Verfügbarkeit: Clans and democratization

Clans and democratization: Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq

"Clan societies differ substantially from Western democratic states. Clan societies are based around the extended family. Honour and solidarity are important, which is reflected in nepotism and blood revenge. However, a more positive aspect of clan societies is the use of reconciliation to solv...

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Hille, Charlotte 1964- (VerfasserIn)
Weitere Verfasser:	Gendron, Renée (MitwirkendeR)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Leiden ; Boston Brill [2020]
Schriftenreihe:	International comparative social studies volume 43
Schlagworte:	Konfliktlösung Demokratisierung Klan Tschetschenien Afghanistan Albanien Irak Tribes / Russia (Federation) / Chechnya Tribes / Albania Tribes / Afghanistan Tribes / Iraq Conflict management / Russia (Federation) / Chechnya Conflict management / Albania Conflict management / Afghanistan Conflict management / Iraq Democratization / Russia (Federation) / Chechnya Democratization / Albania Democratization / Afghanistan Democratization / Iraq Conflict management Democratization Tribes Albania Iraq Russia (Federation) / Chechni͡a
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	"Clan societies differ substantially from Western democratic states. Clan societies are based around the extended family. Honour and solidarity are important, which is reflected in nepotism and blood revenge. However, a more positive aspect of clan societies is the use of reconciliation to solve conflicts. This guarantees that parties to a conflict can cooperate in the future. When intervening in a clan based society it is important to be aware of the differences compared to Western democracy. Based on theory and practice the cases of Afghanistan, Iraq, Albania and Chechnya are investigated. This book explains clan society and provides tools to facilitate state building and democratization in clan based societies for those who intervene, aimed at conflict resolution and democratization."
Beschreibung:	VIII, 295 Seiten
ISBN:	9789004415478 9789004471405

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface ix Introduction і PART 1 Clans and the State 1 Clans 13 2 Statehood and the Clan 3 Warlords and the Clan Society 42 Co-written by Renée Gendron 4 Society and Démocratisation Co-written by Renée Gendron Conclusion Part 1 99 PART 2 Casestudies 5 Clans in Chechnya 6 Clans in Albania 7 Clans in Afghanistan 8 Clans in Iraq 105 126 149 187 General Conclusion 224 VIII CONTENTS Appendix: Clans, Tribes and Their Locality in Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq 235 Bibliography 257 Index 282 Bibliography “Afghanistan, Ethnic Identity and Genealogies, Tribe, Clan Ethnic Genealogies”, Naval Postgraduate School, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, https://my.nps.edu/ web/ccs/ethynic-genealogies, (accessed July 8 2019). “Baluch/Baloch Tribe”, Program for Culture Conflict Studies, Naval Postgraduate School, https://web.archive.0rg/web/20150226132250/http://www.nps.edu/ programs/ccs/Docs/Tribal%2oTrees/Baluch.pdf, (accessed July 12 2019). 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Index Accountability 6,21,31,36-37,39,47,73,86, 99, no, 143,149,186,206,226 Achakzai tribe 151 Adat law, traditional 102,110 Adinzai 243 Administration, transparent 41 Administrative regions 48-49 Adygea 37 Affiliations religious 165 tribal 74,212 Afghan Amir Abdurahman Khan 154 Afghan authorities 154-55,175,184 Afghan border 153 Afghan clan society 152 Afghan communist government 158 Afghan confederation 150 Afghan Constitution 150 Afghan culture 173 Afghan government 152,154-55,168,231 Afghani army 184 Afghan Insurgency 174,275 Afghan Interim Administration 167 Afghan Interim Authority 167 Afghanistan 3-4,6,8-9,13,36,39-40,46, 48-49,69-70,78,81, 84-85,93,95, 149-87,228,230,232-33,243.255. 257-64,267-69,271-80 area borders 153 conflict in 40,158,176,181 contemporary 152 post-conflict 48,275 reconstruction of 168,172,185 Afghanistan and Iraq 6,188-89,194-95,197, 199,204,225,235,276 Afghanistan and Pakistan 154-55,169,171, 173.184 Afghanistan’s independence 154 Afghanistan’s post-Taliban transition 172,180,269 Afghanistan’s sovereignty 154 Afghanistan warlords 163 Afghan king Amanullah 152 Afghan kingdom 175 169, Afghan monarchy 152 Afghan nation 161 Afghan National Army 168 Afghan National Police 168 Afghan National Security Forces 168 Afghan-Pakistani border area 24 Afghan politicians 169 Afghan politics 8,150 Afghans, uniting 150 Afghan society 150,174 Afghan state 83,151,165,179,185 Afghan territory 164,166 Afghan Transitional Administration 167 Afghan tribes 89 Afghan War 273 Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending 166-67,258 Agreements 29,40,53,60,70, no, 120,190, 277-78 Albania, southern 127 Albanian clans 8,133 Albanian clans and tribes 148 Albanian Communist party 140 Albanian Democratic Party 147 Albanian families 20,129,261 Albanian government 139-41,145-46 Albanian Highland Tribal Society 127, 139-40,264 Albanian history 126,136 Albanian Identities 128,131-32,135-40, 142-43, շ8ւ Albanian language 127 Albanian Macedonians 147 Albanian minority in Macedonia 146 Albanian People’s Republic 141 Albanian politics 20,126,139,143 Albanian refugees 146 Albanians 7-8,20,34,83,126-32,136-38, 140- 42,145,147,280 Albanians in Serbia and Kosovo 137 Albanian Socialist Party 146 Albanian society 126-27 traditional 135 Albanian state 126,138-39,148,228 INDEX Albanian Sworn Virgins 131,281 Albanian youth in Macedonia 147 Albu-Ghafur clan 201 Albu Naşir 188,194-95 Aliev clan 21 Alikozai 164 Alizai tribe 164 Alu Alkhanov 124 American forces 206,217,220 American-led invasion of Iraq 212 Amir Shir Ali 152 Anbar Salvation Council 219-20,275 Ancestors 106 Andi 113 Andi territories 116 Al-Anfal campaign 196 Anglo-Afghan Treaty 154,259 Anglo-Afghan War 152,154,259 Anglo-Afghan war, second 152 Anglo-Iraqi treaty 191 Anthropology, cultural 2 Anti-corruption 83 Arab states confederation of 190 independent 190 Army, private 66 Assimilation 25,28 Assyrians 187,191-92,196,242,257 Assyrian tribes 242 list of 242,257 Autonomy 30,44-45,70,101-2,132,137, 161-62,175,185,192,215,223 Azerbaijan 14,21, 34,73,269 Baathist party 194-95,200 Baathists 33,193-94 Baath members 205 Baath Movement 193,195 Baath party 9,193-94,199,205,208,211-12, 222,258 Baath policy, official 197 Badal 93,271 Badinter Arbitration Committee 51,273 Badinter Commission 50-52,64 Baluch/Baloch Tribe 252,257 Baluchistan 154-55 Barakzai 164-65 Basayev 120-21 283 Bedouin tribes 39 Behaviour, voting 20,105 Berisha tribes 130 Berzinji 241 Besudi 251 Betani Qabayil Tribe 247 Blood diamonds 61 Blood feuds 7-8,17,19,33,39,66,70,76,79, 107,110,118,122,125,128-29,131» W, 136, 140-41,225,228 Blood-feuds 36 Blood money 79 Blood revenge 13 Blood vengeance 107 Bolshevik army 116-17 Bonn Agreement 166-67,179 Border areas 146,153,165,169 contested 160 Border control 85,184 Border delimitation 155 Border disputes 195 Border incidents 196 Borders 50-51,56,126,132,138,151,155,160, 164,171-73,178,184,196,238,242 fluid 178 internal 51 valid international 154 Boundaries colonial 49 ethnic 138 national 49 territorial 106 Boundaries of afghanistan 154,257 Bribes 28,58,119,177,222 British-Afghan war 152 British India and Afghanistan 154 British Rule 89,149,153,175 Building, institution 100,185,227 Burdened societies 30 Burdened states 31-32 Camëria 140-41 Central Asia 1-2,14,17-18,20-22,25,33,36, 69-70.76,114, И8-19,167,231-32,262, 264,271 Central Chechnya 235-36 Central Iraq 238 Central Treaty Organisation 193 284 Chechen Autonomous Oblast 117 Chechen border 121 Chechen clans 105,112,125 Chechen Clan Society 7, no Chechen clan system 92 Chechen culture 109,118,122 Chechen government 94,118 Chechen History 105-6,109,122 Chechen kinship structure 108 Checheno-Ingushetian Autonomous Oblast 117 Chechen people 18,118 Chechen Politics 105,114 Chechen population 114 Chechens 7,16,19,25, 76,105-7,109-10, 112-16,118-20,122-23,187,231,268 Chechen society 16,19,39,105-6,110,118, 277 the clan in 114,125 traditional 125 Chechen state 120,227 Chechen teip 76 Chechen territory 117 Chechen tribes 108 Chechen war 121,277 Chechnya 3,6-8,14,16,18,21-22,24,34, 36-37,68-69,89-90,92,94,96,105-7, 109-12,114-25,136» 182-83,187-89, 194-95,197,204,224-28,230-33, 235-3б 257-58,265,270-71,276-77 attacked 117 boycotted 118 the clan in 6,105 clans in 76,105,107-9,111,113,115,117,119, 121,123,125, 227 declaration of independence of 121 independent 121 invaded 122 lowland 109 president of 124 rule of law to 123,266 status of 120-21 Cherkessia 112-13 Christian Albanians 136 Circassians 25,36,112 Civil society 27,55,74-75,81-82,86,88,90, 143,266 role of 90,273 INDEX Civil society organisations 82,88,90,156 Civil war 49,67-68,70,95,149,151-52,158, 269,280 Clan affiliates 121 Clan affiliations 