When life expectancy is falling: mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context
"This book is an attempt to analyse the unfavourable developments in the dynamics of mortality and life expectancy in post- communist countries in the global context. It appears that this mortality crisis in post-communist countries has a lot of similarities with the recent unfavourable develop...
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| Schriftenreihe: | Public health in the 21st century
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This book is an attempt to analyse the unfavourable developments in the dynamics of mortality and life expectancy in post- communist countries in the global context. It appears that this mortality crisis in post-communist countries has a lot of similarities with the recent unfavourable developments in health status in developed countries and many developing countries. Such unfavourable trends have been caused by socio-economic, 'non-material' factors, namely by a loss of social dynamism and/or stress, associated with economic restructuring and social adjustments. First, the stagnation of life expectancy in the former Soviet Union in 1965-90, after the rapid increase in 1920-65, is an important, under-researched phenomenon that enables study of the impact of the loss of social dynamism on health status. Second, the decline in life expectancy in the 1990s enables study of the impact of social stress on health status. Simplifying things, one can say that in the first case, life expectancy did not improve because there were too few changes in life, whereas in the second case, it declined due to excess changes that created stress. In both cases, however, the problem is that of finding an optimal measure of social changes that are beneficial to the quality of life and its longevity. The main goal of this book is to analyse common reasons for these developments in order to derive lessons from the experiences of particular countries"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 280 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781536173680 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a When life expectancy is falling |b mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context |c Vladimir Popov, [editor] |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Public health in the 21st century | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries : what are the lessons for other countries? / Vladimir Popov -- A theory of why potentially favourable political and economic changes may lead to mortality crises / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crises in high-income countries : evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece / Roberto De Vogli -- The mortality crisis of the former Soviet bloc countries, 1989-2014 / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crisis in Russia revisited : evidence from a cross-regional comparison / Vladimir Popov -- The path of economic development and health status : evidence from China / Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti -- Policy reform from the early 1990s and changes in health status in India : 1991-2016 / C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book is an attempt to analyse the unfavourable developments in the dynamics of mortality and life expectancy in post- communist countries in the global context. It appears that this mortality crisis in post-communist countries has a lot of similarities with the recent unfavourable developments in health status in developed countries and many developing countries. Such unfavourable trends have been caused by socio-economic, 'non-material' factors, namely by a loss of social dynamism and/or stress, associated with economic restructuring and social adjustments. First, the stagnation of life expectancy in the former Soviet Union in 1965-90, after the rapid increase in 1920-65, is an important, under-researched phenomenon that enables study of the impact of the loss of social dynamism on health status. Second, the decline in life expectancy in the 1990s enables study of the impact of social stress on health status. Simplifying things, one can say that in the first case, life expectancy did not improve because there were too few changes in life, whereas in the second case, it declined due to excess changes that created stress. In both cases, however, the problem is that of finding an optimal measure of social changes that are beneficial to the quality of life and its longevity. The main goal of this book is to analyse common reasons for these developments in order to derive lessons from the experiences of particular countries"-- | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Mortality / Former communist countries / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Mortality / Economic aspects | |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface ix Vladimir Popov Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Mortality and Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries: What Are the Lessons for Other Countries? Vladimir Popov A Theory of Why Potentially Favourable Political and Economic Changes May Lead to Mortality Crises Giovanni Andrea Cornia Mortality Crises in High-Income Countries: Evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece Roberto De Vogli The Mortality Crisis of the Former Soviet Bloc Countries, 1989-2014 Giovanni Andrea Comia xvii 1 25 57 113
Contents viii Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Mortality Crisis in Russia Revisited: Evidence from a Cross-Regional Comparison Vladimir Popov 159 The Path of Economic Development and Health Status: Evidence from China Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti 179 Policy Reform from the Early 1990s and Changes in Health Status in India: 1991-2016 C. P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh 223 About the Editor 259 About the Contributors 261 Index 265
Index abolition of slavery, 2, 33, 34 abuse, 109 access, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 72, 74, 77, 83, 85, 93, 98, 129, 131, 138, 147, 186, 196, 205, 208, 217, 219, 225, 230, 233, 234, 239, 241, 244, 247, 248, 252, 254 accidents, xiii, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 41, 42, 122, 135, 159, 161, 162, 169 acute stress, 134 adjustment, 33, 121, 149, 211 adults, 14, 104, 125, 129, 137, 138, 204, 205 adverse conditions, 233 adverse effects, 78, 199, 242 adverse weather, 47 Africa, x, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56,61,62, 192 African American(s), 54, 73, 79, 81, 84, 85 age, xi, xii, 2, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 40, 46, 51, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 71, 91, 93, 97, 110, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 126, 135, 162, 188, 193, 196, 203, 204, 206, 207, 239, 243, 244 agencies, xiii, 87, 114, 127, 226, 262 aggregate demand, 220 agricultural markets, 228, 247 agricultural sector, 247 agriculture, 40, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 228, 229, 231,232, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251 alcohol, xii, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 40, 41, 59, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 96, 97, 105, 110, 115, 117, 122, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 159, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 172, 174, 204, 205 alcohol abuse, xii, 59, 85, 97, 105 alcohol consumption, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14,40,41,77,81,96, 115, 126, 131, 132, 133, 136, 149, 159, 163, 167, 169, 172, 174, 204, 205 alcohol intoxication, 41, 42 alcohol prices, 149 alcohol use, 75, 84, 85 alcoholism, xi, 2, 8, 9, 11, 14, 73, 127, 135, 163 amenable diseases, 131 American Dream, 84
266 Index Americas, 61 anti-alcohol campaign, 8, 9, 10, 129 anti-alcohol policy, 132 anxiety, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 123, 136 Apartheid, 34, 35, 37 Arkhangelsk, 195 artificial intelligence, 188 artificial intelligence (AI), 28, 54, 188 Asia, 29, 31, 32, 61, 192, 211, 237, 238, 263 Assam, 242, 243, 244 assets, 26, 86, 103, 114, 137, 146 austerity, xii, 23, 59, 63, 66, 71, 86, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 106, 108, 110, 112, 148, 234 austerity measures, xii, 59, 92, 93, 94, 97 austerity policies, 63, 66, 71, 86, 92, 93, 94, 98,99,101 austerity programmes, 100 Australia, 69, 70 authorities, xiii, 33, 53, 114, 127, 135 □ ..B- Baltic States, 115, 122 Bangladesh, 235, 236, 237 Bank of England, 103, 104 banking, 27, 28, 45, 48, 87, 103, 184, 226, 229, 230 banking sector, 229, 230 bankruptcy, 86, 89, 209 banks, 86, 89, 100, 102, 229, 230, 248 barefoot doctors, 185 bargaining, 88 Barnaul, 133 barriers to entry, 226 beds per 10,000 people, 197 beer, 14, 117, 133 behavioral disorders, 107 Beijing, 56, 152, 183, 199, 214, 218, 220 Į Belarus, 3, 5, 12,14,15,21, 115,117, 118, 119, 121, 132, 133, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 154, 161 Belgium, 107 beneficial effect, 226 benefits, 32, 38, 81, 99, 101, 135, 137, 148, 181,215, 225 big bang, 148 Bihar, 242, 243, 244, 246 binge drinking, 133 births, 41, 66, 67, 68, 177, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 246 blood pressure, 134 body mass index, 106, 206 breakdown, 39, 52, 87, 125, 131, 139, 163 Bretton Woods System, 87, 104 Britain, xi, 2, 5, 39, 50, 56 budget cuts, 63,71, 86, 92, 96, 101 budget deficit, 59, 92, 99 1 c caesarean section, 241
