 55 - Department of Ideology (1962-1965) op. 58-90 - Departments of the Central Committee (1966-1984) Tsentral’nyi arkhiv obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii Moskvy - TsAOPIM (Central Archive of Social and Political History of Moscow) fond 8099 - Party Organization of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences fond 1281 - Party Organization of the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences fond 4491 - Party Organization of the Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences 188
Bibliography 189 fond 78 ֊ October Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union fond 128 ֊ Noginsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Arkhiv Instituta Problem Khimicheskoi Fiziki (Archive of the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics ֊ Former Archive of the Branch of the Institute of Chemical Physics) fond 1 - Scientific Archive of the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Decrees of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1953-2005) Newsletter (stengazeta) of the Branch of the Institute of Chemical Physics Orders and Resolutions of the ICP Branch Photo Archive of the IPCP Reports on Scientific Travels (1967-1982) Trade Union Records of the ICP Branch Arkhiv Instituta Fiúki Tverdogo Tela (Archive of the Institute of Solid State Physics) fond 1 - Scientific Archive of the Institute of Solid State Physics Newsletter (stengazeta) of the Institute of Solid State Physics Photo Archive of the ISSP Reports on Scientific Travels Trade Union Records of the ISSP (1968-2006) Arkhiv Doma Uchenykh Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN v Chernogolovke (Archive of the House of Scientists at the Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka) Cinema Club “Kaleidoscope” Decrees of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1967, 1972, and 1988) Photo Archive of the House of Scientists Proceedings of the Meetings of the House of Scientists (1971-1987) Reports on the Work of the House of Scientists (1981-1987) Statute of the House of Scientists Arkhiv Mezhdunarodnogo obshchestva “Memorial” (Archive of the International Society
Memorial) fond 103 - Biographical Materials: K. Liubarskii fond 156 - The Collection of Periodicals Forschungsstelle Osteuropa (Archive of the Research Center for East European Studies) fond 42 ֊ K.A. Liubarskii fond 86 - Raisa Orlova’s Interviews
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Index Abdrashitov, Vadim, 104 Abrikosov, Alexei on anti-Semitic campaign, 113 education, 66 Nobel Prize in Physics, 47, 66n88 parents, 66 political views, 137-138 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 scientific career, 46 Academy of Sciences decree on building scientific center, 25 decree on House of Scientists, 99-100 funding of Chernogolovka, 10 scientific centers, 80-8ln28 travel policy, 162, 167 Afanasiev, Yuri, 178 Akademgorodok construction of, 2, 10, 32 food supply, 87 historiography, 16 housing and infrastructure, 76 Khrushchev’s visits to, 29 party organization, 111 state support, 28-29 young specialists in, 36 Akulov, Nikolai, ՅՕոՅՕ Alferov, Zhores, 176 All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINTTI), 155nl4 Antonioni, Michelangelo, 104 Apin, Al’fred, 36, 38 Arzamas-16 (Sarov), 9, 76 Babkin, Gennadii, 101, 105 Bailes, Kendall, 15, 131 Barshai, Rudolf, 101 Beliaev, Aleksandr, 36 Beria, Lavrentii, 2 Bidulia, Pavel, 70 biomedical research, 40 Bogdanov, Gennadii on absence of crime in Chernogolovka, 93 awareness of Stalinist repressions, 56-57 childhood, 56 on collective identity, 96 on Doctors’ Plot, 113 education, 39, 70-71 foreign travel experience, 158, 167-168, 170-171 impact of Stalin’s death on, 114 on involvement in public work, 128 at meeting on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 139 member of party organization, 120, 123 on movie repertoire, 104-105 on population of Chernogolovka, 42 scientific career, 40, 75 student life in Moscow, 70-71 war memories, 60-61, 63 Bronstein, Matvei, ՅՕոՅՕ Broude, Vladimir, 99, 105 Brown, Kate, !6, 106,