7,9,20,37-38,69-70,89, 114,131,162,165,227 Clan allegiance 20,23 Clan alliances 27,37,119 Clan-based societies 2,4-6,10,14,19,23,25, 27,32,35,38-41,76,79,84-85,94,96, 186-87,222,229 Clan Communities 27-28,276 Clan culture 20,105,107,122,125,266 Clan democracy 36 Clan elders 69, 72,102,107,110,120-21,129, 133,135,142,151-52,158-59,161-64,167, 171,179-80,183,230 Clan-families 23 Clan history 7 Clan identities 22 Clan justice 7 Clan law 7,36,100,230 traditional 10,24 Clan leaders 5,7,66,69,101,202,209,225, 228,230 Clan lineage 2,106 Clan members 15,19-21,24,26,33,35-36, 66,73,82,84,88-89,101-2,105,107,110, 114,129,133,189,195,228,230-33 individual 133 male 122 Clan militia 69 Clan networks 17,21,33,201,232 strong 19 Clan patronage networks 23 Clan politics 7-8,14,17,21-23,33-34,85,90, 100,120,148,227,232,261 Clan populations 225 Clan power 101 Clan rules 35,122,152 Clans 1-11,13-29,31-43,47-49,53-55, 65-66,68-73,76,79-80,82-85,87-92, 94-95,97-102,105-8,110,112-14,118-30, 132-36,141-42,148-49,151-52,159-62, 164-78,182-83,185-89,194-95,197-98, 200-202,205-8,212-18,221-33,235-5б, 260-61,267-68 allied 23,92 285 INDEX autonomous 106 clans fighting X06 co-opt 13 cooptation 232 de-escalation phase 84 highland 230 important lowland 230 local 22 lowland 227 regional 67 rivalling 178,227 rural 22 Clans and démocratisation 97,233 Clans and ethnicities 165,174 Clans and tribes 4,9,84,151,165,187,195, 215,219,222 Clans and warlords 68-69,71, 149, 161 Clans in Afghanistan 149,151,153,155,157, 159,161,163,165,167,169,171,173,175, 177,179,181,183,185 Clans in Albania 126-27,129,131,133,135, 137.139.141, ИЗ. 145.147 Clan societies 1-10,13-14,16,19-20,28-29, 31-ՅՅ. 35-37.39.41-42,65-67,69,71, 73-74,76,82,85,92, 94,96,99-102, 106-7, i°9,125-26,148-50,167-69,171, 173-74,187-88,190,224-33 closed 122 democratising 4 patriarchal 132 problems 83 traditional 2, 9,224 Clan-society 2,100,184,224 Clan solidarity 76 Clan-structure 173 Clan structures 1, 3,5,9-10,19-20,22-24, 26,29,36,101,107-9,127,129,148-50, 225,227,230 Clan system 8,32,83,85,119,122,128,162 Clan territory 101 Clash 3-4,13,31,72,99-100,148,224,226,229 Clientelism 4,19,33,36-38,66,90,99,161, 177,194,225-26,228-29 Closed societies 4,13,19,21,72,101,110,233 Collins 14,17,20,22,33,69,232,262-63 Colonialism 193-94,197 Combatants 60,97,136 former 65,97 Common ancestor 15,69,150-51 Common ancestry 17 Common mythic ancestor 107 Communism 1,7-8,24,36,42,105,119,125, 129,1ՅՅ-35,142-43,148,193, 228 Communist government 6,36,158 Communists 7,33,36,114-15,140-41,158, 225,227 Communities 14,17-18,38,48,67,90-91,94, 150,174,181,207,230,265 tribal 18 Confederation of North Caucasian Mountain peoples 115-16 Confederations, tribal 106 Conflict resolution mechanisms 24, 35,39, 79 Conflict resolution mechanisms help 39 Conflict resolution methods 33 Conflict resolution skills 189 Conflicts armed 60-61 border 160,196 ethnic 26,126,277 internal 3,62,102,123,228 intra-state 60,75,281 open 122,224 regional clan 186 tribal 165 Conflict transformation 3,151 Constituents 75 Constitution 47,60-61,115,142-43, t5° լ57 179,211-12 national 4,48 new 118,157,167,179,211 Constitution of Afghanistan 149,158, 179-80,262 Contracts power-sharing 25 social 29,33,76 Cooperation 7,44,50,52,90,99,102,134, 138,143,200,202,209,221,226,279 Co-operation 14,40,50,279 Co-opt 24-25 Co-optation 24,26 Corruption 31,33,35,38,55,57,87,91-92, 99,102,143-44,146,148,156,159,161, 163,177-78,182,186,225-26,229,271 Court, traditional 180,183 286 Crime organised 57 transnational 92,177 Cross-border criminality 3 Cultural dialogue 96 Cultural relativism 33 Cultural revolution 142 Culture patriarchal 19 traditional 128,186,194 Customary law in albania 132 Customary Laws of Afghanistan 268,277 INDEX 180-81,183, Dagestan 68 Daghestan 111-12,115-17,235,270 Decent peoples 30-33 liberal 31 Decent states 30-31 Declaration of Principles of International Law 279 Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations 50 Declaration on Friendly Relations 50 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly 279 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations 44,50 De facto delimitation 172 De facto states 43,48 Definitions of clans 5,19 Demarcation 134 Demobilisation 65, 68,73 Democracy liberal 21,265 merit-based 4 participatory 45 representative 143 strengthening 162 Democratic principles 72 Democratic rule 33 Democratic states 32,79 successful 227 Démocratisation 3,5,10,73,75,77-79,81,83, 85,87,89,91,93, 95,97,228,233 third wave of 79 Démocratisation efforts 74 Democratization 38,79,267 Denikin 115-16 Deportation 25, iog, 114, n8-ig Diamonds, illegal 61-62 Dia-paying groups 24 Disarmament 52,65,68,73,133 Disintegrating 50 Disputes political 13 regional 53 Division, political power 149 Drugs 3,66,91,135,148,177-79,273 Dudayev 118,121 Durand Line 154-55,157,169,171,259-60 Durrani 151,243 Durrani tribe 151-52 Eastern Afghanistan 156,174 Elders council of 96,135 military clan 107 powerful clan 27 tribal 19,85 Election process 37 Elections 3,7,10,37,77,79-81,87,100-101, 105,114,118,123-24,146,167,170,205, 209,211,213 free 80 local 78,80 national 80,21g parliamentary 146,210,213 regular 74 transparent 167 Elites 20,60,70,81,112,157 political 79,262 Empowerment 25,61,266 Ethnic Albanians 126,147 Ethnic cleansing 62,64,175,210-11 Ethnic composition 19 Ethnic groups 22,53,67-68,70,75,81,87, 149-5o, 162,181,193,217,228 Ethnic Identity 151,243,255,257 Ethno-nationalist debate 215 Euphrates 196,238 Extended families 14,70,97,108,127,188 Failed and weak states, definitions of 5,54 Failed states 2,42,53-59,67,78,80,173,180, 224,228,263,275,278 defined 56 Fair elections 31,77,80,99,167,226 287 INDEX Fallujah, second Batde of 217 Family honour 95 Family members, extended 127 Feuds, violent blood 12g Fighters foreign jihadist 173 religious 159 tribal mercenary ig4 Fighting corruption 2 First World War 3,9,115,126,137-38,190 Flashpoints 75 Force coalition 199 coercive 63 destabilising 165 irregular armed 66 national security 194 paramilitary 90 peacekeeping 146 preventive deployment 146 traditional tribal militia 160 Forefather common 16 mythic 15 Foreign policy 25,58,152,154,157.192.265 Formal law, national 24 Formal state-institutions 18 Freedom fighters 120 Genocide 45,62,64,74,210,221,259,271-72 policy of 62,64 Ghazi, King 192 Gheg dialect of Albanian 127 Ghilzai 151,164-65 Ghilzai tribe 151,165 Gorbachev 158 Governance democratic 6,86,89,259 good 38,161 non-democratic 6 Government 5,30,36,39,42-45.47.55՜59. 6ւ-6շ, 66-68,75-78,8o-8i, 84-85, 90-92,101,115-16,118,120-21,137, 144-46,148,154,156,158,162-63,171-72, 193-95,205-6,210-11,218,221-22 federal 211-12 legitimate 61 transitional 205 Government institutions 73,167 Government structures 61 Government support 27 Greater Kandahar 164 Group rights 98-99,101,226,231 Groups clan-based 27 die-paying 79 insurgent 178 jihadist 99,226 kin 201 linguistic 151 minority 41,45,58, 65,88 non-clan-based 183 political 144,158 tribal 206 warlordist 68 Hakkari 242 Haqqani networks 159-60,166,275 Hazarajat 150,175 Hazara of Central Afghanistan 175,264 Hazaras 149-50,155,159,164-65,168, 175-76,264 Hazaras of Afghanistan 175-76,271 Hazara Tribe 248,257 Hezb-e֊Islami Afghanistan 174 High Albania 130,133,263 Honour 13,16-17,19,73.76,79, 94-95, 98,100,102,133,189,195,197,202, 205,211 Honour-based violence 95 Honour crimes 16,91,96,202 Honour killings 96,259 Hopi 14,16 Hospitality 19,107,133,152,172,189 Hostilities inter-group 87 inter-identity 87 Hotak tribe 151 Hoxha, Enver 140-42 Humanitarian law, international 196 Human rights basic 31 individual 74 Human rights violations 20,34,61,63,66, ZZ 23,163,185,204,272 Human security 48,63 Huntington, Samuel 78-79 Identity cultural 130 INDEX 288 Identity (Cont.) ethnic 132 national 78,88,131,143,151 shared 49,194 unifying 75 Identity politics 87-88,271 Identity-politics 88 Ideologies communist 7,142 national 194 Illegal workers 145 Illiberal Democracy 73,281 Intaniate 111 Imam Shamil 111,114, Ո7,120 Independence, unilateral 118-19 Indigenous Groups 175,264 Indigenous population 14 Infrastructure social 170 traditional 186 Ingush 107-9, շ63 Ingushetia 18,37,107, uo-11,115,117,119, 121-22,124,235,277 Insecurity, regional 166 Instability, regional 171 Institutional capabilities 27 Institutions democratic 17,33,232 formal 17,33,39,76,232 Insurgency 40,56,174,274 counter 178 Insurgents 158-59,172,174,188-89,191-95, 197,199,204,217,220,276 armed 204 Inter-clan conflicts 166 Intergovernmental organisations 8 International Court of Justice 46,267 International law 1-2,5,29,42-48,50-53, 56-57, 60, 64,75,80,211,258-59, 262-63,265- 270-71.273-75.277-79 International relations 32,43,50,77,197,260 Intervention 3, 6,8,32,62-63,74-75,146, 166,169,184-85,203-4,224,228,233, 269,274 Intervention force, international 9-10,98, 100,161,227 Invasion 158,203,205 Iran 153,159-60,171-72,193,195-97.209-10, 214,216,223,240,242,272,278 Iran-Iraq 196,274 Iran-Iraq