campaigns, 150 Canada, 69, 70 cancer, 15, 72,122, 130, 131,149 capacity indicators, 166 capital account, 27, 28 capital account liberalisation, 27 capital account openness, 28 capital accumulation, 214, 215 capital mobility, 87, 88, 102 capitalism, 9, 105, 210, 211, 218, 219, 220, 221 carbon emissions, 102 cardiac surgeries, 117 cardiovascular disease, 7, 22, 69, 240, 243 Caribbean, 31, 192, 193 case studies, xii, 31, 32, 59, 61, 97 cash crops, 249, 253 Central America, 30 II
Index Central and Eastern Europe, 153, 179, 180, 210,212 Central Asia, 118, 146 Central Asian countries, 118, 146 Central China, 194 Central Europe, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 130, 137, 142, 146, 180, 192, 220 centrally planned economy, 181, 183, 211, 216 cerebrovascular diseases, 202 challenges, 53, 58, 82,105 Chhattisgarh, 242, 243, 244, 253 child mortality, 124, 162, 240 children, 36, 39,40, 51, 66, 123, 163, 241 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 203, 204, 207, 208 Chinese Dream, 185 Chinese Yuan, 76 cholera, 33, 36 chronic diseases, 94, 96 cirrhosis, 6, 122, 133, 149 CIS countries, 114, 117, 121, 131, 139, 146 cities, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 76, 110, 125, 221 citizens, 54, 142, 199, 206, 234 civil servants, 77, 107 civil society, 142, 147 climate, 69, 102, 163, 166, 167, 253 climate change, 69,102, 253 clinical interventions, 100 cognitive abilities, 136 collective bargaining, 213 commercial, 46, 47, 123, 230 commercial bank, 230 commercial crop, 46, 48 commodity markets, 49 communicable diseases, 239, 241 communist countries, v, x, xiii, 2, 8, 18, 113, 153,179 Communist Party of China, 184 communist vote, 172, 173 267 communities, 46, 52, 66, 85, 94, 100, 125, 138 comparative advantage, 61, 219, 227 compensation, 34, 137, 149, 252 competition, 9, 44, 76, 85, 183, 210, 211, 212,213,214,215,216, 227, 251 competition -driven local developmental state, 183,210,211,212,214,216 competitiveness, 76 constant pnces, 231, 232 construction, 31, 42, 43, 51, 231 Consumer Price Index, 251 consumers, 250, 252 consumption, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 36, 39, 42, 79, 89, 106, 117,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 149, 161, 167, 169, 170, 171, 174, 188,213,217, 229, 251 consumption habits, 132 consumption per capita of spirits, 117 consumption-led growth, 217 controlled studies, 134 coping strategies, 52, 81, 82 correlation, 11,95, 110, 126, 132, 135, 136, 139, 169, 170, 197, 204 correlation analysis, 132 correlation coefficient, 197 cost, 29, 36, 48, 49, 59, 74, 93, 103, 112, 117, 140, 162, 215, 228, 232, 234, 250, 251,253 credit-default swaps, 87 criminal activity, 37, 136 criminal justice system, 37 crises, xii, xiii, 26, 27, 32, 50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 64, 69, 71, 87, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 110, 112, 113, 176,218, 254, 260, 262 crisis of August 1998, 164 crop insurance, 49, 252 crop production, 250, 251 crops, 45,48, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252 cultivation, 49, 228, 247, 248, 250, 252, 254 currency, 15, 27, 164, 260
268 Index i| developing countries, x, 15, 16, 27, 29, 31, 39,111,192,193,235 development banks, 230 diabetes, 72 diastolic pressure, 206 digestive diseases, 122, 239, 243 diminishing returns, 27 discrimination, 186, 205, 208 diseases, 28, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 51, 52, 58, 68, 69, 77, 91, 93, 96, 121, 122, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, 149, 162, 186, 202, 217, 239, 241, 243 diseases of poverty, 123 distortions, 88, 114, 115, 142 distress, xv, 7, 39, 81, 91, 115, 125, 149, 224,248,251,253,254 distribution, 29, 32, 35, 50, 61, 96, 131, 137, 140, 146, 185, 186, 211, 217, 220, 228, 231,250 distribution of income, 29, 131,217, 220 divorce(s), xiii, 3, 5, 8, 117, 125, 138, 159, 160, 163, 166, 167, 174, 176, 196, 199, 217 doctors, xiii, 160, 163, 172, 173, 176, 185, 196, 197 doctors per 10,000 people, 196, 197 Dodd-Frank Act, 104 domestic demand, 34, 101, 249 domestic economy, 227 drinking pattern, 127, 132, 133 drug, xii, 7, 59, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 84, 85, 100, 109, 110, 123 drug overdose, xii, 7, 59, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 84, 100, 109 drugs, 27, 39, 100, 124, 130, 134 J daily living, 7 database, 10, 17, 18, 56, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 89, 90, 141, 156, 164, 198 death rate, xii, 10, 11, 12, 26, 33, 34, 43, 57, 58,91, 114, 118, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 138, 162, 169, 192, 224 death statistics, 127 deaths, xii, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 36, 37, 41, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 91, 97, 98, 100, 108, 109, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 149, 155, 157,
159,161,169,170,239,241,244 deaths due to external causes, 11, 169 debts, 101, 102, 225, 251 defence, 115, 146, 148, 231 deficit, 92, 101,102, 225 defined-contribution plans, 7 de-industrialisation, 71, 85 dementia, 91 democracy, xiii, 1,2, 9, 34, 35, 51, 111, 113, 127, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 160, 161, 179, 209 démocratisation, 3, 115, 139, 141, 160 demographic change, 53 depression, 7, 15, 16, 21, 73, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87,88,91,95,96,107,112,134 depressive symptoms, 91 deprivation, 15, 41, 58, 78, 82, 84, 135, 136 deregulation, 74, 87, 88, 100, 102, 106, 160, 225 deregulation of financial markets, 87, 88 derivatives, 87 despair, xii, 50, 59, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83,98,100,110 devaluation, 115, 129, 164, 247 developed countries, x, 15, 16, 18, 31, 182, 190,192,200,210,211,249 early-childhood mortality, 199 East and Southeast Asia, 179, 193
269 Index Eastern Europe, x, xi, 1, 2, 51, 96, 115, 127, 151, 153, 160, 161, 179, 180, 210, 212 Eastern European countries, xi, 1, 96, 161 Eatwell, John, 104 economic activity, 115, 185, 225 economic change, xii, 59, 99, 254 economic crisis, 16, 56, 86, 91, 96, 106, 108, 110, 154 economic development, 102, 181, 199, 217 economic growth, xiii, 74, 94, 96, 101, 102, 113, 180, 181, 182, 185, 198, 204, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 247 economic ideology, 211 economic performance, 34, 115, 127, 177, 182,218 economic problem, 81, 92, 100 economic progress, v, 113 economic reform(s), xii, xiv, 23, 26, 33, 44, 50, 51, 100, 180, 181, 183, 210, 223, 224, 227, 228, 233 economies in transition, 15, 51, 53, 114, 115, 131, 135, 140 education, 7, 18, 32, 36, 46, 51, 53, 72, 77, 101, 109, 124, 126, 138, 147, 153, 155, 182, 185, 186, 205, 207, 217, 234, 243 educational attainment, 203 election, 35, 80, 100, 110, 142, 164, 176 Emancipation Proclamation, 33 emerging markets, 235 employees, 77, 78, 107, 135, 182, 184, 196, 198 employment, 27, 29, 36, 42, 53, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 94, 105, 107, 124, 134, 136, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 175, 185, 194, 196, 203, 204, 206, 213, 226, 227, 229, 232, 242 employment opportunities, 36, 75 Empowered Action Group (EAG), 243, 244, 245, 254 endogeneity, 140 endorphins, 134 England, 6, 24, 60, 66, 69, 70, 71, 77, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111 entrepreneurs, 44 environment, xv, 7, 37, 80, 110, 133, 163, 194, 199,211,224, 226,249 environmental pollution, 95, 99 environmental protection, 185 epídemic(s), x, 2, 7, 36, 37, 38, 58, 73, 75, 78, 111,
121, 122 epidemiology, 72, 85, 105 Estonia, 117, 119, 124 ethnic minority, 204, 206 EU, 102, 148 Europe, x, xii, xiii, 1,2, 7, 29, 31, 53, 59, 61, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121, 127, 131, 137, 142, 146, 151, 154, 155, 160, 180, 192,211,220 European Sovereign Debt crisis, 27 Eurozone, 90, 92, 101 evidence, v, 9, 14, 15, 16, 35, 53, 65, 66, 85, 92, 94, 99, 102, 106, 108, 109, 126, 130, 132, 135, 136, 189, 231,250, 253 excess deaths, 91, 108, 114, 116, 117, 118, 138, 139, 157 exchange rate, 76 expenditures, 93, 94, 129, 130, 147, 219, 226, 232 export-led growth, 213 F՜ families, 36, 46, 48, 51, 74, 82, 95, 135, 163 family life, 77, 123 family support, 95 family violence, 136 famine(s), xi, 2, 58, 121,128 Far East, 22, 163, 165, 167, 175, 177, 195 farm size, 50 1
270 farmers, xv, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 137, 224, 229, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,252,253,255 farming, 40, 45, 47 farming techniques, 40 Federal Reserve, 111 financial, xii, 4, 7, 14, 26, 28, 32, 48, 59, 61, 63, 66, 76, 77, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 107, 108, 124, 135, 186, 199, 211, 218, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 247 financial crisis, xii, 4, 7, 59, 61, 63, 66, 76, 85, 86, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 107, 108 Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, 86, 108 financial instability, 88, 103 financial markets, 32, 87, 88, 103, 230 financial regulation, 87, 103, 104 financial sector, 48, 88, 211, 226, 229 fiscal deficit, 225 fiscal policy, 35, 226 fluctuations, 12, 22, 92, 132, 240 food, 34, 41, 42, 46, 129, 161, 228, 247, 249, 250 food intake, 34, 129 food production, 41 foreign direct investment, 184 foreign investment, 74 former Soviet Republics,, 180 former Soviet Union, x, xi, 1, 2, 61, 62, 96, 115, 122, 125, 127, 129, 137, 147, 151, 160, 181 free trade, 74, 78, 101 free trade agreements (FTAs), 74 Freedom House Index of democracy, 139 freedom of choice, 74 Friedman, Milton, 19, 103 full employment, 186, 228 Index G GDP, 3, 15, 18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 96,97, 100, 101,115, 130, 131, 137, 140, 145, 180, 181, 185, 189, 196, 197,198,225,231,233 GDP per capita, 3, 18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 91, 92, 97, 101, 145, 180, 181, 189, 196, 197 gender gap, 123 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 74 General Motors, 101 genetic disorders, 128 geographical mobility, 51 Germany, ix, 1, 100, 106, 159, 211, 259 Gini coefficient of