132 Bykov, Rolan, 104 Calvin, Melvin, 145 Chambers, Robert, 167 Chemical Evolution (Calvin), 145 Chernogolovka. See also Noginsk Scientific Center; testing ground project absence of crime, 92-93 arrival of first employees, 1 biomedical research, 40 chemical research, 40 classified research, 39 combustion science, 4, 39 construction of, 23-24 decline of, 107, 175, 179 development of polymer science, 40 directors of laboratories, 39 Dubovitskii’s role in development of, 78 fiindamental research, 10, 12 203
204 Index Chernogolovka (cont.) historical context, З landscaping, 93, 94 living conditions, 106, 175 local grocery store, 19 location, 23 non-military research, 39 organizational structure, 36 original settlement, 23-24 population growth, 75 recreational facilities, 93, 94-96 restriction of visitors, 152 school, 94 scientific community, 1, 2, 10-11, 20,25, 45-46 social and cultural life, 21 state funding, 15 status of scientists, 4, 16-17 transformation into scientific center, 1,2,25 Chernogolovka scientists. See also cultural life; everyday life; foreign travels; housing access to foreign media, 141 affiliation with Communist party, 110, 123 anti-Semitic campaign and, 113 awareness of Stalinist repressions, 56 career choice, 66, 70 challenges of postwar period, 64 collective identity, 53, 57, 58, 72, 96, 109 Communist believers, 135, 137 conformity among, 143, 150-151 educational background, 73, 112, 169 emigration, 179 fundamental research, 68 Gorbachev’s reforms and, 175, 177-178 Great Terror and, 55 ideological views, 109, 129,136 impact of popular science on, 71-72 international community and, 171-172 involvement in public work, 78, 93-94, 96, 128 living standards, 106-107 loyalty to Soviet regime, 22, 106, 109, 112, 138, 157, 176-177 material conditions, 175, 179 optimism of, 73 participation in subbotniks, 93-94 “passive participation,” 21, 110, 126, (See also “privilege of passive participation”) “playing by the rules,” 124, 129 political opinions, 21-22, 129, 133, 134-135,137, 151 pride of Soviet science, 172-173 as products of the Khrushchev era, 74, 110, 117-118
professional autonomy of, 151 scientific exchanges, 154-155 shared memories and values, 65 social backgrounds of, 53, 56, 68-69 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 121, 125, 141 Soviet propaganda and, 111-112, 169-170 Stalin’s death and, 115 war memories, 59-60, 61 World War II and formation of, 50, 63-64 Chernozemova, Valentina, 99-100, 103 Chronicle of Current Events, The (samizdat periodical), 145, 146 Chugunova, Maria, 102 Cold War prestige of science during, 20, 67 professional opportunities for scientists, 50-51,66,74 Communist Party of the Soviet Union 20th Congress, 110 21st Congress, 7 22nd Congress, 7-8, 27 control of people’s life, 108 membership priority, 122 organizational structure, 108 qualities of true Communist, 112 communist party organization in Chernogolovka affiliation with October regional committee, 111, 121 growth of membership, 120 jurisdiction of Noginskii gorkom, 109 philosophical and ideological seminars, 124-125, 129 primary party organizations (PPO), 111, 119, 120 recruitment into, 120 relationship with scientists, 108-109, 120, 124, 128 “rules of the game,” 124n86, 124-125 topics of party meetings, 126-128 workers and staff as members of, 123, 124 Communist Youth League (Komsomol), 112 Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1,25,32, 36 cultural life access to film repositories, 104, 105-106 cinema club “Kaleidoscope,” 101, 104 concerts, 101, 103 development of, 97-98 film repertoire, 102, 104-105 guest lecturers, 98 hobby groups (kruzhki), 101 intellectual freedom, 105 local performances, 99, 100-101 movie theater, 98-99 poetry association, 101
205 Index Tarkovskii’s visit, 102 theater studio, 100 trips to Moscow to concert halls, 99 Vysotskii’s concerts, 98,103 de-Stalinization, 1,24,110 dissent Chernogolovka scientists and, 105,134-135, 137,151 definition, 13 ln3 in the USSR, two pillars of, 132 dissident movement, 131, 133nl4,134, 145 Dolukhanova, Zara, 101 Dremin, Anatolit, 39 Dubček, Alexander, 139 Dubna physics center, 10 Dubovitskii, Fedor as administrator, 36, 76 food supply management, 87, 89 housing distribution, 81, 83-84 on involvement of scientists in construction, 95 Liubarskii Affair, 148-149 participation in cultural life, 103 primary party organization and, 120, 135-136 recruitment of researchers, 41 role on development of Chernogolovka, 20, 32, 78 search for construction organization, 81 on sports facilities, 95 Efimov, Oleg attendance of Stalin’s funeral, 114-115 education, 