War 9,197,209 Iraq 3-4,6,8-10,13,23-24,26,95-96, 187-223,225-26,228,230-33,235, 238-39,242,258-60,263,265-66, 268-74,276-78,281 clans in 187,189,191,193,195,197,199, 201,203,205,207,209,211,213,215,217, 219,221,223 invaded 204 occupied 191 politics of 9,193,214,228 president of 213,215 Iraq Constitution 214 Iraqi culture 189,205 Iraqi government 96,193,196-97,210,219 Iraqi Kurdistan 198,214-15,264 Iraqi politics 215 Iraqi population 204 Iraqis, traditional 191 Iraqi society 187,204,208,213 Iraqi state 9,187,205,207,211 Iraqi Tribes igo, 208,242,260 Iraq-Kuwait 199,276 Iraq War 203-4,257,264 IS-fighters 222 Islamic Republic 120 Islamic State 9-10,116,210,215,219,221,228 Islamic State of Afghanistan 160 Islamic State of Iraq 221 Islamic Terrorism 117,121 Italian occupation of Albania 140 Jalal Talabani 213-15,257 Judgments 78,122 Jurisdiction 44 Justice court of 186,267 traditional 135 traditional tribal 181 transitional 2-3,5,61,65,182-83 Kadyrov 114,124-25, շ65 Kandahar 151-52,158,175 Kandaharis 152,176 kanun 40,96,126-27,129, Ч1’ 1ՅՅ-35, 144,148 Kanun of Lek 132-33 Kanun’s rules 134 INDEX Kastrati and Shkreli tribes 130 Kellogg Briand Pact 198 Keimend tribe 130 Khan, Daoud 157 Khan, Nadir 157 Khostwal Super Tribe 246 Khyber Pass 152-53 kidnapping 68,93-95,98, 122-23,269 bride 94,274 Kingdom of Afghanistan 153,273 King Zahir Shah 157 kinship 2,14-15,17-20,24,69,132,271 elementary structures of 1,14-15,270 fictive 18 kinship groups, matrilinea! 16 Kirghiz / Qirghize Tribe 253,257 Kosovo 21,42,126,130,137-38,140,146, 169-70,267 Krasniqi tribe 130 kryeplak 127,134 Kunta Haji 111,113-14 Kurdish conflict 215,261 Kurdish opposition groups 214 Kurdish populations 196,199,223 Kurdish Regional Government 96 Kurdish tribes 215 Kurdistan 26,213-15 Kurdistan Democratic Party 213-14 Kuwait 198-99,204,214,221 Kyrgyzstan 23,70,261,271 languages national 53 regional 187 Latvia 53-54.262,274 Law anti-corruption 83 customary 23,44,108,132-33,153 180 international public 56,167 religious 40,110 sharia 110,120,149,180,183,212,228 thin 23 Law enforcement agencies 59 Law enforcement institutions 95 Law enforcement mechanisms 35 Lawlessness 159-60,210 Leaders ethnic 79 hereditary 127 289 League of Nations 138,191,270 Legal framework 5 international 48,275 national 26 Legal systems, traditional 129,149,151,168 Legislation 5,30,32,82-83,92 209 Legislature 28,55,170 Legitimacy 31,40,55,57,59-60,67,70,75, 200 political 57-58,67 Lek 132-33 Lévi-Strauss 14-15,270 Claude 14-15,230 Lévy-Strauss, Claude 1-2 Light footprint 169 Light footprint approach 169-70,186 Lineages 15-16,24,108 common 14 Localisation 235-36 Low trust environments 75 Loya Jirga 84-85,159,167,169,172,179,184 Macedonia 51-52,146-47,258,279 Madrassas 159,174 Mangal Super Tribe 246 Mansur 113 Marriage, badal 93 Maskhadov 120 Mass destruction, weapons of 200,202-4 Matrilineal origins 127 Mechanisms, enforcement 40 Mediation 33,35,119,169,230 Mercenaries 139,223 Mesopotamia 190-91 Military intervention 2,4,9,85,204,227 Military militias 216 Military tribunals 212 Militias, warlord’s 68 Minorities, national 54,262 Moderate states 32 Monarchy 157,179 Mono-ethnic states 227,230 Montesquieu 28,271 Montevideo Convention 4շ՜43,54,64 Mountain assr 116-17 Mountain clans 136 Mountain Soviet Republic 116 Mujaheddin groups 174 Murid War 6,111-12 290 Muslim brotherhoods 118-19 Muslims 2,113,128,130,136,142,187,189,211 Muslim World 81,111,261,266,270 Mysticism 128 Nakhchivan 34,272 Naqsbandi 111-12 Naqsbandiya 106,110-11 Narcotics 178 National governments 4,34,67,165 Nationalism 7-9,23-24,46,87,119,131-32, 194,226,261 ethnic 53 Nation building 7,17,21,46,53, 83,170,267, 269,273,276 Nation-building 46-47,263 Nations, sovereign 52 Nation-state 5,22,26,35,41,45-46,51,55, 62-63,66,186,226,276-77 Negotiations 3,23,40,49-5°. 52.61, 65,75, 85,89,108,118,137,158,184 inter-clan 49 Neighbourliness, good շս Neo-Taliban Insurgency 266 Nepotism 80,84,102,125,186 Nobility 15,36-37,137 Non-clan members 37 Non-governmental organisations 28,74,80, 90,97.99.145.226 international 3,170 Non-intervention 29,44,193,198 North and South Afghanistan 164 North and South Waziristan in eastern Afghanistan 156 North Caucasian Mountain Peoples 115-16 North Caucasus 18,25,34,37,76,109-12, 114-18,120-21 Northern Albania 127-30,138 Northern Albanian 129 Northern Alliance 159-60,164,168-69, 176, 185 Northern Daghestan 112-14,116 Northern Iraq 196,242 North of Afghanistan 158 North of Iraq 196,205,215 North of Kirkuk 240-41 Northwest Caucasus 94-95 North West Frontier Province 156,169,171 Nuclear Inspections in Iraq 202-3,278 INDEX Nuristani 149 Nuristam Tribe 255,257 One-party rule 38 Open society 4-5,13,19,21,35,77,229,233, 260,274 defined 20 Operation Amber Fox 147 Operation Desert Storm 198,205 Operation Enduring Freedom 166,173,266 Operation Northern Watch 199-200,257 Operation Phantom Fury 217 Operation Southern Watch 200,272 Operation Vigilant Resolve 217,257 Operation Vigilant Resolve in Fallujah 217 Opium 9,177-78 Opium trade 158 Opposition 7,22,119,158,160,174,218 Opposition groups 100,158,219,227 Oppressive government 30 Order, political 83 Organisation terrorist 9 tribal 151,204 Ottoman Empire 25,109,112-13,126-27, 131-32,136-37,148,190-91,216,269 Ottoman rule 136,189,198 Outlaw states 30-32 Pacificatoria, Lex 60,260 Pakhtun clans 155 Pakhtunistan 154-55,274 Pakistan 19,46,89,153-57. ւ59՜6° i6g, 171-74,184,193 Pakistan’s Tribal Areas 22,24,89-90,153 Paktia 180-81,244-45 Palestinian territories 26,221 Pan-Arab nationalism 193 Paris Peace Conference 138,191 Pashtuns 8,90,149-52,156,162,165,168, 175-76.180 Pashtun society 160 Pashtun tribes 89,150,157,175 Pashtunwali 19,149,151,174 Patriarchal system 20,106,110,231 traditional 127 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 213-15 Patronage 148,162,177-78 Patronage networks 22-23 291 INDEX Patronage systems 114,170 tribal 195 Peace international 25,62,145,273 stable 65 Peace agreement 60-61,84,260 Peacebuilding, democratic 78,273 Peace building activities 167 Peace Conference 116 Peace Jirga 183 Peace Loya Jirga 184 Peace negotiations 64-65,84,184 Peace processes 35,60,65-67, 74,81,174,272 inclusive 100 Peoples 8-9,22,28-33,35-37.45.49.51.75. 77-78,80-81,91,120,122,127-29, !32 134-35.142,144,148-49,151,154֊55, 168-69,171,174,176,179՜8օ, 215-16, 262, 264,273-74 burdened 30,32 democratic 29-30 indigenous 27,45 mountain 111,115 non-decent 32 non-liberal 30-31 north Caucasian 7 tribal 153 Political system 10,17,33,45,77,153,225, 231-32 Popalzai 164-65 Popalzhai tribe 151 Popper 19,21,260,274 Population, permanent 42-44 Positive law 7,38,61,100,105,125-26,129, 133,181,186,228 Post-conflict reconstruction 1,4-5,58,61, 65,74,169,207,266 Power clan’s 18 executive 108,123 external 136 imperial 119 internal 140 judicial 41 national 7 regional 7,160,172-73,196,2Յ0 restored 231 strategic 66 warlord’s 120 Power base 5-6,16,23,41,71-72,82,99, 105,107,111,120,124,152,163,225, 231 political 124 Power brokers 231 Power imbalance 34 Power politics 63 Power rivalries 84 Power structures 34,114,178 local 81 Prejudices 1,35,100-101,224 President Ashraf Ghani 151 President Aslan Maskhadov 120 President Boris Yeltsin 118,120 President Djokhar Dudayev 118 President Doku Zavgayev 121 President Dudayev 118,122 President Hamid Karvai 184 Presidential rule, direct п8 Presidential system, strong 179 President Putin 227,230 President Ramzan Kadyrov 125,227 President Yeltsin 118,122 President ZelimkhanYandarbiev 120 Priests, animist 108 Principles of Good-Neighborliness in International Law 211,277 Process modernisation 57,194,229 top-down 28 Property, common 133 Protocols 153 Provincial Reconstruction Teams 206 Pshemakho Kotsev 116-17 Putin 121,124,226 Qadiris 111 Qadiriya 106,110-11,114 Al-Qaeda 25,273 Qaeda in Iraq 9,210,219-22 Ramzan Kadyrov 34,114,124,227 Rape 20,94-95,98,102,259 Ratification 179 Rawls, John 3,29-31,33 Reciprocity 37 Recognition 43,47,50-54,209 international 115,139 Reconciliate 208 292 Reconciliation 33,84,100-101,132-33,168, 181-84,206,230 Reconstruction process 16g, 182,207 post-conflict 6,61 Red Cross 99,226 Refugee camps 159 Refogees 146,159,198-99,209,279 Regime 30,80,115,140,142,196-98,208,222, 228 authoritarian 31-32,84 communist 126,135,142,148,160,231 forma] 17,33,232 informal 17,33,232 Regime change 196 Regional governments 84,216 Regional states 177 Religion 8-9,13,20,30-31,88,94,106,108, 110,117-18,120,122,126,128-29,131,204, 210,221,228 Republic of Afghanistan 157 Republic of Albania 145-46,261 Republic of Sakha 27 Responsibilities 1-2,4-5,28,62-64,78, ιοί-շ, 115,148,163,211,222,224,229,231, 260,274 Rights, individual 81, 91,98,100-101,231 Rule, communist 116,133,141 Rulers, authoritarian 55,233 Russia 110-13, n8, 120-25,i53, 160,190,258 Russian-Chechen war, first 122 Russian Empire 6-7,25,105,109, in, 113, 115-16,120,137 Russian Federation 6-7, in, 117,119,121-25, 158,203,224,227,229 Russian invasion 112 Russian Power 