income distribution, 162 Gini index, 90 global economy, 44, 219 global financial crisis, xii, 59, 61, 63, 66, 76, 85, 86, 92, 95, 97, 98, 102 globalisation, 26, 45, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 106, 151, 156,218, 262 goods and services, 74, 185 Gorbachev, 8, 9, 20, 129,150 governance, 180, 211, 214, 219 government expenditure, 92, 228, 247 government intervention, 103 government spending, 96, 228, 247, 248 Great Depression, 15, 16, 21, 86, 87, 88, 96 Great Recession, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 102, 104, 106, 107, 112,219 Greece, vii, x, xii, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 101, 107, 108, 148 Green Revolution, 44 gross domestic product, 3,18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 91, 92, 97, 101, 145, 180, 181, 189, 196, 197, 225 gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 3, 18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 91, 92, 97, 101, 145, 180, 181, 189, 196, 197 I
271 Index 186, 196,197, 198, 199, 202, 205, 208, growth, x, xiv, 7, 15, 16, 18, 27, 29, ЗО, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 74, 76, 100, 106, 115, 131, 140, 147, 165, 167, 181, 182, 184,185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191,192, 195,196, 198, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 221, 225, 226, 228, 231, 232, 233, 236, 239, 242, 248, 250, 254, 261 growth rate, 186, 189, 190, 192, 196, 216, 226,231 Guangxi, 194 Guizhou, 194 H happiness, 23, 98, 109 happiness indexes, 98 harmonious society’ (fPÎüttê), 185 health behaviours, 77, 81, 83 health care, 7, 8, 219 health condition, 32, 38, 50, 71, 74, 118, 121,185,202,206, 208, 233 health education, 185 health effects, 59, 75, 77, 86, 96, 98, 106, 107, 148 health expenditure, 92, 93, 94, 98, 117, 127, 130, 186, 187,213,214,215 health insurance, 187, 199, 208, 219, 220 Health Latino paradox, 85 health problems, 100, 205, 206 health services, 71, 131, 147, 186, 233, 239 health status, viii, x, xiv, xv, xvii, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 51, 58, 67, 69, 77, 85, 90, 97, 106, 121, 134, 136, 137, 146, 147, 149, 151, 179, 180, 181, 183, 188, 198,202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 224, 234, 241 healthcare, xiii, xiv, 18, 36, 37, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 77, 83, 86, 92, 93, 98, 99, 101, 129, 130, 135, 147, 149, 159, 161, 163, 167, 172, 173, 174, 181, 182, 183, 185, I 209, 211, 214, 215, 217, 219, 244, 254 healthcare sector, 185, 186 healthcare systems, 130 heart disease, 12, 15, 19, 65, 109, 122, 202 high blood pressure (HBP), 77, 206, 208 high-income countries, xii, 30, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 79, 86, 93 HIV-AIDS,
35,37, 123 homelessness, 139 homicide, 40, 72, 122, 133, 138, 153, 174 hopelessness, 58, 73, 81, 104 hormones, 123 household income, 46, 206 Household Responsibility System, 184 housing, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 51, 77, 86, 135, 139, 147, 186 housing bubble, 86 Hubei, 194 hukou, 204, 205, 206, 208, 217, 220, 221 human, 32, 38, 52, 58, 60, 65, 114, 117, 136, 140, 146, 147, 180, 181, 184, 186, 217,218, 220, 233,261 human capital, 136, 140, 147, 184 human cost of the transition, 117 human development, 186, 218, 233, 261 Human Development Index, 18 human welfare, 181,220 humanitarian crises, 29 Hunan, 194 Hungary, 14, 114, 115, 117, 126, 147 husbandry, 5 hygiene, 38,42,60, 129, 185 hyperinflation, 115 hypertension, 133 1 ideology, 53, 87, 182, 210 IMF, 88, 92, 96, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111, 148 I
272 Index immigrants, 38, 50, 166, 176 influenza, 69 immigration, 197, 198 information and communication technology immune function, 83 (ICT), 27, 263 impact assessment, 101 infrastructure, xii, xiv, 26, 39, 40, 41, 50, import controls, 227 51, 160, 164, 165, 184, 224, 228, 246, imports, 45, 49, 76, 227, 229, 249, 251, 252 247, 248, 253 income distribution, 18, 29, 146, 162, 166 initial distortions, 115, 142 income inequality, 7, 35, 71, 73, 74, 109, injuries, 91, 96, 241 117, 137, 140, 146, 147, 159, 160, 162, Inner Mongolia, 194 163, 166, 167, 173, 174, 175, 186, 233, insecurity, 7, 37, 77, 148, 166 254 institutional capacity, 3, 161, 163, 166, 167 income support, 147 institutional change, 32,199 income tax, 102 institutionally protected, 197, 198 indebtedness of the farmers, 48 institutions, xii, 3, 26, 27, 29, 32, 44, 50, 51, independence, 227, 233 52, 53, 87, 103, 115, 140, 147, 148, 149, independent variable, 163 151, 160, 180, 185, 186, 188, 198, 209, India, v, viii, x, xiv, xv, 44, 45, 55, 120, 210, 216, 217, 218, 224, 226, 230 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, integration, 44, 83, 205, 249 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 249, 251, international competition, 225, 226 253, 254, 255, 263, 264 international competitiveness, 49 Indians, 230 International Labour Organization (ILO), 89 Indonesia, 96, 237 international migration, 31, 125 industrial restructuring, 125, 149, 173 International Monetary Fund, 88, 92, 96, Industrial Revolution, 5, 60, 61,62 101.102.108.110.111.148 industrialisation, 31, 38, 40, 71, 85, 182, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 88, 92, 210,215
96.101.102.108.110.111.148 industry, 73, 76, 80, 115, 226, 230, 231, 232 international relations, 183 inequalities in longevity, 58 international trade, 75 inequality, xiv, 7, 8, 24, 35, 36, 39, 51, 55, investment, 20, 35, 44, 49, 50, 52, 74, 86, 56, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 88, 99, 88, 95, 107, 110, 111, 163, 164, 165, 101, 102, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 167, 175, 184, 213, 215, 226, 228, 229, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140, 146, 147, 148, 230,234,247,248,251,255 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 160, 162, investment bank, 86, 88, 255 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173, 174, investments, 27, 87, 95, 102, 107, 184, 185, 175, 177, 182, 186, 188, 208, 217, 219, 212,215, 228,241,247,250 220,233,254,261,263 iron-rice bowl, 186 infant mortality, xii, 16, 19, 40, 41, 58, 60, irrigation, 45,46,48,49, 228, 248, 253 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 96, 97, 111, 204, ischaemic heart disease, 122 235, 237, 238, 242, 247 isolation, 58, 77, 137 infants, 39, 51 Italy, vii, x, xii, 25, 27, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, inflammation, 134 65, 67, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, inflation, 62,115, 250, 251, 252
Index 101, 106, 107, 111, 113, 121, 179, 261, 262, 263 I-------J ľH Japan, 15, 16, 27, 65,69, 96,211 Jharkhand, 242, 243, 245, 246 Jiang Zemin, 184 Jiangxi, 194 job creation, 30 job insecurity, 77, 107 job satisfaction, 81 job security, 74, 78, 107 jobless, 136 Kamchatka, 195 Karnataka, 253 Kazakhstan, 115 Kerala, 56, 242, 246, 253 Keynes, 19, 103 kinship network, 41 Komi, 195 Krugman, Paul, 84 լ labour force, 76, 197, 198 labour market, 14, 27, 73, 74, 76, 83, 85, 115, 126, 132, 134, 135, 148, 149, 150, 151, 181,205,218, 233 labour market integration, 218 labour turnover, xiii, 3, 5, 126, 134, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 167, 170, 174, 175, 195 Laos, 180 Latin America, 29, 31,192, 193 Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), 192, 193 1 273 Latinx, 73, 79, 80, 84, 85 Latinx populations, 73 Latvia, 119, 126,130, 135,152 layoffs, 135, 166, 175, 194 Lehman Brothers (crisis), 27, 86 leisure, 29, 95, 99, 147 level of education, 18, 124 Liaoning, 194 liberalisation, 26, 27, 28, 44, 45, 49, 55, 59, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 98, 100, 101, 103, 115, 125, 127, 129, 147, 149, 181, 184, 209, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 247, 249,251 liberalisation of capital movements, 44 liberalisation of prices, 184 life expectancy, v, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 33, 38, 39, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 86, 94, 96, 97, 99, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 124, 143, 144, 146, 153, 155, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180, 181, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 198, 199, 203, 205, 209,
210, 216, 234 life expectancy at birth, xii, 18, 33, 39, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, 72, 94, 114, 143, 144, 162, 186, 191,234 Lincoln, Abraham, 33, 34 Lithuania, 115, 119, 130, 132 liver, 6, 11, 12, 73, 122, 133 liver cirrhosis, 11, 12 liver disease, 6, 73 living conditions, 33, 185, 214 living environment, 199 local government, 47, 184, 211, 215 longevity, xi, xii, 14, 29, 58, 60, 64, 65, 70, 72, 94, 95, 97, 132, 204, 205 low-skilled workers, 75, 77 lung disease, 42
274 Index M migrants, 29, 30, 31, 39, 42, 125, 138, 205, 206, 208, 217 migration, xii, xiii, 3, 5, 8, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37,38, 39, 40,41,53, 56, 102, 115, 125, 138, 139, 149, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 205, 224 military dictatorship, 29 Millennium Development Goals, 241 minimum support prices (MSPs), 250, 251 minorities, 79, 80, 84, 85, 208 Moldova, 115, 138, 139 Mongolia, 180, 194 mono-industrial cities, 125 mono-industrial towns, 19, 135, 150 morbidity, 6, 20, 78, 105, 107, 108, 137, 150, 202 mortality crises, xii, xiii, 26, 50, 51, 58, 59, 64, 69, 71,97, 98, 99, 113, 176, 218, 254 mortality crisis, v, x, xii, xiii, 2, 3, 8, 9, 18, 23, 24,43, 71, 73, 95,97, 98, 105, 106, 114, 115, 118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 139, 142, 147, 148, 149, 151, 155, 159, 161, 162, 173, 176, 178,219,220 mortality rate, xiii, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 22, 58, 66, 67, 68, 72, 85, 96, 108, 110, 114, 117, 124, 125, 129, 159, 160, 162, 174, 194, 217, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 256,257,258 mortality risk, 39, 106, 138 Moscow, xvii, 152, 153, 154, 163, 165, 167, 175, 195, 259 multinational companies, 248 multinational enterprises, 196, 213 murders, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 37, 133, 159, 162, 163, 166, 169, 176 macroeconomic stabilisation, 44, 102 magnitude, xiii, 22, 114, 139, 153, 161, 162, 165, 177, 239 Mahallas, 147 Maharashtra, 242, 253 major depression, 91, 107 Malaysia, 96 malignant neoplasms, 202 malnutrition, 129 manufacturing, 28, 59, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 85,98,100,185,226 manufacturing industry, 73, 76, 80, 226 Mao,x, 3, 184, 199 marginalisation, 45 marital status, 14, 135