72 friendship with Liubarskii, 145-146 grocery shopping, 89 impact of popular science on, 72 invitation to join Communist party, 123 Liubarskii Affair and, 149 on official propaganda, 170 political views, 137, 138 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 relations with mother, 58 research interests, 40 restriction on foreign travels, 161, 164 samizdat movement and, 146 on staff of public organizations, 124 support of Soviet regime, 85 war memories, 62, 64 Emanuel’, Nikolai, 39, 120 Enman, Vladimir birth, 58 childhood, 54 on collective identity of scientists, 96 description of Chernogolovka, 23 on difficulties of everyday life, 41 education, 72-73 on grocery shopping, 87 housing, 78-79 impact of Great Terror on, 54 job
offer, 23 member of Communist party, 108 scientific career, 108 Stalin’s death and, 115 war memories, 62 work at auto-repair factory, 62 Eremenko, Leonid, 90, 95 Esenin-Vol’pin, Aleksandr, 134, 145 everyday life. See also cultural life; food supplies; housing cultural center, 76 health care, 75 infrastructure, 75 lack of basic comforts, 75 sports activities, 95 Experimental Factory of Scientific Instrumentation, 84 Fellini, Federico, 105 Fock, Vladimir, ՅՕոՅՕ food supplies assortment of food in stores, 90, 91 during Brezhnev era, 106 changing situation with, 87, 92 delivery of, 91-92 Dubovitskii’s management of, 89 farmer’s market, 91 food rationing system, 89, 90, 92 gardening, 88 lack of complaints about, 92 opening of “Gastronom,” 85, 87, 90-91 provision of vegetables, 90 travels for groceries, 87 foreign travels access to hard currency, 167, 168 application approval procedure, 163 benefits for science, 156, 174 communication with Western scientists during, 167 familiarity of scientists with Western culture, 168 instructions of the Academy of Sciences on, 162 interest in Soviet visitors abroad, 168 interview process, 164 obtaining travel documents, 163 organization of, 166 professional activities during, 172
206 Index foreign travels (cont.) reports about, 171 restrictions on, 159, 160, 161 scientists’ perception of, 165-166, 167, 170 security reviews, 163-164 selection criteria for, 157 Soviet practice of, 156 statistics of, 156 visa obtaining process, 161-163 Fürst, Juliane, 50, 109 housing average apartment in Chernogolovka, 81 during Brezhnev era, 84 decline of residential construction, 84 dormitory, 84 government investment in, 79-80 individual cottages, 81 Khrushchev’s program to improve, 80, 82 priority of scientists, 82-84, 85 in the Soviet Union, shortage of, 79 Hungarian Uprising, 118, 174 Galich, Aleksandr, 136 Gantmakher, Feliks, 70 Gantmakher, Vsevolod awards, 155 board member of the House of Scientists, 100 on collective identity of scientists, 96-97 on Communist Party and science, 124 decline of party membership, 122 foreign travels, 155-156, 159 on intellectual freedom, 105 living conditions, 84 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 research interests, 45—46 scientific career, 45 trip to England, 167 Gantmakher effect, 45 46, 155 Gerovitch, Slava, 132 Gilburd, Eleonory, 169 GIPRONII, 33 Glavspetsstroi (contractor), 34, 81 Gol’danskii, Vitalii, 34 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 177 Gor’kov, Lev, 99 Gorsuch, Anne, 153, 174n85 Graham, Loren, 15, 132, 176n2 Great Patriotic War destruction of infrastructure, 59 formation of Soviet scientists and, 50 German attack of Stalingrad, 58-59 human losses, 59 patriotic sentiments after, 63 postwar years, 65, 173-174 suffering and survival during, 58 urban housing stock, 79 Great Terror, 57, 111-112 lakir, Petr, 145 Institute of
Chemical Physics (ICP) archival collections, 19 construction of testing ground, 1, 32 creation of, 24, 30 dissolution of Political Department, 118 role in Soviet science, 24 Institute of Chemical Physics (ICP) Branch creation of, 1 development of polymer industry, 44 foreign travels, 173 meeting on Czechoslovakia invasion, 139, 140-141 primary party organization, 19, 118, 120 reception on grocery store opening, 85 Institute of New Chemical Problems (INCP), 44 Institute of Physical Problems (IPP), 45 Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP) archival collections, 19-20 creation of, 10,44 early development of, 44-45 foreign travels, 155-156 meeting on Czechoslovakia invasion, 141-142 number of employees, 122 primary party organization, 19, 121, 122 recruitment of scientists, 45—46 research agenda, 44 research facilities, 46 scientific trips, 155nl6 Institute of Theoretical Physics (ITP) creation of, 10,46 foreign travels, 173 housing for scientists, 83-84 research agenda, 47 intelligentsia, 13-14 Ioffe, Abram, 30n27 Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman, 157nl8 Hornsby, Robert, 124n86, 13ln3 House of Scientists {Dom Uchenykh), 98, 99-100 Joravsky, David, 15 Josephson, Paul, 16, 26, 68, 111, 132 Kaidanovskii, Aleksandr, 104 Kapitsa, Petr, 27, 45, 73, 152