106,118-ig, 121,270 Russian Rule 111,114-17,120,265 Saddam Hussein 9,24,194-98,200-206,212, 214-16,218,221-23,225,228 Sadrist Movement 218-19,266 Saudi Arabia 31,120,159-60,163 Schemes, pyramid 134,143-44 Secession 6,29, 50,64, ιοί, 154,224-25 Second Chechen War 68,121 Second World War 22,25,42, Ո4,126, 140-41,192 Security economic 96-97 INDEX national 4,201,210 regional 3 restore 168 Security Council 145-46,198,203 Security Council Resolution 145,166, 168,199-200,202-3,205,276, 279 Security sector 2-3,65,85-87, Ց7,206 Security Sector Reform 73,85-86,260 Security System Reform 86-87,272 Self-defence 29-30 Self-determination 3,5,27-29,42,44-46,51, 61,154,190,215,276 external 45-46,49,51 full 45 internal 45,64,90 Self-organisation, tribal 162 Self-rule 140 Semi-nomadic 23 Semi nomadic regions 14 Serbia 51,87,130,132,137,146 Sexual assaults 102 Shamil 111-13 Shamil Basayev 68,120,277 ShattAl-Arab 196 Sheikh, tribal 189,192,207 Sheikh Abdul Qasim Al Khoei 216 Sheikh Akushinskii 117 Sheikh Mansour in Sheikh Mansur 113-14,266 Sheikh Uzun Haji 117 Sheiks, tribal 195 Shia 9,150,158,164,175,187,189,192-93, 198,210,213,220-21,223,228, 280 Shia tribes 197-98 Shiite Iraqi 191 Shiites 150,212-14,216,272 Shkreli tribes 130 Shura 120,181 Skanderbeg 131-32,136 Society archaic 230 democratic 88 hierarchical 83 liberal 31 matriarchal 106 multi-ethnic 149 non-clan-based 4,10,41,101 293 INDEX non-liberal 31 patrilinear 16 rural 173 traditional 9,227-28 tribal 26,83,131,223 warrior 151 Solidarity, tribal 180 Somali clans 23, 71,280 Somali Conflict 48,272 Somaliland 48-49,263 Sons of Iraq 220 Sons of Islam 220-21 South Afghanistan 164 South-East Chechnya 113 Southeastern Afghanistan 38-39,280 South-eastern Afghanistan 40,277 Southeastern region of Afghanistan 180 South of Iraq 194,216,268 Sovereign nation-states 52 Sovereign states 50,63 Sovereignty 5,42-44,51-52.62-63,138-39. 152,205,269 definitions of 43-44 external 43,45 Soviet occupation 149-50,179 Soviet Union 7,21-22,24,51-53,84,89, 105,114,117,121,141,143.157-58,184-85, 274 Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan 46 Spoilers 67,185 State collapsing 69,270 fragile 58 State boundaries 49 State building 2-8,10,17-18,20,29-30,32, 42,44,46-47,49,54,63,65,71,73-74, 76-77, 80,82,88,99-101,110,112,115-16, 118-20,168-69,176,185-87,224-26, 229,267 effective 40,76 successful 5,23,73 State building activities 126,230 State building efforts 1,4,31-32,39,100,102, 225-27 State-building efforts 228 State building measures 6,41 State building practices 4,48,228 State building procedure 23 State building process 1,3, 6-9,22-23,74, 82,97,99-102,163,167,169,171,218,224, 227,232 State building projects 3-6,8-10,22,35, 65-66,72-74,94,229,232 State capacity 57 State failure 43,48,57-58,172,267,269 State formation 48 State institutions 13,19,24,36,38,40,47, 56-57,65,84,86,101-2,148,164,229,231 Stateless Persons 54,274 State monopoly 28 State organs 36,101 State reconstruction 32,79,101,169 State structures 1,33,98,101,109,161,186, 197,228-29 clans co-opt 1,100 State succession 53 State support groups 100,227 Sub-clans 23,48-49,201 Sub-tribe 151 Sufi brotherhoods 106,110-11 Sunni 9,187,189,191,193,210,212-14,220, 223,228,280 Sunni and Shia tribes 197 Sunni clans 10 Sunni groups 221-22 Sunni population in Iraq 221 Sunni tribes 197,220,228 Sworn virgins 129,131,281 Sykes-Picot Agreement 190,193,221,278 Syria 58,95,191,193,214,221,223,238,241-42 System badal 93 communist 7 decision-making 151 federalist 158 hereditary 148 indigenous governance 22 majority-based electoral 88 matriarchal 106 matrilineal 14 multi-party 226 parliamentary 78,139 Taips 105,107,109,119 highland 109 lowland 109 Tajik Civil War 70,82,258 INDEX 294 Tajikistan 14,38,67,69-70,83,271,273,281 Tajiks 70,149-50,155,159,169,176,253,258 Talabani 213-15,241 Talib 159 Taliban 6,8-9,149-52,15b, 158-66,169, 173-74,176-78,180-81,183-85,228,257, 263,272,274-75 Taliban fighters 182 Taliban government 8,166 Taliban members 159,182,184 Тара Chermoev 115-16 Tatar Ethnic Group 254,258 Taxes 21,28,135-36,209 Teips 18,76,92,107,110 Territorial integrity 49-50 Territory claimed 155 common log, 151 defined 42,106 Terrorism 177,211,217,219,260 Terrorists 158-59,177,188-89,191-95,197, 199,204,276 Theocratic state 31,116 Theory constitutive 43 declaratory 43 Theory ofJustice 29,32 Third Wave 79,267 Tikriti tribe 198 Tikrit region 197 Tokhi 165 Tosks 127,130,140 Totalitarianism 143 Traditional codes 96 Traditional law 9,38,61,105,125-27,129, !33՜34,144,149, іб7,180-81, i86, 212, 228 Trafficking 66,95,135,144,148,173,178 drug 3,177-78 human 95,178 Trafficking opium 177 Transcaucasus 112,115,118,267 Transition 1,3,6,17,21,31-32,53,55,57, 78, 85-86,125,127,141,143,224,227, 229-30,232 Transition processes i, 5,98,122,134,143, 148,173,209,225,230 Transparency 21,28,31, 33, 35-37, 39, 73, 75, 84,86,91,99,105, no, 143,149,226,232 Treaties 29,43-44,60,153-54,179,191-93, 196 Treaty of Baghdad 193 Treaty of Rawalpindi 152,154,156 Tribal areas 24-25,89,156, ւցշ Tribal law, traditional 40,94 Tribal leaders 25,139,160,200,207,220,222 traditional 176 Tribal policies 197,215 Tribal rules and tribal allegiance 222 Tribe affiliations 194 Tribes 9-10,13-14,16-17,25-27,39-40, 75-76,89-90,127,130,132,148,150-51, 153,155-57,159,162,164-66,171,187-91, 193-95,197-200,206-9,212-13,215-17, 219-20,222-23,225,229,235-57,273 coalition of 220 highland 130 local 69 nomadic 172,190,216 powerfiil 151,164 super 243-45 Tribes and clans 20,130,189,208,215,218 Tribes in afghanistan 238,258 Tribes of Albania 236,264 Trust, low 75 Tukhums 92,106-7,119 Turkmen 149,187,196,211 Ubayd tribes 195 United Nations 31,43,50,52,62-64,80-81, 85, 93,99,145-46,198,226,261-62, 279-80 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan 167,170,278-79 United Nations General Assembly 49-50, 64,211,279 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 45,64,272 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 198-99,279 United Nations Security Council 145,166, 198-99,279 United Nations Security Council Resolution 198-99,279 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 280 Upper Chechnya 116 Uruzgan 151,164-65 93, 295 INDEX US Operations in Iraq Uzbek tribes 155 217 Vainakh 107-9,263 Vasan Giray Jabaghi 115 Violence domestic 20,98 ethnic 79 sexual 202 Warfare, tribal 191,217 Warlord Defined 66 Warlord politics 70,272 Warlords 5,7,9,56-57,59, 66-72,120’ 161-64,177,182-83,2i° 218-23,225՛ 227,230-31,270-71 existence of 71,135 former 120,163,182 independent 70 local 68 powerful 164 power of 162,225 Warlords and clans 9,69 Warlords victimize 68,259 Warriors, tribal 90 Weak states 2,5,54-56,59, 61-62,67,74-75, 99,102,173,180, 183, 220-22, շշ6, շշ8, 271,275 Weapons, biological 202 West-Caucasian people 25 White Army 115-16 Wolesi Jirga 171,179-80 Women kidnapping 94 position of 15-16,102,135,141,230-31 Women’s rights 32,74,92,94,98-100,102, 226 Yakutia 27-28,276 Yazidis 191,196,210,221 Yeltsin 118,120,258 Yerevan Azerbaijanis 34 Yugoslavia 48, 5°՜53.49. Hi. 274 Zabul 151,164-65,261 Zadran tribe 151 Zog, King 36,139-40,148 Zogu, Ahmet 139 (■ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek ч München V—-_ V
adam_txt	Contents Preface ix Introduction і PART 1 Clans and the State 1 Clans 13 2 Statehood and the Clan 3 Warlords and the Clan Society 42 Co-written by Renée Gendron 4 Society and Démocratisation Co-written by Renée Gendron Conclusion Part 1 99 PART 2 Casestudies 5 Clans in Chechnya 6 Clans in Albania 7 Clans in Afghanistan 8 Clans in Iraq 105 126 149 187 General Conclusion 224 VIII CONTENTS Appendix: Clans, Tribes and Their Locality in Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq 235 Bibliography 257 Index 282 Bibliography “Afghanistan, Ethnic Identity and Genealogies, Tribe, Clan Ethnic Genealogies”, Naval Postgraduate School, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, https://my.nps.edu/ web/ccs/ethynic-genealogies, (accessed July 8 2019). “Baluch/Baloch Tribe”, Program for Culture Conflict Studies, Naval Postgraduate School, https://web.archive.0rg/web/20150226132250/http://www.nps.edu/ programs/ccs/Docs/Tribal%2oTrees/Baluch.pdf, (accessed July 12 2019). 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Index Accountability 6,21,31,36-37,39,47,73,86, 99, no, 143,149,186,206,226 Achakzai tribe 151 Adat law, traditional 102,110 Adinzai 243 Administration, transparent 41 Administrative regions 48-49 Adygea 37 Affiliations religious 165 tribal 74,212 Afghan Amir Abdurahman Khan 154 Afghan authorities 154-55,175,184 Afghan border 153 Afghan clan society 152 Afghan communist government 158 Afghan confederation 150 Afghan Constitution 150 Afghan culture 173 Afghan government 152,154-55,168,231 Afghani army 184 Afghan Insurgency 174,275 Afghan Interim Administration 167 Afghan Interim Authority 167 Afghanistan 3-4,6,8-9,13,36,39-40,46, 48-49,69-70,78,81, 84-85,93,95, 149-87,228,230,232-33,243.255. 