market economy, xi, xiii, 1, 2, 8, 14, 34, 47, 113, 121, 137, 160, 161, 179, 183, 184, 211,216 market failure, 226, 255 marketisation, xiv, 173, 181, 186, 194, 198, 209,211,212,214 marriage, 16, 40, 77, 104, 117, 125, 138, 199 material deprivation, 41, 58, 82, 136 maternal mortality, 199, 201, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 247 meaninglessness, 58, 73, 82, 99, 100 medical, 33, 38, 94, 172, 188, 208, 219, 244 medical assistance, 38 medical care, 33 medical insurance, 208, 219 Mediterranean countries, 133 mental health, xii, 7, 58, 59, 72, 81, 84, 91, 92, 94, 97, 99, 100, 108 meta-analysis, 132 Middle East, 29, 192, 193 NAFTA, 75, 112 Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 192, 193 natural advantages, 184 natural disaster, x, 2 middle-income countries, 31, 75, 192, 199 N II
Index Nazi party, 100, 108 neoliberal economic reforms, 224 neoliberal phase, 190, 203, 208, 217 neoliberal reform(s), xiv, 45, 182, 196, 214, 215,216, 225,247 neoliberalism, 79, 106, 219, 234 Nepal, 181,235, 236, 237 nervous system, 69, 91 neuroendocrine system, 84 New Cooperative Medical Scheme, 187 New Deal, 96,104 Nobel Prize, 77, 84 non-communicable diseases, 239, 241, 243 North Africa, 192, 193 North America, 75, 112, 211 North American Free Trade Agreement, 75, 112 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 75, 112 North Caucasus, 169, 195 North China, 194 Northeast China, 194 Northern America, 31 Northern European countries, 102 Northwest China, 194 nutrition, 5, 7, 16, 33, 41, 53, 60, 129, 151, 155, 161,203, 233 0 II obesity, 7, 72, 134, 206, 208, 218 occupational mobility, 14, 132 Oceania, 31, 61, 211 Odisha, 244 old-age mortality, 69, 71, 93, 110, 162 Orissa, 242, 243 I p Pacific, 237, 238 Pakistan, 235, 237 і 275 Palestine, 31 Panama, 42, 43, 51, 55 Panama Canal, 42, 51, 55 participatory democracy, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146 peak longevity, xii, 65 pension plans, 7 pensioners, 93, 126 per capita expenditure, 95 perinatal, 131, 239, 243 physical activity, 95, 99 physical environment, 81 physical health, 78, 98 physical well-being, 104 Piketty, Thomas, 90, 102, 111, 233, 254 plague, xi, 2, 58 pneumonia, 36, 128, 241 poisoning, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 73, 97, 117, 122, 133 Poland, 5, 114, 117, 121, 129, 132, 135, 137, 140, 141, 147, 149, 153 policy responses, xiii, 59, 102, 112, 114, 148, 228 political participation, 139, 142, 148 political reforms, xii, xiii, 26, 35,
113, 224 pollution, 95,99, 161, 188 population density, 163, 170, 175 population growth, 29, 30, 31, 32, 233 poverty, 35, 44, 52, 55, 58, 88, 89, 93, 94, 102, 117, 123, 126, 140, 151, 153, 163, 164, 170, 176, 177, 180, 185, 261, 263 poverty eradication, 185 poverty line, 170, 176 poverty reduction, 35, 102, 180 Pradesh, Andhra, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 55, 242, 245, 246, 253 Pradesh, Madhya, 46, 55, 242, 243, 245 Pradesh, Uttar, 46, 55, 242, 243, 244, 246 premature death, 9, 67 presidential election, 164, 172, 176 Preston Curve, 145 prevention, 16, 185, 198, 241
276 Index price liberalisation, 44, 115, 149 private investment, 35, 234, 247 private sector, 197, 198, 217, 225, 230 privatisation, xi, 2, 9, 14, 19, 23, 44, 55, 77, 135, 146, 148, 149,182,186, 199, 209, 212, 225 productivity, 7, 27, 28, 40, 55, 185, 213, 228, 232, 250 productivity growth, 27 progressive tax, 96, 101 prosperity, xi, 25, 128, 221, 223 psychiatric morbidity, 78, 107 psychological distress, 105 psychological problems, 100 psychological states, 81, 83 psychological stress, 9, 176,216 psychosocial stress, 73, 132, 133, 134, 148, 149, 186 public choice theory, 140, 146 public expenditure on health, 115, 147 public expenditures, 233, 241 public health, xv, 33,43, 110, 112, 123, 130, 147, 199, 224, 239, 241, 244 public infrastructure, xii, 26, 224, 228, 247 public investment, 49, 50, 226, 248 public service, 38, 77, 140, 147, 182, 197, 255 purchasing power, 79, 132 r~..........о quality of life, xi, 57, 209, 242 quantitative easing (QE), 102, 104, 111 R D, 27 rainforest, 42, 43 Rajasthan, 242, 243, 244, 253 rapid social change, 50 real income, 5, 7, 164, 165, 169, 175, 195 I recessions, 15, 16,17, 23, 33, 53, 62, 86,94, 95,96,98,114 recovery, 18, 115, 117, 164 reform, xiv, 35, 37, 44, 114, 120, 181, 183, 184, 185,186, 187,188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 196,198, 200, 205, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 239, 240, 242, 249 refugees, 31,125,138 regression, 145, 164, 169, 173, 174, 180, 193, 196, 200, 201, 204, 206, 207, 208 regression analysis, 204, 206 relative prices, 3, 9, 10, 130, 132, 160, 226 religion, 85,105 residence
permits, 125 resource allocation, 147 resources, xiv, 39, 45,46, 80, 81, 84, 85, 96, 134, 183, 195, 197, 198, 215, 217, 239 respiratory ailments, 121 risk, 7, 19, 23, 39, 40, 46, 48, 52, 69, 77, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 93, 95, 102, 103, 106, 108, 110, 125, 128, 129, 134, 138, 148, 149, 208 robotisation, 28, 53 Roman Empire, 60 Royal Society, 109, 110, 112 rural areas, 36, 40, 76, 184, 197, 202, 228, 239, 245, 247, 248 rural development, 185, 228, 247 rural people, 205 rural population, 40, 187, 203 rural reforms, 50 rural-urban migration, xii, 26, 31, 32, 36, 224 Russian regions, 14, 168, 171, 174 s sanctions, 33, 35 sanitation, 36, 39,41, 42,43, 51,60, 219
Index saturated fat, 130 savings, 52, 95, 137 Second World War, 160 securitisation, 86, 87 security, 34, 52, 74, 76, 77, 105, 107, 115, 135, 140, 147, 149, 196, 199, 232 self-destructive behaviours, 82, 85 self-reported health, 6, 78,107, 203 Sen, Amartya, 77, 112, 136, 154 services, iv, 28, 38, 49, 66, 83, 93, 98, 99, 135, 140, 147, 149, 161, 173, 182, 185, 186, 187, 198, 205, 218, 230, 231, 232, 234, 244, 248, 249 sex, 123, 132,256,257, 258 sexually transmitted diseases, 123 share of small enterprises in total employment, 163, 166 shock, 3, 8, 153, 160, 173, 177, 180, 181, 209, 210, 217 shock therapy, 153, 177, 180, 181, 209, 210, 217 Siberia, 133, 195 Sichuan, 194 skilled workers, 29, 75, 77 slavery, 2, 33, 34 slaves, 33, 34,51,53 Slovenia, 114, 115, 118, 119 small business, 103 small firms, 149, 184 smoking, 8, 14, 117, 124, 129, 130, 132, 135, 149, 161, 204, 205 social change, xi, 5, 35, 40, 50, 51, 52, 100 social class, 16, 50, 79, 98 social cohesion, 72, 85, 98, 131, 136, 147 social control, 38, 40, 41, 82, 83 social costs, xiii, 114 social development, 182, 211 social exclusion, 77, 83, 149 social group, 123, 181, 203, 208 social indicator, 16, 72, 160 social infrastructure, 38, 233 social integration, 82, 137 111 social isolation, 58, 77 social mobility, 78 social movements, 264 social network, 41, 52, 83 social relations, 39,73, 77, 85, 98, 99, 123, 136, 139 social relationships, 39, 77, 139 social security, 16, 185, 186, 199, 205 social services, 95, 101, 137, 199, 232, 242 social status, 7, 79, 83, 85, 123, 132, 155, 180 social stress, xi, 8, 52, 117, 180, 209
social support, 72, 85, 95,106 social welfare programmes, 69 socialist market economy, 183 society, 9, 40, 41, 51,52, 53, 73, 79, 83, 84, 95, 100, 101, 102, 103, 137, 182, 185, 203, 209, 216 socioeconomic status, 218 SOEs, 135, 182, 184, 194 South Africa, 29, 34, 35, 37, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56 South Asia, 29, 30, 31, 32, 192, 235 South Eastern Europe, 115 South Korea, 16, 27, 210, 212 Southeast Asia, 179, 193 Southeast Europe, 120 Southwest China, 194 Soviet Union, x, xi, xiv, 1, 2, 61, 62, 96, 115, 122, 125, 127, 129, 137, 147, 151, 152, 160, 181 Soviet-type communism, 29 Special Economic Zones, 184 SSA, 30,31,32, 192 state intervention, 184, 233, 242 state of emergency, 34 state-led development path, 182 state -led/influenced market economies/SMEs, 212 state-owned enterprises, 135, 182, 194 states, xii, xv, 2, 5, 7, 8, 20, 21, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75,
278 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89,90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 104, 108,109, 112, 115, 122, 125, 152, 154, 155, 181, 211, 224, 227, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255 statistics, 11, 12, 127, 131, 155, 168, 171 stock market, 7, 27, 103, 230 stratification, 32, 51, 53,137 stress factors, x, 3, 4, 8, 14, 166, 167, 170, 174 stress management, 29 stress response, 81 stress -buffering mechanisms, 85 stressful events, 81, 84 stressors, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 165 stress -related factors, xiii, 159, 160, 162, 165,166,167,172,173,174 structural adjustment, 26, 49, 96, 101, 225, 226 structural adjustment programmes, 26, 96, 101 structural changes, 230 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), 30, 31, 32, 192 suicide, xii, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 44,45, 46, 49, 77, 82, 84, 85, 91, 94, 95, 105, 110, 111, 112,122,132,133,160,253 suicide rate, 7, 16, 44, 46, 49, 94, 95, 112, 132 suicide(s), xii, xiii, xv, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 122, 132, 133, 148, 154, 159, 160, 162,169, 224, 229, 247, 248, 253, 254,255 Sustainable Development, 23, 237, 238, 255 systemic risk, 104 systolic pressure, 206 Index Taiwan, 210 Tamil Nadu, 242, 246, 253 tariff, 226, 227 tariff rates, 227 tax increase, 92 tax rates, 101 tax system, 115 taxation, 35, 92,101, 140, 146, 225, 230 taxes, 74, 101, 104 taxonomy, xii, 26 taxpayers, 103 Taylor, Lance, 74, 91, 104, 110, 218 ТВ, 36 technical assistance, 97, 149 technical support, 47 technological change, xii, 26 technologies, 50,