Index Karabasov, Iurii, 121 Kawalerowicz, Jerzy, 104 Keldysh, Mstislav, 35,43 Kelly, Catriona, 52 Khalataikov, Isaak, 46 Khariton, Yulii, 30,38 Khristianovich, Sergei, 27 Khrushchev, Nikita on Communism, 75 on construction of socialism, 6 creation of Scientific Council, 26 denunciation of the cult of personally, 115-116 domestic policy, 6 expectations for Soviet youth, 37 foreign travels, 153-154 ideological views, 5, 6, 7 on improving the living conditions, 80 personality, 5-6 removal from power, 4 science policy, 2, 12, 19,26,27,47 scientific intelligentsia and, 8 “secret speech,” 2, 5,110,115-116 support of Semenov, 34 Virgin Lands campaign, 7 visits to Akademgorodok, 29 Khrushchev, Sergei, 34 Kieślowski, Krzysztof, 104 Konovalova, Nina arrival in Chernogolovka, 39 awareness of Stalinist terror, 56 childhood, 55 on cultural life, 97 education, 69 foreign travel experience, 158,166-167,168 member of Communist party, 120 research interests, 40 war memories, 63 Korsunskii, Moisei, 72 Kozakov, Mikhail, 98, 99 Krasnoiarsk-26, 76, 86-87 Kurchatov, Igor’, 27 Kurdiumov, Georgii, 44,46 Landau, Lev, ՅՕոՅՕ, 45 Lavrentiev, Mikhail, 2, 26, 28-29 Lavrentieva, Tatiana, 99 Ledogorov, Igor’, 100 Ledogorova, Stal’, 100 Lenin, Vladimir, 8 Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute, 30 libraries’ subscription to foreign periodicals, 155nl4 Liubarskii, Kronid arrest, 134, 147 207 circle of friends, 145 connection with dissidents, 145 education, 143-145 engagement in samizdat, 145 family, 143-144, 147, 150 political views, 135,137,143-144 prosecution of, 21, 139 status among scientists, 144
student activist, 144 Liubarskii Affair administration of Chernogolovka and, 148 background, 143 impact on science community, 148, 150 interviews about, 149-150 KGB investigation, 149 party organization meetings on, 147-148 trial and sentence, 147, 148-149 Liubovskaia, Rimma birthday, 111 childhood, 71 education, 71 foreign travels, 165,166n54 on life during repressions, 57 on postwar period, 64-65 scientific career, 49 war memories, 49, 60 Liubovskii, Rustem on construction of recreational park, 94-95 foreign travels, 98,161, 165, 168 friends, 145, 146-147 housing, 83 invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 141, 142 Liubarskii Affair and, 149 member of Communist party, 121 political views, 137, 146-147 on relation between generations, 57 samizdat movement and, 146-147 war experience, 62-63 year of birth, 59 Lovell, Stephen, 58n44 Lysenko, Trofim, 28, ՅՕոՅՕ Lysenko Affair, 134nl6 Manelis, Georgii affiliation with Communist party, 120 age, 38 awareness of Stalinist terror, 56 chairman of the House of Scientists, 100 on collective identity, 96 comparison of Soviet and Western scientists, 172 criticism of food assortment, 91 on cultural life, 103-104
208 Index Manelis, Georgii (cont.) education, 69 foreign travels, 160, 164, 166n54, 168-169 on grocery shopping, 88 on homeless and poverty in the West, 171 housing, 81 Komsomol member, 112 on life during repressions, 57 on living conditions in Chernogolovka, 65 on new school in Chernogolovka, 94 on optimism of postwar generation, 50 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 research interests, 39 scientific career, 38-39 war memories, 63 Martemianov, Vladimir affiliation with Communist party, 121 dispute on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 140 reputation, 140 violation of the “rules of the game,” 141 Medvedev, Zhores, 133nl4, 134 Merridale, Catherine, 54, 58n44 Merzhanov, Aleksandr, 39, 138 Mezhov-Deglin, Leonid age, 59 education, 73 family, 51-52 foreign travels, 166n54, 171 hardship of childhood, 51-52 impact of Great Terror on, 51-52 political opinions, 52, 137 scientific career, 46, 73 war experience, 61-62 on work of local party organization, 128 Mileiko, Sergei affiliation with Communist party, 123 memories of Stalin’s death, 115 on mission of postwar generation, 65 war memories, 58-59 military-industrial complex, 4, 5, 25, 51 Ministry of Medium Machine-Building, 10, 32 Mironova, Emma, 90 Mitta, Aleksandr, 104 Moscow Physical-Technical Institute (Fiztech), 51,68 Moscow State University (MGU) Chemistry Department, 39 Physical and Technical Department, 51 Physics Department, 66, 71 Nesmeianov, Aleksandr, 27, 28 nitrogen fixation research, 40 Noginsk Scientific Center. See also Chernogolovka atmosphere of the Thaw and, 48 creation of, 35,44 government funding, 44