257-64,267-69,271-80 area borders 153 conflict in 40,158,176,181 contemporary 152 post-conflict 48,275 reconstruction of 168,172,185 Afghanistan and Iraq 6,188-89,194-95,197, 199,204,225,235,276 Afghanistan and Pakistan 154-55,169,171, 173.184 Afghanistan’s independence 154 Afghanistan’s post-Taliban transition 172,180,269 Afghanistan’s sovereignty 154 Afghanistan warlords 163 Afghan king Amanullah 152 Afghan kingdom 175 169, Afghan monarchy 152 Afghan nation 161 Afghan National Army 168 Afghan National Police 168 Afghan National Security Forces 168 Afghan-Pakistani border area 24 Afghan politicians 169 Afghan politics 8,150 Afghans, uniting 150 Afghan society 150,174 Afghan state 83,151,165,179,185 Afghan territory 164,166 Afghan Transitional Administration 167 Afghan tribes 89 Afghan War 273 Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending 166-67,258 Agreements 29,40,53,60,70, no, 120,190, 277-78 Albania, southern 127 Albanian clans 8,133 Albanian clans and tribes 148 Albanian Communist party 140 Albanian Democratic Party 147 Albanian families 20,129,261 Albanian government 139-41,145-46 Albanian Highland Tribal Society 127, 139-40,264 Albanian history 126,136 Albanian Identities 128,131-32,135-40, 142-43, շ8ւ Albanian language 127 Albanian Macedonians 147 Albanian minority in Macedonia 146 Albanian People’s Republic 141 Albanian politics 20,126,139,143 Albanian refugees 146 Albanians 7-8,20,34,83,126-32,136-38, 140- 42,145,147,280 Albanians in Serbia and Kosovo 137 Albanian Socialist Party 146 Albanian society 126-27 traditional 135 Albanian state 126,138-39,148,228 INDEX Albanian Sworn Virgins 131,281 Albanian youth in Macedonia 147 Albu-Ghafur clan 201 Albu Naşir 188,194-95 Aliev clan 21 Alikozai 164 Alizai tribe 164 Alu Alkhanov 124 American forces 206,217,220 American-led invasion of Iraq 212 Amir Shir Ali 152 Anbar Salvation Council 219-20,275 Ancestors 106 Andi 113 Andi territories 116 Al-Anfal campaign 196 Anglo-Afghan Treaty 154,259 Anglo-Afghan War 152,154,259 Anglo-Afghan war, second 152 Anglo-Iraqi treaty 191 Anthropology, cultural 2 Anti-corruption 83 Arab states confederation of 190 independent 190 Army, private 66 Assimilation 25,28 Assyrians 187,191-92,196,242,257 Assyrian tribes 242 list of 242,257 Autonomy 30,44-45,70,101-2,132,137, 161-62,175,185,192,215,223 Azerbaijan 14,21, 34,73,269 Baathist party 194-95,200 Baathists 33,193-94 Baath members 205 Baath Movement 193,195 Baath party 9,193-94,199,205,208,211-12, 222,258 Baath policy, official 197 Badal 93,271 Badinter Arbitration Committee 51,273 Badinter Commission 50-52,64 Baluch/Baloch Tribe 252,257 Baluchistan 154-55 Barakzai 164-65 Basayev 120-21 283 Bedouin tribes 39 Behaviour, voting 20,105 Berisha tribes 130 Berzinji 241 Besudi 251 Betani Qabayil Tribe 247 Blood diamonds 61 Blood feuds 7-8,17,19,33,39,66,70,76,79, 107,110,118,122,125,128-29,131» W, 136, 140-41,225,228 Blood-feuds 36 Blood money 79 Blood revenge 13 Blood vengeance 107 Bolshevik army 116-17 Bonn Agreement 166-67,179 Border areas 146,153,165,169 contested 160 Border control 85,184 Border delimitation 155 Border disputes 195 Border incidents 196 Borders 50-51,56,126,132,138,151,155,160, 164,171-73,178,184,196,238,242 fluid 178 internal 51 valid international 154 Boundaries colonial 49 ethnic 138 national 49 territorial 106 Boundaries of afghanistan 154,257 Bribes 28,58,119,177,222 British-Afghan war 152 British India and Afghanistan 154 British Rule 89,149,153,175 Building, institution 100,185,227 Burdened societies 30 Burdened states 31-32 Camëria 140-41 Central Asia 1-2,14,17-18,20-22,25,33,36, 69-70.76,114, И8-19,167,231-32,262, 264,271 Central Chechnya 235-36 Central Iraq 238 Central Treaty Organisation 193 284 Chechen Autonomous Oblast 117 Chechen border 121 Chechen clans 105,112,125 Chechen Clan Society 7, no Chechen clan system 92 Chechen culture 109,118,122 Chechen government 94,118 Chechen History 105-6,109,122 Chechen kinship structure 108 Checheno-Ingushetian Autonomous Oblast 117 Chechen people 18,118 Chechen Politics 105,114 Chechen population 114 Chechens 7,16,19,25, 76,105-7,109-10, 112-16,118-20,122-23,187,231,268 Chechen society 16,19,39,105-6,110,118, 277 the clan in 114,125 traditional 125 Chechen state 120,227 Chechen teip 76 Chechen territory 117 Chechen tribes 108 Chechen war 121,277 Chechnya 3,6-8,14,16,18,21-22,24,34, 36-37,68-69,89-90,92,94,96,105-7, 109-12,114-25,136» 182-83,187-89, 194-95,197,204,224-28,230-33, 235-3б 257-58,265,270-71,276-77 attacked 117 boycotted 118 the clan in 6,105 clans in 76,105,107-9,111,113,115,117,119, 121,123,125, 227 declaration of independence of 121 independent 121 invaded 122 lowland 109 president of 124 rule of law to 123,266 status of 120-21 Cherkessia 112-13 Christian Albanians 136 Circassians 25,36,112 Civil society 27,55,74-75,81-82,86,88,90, 143,266 role of 90,273 INDEX Civil society organisations 82,88,90,156 Civil war 49,67-68,70,95,149,151-52,158, 269,280 Clan affiliates 121 Clan affiliations 7,9,20,37-38,69-70,89, 114,131,162,165,227 Clan allegiance 20,23 Clan alliances 27,37,119 Clan-based societies 2,4-6,10,14,19,23,25, 27,32,35,38-41,76,79,84-85,94,96, 186-87,222,229 Clan Communities 27-28,276 Clan culture 20,105,107,122,125,266 Clan democracy 36 Clan elders 69, 72,102,107,110,120-21,129, 133,135,142,151-52,158-59,161-64,167, 171,179-80,183,230 Clan-families 23 Clan history 7 Clan identities 22 Clan justice 7 Clan law 7,36,100,230 traditional 10,24 Clan leaders 5,7,66,69,101,202,209,225, 228,230 Clan lineage 2,106 Clan members 15,19-21,24,26,33,35-36, 66,73,82,84,88-89,101-2,105,107,110, 114,129,133,189,195,228,230-33 individual 133 male 122 Clan militia 69 Clan networks 17,21,33,201,232 strong 19 Clan patronage networks 23 Clan politics 7-8,14,17,21-23,33-34,85,90, 100,120,148,227,232,261 Clan populations 225 Clan power 101 Clan rules 35,122,152 Clans 1-11,13-29,31-43,47-49,53-55, 65-66,68-73,76,79-80,82-85,87-92, 94-95,97-102,105-8,110,112-14,118-30, 132-36,141-42,148-49,151-52,159-62, 164-78,182-83,185-89,194-95,197-98, 200-202,205-8,212-18,221-33,235-5б, 260-61,267-68 allied 23,92 285 INDEX autonomous 106 clans fighting X06 co-opt 13 cooptation 232 de-escalation phase 84 highland 230 important lowland 230 local 22 lowland 227 regional 67 rivalling 178,227 rural 22 Clans and démocratisation 97,233 Clans and ethnicities 165,174 Clans and tribes 4,9,84,151,165,187,195, 215,219,222 Clans and warlords 68-69,71, 149, 161 Clans in Afghanistan 149,151,153,155,157, 159,161,163,165,167,169,171,173,175, 177,179,181,183,185 Clans in Albania 126-27,129,131,133,135, 137.139.141, ИЗ. 145.147 Clan societies 1-10,13-14,16,19-20,28-29, 31-ՅՅ. 35-37.39.41-42,65-67,69,71, 73-74,76,82,85,92, 94,96,99-102, 106-7, i°9,125-26,148-50,167-69,171, 173-74,187-88,190,224-33 closed 122 democratising 4 patriarchal 132 problems 83 traditional 2, 9,224 Clan-society 2,100,184,224 Clan solidarity 76 Clan-structure 173 Clan structures 1, 3,5,9-10,19-20,22-24, 26,29,36,101,107-9,127,129,148-50, 225,227,230 Clan system 8,32,83,85,119,122,128,162 Clan territory 101 Clash 3-4,13,31,72,99-100,148,224,226,229 Clientelism 4,19,33,36-38,66,90,99,161, 177,194,225-26,228-29 Closed societies 4,13,19,21,72,101,110,233 Collins 14,17,20,22,33,69,232,262-63 Colonialism 193-94,197 Combatants 60,97,136 former 65,97 Common ancestor 15,69,150-51 Common ancestry 17 Common mythic ancestor 107 Communism 1,7-8,24,36,42,105,119,125, 129,1ՅՅ-35,142-43,148,193, 228 Communist government 6,36,158 Communists 7,33,36,114-15,140-41,158, 225,227 Communities 14,17-18,38,48,67,90-91,94, 150,174,181,207,230,265 tribal 18 Confederation of North Caucasian Mountain peoples 115-16 Confederations, tribal 106 Conflict resolution mechanisms 24, 35,39, 79 Conflict resolution mechanisms help 39 Conflict resolution methods 33 Conflict resolution skills 189 Conflicts armed 60-61 border 160,196 ethnic 26,126,277 internal 3,62,102,123,228 intra-state 60,75,281 open 122,224 regional clan 186 tribal 165 Conflict transformation 3,151 Constituents 75 Constitution 47,60-61,115,142-43, t5° լ57 179,211-12 national 4,48 new 118,157,167,179,211 Constitution of Afghanistan 149,158, 179-80,262 Contracts power-sharing 25 social 29,33,76 Cooperation 7,44,50,52,90,99,102,134, 138,143,200,202,209,221,226,279 Co-operation 14,40,50,279 Co-opt 24-25 Co-optation 24,26 Corruption 31,33,35,38,55,57,87,91-92, 99,102,143-44,146,148,156,159,161, 163,177-78,182,186,225-26,229,271 Court, traditional 180,183 286 Crime organised 57 transnational 92,177 Cross-border criminality 3 Cultural dialogue 96 Cultural relativism 33 Cultural revolution 142 Culture patriarchal 19 traditional 128,186,194 Customary law in albania 132 Customary Laws of Afghanistan 268,277 INDEX 180-81,183, Dagestan 68 Daghestan 111-12,115-17,235,270 Decent peoples 30-33 liberal 31 Decent states 30-31 Declaration of Principles of International Law 279 Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations 50 Declaration