128 technology, 27, 215, 225, 228, 249, 263 telecommunications, 29 the role of the state in the economy, 26, 181 tobacco, 130, 134, 161 Township and Village Enterprises, 184 trade, 49, 59, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 85, 98, 99, 100, 103, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 147, 148, 162, 219, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231,247,249,251,252 trade liberalisation, 49, 59, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 98, 99, 100, 103, 112, 136, 154, 227, 228, 247, 247 trade policy, 75 trade union, 115, 147, 148 transformation, xi, 25, 124, 198, 203, 223, 228, 232, 247 transition, xi, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 51, 53, 54, 55, 106, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,
279 Index 140, 143, 144, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 160, 164, 176, 177, 179, 181,183, 186,188, 190, 192, 193, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 261 transition countries, xiv, 136, 143, 144, 190, 192, 193, 195, 199, 200, 209, 210, 216 transition economies, 18, 106, 135, 146, 151, 177, 192,209,217,219 transitional recession, 129 transnational corporations (TNCs), 74 transport, 38, 228, 231, 248 treatment, 27, 37, 84, 186, 198 Trump, Donald, 80, 100, 110 tuberculosis, 38, 41, 96, 123, 239 Tyumen, 195 — United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 104, 261 United States, vii, xii, 7, 20, 21, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97,98, 100, 104, 108, 109, 112, 181,211 urban, xii, 26, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 125, 126, 165, 175, 187, 196, 198, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 217, 219, 224, 239, 244, 252 urban areas, 36, 38, 40, 43, 125, 126, 165, 198, 202, 204, 205, 217, 239, 244 Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI), 187 urban population, 165, 175, 187 Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance, 187 urbanisation, 6, 31, 37, 39, 40, 163, 166, 167, 197 ---Д user fees, xiv, 92, 93, 160 Uttaranchal, 243 Udmurtia, 126, 155 Ukraine, 15, 17, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 152, 154 undernutrition, 129, 206, 208 unemployment, x, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 16, 17, 52, 55, 73, 77, 80, 81, 85, 88, 89, 91,93, 94, 95,97, 101, 106, 112, 115, 117, 123, 125, 126, 127, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 149, 150, 152, 153,
154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 174, 175, 180, 196, 198, 204, 205, 207, 209, 217, 233 unemployment insurance, 94 unemployment rate, 4, 5,15, 89,101,117, 162, 198, 233 unhappiness, 80, 84 United Kingdom, vii, xii, 42, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93,94, 97, 103,211 United Nations, 20, 30, 56, 104, 240, 261, 263 V vaccination, 131 vascular diseases, 8, 11 Vietnam, 3, 27, 160, 180 violence, 34, 36, 37, 41, 52, 135, 163 vodka sales, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171 vulnerability, 21, 51, 88, 253, 254 w wages, 38, 75, 79, 132, 185, 199 Wall Street, 86 war, 4, 61, 119, 127, 128, 160 Washington, 108, 110, 111, 112, 154, 155, 177, 180, 185, 209, 216, 224, 262 Washington Consensus, 180, 185, 209, 216, 224 waste, 166 IĮ
280 Index water, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 189, 231, 253 wealth, 39, 61, 101, 102, 112 weapons of mass destruction, 87 welfare, 20, 36, 40, 63, 69, 96, 98, 99, 101, 109, 114, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 196, 205, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 242 welfare system, 205 wellbeing, xi, 15, 25, 29, 59, 79, 95, 99, 102, 146, 223, 261, 262 wells, 45, 46 Western countries, 127, 134 Western Europe, 53, 121, 131,211 Western European countries, 121 White Americans, 23, 59, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80,81,84,97 workers, 7, 29, 31, 34, 42, 43, 44, 50, 74, 75, 76, 79, 89, 110, 123, 135, 136, 137, 186, 199, 205, 232, 233 workforce, 40, 95, 232 Working-Age Men, 69 work-related stress, 95, 99 World Bank, 61, 67, 68, 96, 130, 153, 234, 235, 236, 240, 255, 262 World Development Report, 60 World Happiness Report, 23, 98 World Health Organization (WHO), 57,70, 106, 112, 186,221,262 World Trade Organization (WTO), 76, 185, 227, 255 World War I, 61, 101 1 Xi Jinping, 185 Xiaoping, Deng, 184 Xinjiang, 194 yellow fever, 42, 43 Yugoslavia, 119 Yunnan, 194 f Bayerische І Staatsbibliothek Լ München x I
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Contents Preface ix Vladimir Popov Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Mortality and Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries: What Are the Lessons for Other Countries? Vladimir Popov A Theory of Why Potentially Favourable Political and Economic Changes May Lead to Mortality Crises Giovanni Andrea Cornia Mortality Crises in High-Income Countries: Evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece Roberto De Vogli The Mortality Crisis of the Former Soviet Bloc Countries, 1989-2014 Giovanni Andrea Comia xvii 1 25 57 113
Contents viii Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Mortality Crisis in Russia Revisited: Evidence from a Cross-Regional Comparison Vladimir Popov 159 The Path of Economic Development and Health Status: Evidence from China Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti 179 Policy Reform from the Early 1990s and Changes in Health Status in India: 1991-2016 C. P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh 223 About the Editor 259 About the Contributors 261 Index 265
Index abolition of slavery, 2, 33, 34 abuse, 109 access, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 72, 74, 77, 83, 85, 93, 98, 129, 131, 138, 147, 186, 196, 205, 208, 217, 219, 225, 230, 233, 234, 239, 241, 244, 247, 248, 252, 254 accidents, xiii, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 41, 42, 122, 135, 159, 161, 162, 169 acute stress, 134 adjustment, 33, 121, 149, 211 adults, 14, 104, 125, 129, 137, 138, 204, 205 adverse conditions, 233 adverse effects, 78, 199, 242 adverse weather, 47 Africa, x, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56,61,62, 192 African American(s), 54, 73, 79, 81, 84, 85 age, xi, xii, 2, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 40, 46, 51, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 71, 91, 93, 97, 110, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 126, 135, 162, 188, 193, 196, 203, 204, 206, 207, 239, 243, 244 agencies, xiii, 87, 114, 127, 226, 262 aggregate demand, 220 agricultural markets, 228, 247 agricultural sector, 247 agriculture, 40, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 228, 229, 231,232, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251 alcohol, xii, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39, 40, 41, 59, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 96, 97, 105, 110, 115, 117, 122, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 159, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 172, 174, 204, 205 alcohol abuse, xii, 59, 85, 97, 105 alcohol consumption, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14,40,41,77,81,96, 115, 126, 131, 132, 133, 136, 149, 159, 163, 167, 169, 172, 174, 204, 205 alcohol intoxication, 41, 42 alcohol prices, 149 alcohol use, 75, 84, 85 alcoholism, xi, 2, 8, 9, 11, 14, 73, 127, 135, 163 amenable diseases, 131 American Dream, 84
266 Index Americas, 61 anti-alcohol campaign, 8, 9, 10, 129 anti-alcohol policy, 132 anxiety, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 123, 136 Apartheid, 34, 35, 37 Arkhangelsk, 195 artificial intelligence, 188 artificial intelligence (AI), 28, 54, 188 Asia, 29, 31, 32, 61, 192, 211, 237, 238, 263 Assam, 242, 243, 244 assets, 26, 86, 103, 114, 137, 146 austerity, xii, 23, 59, 63, 66, 71, 86, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 106, 108, 110, 112, 148, 234 austerity measures, xii, 59, 92, 93, 94, 97 austerity policies, 63, 66, 71, 86, 92, 93, 94, 98,99,101 austerity programmes, 100 Australia, 69, 70 authorities, xiii, 33, 53, 114, 127, 135 □ .B- Baltic States, 115, 122 Bangladesh, 235, 236, 237 Bank of England, 103, 104 banking, 27, 28, 45, 48, 87, 103, 184, 226, 229, 230 banking sector, 229, 230 bankruptcy, 86, 89, 209 banks, 86, 89, 100, 102, 229, 230, 248 barefoot doctors, 185 bargaining, 88 Barnaul, 133 barriers to entry, 226 beds per 10,000 people, 197 beer, 14, 117, 133 behavioral disorders, 107 Beijing, 56, 152, 183, 199, 214, 218, 220 Į Belarus, 3, 5, 12,14,15,21, 115,117, 118, 119, 121, 132, 133, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 154, 161 Belgium, 107 beneficial effect, 226 benefits, 32, 38, 81, 99, 101, 135, 137, 148, 181,215, 225 big bang, 148 Bihar, 242, 243, 244, 246 binge drinking, 133 births, 41, 66, 67, 68, 177, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 246 blood pressure, 134 body mass index, 106, 206 breakdown, 39, 52, 87, 125, 131, 139, 163 Bretton Woods System, 87, 104 Britain, xi, 2, 5, 39, 50, 56 budget cuts, 63,71, 86, 92, 96, 101 budget deficit, 59, 92, 99 1 c caesarean section, 241