population, 44 renaming, 35n49 research institutes, 47 Norrish, Ronald, 168 nuclear project first nuclear reactor, 11 launch of, 9 publication of scientific papers, 30n28 test of atomic and hydrogen bombs, 11, 67 October regional committee (Oktiabr’skii raikom'), 109, 121, 122 Oistrakh, David, 101 Okudzhava, Bulat, 98, 136 oral history methodology, 18-19 Orlov, Yuri, 134 Osipyan, Yuri assistance in foreign travels, 157, 159 deputy director of the Institute of Solid State Physics, 44, 73 KGB surveillance of, 126 participation in cultural life, 103, 104 recruitment of scientists, 45 scientific career, 44-45 Osokina, Elena, 87n54 Ozersk (Cheliabinsk-40) comparative study of, 16 emergence of, 9 food supply, 87 plutonium production, 9, 76 as socialist paradise, 106 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 104 “passive dissidents,” 133, 136-137 “peaceful coexistence” doctrine, 153 Pervukhin, Mikhail, 31 Petinov, Vladimir, 121 Pimenov, Revol’t, 134 Pioneer movement, 112 Pod’iapol’skii, Grigorii, 145 Pokhil, Pavel, 36 Poliakov, Iurii, 101 Poniatovskii, Evgenii affiliation with Communist party, 123 childhood, 54—55 education, 45 foreign travels, 158-159, 169 impact of Great Terror on, 54-55 political opinions, 136 Prague Spring, 139 Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, 35, 37, 44,46, 99-100, 163
Index primary party organizations (PPO), 108-109, 111, 123 “privilege of passive participation,” 21, 110, 126,141 Pushchino biological center, 10,28 Reddaway, Peter, 132 Richmond, Yale, 165 Romanov, Aleksei, 104 Rothberg, Abraham, 132 Sagdeev, Roald, 161, 165 Sakharov, Andrei, 49, 74nl23, 131, 132 Šalova, Galina, 145 samizdat publications, 145, 146 Sarov (Arzamas-16), 9,76 Scientific Council (Sovet po nauke), 26 scientific intelligentsia childhood experience, 49 conformity of, 176-177 Khrushchev’s view of, 8 participation in work of Communist Party, 124 privileges of, 3, 77-78, 107, 110-111, 172-173, 176-177 relations with Soviet regime, 11, 26 Thaw and, 15,48 scientific tourism, 155nl5 scientific towns decline of, 178-179 distribution of funds, 8Օ-81Ո28 emergence of, 9,27 privileges of living in, 3,76 scientists Cold War generation, 17 environmental and health-related issues, 134Ո16 foreign travel policy, 22, 152-154, 165, 173 idealism of, 14, 20 increasing number of, 74 individual initiatives, 25 international communications, 152-153, 154 local party organizations and, 21 memoirs, 138 oral history, 18 as part of Soviet intelligentsia, 13 political and ideological beliefs, 21, 173-174, 174n85 in postwar period, opportunities for, 51 primary sources, 18-20 professional opportunities for, 20, 74 reaction to Gorbachev’s perestroika, 22 social status of, 3, 8, 86, 131 studies of, 12,17 209 support of Soviet regime, 8-9, 14-15, 132, 133-134 “Thaw generation” of, 25 Sedykh, Vera, 101 Semenov, Nikolai advocate of young generation of scientists, 37, 73 on building scientific
towns, 29 on challenges of modern science, 35 Chernogolovka project, 20, 23, 25, 32, 35 correspondence with Petr Kapitsa, 23, 30-31,47 on cultivation of scientists, 35 on decentralization of science, 29 disagreements with Nesmeianov, 34 idea of housing for scientists, 81 interpretation of the Thaw, 48 Khrushchev and, 34 Nobel Prize award, 1, 29-30, 34 opposition to Lysenko, ՅՕոՅՕ on power of science, 1, 12 prosecutions of physicists and, ՅՕոՅՕ relations with Soviet authorities, 29, 34 on science and socialism, 30 scientific career, 9, 24, 26, 29-30, 31 support of de-Stalinization, 118 testing ground idea, 24, 31 Semenov’s “kindergarten,” 39 Shatz, Marshall, 132 Shchegolev, Igor’, 142 Shekhtman, Veniamin affiliation with Communist party, 123, 142-143 education, 69-70 effect of anti-Semitic campaign on, 113-114 foreign travels, 167 “passive participation,” 143 political opinions, 136 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 scientific career, 45, 69-70, 100 shestidesiatniki, 145 Shibaeva, Rimma, 56, 84-85 Shilov, Aleksandr arrival in Chernogolovka, 40 education, 69 foreign travels, 157, 158 political opinions, 119-120, 135 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 117 recollections of childhood, 55 scientific career, 69 Semenov’s patronage, 158 war experience, 63 work in local party organization, 135-136, 142