on Friendly Relations 50 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly 279 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations 44,50 De facto delimitation 172 De facto states 43,48 Definitions of clans 5,19 Demarcation 134 Demobilisation 65, 68,73 Democracy liberal 21,265 merit-based 4 participatory 45 representative 143 strengthening 162 Democratic principles 72 Democratic rule 33 Democratic states 32,79 successful 227 Démocratisation 3,5,10,73,75,77-79,81,83, 85,87,89,91,93, 95,97,228,233 third wave of 79 Démocratisation efforts 74 Democratization 38,79,267 Denikin 115-16 Deportation 25, iog, 114, n8-ig Diamonds, illegal 61-62 Dia-paying groups 24 Disarmament 52,65,68,73,133 Disintegrating 50 Disputes political 13 regional 53 Division, political power 149 Drugs 3,66,91,135,148,177-79,273 Dudayev 118,121 Durand Line 154-55,157,169,171,259-60 Durrani 151,243 Durrani tribe 151-52 Eastern Afghanistan 156,174 Elders council of 96,135 military clan 107 powerful clan 27 tribal 19,85 Election process 37 Elections 3,7,10,37,77,79-81,87,100-101, 105,114,118,123-24,146,167,170,205, 209,211,213 free 80 local 78,80 national 80,21g parliamentary 146,210,213 regular 74 transparent 167 Elites 20,60,70,81,112,157 political 79,262 Empowerment 25,61,266 Ethnic Albanians 126,147 Ethnic cleansing 62,64,175,210-11 Ethnic composition 19 Ethnic groups 22,53,67-68,70,75,81,87, 149-5o, 162,181,193,217,228 Ethnic Identity 151,243,255,257 Ethno-nationalist debate 215 Euphrates 196,238 Extended families 14,70,97,108,127,188 Failed and weak states, definitions of 5,54 Failed states 2,42,53-59,67,78,80,173,180, 224,228,263,275,278 defined 56 Fair elections 31,77,80,99,167,226 287 INDEX Fallujah, second Batde of 217 Family honour 95 Family members, extended 127 Feuds, violent blood 12g Fighters foreign jihadist 173 religious 159 tribal mercenary ig4 Fighting corruption 2 First World War 3,9,115,126,137-38,190 Flashpoints 75 Force coalition 199 coercive 63 destabilising 165 irregular armed 66 national security 194 paramilitary 90 peacekeeping 146 preventive deployment 146 traditional tribal militia 160 Forefather common 16 mythic 15 Foreign policy 25,58,152,154,157.192.265 Formal law, national 24 Formal state-institutions 18 Freedom fighters 120 Genocide 45,62,64,74,210,221,259,271-72 policy of 62,64 Ghazi, King 192 Gheg dialect of Albanian 127 Ghilzai 151,164-65 Ghilzai tribe 151,165 Gorbachev 158 Governance democratic 6,86,89,259 good 38,161 non-democratic 6 Government 5,30,36,39,42-45.47.55՜59. 6ւ-6շ, 66-68,75-78,8o-8i, 84-85, 90-92,101,115-16,118,120-21,137, 144-46,148,154,156,158,162-63,171-72, 193-95,205-6,210-11,218,221-22 federal 211-12 legitimate 61 transitional 205 Government institutions 73,167 Government structures 61 Government support 27 Greater Kandahar 164 Group rights 98-99,101,226,231 Groups clan-based 27 die-paying 79 insurgent 178 jihadist 99,226 kin 201 linguistic 151 minority 41,45,58, 65,88 non-clan-based 183 political 144,158 tribal 206 warlordist 68 Hakkari 242 Haqqani networks 159-60,166,275 Hazarajat 150,175 Hazara of Central Afghanistan 175,264 Hazaras 149-50,155,159,164-65,168, 175-76,264 Hazaras of Afghanistan 175-76,271 Hazara Tribe 248,257 Hezb-e֊Islami Afghanistan 174 High Albania 130,133,263 Honour 13,16-17,19,73.76,79, 94-95, 98,100,102,133,189,195,197,202, 205,211 Honour-based violence 95 Honour crimes 16,91,96,202 Honour killings 96,259 Hopi 14,16 Hospitality 19,107,133,152,172,189 Hostilities inter-group 87 inter-identity 87 Hotak tribe 151 Hoxha, Enver 140-42 Humanitarian law, international 196 Human rights basic 31 individual 74 Human rights violations 20,34,61,63,66, ZZ 23,163,185,204,272 Human security 48,63 Huntington, Samuel 78-79 Identity cultural 130 INDEX 288 Identity (Cont.) ethnic 132 national 78,88,131,143,151 shared 49,194 unifying 75 Identity politics 87-88,271 Identity-politics 88 Ideologies communist 7,142 national 194 Illegal workers 145 Illiberal Democracy 73,281 Intaniate 111 Imam Shamil 111,114, Ո7,120 Independence, unilateral 118-19 Indigenous Groups 175,264 Indigenous population 14 Infrastructure social 170 traditional 186 Ingush 107-9, շ63 Ingushetia 18,37,107, uo-11,115,117,119, 121-22,124,235,277 Insecurity, regional 166 Instability, regional 171 Institutional capabilities 27 Institutions democratic 17,33,232 formal 17,33,39,76,232 Insurgency 40,56,174,274 counter 178 Insurgents 158-59,172,174,188-89,191-95, 197,199,204,217,220,276 armed 204 Inter-clan conflicts 166 Intergovernmental organisations 8 International Court of Justice 46,267 International law 1-2,5,29,42-48,50-53, 56-57, 60, 64,75,80,211,258-59, 262-63,265- 270-71.273-75.277-79 International relations 32,43,50,77,197,260 Intervention 3, 6,8,32,62-63,74-75,146, 166,169,184-85,203-4,224,228,233, 269,274 Intervention force, international 9-10,98, 100,161,227 Invasion 158,203,205 Iran 153,159-60,171-72,193,195-97.209-10, 214,216,223,240,242,272,278 Iran-Iraq 196,274 Iran-Iraq War 9,197,209 Iraq 3-4,6,8-10,13,23-24,26,95-96, 187-223,225-26,228,230-33,235, 238-39,242,258-60,263,265-66, 268-74,276-78,281 clans in 187,189,191,193,195,197,199, 201,203,205,207,209,211,213,215,217, 219,221,223 invaded 204 occupied 191 politics of 9,193,214,228 president of 213,215 Iraq Constitution 214 Iraqi culture 189,205 Iraqi government 96,193,196-97,210,219 Iraqi Kurdistan 198,214-15,264 Iraqi politics 215 Iraqi population 204 Iraqis, traditional 191 Iraqi society 187,204,208,213 Iraqi state 9,187,205,207,211 Iraqi Tribes igo, 208,242,260 Iraq-Kuwait 199,276 Iraq War 203-4,257,264 IS-fighters 222 Islamic Republic 120 Islamic State 9-10,116,210,215,219,221,228 Islamic State of Afghanistan 160 Islamic State of Iraq 221 Islamic Terrorism 117,121 Italian occupation of Albania 140 Jalal Talabani 213-15,257 Judgments 78,122 Jurisdiction 44 Justice court of 186,267 traditional 135 traditional tribal 181 transitional 2-3,5,61,65,182-83 Kadyrov 114,124-25, շ65 Kandahar 151-52,158,175 Kandaharis 152,176 kanun 40,96,126-27,129, Ч1’ 1ՅՅ-35, 144,148 Kanun of Lek 132-33 Kanun’s rules 134 INDEX Kastrati and Shkreli tribes 130 Kellogg Briand Pact 198 Keimend tribe 130 Khan, Daoud 157 Khan, Nadir 157 Khostwal Super Tribe 246 Khyber Pass 152-53 kidnapping 68,93-95,98, 122-23,269 bride 94,274 Kingdom of Afghanistan 153,273 King Zahir Shah 157 kinship 2,14-15,17-20,24,69,132,271 elementary structures of 1,14-15,270 fictive 18 kinship groups, matrilinea! 16 Kirghiz / Qirghize Tribe 253,257 Kosovo 21,42,126,130,137-38,140,146, 169-70,267 Krasniqi tribe 130 kryeplak 127,134 Kunta Haji 111,113-14 Kurdish conflict 215,261 Kurdish opposition groups 214 Kurdish populations 196,199,223 Kurdish Regional Government 96 Kurdish tribes 215 Kurdistan 26,213-15 Kurdistan Democratic Party 213-14 Kuwait 198-99,204,214,221 Kyrgyzstan 23,70,261,271 languages national 53 regional 187 Latvia 53-54.262,274 Law anti-corruption 83 customary 23,44,108,132-33,153 180 international public 56,167 religious 40,110 sharia 110,120,149,180,183,212,228 thin 23 Law enforcement agencies 59 Law enforcement institutions 95 Law enforcement mechanisms 35 Lawlessness 159-60,210 Leaders ethnic 79 hereditary 127 289 League of Nations 138,191,270 Legal framework 5 international 48,275 national 26 Legal systems, traditional 129,149,151,168 Legislation 5,30,32,82-83,92 209 Legislature 28,55,170 Legitimacy 31,40,55,57,59-60,67,70,75, 200 political 57-58,67 Lek 132-33 Lévi-Strauss 14-15,270 Claude 14-15,230 Lévy-Strauss, Claude 1-2 Light footprint 169 Light footprint approach 169-70,186 Lineages 15-16,24,108 common 14 Localisation 235-36 Low trust environments 75 Loya Jirga 84-85,159,167,169,172,179,184 Macedonia 51-52,146-47,258,279 Madrassas 159,174 Mangal Super Tribe 246 Mansur 113 Marriage, badal 93 Maskhadov 120 Mass destruction, weapons of 200,202-4 Matrilineal origins 127 Mechanisms, enforcement 40 Mediation 33,35,119,169,230 Mercenaries 139,223 Mesopotamia 190-91 Military intervention 2,4,9,85,204,227 Military militias 216 Military tribunals 212 Militias, warlord’s 68 Minorities, national 54,262 Moderate states 32 Monarchy 157,179 Mono-ethnic states 227,230 Montesquieu 28,271 Montevideo Convention 4շ՜43,54,64 Mountain assr 116-17 Mountain clans 136 Mountain Soviet Republic 116 Mujaheddin groups 174 Murid War 6,111-12 290 Muslim brotherhoods 118-19 Muslims 2,113,128,130,136,142,187,189,211 Muslim World 81,111,261,266,270 Mysticism 128 Nakhchivan 34,272 Naqsbandi 111-12 Naqsbandiya 106,110-11 Narcotics 178 National governments 4,34,67,165 Nationalism 7-9,23-24,46,87,119,131-32, 194,226,261 ethnic 53 Nation building 7,17,21,46,53, 83,170,267, 269,273,276 Nation-building 46-47,263 Nations, sovereign 52 Nation-state 5,22,26,35,41,45-46,51,55, 62-63,66,186,226,276-77 Negotiations 3,23,40,49-5°. 