campaigns, 150 Canada, 69, 70 cancer, 15, 72,122, 130, 131,149 capacity indicators, 166 capital account, 27, 28 capital account liberalisation, 27 capital account openness, 28 capital accumulation, 214, 215 capital mobility, 87, 88, 102 capitalism, 9, 105, 210, 211, 218, 219, 220, 221 carbon emissions, 102 cardiac surgeries, 117 cardiovascular disease, 7, 22, 69, 240, 243 Caribbean, 31, 192, 193 case studies, xii, 31, 32, 59, 61, 97 cash crops, 249, 253 Central America, 30 II
Index Central and Eastern Europe, 153, 179, 180, 210,212 Central Asia, 118, 146 Central Asian countries, 118, 146 Central China, 194 Central Europe, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 130, 137, 142, 146, 180, 192, 220 centrally planned economy, 181, 183, 211, 216 cerebrovascular diseases, 202 challenges, 53, 58, 82,105 Chhattisgarh, 242, 243, 244, 253 child mortality, 124, 162, 240 children, 36, 39,40, 51, 66, 123, 163, 241 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 203, 204, 207, 208 Chinese Dream, 185 Chinese Yuan, 76 cholera, 33, 36 chronic diseases, 94, 96 cirrhosis, 6, 122, 133, 149 CIS countries, 114, 117, 121, 131, 139, 146 cities, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 76, 110, 125, 221 citizens, 54, 142, 199, 206, 234 civil servants, 77, 107 civil society, 142, 147 climate, 69, 102, 163, 166, 167, 253 climate change, 69,102, 253 clinical interventions, 100 cognitive abilities, 136 collective bargaining, 213 commercial, 46, 47, 123, 230 commercial bank, 230 commercial crop, 46, 48 commodity markets, 49 communicable diseases, 239, 241 communist countries, v, x, xiii, 2, 8, 18, 113, 153,179 Communist Party of China, 184 communist vote, 172, 173 267 communities, 46, 52, 66, 85, 94, 100, 125, 138 comparative advantage, 61, 219, 227 compensation, 34, 137, 149, 252 competition, 9, 44, 76, 85, 183, 210, 211, 212,213,214,215,216, 227, 251 competition -driven local developmental state, 183,210,211,212,214,216 competitiveness, 76 constant pnces, 231, 232 construction, 31, 42, 43, 51, 231 Consumer Price Index, 251 consumers, 250, 252 consumption, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 36, 39, 42, 79, 89, 106, 117,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 149, 161, 167, 169, 170, 171, 174, 188,213,217, 229, 251 consumption habits, 132 consumption per capita of spirits, 117 consumption-led growth, 217 controlled studies, 134 coping strategies, 52, 81, 82 correlation, 11,95, 110, 126, 132, 135, 136, 139, 169, 170, 197, 204 correlation analysis, 132 correlation coefficient, 197 cost, 29, 36, 48, 49, 59, 74, 93, 103, 112, 117, 140, 162, 215, 228, 232, 234, 250, 251,253 credit-default swaps, 87 criminal activity, 37, 136 criminal justice system, 37 crises, xii, xiii, 26, 27, 32, 50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 64, 69, 71, 87, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 110, 112, 113, 176,218, 254, 260, 262 crisis of August 1998, 164 crop insurance, 49, 252 crop production, 250, 251 crops, 45,48, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252 cultivation, 49, 228, 247, 248, 250, 252, 254 currency, 15, 27, 164, 260
268 Index i| developing countries, x, 15, 16, 27, 29, 31, 39,111,192,193,235 development banks, 230 diabetes, 72 diastolic pressure, 206 digestive diseases, 122, 239, 243 diminishing returns, 27 discrimination, 186, 205, 208 diseases, 28, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 51, 52, 58, 68, 69, 77, 91, 93, 96, 121, 122, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, 149, 162, 186, 202, 217, 239, 241, 243 diseases of poverty, 123 distortions, 88, 114, 115, 142 distress, xv, 7, 39, 81, 91, 115, 125, 149, 224,248,251,253,254 distribution, 29, 32, 35, 50, 61, 96, 131, 137, 140, 146, 185, 186, 211, 217, 220, 228, 231,250 distribution of income, 29, 131,217, 220 divorce(s), xiii, 3, 5, 8, 117, 125, 138, 159, 160, 163, 166, 167, 174, 176, 196, 199, 217 doctors, xiii, 160, 163, 172, 173, 176, 185, 196, 197 doctors per 10,000 people, 196, 197 Dodd-Frank Act, 104 domestic demand, 34, 101, 249 domestic economy, 227 drinking pattern, 127, 132, 133 drug, xii, 7, 59, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 84, 85, 100, 109, 110, 123 drug overdose, xii, 7, 59, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 84, 100, 109 drugs, 27, 39, 100, 124, 130, 134 J daily living, 7 database, 10, 17, 18, 56, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 89, 90, 141, 156, 164, 198 death rate, xii, 10, 11, 12, 26, 33, 34, 43, 57, 58,91, 114, 118, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 132, 138, 162, 169, 192, 224 death statistics, 127 deaths, xii, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 36, 37, 41, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 91, 97, 98, 100, 108, 109, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 139, 149, 155, 157,
159,161,169,170,239,241,244 deaths due to external causes, 11, 169 debts, 101, 102, 225, 251 defence, 115, 146, 148, 231 deficit, 92, 101,102, 225 defined-contribution plans, 7 de-industrialisation, 71, 85 dementia, 91 democracy, xiii, 1,2, 9, 34, 35, 51, 111, 113, 127, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 160, 161, 179, 209 démocratisation, 3, 115, 139, 141, 160 demographic change, 53 depression, 7, 15, 16, 21, 73, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87,88,91,95,96,107,112,134 depressive symptoms, 91 deprivation, 15, 41, 58, 78, 82, 84, 135, 136 deregulation, 74, 87, 88, 100, 102, 106, 160, 225 deregulation of financial markets, 87, 88 derivatives, 87 despair, xii, 50, 59, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 83,98,100,110 devaluation, 115, 129, 164, 247 developed countries, x, 15, 16, 18, 31, 182, 190,192,200,210,211,249 early-childhood mortality, 199 East and Southeast Asia, 179, 193
269 Index Eastern Europe, x, xi, 1, 2, 51, 96, 115, 127, 151, 153, 160, 161, 179, 180, 210, 212 Eastern European countries, xi, 1, 96, 161 Eatwell, John, 104 economic activity, 115, 185, 225 economic change, xii, 59, 99, 254 economic crisis, 16, 56, 86, 91, 96, 106, 108, 110, 154 economic development, 102, 181, 199, 217 economic growth, xiii, 74, 94, 96, 101, 102, 113, 180, 181, 182, 185, 198, 204, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 247 economic ideology, 211 economic performance, 34, 115, 127, 177, 182,218 economic problem, 81, 92, 100 economic progress, v, 113 economic reform(s), xii, xiv, 23, 26, 33, 44, 50, 51, 100, 180, 181, 183, 210, 223, 224, 227, 228, 233 economies in transition, 15, 51, 53, 114, 115, 131, 135, 140 education, 7, 18, 32, 36, 46, 51, 53, 72, 77, 101, 109, 124, 126, 138, 147, 153, 155, 182, 185, 186, 205, 207, 217, 234, 243 educational attainment, 203 election, 35, 80, 100, 110, 142, 164, 176 Emancipation Proclamation, 33 emerging markets, 235 employees, 77, 78, 107, 135, 182, 184, 196, 198 employment, 27, 29, 36, 42, 53, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 83, 94, 105, 107, 124, 134, 136, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 175, 185, 194, 196, 203, 204, 206, 213, 226, 227, 229, 232, 242 employment opportunities, 36, 75 Empowered Action Group (EAG), 243, 244, 245, 254 endogeneity, 140 endorphins, 134 England, 6, 24, 60, 66, 69, 70, 71, 77, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111 entrepreneurs, 44 environment, xv, 7, 37, 80, 110, 133, 163, 194, 199,211,224, 226,249 environmental pollution, 95, 99 environmental protection, 185 epídemic(s), x, 2, 7, 36, 37, 38, 58, 73, 75, 78, 111,
121, 122 epidemiology, 72, 85, 105 Estonia, 117, 119, 124 ethnic minority, 204, 206 EU, 102, 148 Europe, x, xii, xiii, 1,2, 7, 29, 31, 53, 59, 61, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121, 127, 131, 137, 142, 146, 151, 154, 155, 160, 180, 192,211,220 European Sovereign Debt crisis, 27 Eurozone, 90, 92, 101 evidence, v, 9, 14, 15, 16, 35, 53, 65, 66, 85, 92, 94, 99, 102, 106, 108, 109, 126, 130, 132, 135, 136, 189, 231,250, 253 excess deaths, 91, 108, 114, 116, 117, 118, 138, 139, 157 exchange rate, 76 expenditures, 93, 94, 129, 130, 147, 219, 226, 232 export-led growth, 213 F՜ families, 36, 46, 48, 51, 74, 82, 95, 135, 163 family life, 77, 123 family support, 95 family violence, 136 famine(s), xi, 2, 58, 121,128 Far East, 22, 163, 165, 167, 175, 177, 195 farm size, 50 1
270 farmers, xv, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 137, 224, 229, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,252,253,255 farming, 40, 45, 47 farming techniques, 40 Federal Reserve, 111 financial, xii, 4, 7, 14, 26, 28, 32, 48, 59, 61, 63, 66, 76, 77, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 107, 108, 124, 135, 186, 199, 211, 218, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 247 financial crisis, xii, 4, 7, 59, 61, 63, 66, 76, 85, 86, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 107, 108 Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, 86, 108 financial instability, 88, 103 financial markets, 32, 87, 88, 103, 230 financial regulation, 87, 103, 104 financial sector, 48, 88, 211, 226, 229 fiscal deficit, 225 fiscal policy, 35, 226 fluctuations, 12, 22, 92, 132, 240 food, 34, 41, 42, 46, 129, 161, 228, 247, 249, 250 food intake, 34, 129 food production, 41 foreign direct investment, 184 foreign investment, 74 former Soviet Republics,, 180 former Soviet Union, x, xi, 1, 2, 61, 62, 96, 115, 122, 125, 127, 129, 137, 147, 151, 160, 181 free trade, 74, 78, 101 free trade agreements (FTAs), 74 Freedom House Index of democracy, 139 freedom of choice, 74 Friedman, Milton, 19, 103 full employment, 186, 228 Index G GDP, 3, 15, 18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 96,97, 100, 101,115, 130, 131, 137, 140, 145, 180, 181, 185, 189, 196, 197,198,225,231,233 GDP per capita, 3, 18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 91, 92, 97, 101, 145, 180, 181, 189, 196, 197 gender gap, 123 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 74 General Motors, 101 genetic disorders, 128 geographical mobility, 51 Germany, ix, 1, 100, 106, 159, 211, 259 Gini coefficient of