210 Index Shilov, Evgenii, 55 Shukshin, Vasilii, 104 solid state physics, 46, 171-172 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia criticism of, 140,141-142 crush of the Prague Spring, 139 party meeting discussions on, 139, 140-141 scientists’ reaction to, 138-139 Soviet science concentration of scientific institutes, 28 emergence of new disciplines, 28 fundamental research, 27, 35 funding, 67-68,176n2, 179 major accomplishments, 2 patronage networks, 29 political shift in, 26 politics of decentralization, 28 scholarship on, 4, 15 Soviet Union alienation of intellectuals and state, 14 anti-Semitic campaign, 69,113 consumer culture, 85-86 cult of science, 12, 68 cultural agreement on exchanges with US, 154 defeat of anti-party group, 118 de-Stalinization, 1-2 dissident trials, 14 economic development, 77, 177 foreign policy, 169-170 higher education, 50-51, 67 housing shortage, 79-80 individual initiatives, 87n54 investment in consumer-oriented industries, 77 lack of debate on Great Terror, 58n44 legacy of the Stalin era, 5 living standards, 106 military-industrial complex, 12n34 myth of a “happy childhood,” 52, 53nl4 popular science in, 71 postwar period, 64-65 propaganda, 169-170 student population, 67 urban living space, 79 Stalin, Joseph, 1, 8-9, 114 Stepanov, Nikolai, 49 Stepanova, Rimma, 83. See also Liubovskaia, Rimma Suvorov, Ernest on distribution of housing, 128 education, 72 Great Terror experience, 56 head of party organization, 121 impact of popular science on, 72 life in Tashkent, 64 recollections of Stalin’s death, 115 on situation with food supply, 92 Tarkovskii,
Andrei, 102, 104 testing ground project beginning of construction, 33,36 budget, 32 closeness to nature, 42 communication with government officials, 31,43 contractors, 33, 34 Council of Ministers’ resolution on, 25, 32 government funding, 37 hardship of first decades, 42 independent laboratories, 38 infrastructure, 43 Keldysh’s visit, 43 living conditions, 41 optimism of the first residents, 4M2 population of, 43 recruitment of researchers, 32, 36-37,41 research on nitrogen fixation, 40 residential housing, 1 selection of construction site, 32 Semenov’s idea of, 31 spending on infrastructure, 43 transformation into scientific center, 41 Thaw “children of enemies of people,” 72 development of science and technology, 9, 11 historiography, 12-13,14 scientific intelligentsia and, 48, 176 Soviet science policy, 26 Third Program of the Communist Party, 27,77, 78nll,86 Timirbaev, Al’bert, 101, 103, 104,105 Troitsk, 10 Tromly, Benjamin, 15, 66-67 Tsentrakademstroi, 33, 81 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 54nl9 Ukrainka, Lana on crisis in Czechoslovakia, 141 education, 71 impact of Stalin’s death on, 114 life in postwar Ukraine, 64 Vashin, Lev affiliation with Communist party, 119, 135-136 age, 58 childhood, 56 dispute with Martemianov, 140
211 Index experience of Great Terror, 58 housing, 81 ideological views, 119 on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 141 on Liubarskii, 144 political opinions, 135 reaction to Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 116 research interests, 39 restriction on foreign travels, 160-161 scientific career, 38, 100 war memories, 61 Vishnevskaia, Galina, 101 Vladimir Pomerantsev “On Sincerity in Literature,” 144 Vysotskii, Vladimir, 98 Wajda, Andrzej, 104 Weiner, Douglas, 11, 132 Zakharov, Vladimir, 57 Zel’dovich, Yakov, 30, 38 Zelenograd, 10,76 Zernov, Pavel, 43 Zhdanov, Andrei, 153 Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoiarsk-26), 76, 86-87 Zubok, Vladislav, 6, 11, 73-74 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Rogacheva, Maria A. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1141823284 |