52.61, 65,75, 85,89,108,118,137,158,184 inter-clan 49 Neighbourliness, good շս Neo-Taliban Insurgency 266 Nepotism 80,84,102,125,186 Nobility 15,36-37,137 Non-clan members 37 Non-governmental organisations 28,74,80, 90,97.99.145.226 international 3,170 Non-intervention 29,44,193,198 North and South Afghanistan 164 North and South Waziristan in eastern Afghanistan 156 North Caucasian Mountain Peoples 115-16 North Caucasus 18,25,34,37,76,109-12, 114-18,120-21 Northern Albania 127-30,138 Northern Albanian 129 Northern Alliance 159-60,164,168-69, 176, 185 Northern Daghestan 112-14,116 Northern Iraq 196,242 North of Afghanistan 158 North of Iraq 196,205,215 North of Kirkuk 240-41 Northwest Caucasus 94-95 North West Frontier Province 156,169,171 Nuclear Inspections in Iraq 202-3,278 INDEX Nuristani 149 Nuristam Tribe 255,257 One-party rule 38 Open society 4-5,13,19,21,35,77,229,233, 260,274 defined 20 Operation Amber Fox 147 Operation Desert Storm 198,205 Operation Enduring Freedom 166,173,266 Operation Northern Watch 199-200,257 Operation Phantom Fury 217 Operation Southern Watch 200,272 Operation Vigilant Resolve 217,257 Operation Vigilant Resolve in Fallujah 217 Opium 9,177-78 Opium trade 158 Opposition 7,22,119,158,160,174,218 Opposition groups 100,158,219,227 Oppressive government 30 Order, political 83 Organisation terrorist 9 tribal 151,204 Ottoman Empire 25,109,112-13,126-27, 131-32,136-37,148,190-91,216,269 Ottoman rule 136,189,198 Outlaw states 30-32 Pacificatoria, Lex 60,260 Pakhtun clans 155 Pakhtunistan 154-55,274 Pakistan 19,46,89,153-57. ւ59՜6° i6g, 171-74,184,193 Pakistan’s Tribal Areas 22,24,89-90,153 Paktia 180-81,244-45 Palestinian territories 26,221 Pan-Arab nationalism 193 Paris Peace Conference 138,191 Pashtuns 8,90,149-52,156,162,165,168, 175-76.180 Pashtun society 160 Pashtun tribes 89,150,157,175 Pashtunwali 19,149,151,174 Patriarchal system 20,106,110,231 traditional 127 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 213-15 Patronage 148,162,177-78 Patronage networks 22-23 291 INDEX Patronage systems 114,170 tribal 195 Peace international 25,62,145,273 stable 65 Peace agreement 60-61,84,260 Peacebuilding, democratic 78,273 Peace building activities 167 Peace Conference 116 Peace Jirga 183 Peace Loya Jirga 184 Peace negotiations 64-65,84,184 Peace processes 35,60,65-67, 74,81,174,272 inclusive 100 Peoples 8-9,22,28-33,35-37.45.49.51.75. 77-78,80-81,91,120,122,127-29, !32 134-35.142,144,148-49,151,154֊55, 168-69,171,174,176,179՜8օ, 215-16, 262, 264,273-74 burdened 30,32 democratic 29-30 indigenous 27,45 mountain 111,115 non-decent 32 non-liberal 30-31 north Caucasian 7 tribal 153 Political system 10,17,33,45,77,153,225, 231-32 Popalzai 164-65 Popalzhai tribe 151 Popper 19,21,260,274 Population, permanent 42-44 Positive law 7,38,61,100,105,125-26,129, 133,181,186,228 Post-conflict reconstruction 1,4-5,58,61, 65,74,169,207,266 Power clan’s 18 executive 108,123 external 136 imperial 119 internal 140 judicial 41 national 7 regional 7,160,172-73,196,2Յ0 restored 231 strategic 66 warlord’s 120 Power base 5-6,16,23,41,71-72,82,99, 105,107,111,120,124,152,163,225, 231 political 124 Power brokers 231 Power imbalance 34 Power politics 63 Power rivalries 84 Power structures 34,114,178 local 81 Prejudices 1,35,100-101,224 President Ashraf Ghani 151 President Aslan Maskhadov 120 President Boris Yeltsin 118,120 President Djokhar Dudayev 118 President Doku Zavgayev 121 President Dudayev 118,122 President Hamid Karvai 184 Presidential rule, direct п8 Presidential system, strong 179 President Putin 227,230 President Ramzan Kadyrov 125,227 President Yeltsin 118,122 President ZelimkhanYandarbiev 120 Priests, animist 108 Principles of Good-Neighborliness in International Law 211,277 Process modernisation 57,194,229 top-down 28 Property, common 133 Protocols 153 Provincial Reconstruction Teams 206 Pshemakho Kotsev 116-17 Putin 121,124,226 Qadiris 111 Qadiriya 106,110-11,114 Al-Qaeda 25,273 Qaeda in Iraq 9,210,219-22 Ramzan Kadyrov 34,114,124,227 Rape 20,94-95,98,102,259 Ratification 179 Rawls, John 3,29-31,33 Reciprocity 37 Recognition 43,47,50-54,209 international 115,139 Reconciliate 208 292 Reconciliation 33,84,100-101,132-33,168, 181-84,206,230 Reconstruction process 16g, 182,207 post-conflict 6,61 Red Cross 99,226 Refugee camps 159 Refogees 146,159,198-99,209,279 Regime 30,80,115,140,142,196-98,208,222, 228 authoritarian 31-32,84 communist 126,135,142,148,160,231 forma] 17,33,232 informal 17,33,232 Regime change 196 Regional governments 84,216 Regional states 177 Religion 8-9,13,20,30-31,88,94,106,108, 110,117-18,120,122,126,128-29,131,204, 210,221,228 Republic of Afghanistan 157 Republic of Albania 145-46,261 Republic of Sakha 27 Responsibilities 1-2,4-5,28,62-64,78, ιοί-շ, 115,148,163,211,222,224,229,231, 260,274 Rights, individual 81, 91,98,100-101,231 Rule, communist 116,133,141 Rulers, authoritarian 55,233 Russia 110-13, n8, 120-25,i53, 160,190,258 Russian-Chechen war, first 122 Russian Empire 6-7,25,105,109, in, 113, 115-16,120,137 Russian Federation 6-7, in, 117,119,121-25, 158,203,224,227,229 Russian invasion 112 Russian Power 106,118-ig, 121,270 Russian Rule 111,114-17,120,265 Saddam Hussein 9,24,194-98,200-206,212, 214-16,218,221-23,225,228 Sadrist Movement 218-19,266 Saudi Arabia 31,120,159-60,163 Schemes, pyramid 134,143-44 Secession 6,29, 50,64, ιοί, 154,224-25 Second Chechen War 68,121 Second World War 22,25,42, Ո4,126, 140-41,192 Security economic 96-97 INDEX national 4,201,210 regional 3 restore 168 Security Council 145-46,198,203 Security Council Resolution 145,166, 168,199-200,202-3,205,276, 279 Security sector 2-3,65,85-87, Ց7,206 Security Sector Reform 73,85-86,260 Security System Reform 86-87,272 Self-defence 29-30 Self-determination 3,5,27-29,42,44-46,51, 61,154,190,215,276 external 45-46,49,51 full 45 internal 45,64,90 Self-organisation, tribal 162 Self-rule 140 Semi-nomadic 23 Semi nomadic regions 14 Serbia 51,87,130,132,137,146 Sexual assaults 102 Shamil 111-13 Shamil Basayev 68,120,277 ShattAl-Arab 196 Sheikh, tribal 189,192,207 Sheikh Abdul Qasim Al Khoei 216 Sheikh Akushinskii 117 Sheikh Mansour in Sheikh Mansur 113-14,266 Sheikh Uzun Haji 117 Sheiks, tribal 195 Shia 9,150,158,164,175,187,189,192-93, 198,210,213,220-21,223,228, 280 Shia tribes 197-98 Shiite Iraqi 191 Shiites 150,212-14,216,272 Shkreli tribes 130 Shura 120,181 Skanderbeg 131-32,136 Society archaic 230 democratic 88 hierarchical 83 liberal 31 matriarchal 106 multi-ethnic 149 non-clan-based 4,10,41,101 293 INDEX non-liberal 31 patrilinear 16 rural 173 traditional 9,227-28 tribal 26,83,131,223 warrior 151 Solidarity, tribal 180 Somali clans 23, 71,280 Somali Conflict 48,272 Somaliland 48-49,263 Sons of Iraq 220 Sons of Islam 220-21 South Afghanistan 164 South-East Chechnya 113 Southeastern Afghanistan 38-39,280 South-eastern Afghanistan 40,277 Southeastern region of Afghanistan 180 South of Iraq 194,216,268 Sovereign nation-states 52 Sovereign states 50,63 Sovereignty 5,42-44,51-52.62-63,138-39. 152,205,269 definitions of 43-44 external 43,45 Soviet occupation 149-50,179 Soviet Union 7,21-22,24,51-53,84,89, 105,114,117,121,141,143.157-58,184-85, 274 Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan 46 Spoilers 67,185 State collapsing 69,270 fragile 58 State boundaries 49 State building 2-8,10,17-18,20,29-30,32, 42,44,46-47,49,54,63,65,71,73-74, 76-77, 80,82,88,99-101,110,112,115-16, 118-20,168-69,176,185-87,224-26, 229,267 effective 40,76 successful 5,23,73 State building activities 126,230 State building efforts 1,4,31-32,39,100,102, 225-27 State-building efforts 228 State building measures 6,41 State building practices 4,48,228 State building procedure 23 State building process 1,3, 6-9,22-23,74, 82,97,99-102,163,167,169,171,218,224, 227,232 State building projects 3-6,8-10,22,35, 65-66,72-74,94,229,232 State capacity 57 State failure 43,48,57-58,172,267,269 State formation 48 State institutions 13,19,24,36,38,40,47, 56-57,65,84,86,101-2,148,164,229,231 Stateless Persons 54,274 State monopoly 28 State organs 36,101 State reconstruction 32,79,101,169 State structures 1,33,98,101,109,161,186, 197,228-29 clans co-opt 1,100 State succession 53 State support groups 100,227 Sub-clans 23,48-49,201 Sub-tribe 151 Sufi brotherhoods 106,110-11 Sunni 9,187,189,191,193,210,212-14,220, 223,228,280 Sunni and Shia tribes 197 Sunni clans 10 Sunni groups 221-22 Sunni population in Iraq 221 Sunni tribes 197,220,228 Sworn virgins 129,131,281 Sykes-Picot Agreement 190,193,221,278 Syria 58,95,191,193,214,221,223,238,241-42 System badal 93 communist 7 decision-making 151 federalist 158 hereditary 148 indigenous governance 22 majority-based electoral 88 matriarchal 106 matrilineal 14 multi-party 226 parliamentary 78,139 Taips 105,107,109,119 highland 109 lowland 109 Tajik Civil War 70,82,258 INDEX 294 Tajikistan 14,38,67,69-70,83,271,273,281 Tajiks 70,149-50,155,159,169,176,253,258 Talabani 213-15,241 Talib 159 Taliban 6,8-9,149-52,15b, 158-66,169, 173-74,176-78,180-81,183-85,228,257, 263,272,274-75 Taliban fighters 182 Taliban government 8,166 Taliban members 