income distribution, 162 Gini index, 90 global economy, 44, 219 global financial crisis, xii, 59, 61, 63, 66, 76, 85, 86, 92, 95, 97, 98, 102 globalisation, 26, 45, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 106, 151, 156,218, 262 goods and services, 74, 185 Gorbachev, 8, 9, 20, 129,150 governance, 180, 211, 214, 219 government expenditure, 92, 228, 247 government intervention, 103 government spending, 96, 228, 247, 248 Great Depression, 15, 16, 21, 86, 87, 88, 96 Great Recession, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 102, 104, 106, 107, 112,219 Greece, vii, x, xii, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 101, 107, 108, 148 Green Revolution, 44 gross domestic product, 3,18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 91, 92, 97, 101, 145, 180, 181, 189, 196, 197, 225 gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 3, 18, 61, 62, 72, 74, 91, 92, 97, 101, 145, 180, 181, 189, 196, 197 I
271 Index 186, 196,197, 198, 199, 202, 205, 208, growth, x, xiv, 7, 15, 16, 18, 27, 29, ЗО, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 74, 76, 100, 106, 115, 131, 140, 147, 165, 167, 181, 182, 184,185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191,192, 195,196, 198, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 221, 225, 226, 228, 231, 232, 233, 236, 239, 242, 248, 250, 254, 261 growth rate, 186, 189, 190, 192, 196, 216, 226,231 Guangxi, 194 Guizhou, 194 H happiness, 23, 98, 109 happiness indexes, 98 harmonious society’ (fPÎüttê), 185 health behaviours, 77, 81, 83 health care, 7, 8, 219 health condition, 32, 38, 50, 71, 74, 118, 121,185,202,206, 208, 233 health education, 185 health effects, 59, 75, 77, 86, 96, 98, 106, 107, 148 health expenditure, 92, 93, 94, 98, 117, 127, 130, 186, 187,213,214,215 health insurance, 187, 199, 208, 219, 220 Health Latino paradox, 85 health problems, 100, 205, 206 health services, 71, 131, 147, 186, 233, 239 health status, viii, x, xiv, xv, xvii, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 51, 58, 67, 69, 77, 85, 90, 97, 106, 121, 134, 136, 137, 146, 147, 149, 151, 179, 180, 181, 183, 188, 198,202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 224, 234, 241 healthcare, xiii, xiv, 18, 36, 37, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 77, 83, 86, 92, 93, 98, 99, 101, 129, 130, 135, 147, 149, 159, 161, 163, 167, 172, 173, 174, 181, 182, 183, 185, I 209, 211, 214, 215, 217, 219, 244, 254 healthcare sector, 185, 186 healthcare systems, 130 heart disease, 12, 15, 19, 65, 109, 122, 202 high blood pressure (HBP), 77, 206, 208 high-income countries, xii, 30, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 79, 86, 93 HIV-AIDS,
35,37, 123 homelessness, 139 homicide, 40, 72, 122, 133, 138, 153, 174 hopelessness, 58, 73, 81, 104 hormones, 123 household income, 46, 206 Household Responsibility System, 184 housing, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 51, 77, 86, 135, 139, 147, 186 housing bubble, 86 Hubei, 194 hukou, 204, 205, 206, 208, 217, 220, 221 human, 32, 38, 52, 58, 60, 65, 114, 117, 136, 140, 146, 147, 180, 181, 184, 186, 217,218, 220, 233,261 human capital, 136, 140, 147, 184 human cost of the transition, 117 human development, 186, 218, 233, 261 Human Development Index, 18 human welfare, 181,220 humanitarian crises, 29 Hunan, 194 Hungary, 14, 114, 115, 117, 126, 147 husbandry, 5 hygiene, 38,42,60, 129, 185 hyperinflation, 115 hypertension, 133 1 ideology, 53, 87, 182, 210 IMF, 88, 92, 96, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111, 148 I
272 Index immigrants, 38, 50, 166, 176 influenza, 69 immigration, 197, 198 information and communication technology immune function, 83 (ICT), 27, 263 impact assessment, 101 infrastructure, xii, xiv, 26, 39, 40, 41, 50, import controls, 227 51, 160, 164, 165, 184, 224, 228, 246, imports, 45, 49, 76, 227, 229, 249, 251, 252 247, 248, 253 income distribution, 18, 29, 146, 162, 166 initial distortions, 115, 142 income inequality, 7, 35, 71, 73, 74, 109, injuries, 91, 96, 241 117, 137, 140, 146, 147, 159, 160, 162, Inner Mongolia, 194 163, 166, 167, 173, 174, 175, 186, 233, insecurity, 7, 37, 77, 148, 166 254 institutional capacity, 3, 161, 163, 166, 167 income support, 147 institutional change, 32,199 income tax, 102 institutionally protected, 197, 198 indebtedness of the farmers, 48 institutions, xii, 3, 26, 27, 29, 32, 44, 50, 51, independence, 227, 233 52, 53, 87, 103, 115, 140, 147, 148, 149, independent variable, 163 151, 160, 180, 185, 186, 188, 198, 209, India, v, viii, x, xiv, xv, 44, 45, 55, 120, 210, 216, 217, 218, 224, 226, 230 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, integration, 44, 83, 205, 249 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 249, 251, international competition, 225, 226 253, 254, 255, 263, 264 international competitiveness, 49 Indians, 230 International Labour Organization (ILO), 89 Indonesia, 96, 237 international migration, 31, 125 industrial restructuring, 125, 149, 173 International Monetary Fund, 88, 92, 96, Industrial Revolution, 5, 60, 61,62 101.102.108.110.111.148 industrialisation, 31, 38, 40, 71, 85, 182, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 88, 92, 210,215
96.101.102.108.110.111.148 industry, 73, 76, 80, 115, 226, 230, 231, 232 international relations, 183 inequalities in longevity, 58 international trade, 75 inequality, xiv, 7, 8, 24, 35, 36, 39, 51, 55, investment, 20, 35, 44, 49, 50, 52, 74, 86, 56, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 88, 99, 88, 95, 107, 110, 111, 163, 164, 165, 101, 102, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 167, 175, 184, 213, 215, 226, 228, 229, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140, 146, 147, 148, 230,234,247,248,251,255 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 160, 162, investment bank, 86, 88, 255 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173, 174, investments, 27, 87, 95, 102, 107, 184, 185, 175, 177, 182, 186, 188, 208, 217, 219, 212,215, 228,241,247,250 220,233,254,261,263 iron-rice bowl, 186 infant mortality, xii, 16, 19, 40, 41, 58, 60, irrigation, 45,46,48,49, 228, 248, 253 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 96, 97, 111, 204, ischaemic heart disease, 122 235, 237, 238, 242, 247 isolation, 58, 77, 137 infants, 39, 51 Italy, vii, x, xii, 25, 27, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, inflammation, 134 65, 67, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, inflation, 62,115, 250, 251, 252
Index 101, 106, 107, 111, 113, 121, 179, 261, 262, 263 I-------J ľH Japan, 15, 16, 27, 65,69, 96,211 Jharkhand, 242, 243, 245, 246 Jiang Zemin, 184 Jiangxi, 194 job creation, 30 job insecurity, 77, 107 job satisfaction, 81 job security, 74, 78, 107 jobless, 136 Kamchatka, 195 Karnataka, 253 Kazakhstan, 115 Kerala, 56, 242, 246, 253 Keynes, 19, 103 kinship network, 41 Komi, 195 Krugman, Paul, 84 լ labour force, 76, 197, 198 labour market, 14, 27, 73, 74, 76, 83, 85, 115, 126, 132, 134, 135, 148, 149, 150, 151, 181,205,218, 233 labour market integration, 218 labour turnover, xiii, 3, 5, 126, 134, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 167, 170, 174, 175, 195 Laos, 180 Latin America, 29, 31,192, 193 Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), 192, 193 1 273 Latinx, 73, 79, 80, 84, 85 Latinx populations, 73 Latvia, 119, 126,130, 135,152 layoffs, 135, 166, 175, 194 Lehman Brothers (crisis), 27, 86 leisure, 29, 95, 99, 147 level of education, 18, 124 Liaoning, 194 liberalisation, 26, 27, 28, 44, 45, 49, 55, 59, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 98, 100, 101, 103, 115, 125, 127, 129, 147, 149, 181, 184, 209, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 247, 249,251 liberalisation of capital movements, 44 liberalisation of prices, 184 life expectancy, v, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 33, 38, 39, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 86, 94, 96, 97, 99, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 124, 143, 144, 146, 153, 155, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180, 181, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 198, 199, 203, 205, 209,
210, 216, 234 life expectancy at birth, xii, 18, 33, 39, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, 72, 94, 114, 143, 144, 162, 186, 191,234 Lincoln, Abraham, 33, 34 Lithuania, 115, 119, 130, 132 liver, 6, 11, 12, 73, 122, 133 liver cirrhosis, 11, 12 liver disease, 6, 73 living conditions, 33, 185, 214 living environment, 199 local government, 47, 184, 211, 215 longevity, xi, xii, 14, 29, 58, 60, 64, 65, 70, 72, 94, 95, 97, 132, 204, 205 low-skilled workers, 75, 77 lung disease, 42