| author_facet | Rogacheva, Maria A. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rogacheva, Maria A. |
| author_variant | m a r ma mar |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046811051 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8306 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1130397339 (DE-599)BVBBV046811051 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | First paperback edition |
| era | Geschichte 1956-1986 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1956-1986 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046811051 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:58:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:54:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781316647264 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xi, 211 Seiten 8 Illustrationen und Porträts 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2019 |
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| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
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| spelling | Rogacheva, Maria A. Verfasser (DE-588)1141823284 aut The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev Maria A. Rogacheva (College of William and Mary) First paperback edition Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2019 xi, 211 Seiten 8 Illustrationen und Porträts 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 188-202 Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Sojuza (DE-588)2016004-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1956-1986 gnd rswk-swf Scientists Soviet Union Science and state Soviet Union Science Russia (Federation) Chernogolovka History Privatleben (DE-588)4128729-0 gnd rswk-swf Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd rswk-swf Černogolovka (DE-588)4315194-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Černogolovka (DE-588)4315194-2 g Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Sojuza (DE-588)2016004-5 b Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 s Privatleben (DE-588)4128729-0 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Geschichte 1956-1986 z DE-604 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 s Äquivalent Druckausgabe, Hardcover 978-1-107-19636-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, 978-1-108-16469-6 (DE-604)BV044510166 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032219609&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032219609&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032219609&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rogacheva, Maria A. The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Sojuza (DE-588)2016004-5 gnd Scientists Soviet Union Science and state Soviet Union Science Russia (Federation) Chernogolovka History Privatleben (DE-588)4128729-0 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2016004-5 (DE-588)4128729-0 (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4066567-7 (DE-588)4140181-5 (DE-588)4315194-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev |
| title_auth | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev |
| title_exact_search | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev |
| title_full | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev Maria A. Rogacheva (College of William and Mary) |
| title_fullStr | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev Maria A. Rogacheva (College of William and Mary) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev Maria A. Rogacheva (College of William and Mary) |
| title_short | The private world of Soviet scientists from Stalin to Gorbachev |
| title_sort | the private world of soviet scientists from stalin to gorbachev |
| topic | Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Sojuza (DE-588)2016004-5 gnd Scientists Soviet Union Science and state Soviet Union Science Russia (Federation) Chernogolovka History Privatleben (DE-588)4128729-0 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Wissenschaftler (DE-588)4066567-7 gnd Wissenschaftspolitik (DE-588)4140181-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Sojuza Scientists Soviet Union Science and state Soviet Union Science Russia (Federation) Chernogolovka History Privatleben Alltag Wissenschaftler Wissenschaftspolitik Černogolovka Sowjetunion |
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