159,182,184 Тара Chermoev 115-16 Tatar Ethnic Group 254,258 Taxes 21,28,135-36,209 Teips 18,76,92,107,110 Territorial integrity 49-50 Territory claimed 155 common log, 151 defined 42,106 Terrorism 177,211,217,219,260 Terrorists 158-59,177,188-89,191-95,197, 199,204,276 Theocratic state 31,116 Theory constitutive 43 declaratory 43 Theory ofJustice 29,32 Third Wave 79,267 Tikriti tribe 198 Tikrit region 197 Tokhi 165 Tosks 127,130,140 Totalitarianism 143 Traditional codes 96 Traditional law 9,38,61,105,125-27,129, !33՜34,144,149, іб7,180-81, i86, 212, 228 Trafficking 66,95,135,144,148,173,178 drug 3,177-78 human 95,178 Trafficking opium 177 Transcaucasus 112,115,118,267 Transition 1,3,6,17,21,31-32,53,55,57, 78, 85-86,125,127,141,143,224,227, 229-30,232 Transition processes i, 5,98,122,134,143, 148,173,209,225,230 Transparency 21,28,31, 33, 35-37, 39, 73, 75, 84,86,91,99,105, no, 143,149,226,232 Treaties 29,43-44,60,153-54,179,191-93, 196 Treaty of Baghdad 193 Treaty of Rawalpindi 152,154,156 Tribal areas 24-25,89,156, ւցշ Tribal law, traditional 40,94 Tribal leaders 25,139,160,200,207,220,222 traditional 176 Tribal policies 197,215 Tribal rules and tribal allegiance 222 Tribe affiliations 194 Tribes 9-10,13-14,16-17,25-27,39-40, 75-76,89-90,127,130,132,148,150-51, 153,155-57,159,162,164-66,171,187-91, 193-95,197-200,206-9,212-13,215-17, 219-20,222-23,225,229,235-57,273 coalition of 220 highland 130 local 69 nomadic 172,190,216 powerfiil 151,164 super 243-45 Tribes and clans 20,130,189,208,215,218 Tribes in afghanistan 238,258 Tribes of Albania 236,264 Trust, low 75 Tukhums 92,106-7,119 Turkmen 149,187,196,211 Ubayd tribes 195 United Nations 31,43,50,52,62-64,80-81, 85, 93,99,145-46,198,226,261-62, 279-80 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan 167,170,278-79 United Nations General Assembly 49-50, 64,211,279 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 45,64,272 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 198-99,279 United Nations Security Council 145,166, 198-99,279 United Nations Security Council Resolution 198-99,279 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 280 Upper Chechnya 116 Uruzgan 151,164-65 93, 295 INDEX US Operations in Iraq Uzbek tribes 155 217 Vainakh 107-9,263 Vasan Giray Jabaghi 115 Violence domestic 20,98 ethnic 79 sexual 202 Warfare, tribal 191,217 Warlord Defined 66 Warlord politics 70,272 Warlords 5,7,9,56-57,59, 66-72,120’ 161-64,177,182-83,2i° 218-23,225՛ 227,230-31,270-71 existence of 71,135 former 120,163,182 independent 70 local 68 powerful 164 power of 162,225 Warlords and clans 9,69 Warlords victimize 68,259 Warriors, tribal 90 Weak states 2,5,54-56,59, 61-62,67,74-75, 99,102,173,180, 183, 220-22, շշ6, շշ8, 271,275 Weapons, biological 202 West-Caucasian people 25 White Army 115-16 Wolesi Jirga 171,179-80 Women kidnapping 94 position of 15-16,102,135,141,230-31 Women’s rights 32,74,92,94,98-100,102, 226 Yakutia 27-28,276 Yazidis 191,196,210,221 Yeltsin 118,120,258 Yerevan Azerbaijanis 34 Yugoslavia 48, 5°՜53.49. Hi. 274 Zabul 151,164-65,261 Zadran tribe 151 Zog, King 36,139-40,148 Zogu, Ahmet 139 (■ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek ч München V—-_ V
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author	Hille, Charlotte 1964-
author2	Gendron, Renée
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author_GND	(DE-588)142024260
author_facet	Hille, Charlotte 1964- Gendron, Renée
author_role	aut
author_sort	Hille, Charlotte 1964-
author_variant	c h ch
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV046808302
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1197713137 (DE-599)BVBBV046808302
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geographic	Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 gnd Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 gnd Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd
geographic_facet	Tschetschenien Afghanistan Albanien Irak
id	DE-604.BV046808302
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T14:58:12Z
indexdate	2024-08-10T00:22:15Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789004415478 9789004471405
language	English
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physical	VIII, 295 Seiten
psigel	BSB_NED_20200918
publishDate	2020
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publishDateSort	2020
publisher	Brill
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series	International comparative social studies
series2	International comparative social studies
spelling	Hille, Charlotte 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)142024260 aut Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq by Charlotte Hille with Renée Gendron Leiden ; Boston Brill [2020] © 2020 VIII, 295 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International comparative social studies volume 43 "Clan societies differ substantially from Western democratic states. Clan societies are based around the extended family. Honour and solidarity are important, which is reflected in nepotism and blood revenge. However, a more positive aspect of clan societies is the use of reconciliation to solve conflicts. This guarantees that parties to a conflict can cooperate in the future. When intervening in a clan based society it is important to be aware of the differences compared to Western democracy. Based on theory and practice the cases of Afghanistan, Iraq, Albania and Chechnya are investigated. This book explains clan society and provides tools to facilitate state building and democratization in clan based societies for those who intervene, aimed at conflict resolution and democratization." Konfliktlösung (DE-588)4114266-4 gnd rswk-swf Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd rswk-swf Klan (DE-588)4164005-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 gnd rswk-swf Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd rswk-swf Tribes / Russia (Federation) / Chechnya Tribes / Albania Tribes / Afghanistan Tribes / Iraq Conflict management / Russia (Federation) / Chechnya Conflict management / Albania Conflict management / Afghanistan Conflict management / Iraq Democratization / Russia (Federation) / Chechnya Democratization / Albania Democratization / Afghanistan Democratization / Iraq Conflict management Democratization Tribes Afghanistan Albania Iraq Russia (Federation) / Chechni͡a Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 g Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 g Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 g Klan (DE-588)4164005-6 s Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 s Konfliktlösung (DE-588)4114266-4 s DE-604 Gendron, Renée ctb Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-90-04-41548-5 International comparative social studies volume 43 (DE-604)BV013819108 43 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032216910&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032216910&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032216910&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Hille, Charlotte 1964- Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq International comparative social studies Konfliktlösung (DE-588)4114266-4 gnd Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd Klan (DE-588)4164005-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4114266-4 (DE-588)4124941-0 (DE-588)4164005-6 (DE-588)4408215-0 (DE-588)4000687-6 (DE-588)4001028-4 (DE-588)4072920-5
title	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq
title_auth	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq
title_exact_search	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq
title_exact_search_txtP	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq
title_full	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq by Charlotte Hille with Renée Gendron
title_fullStr	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq by Charlotte Hille with Renée Gendron
title_full_unstemmed	Clans and democratization Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq by Charlotte Hille with Renée Gendron
title_short	Clans and democratization
title_sort	clans and democratization chechnya albania afghanistan and iraq
title_sub	Chechnya, Albania, Afghanistan and Iraq
topic	Konfliktlösung (DE-588)4114266-4 gnd Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd Klan (DE-588)4164005-6 gnd
topic_facet	Konfliktlösung Demokratisierung Klan Tschetschenien Afghanistan Albanien Irak
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032216910&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032216910&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032216910&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV013819108
work_keys_str_mv	AT hillecharlotte clansanddemocratizationchechnyaalbaniaafghanistanandiraq AT gendronrenee clansanddemocratizationchechnyaalbaniaafghanistanandiraq

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