274 Index M migrants, 29, 30, 31, 39, 42, 125, 138, 205, 206, 208, 217 migration, xii, xiii, 3, 5, 8, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37,38, 39, 40,41,53, 56, 102, 115, 125, 138, 139, 149, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 205, 224 military dictatorship, 29 Millennium Development Goals, 241 minimum support prices (MSPs), 250, 251 minorities, 79, 80, 84, 85, 208 Moldova, 115, 138, 139 Mongolia, 180, 194 mono-industrial cities, 125 mono-industrial towns, 19, 135, 150 morbidity, 6, 20, 78, 105, 107, 108, 137, 150, 202 mortality crises, xii, xiii, 26, 50, 51, 58, 59, 64, 69, 71,97, 98, 99, 113, 176, 218, 254 mortality crisis, v, x, xii, xiii, 2, 3, 8, 9, 18, 23, 24,43, 71, 73, 95,97, 98, 105, 106, 114, 115, 118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 139, 142, 147, 148, 149, 151, 155, 159, 161, 162, 173, 176, 178,219,220 mortality rate, xiii, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15, 22, 58, 66, 67, 68, 72, 85, 96, 108, 110, 114, 117, 124, 125, 129, 159, 160, 162, 174, 194, 217, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 256,257,258 mortality risk, 39, 106, 138 Moscow, xvii, 152, 153, 154, 163, 165, 167, 175, 195, 259 multinational companies, 248 multinational enterprises, 196, 213 murders, xiii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 37, 133, 159, 162, 163, 166, 169, 176 macroeconomic stabilisation, 44, 102 magnitude, xiii, 22, 114, 139, 153, 161, 162, 165, 177, 239 Mahallas, 147 Maharashtra, 242, 253 major depression, 91, 107 Malaysia, 96 malignant neoplasms, 202 malnutrition, 129 manufacturing, 28, 59, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 85,98,100,185,226 manufacturing industry, 73, 76, 80, 226 Mao,x, 3, 184, 199 marginalisation, 45 marital status, 14, 135
market economy, xi, xiii, 1, 2, 8, 14, 34, 47, 113, 121, 137, 160, 161, 179, 183, 184, 211,216 market failure, 226, 255 marketisation, xiv, 173, 181, 186, 194, 198, 209,211,212,214 marriage, 16, 40, 77, 104, 117, 125, 138, 199 material deprivation, 41, 58, 82, 136 maternal mortality, 199, 201, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242, 247 meaninglessness, 58, 73, 82, 99, 100 medical, 33, 38, 94, 172, 188, 208, 219, 244 medical assistance, 38 medical care, 33 medical insurance, 208, 219 Mediterranean countries, 133 mental health, xii, 7, 58, 59, 72, 81, 84, 91, 92, 94, 97, 99, 100, 108 meta-analysis, 132 Middle East, 29, 192, 193 NAFTA, 75, 112 Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 192, 193 natural advantages, 184 natural disaster, x, 2 middle-income countries, 31, 75, 192, 199 N II
Index Nazi party, 100, 108 neoliberal economic reforms, 224 neoliberal phase, 190, 203, 208, 217 neoliberal reform(s), xiv, 45, 182, 196, 214, 215,216, 225,247 neoliberalism, 79, 106, 219, 234 Nepal, 181,235, 236, 237 nervous system, 69, 91 neuroendocrine system, 84 New Cooperative Medical Scheme, 187 New Deal, 96,104 Nobel Prize, 77, 84 non-communicable diseases, 239, 241, 243 North Africa, 192, 193 North America, 75, 112, 211 North American Free Trade Agreement, 75, 112 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 75, 112 North Caucasus, 169, 195 North China, 194 Northeast China, 194 Northern America, 31 Northern European countries, 102 Northwest China, 194 nutrition, 5, 7, 16, 33, 41, 53, 60, 129, 151, 155, 161,203, 233 0 II obesity, 7, 72, 134, 206, 208, 218 occupational mobility, 14, 132 Oceania, 31, 61, 211 Odisha, 244 old-age mortality, 69, 71, 93, 110, 162 Orissa, 242, 243 I p Pacific, 237, 238 Pakistan, 235, 237 і 275 Palestine, 31 Panama, 42, 43, 51, 55 Panama Canal, 42, 51, 55 participatory democracy, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146 peak longevity, xii, 65 pension plans, 7 pensioners, 93, 126 per capita expenditure, 95 perinatal, 131, 239, 243 physical activity, 95, 99 physical environment, 81 physical health, 78, 98 physical well-being, 104 Piketty, Thomas, 90, 102, 111, 233, 254 plague, xi, 2, 58 pneumonia, 36, 128, 241 poisoning, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 73, 97, 117, 122, 133 Poland, 5, 114, 117, 121, 129, 132, 135, 137, 140, 141, 147, 149, 153 policy responses, xiii, 59, 102, 112, 114, 148, 228 political participation, 139, 142, 148 political reforms, xii, xiii, 26, 35,
113, 224 pollution, 95,99, 161, 188 population density, 163, 170, 175 population growth, 29, 30, 31, 32, 233 poverty, 35, 44, 52, 55, 58, 88, 89, 93, 94, 102, 117, 123, 126, 140, 151, 153, 163, 164, 170, 176, 177, 180, 185, 261, 263 poverty eradication, 185 poverty line, 170, 176 poverty reduction, 35, 102, 180 Pradesh, Andhra, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 55, 242, 245, 246, 253 Pradesh, Madhya, 46, 55, 242, 243, 245 Pradesh, Uttar, 46, 55, 242, 243, 244, 246 premature death, 9, 67 presidential election, 164, 172, 176 Preston Curve, 145 prevention, 16, 185, 198, 241
276 Index price liberalisation, 44, 115, 149 private investment, 35, 234, 247 private sector, 197, 198, 217, 225, 230 privatisation, xi, 2, 9, 14, 19, 23, 44, 55, 77, 135, 146, 148, 149,182,186, 199, 209, 212, 225 productivity, 7, 27, 28, 40, 55, 185, 213, 228, 232, 250 productivity growth, 27 progressive tax, 96, 101 prosperity, xi, 25, 128, 221, 223 psychiatric morbidity, 78, 107 psychological distress, 105 psychological problems, 100 psychological states, 81, 83 psychological stress, 9, 176,216 psychosocial stress, 73, 132, 133, 134, 148, 149, 186 public choice theory, 140, 146 public expenditure on health, 115, 147 public expenditures, 233, 241 public health, xv, 33,43, 110, 112, 123, 130, 147, 199, 224, 239, 241, 244 public infrastructure, xii, 26, 224, 228, 247 public investment, 49, 50, 226, 248 public service, 38, 77, 140, 147, 182, 197, 255 purchasing power, 79, 132 r~.о quality of life, xi, 57, 209, 242 quantitative easing (QE), 102, 104, 111 R D, 27 rainforest, 42, 43 Rajasthan, 242, 243, 244, 253 rapid social change, 50 real income, 5, 7, 164, 165, 169, 175, 195 I recessions, 15, 16,17, 23, 33, 53, 62, 86,94, 95,96,98,114 recovery, 18, 115, 117, 164 reform, xiv, 35, 37, 44, 114, 120, 181, 183, 184, 185,186, 187,188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 196,198, 200, 205, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 239, 240, 242, 249 refugees, 31,125,138 regression, 145, 164, 169, 173, 174, 180, 193, 196, 200, 201, 204, 206, 207, 208 regression analysis, 204, 206 relative prices, 3, 9, 10, 130, 132, 160, 226 religion, 85,105 residence
permits, 125 resource allocation, 147 resources, xiv, 39, 45,46, 80, 81, 84, 85, 96, 134, 183, 195, 197, 198, 215, 217, 239 respiratory ailments, 121 risk, 7, 19, 23, 39, 40, 46, 48, 52, 69, 77, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 93, 95, 102, 103, 106, 108, 110, 125, 128, 129, 134, 138, 148, 149, 208 robotisation, 28, 53 Roman Empire, 60 Royal Society, 109, 110, 112 rural areas, 36, 40, 76, 184, 197, 202, 228, 239, 245, 247, 248 rural development, 185, 228, 247 rural people, 205 rural population, 40, 187, 203 rural reforms, 50 rural-urban migration, xii, 26, 31, 32, 36, 224 Russian regions, 14, 168, 171, 174 s sanctions, 33, 35 sanitation, 36, 39,41, 42,43, 51,60, 219
Index saturated fat, 130 savings, 52, 95, 137 Second World War, 160 securitisation, 86, 87 security, 34, 52, 74, 76, 77, 105, 107, 115, 135, 140, 147, 149, 196, 199, 232 self-destructive behaviours, 82, 85 self-reported health, 6, 78,107, 203 Sen, Amartya, 77, 112, 136, 154 services, iv, 28, 38, 49, 66, 83, 93, 98, 99, 135, 140, 147, 149, 161, 173, 182, 185, 186, 187, 198, 205, 218, 230, 231, 232, 234, 244, 248, 249 sex, 123, 132,256,257, 258 sexually transmitted diseases, 123 share of small enterprises in total employment, 163, 166 shock, 3, 8, 153, 160, 173, 177, 180, 181, 209, 210, 217 shock therapy, 153, 177, 180, 181, 209, 210, 217 Siberia, 133, 195 Sichuan, 194 skilled workers, 29, 75, 77 slavery, 2, 33, 34 slaves, 33, 34,51,53 Slovenia, 114, 115, 118, 119 small business, 103 small firms, 149, 184 smoking, 8, 14, 117, 124, 129, 130, 132, 135, 149, 161, 204, 205 social change, xi, 5, 35, 40, 50, 51, 52, 100 social class, 16, 50, 79, 98 social cohesion, 72, 85, 98, 131, 136, 147 social control, 38, 40, 41, 82, 83 social costs, xiii, 114 social development, 182, 211 social exclusion, 77, 83, 149 social group, 123, 181, 203, 208 social indicator, 16, 72, 160 social infrastructure, 38, 233 social integration, 82, 137 111 social isolation, 58, 77 social mobility, 78 social movements, 264 social network, 41, 52, 83 social relations, 39,73, 77, 85, 98, 99, 123, 136, 139 social relationships, 39, 77, 139 social security, 16, 185, 186, 199, 205 social services, 95, 101, 137, 199, 232, 242 social status, 7, 79, 83, 85, 123, 132, 155, 180 social stress, xi, 8, 52, 117, 180, 209
social support, 72, 85, 95,106 social welfare programmes, 69 socialist market economy, 183 society, 9, 40, 41, 51,52, 53, 73, 79, 83, 84, 95, 100, 101, 102, 103, 137, 182, 185, 203, 209, 216 socioeconomic status, 218 SOEs, 135, 182, 184, 194 South Africa, 29, 34, 35, 37, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56 South Asia, 29, 30, 31, 32, 192, 235 South Eastern Europe, 115 South Korea, 16, 27, 210, 212 Southeast Asia, 179, 193 Southeast Europe, 120 Southwest China, 194 Soviet Union, x, xi, xiv, 1, 2, 61, 62, 96, 115, 122, 125, 127, 129, 137, 147, 151, 152, 160, 181 Soviet-type communism, 29 Special Economic Zones, 184 SSA, 30,31,32, 192 state intervention, 184, 233, 242 state of emergency, 34 state-led development path, 182 state -led/influenced market economies/SMEs, 212 state-owned enterprises, 135, 182, 194 states, xii, xv, 2, 5, 7, 8, 20, 21, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75,
278 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89,90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 104, 108,109, 112, 115, 122, 125, 152, 154, 155, 181, 211, 224, 227, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255 statistics, 11, 12, 127, 131, 155, 168, 171 stock market, 7, 27, 103, 230 stratification, 32, 51, 53,137 stress factors, x, 3, 4, 8, 14, 166, 167, 170, 174 stress management, 29 stress response, 81 stress -buffering mechanisms, 85 stressful events, 81, 84 stressors, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 165 stress -related factors, xiii, 159, 160, 162, 165,166,167,172,173,174 structural adjustment, 26, 49, 96, 101, 225, 226 structural adjustment programmes, 26, 96, 101 structural changes, 230 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), 30, 31, 32, 192 suicide, xii, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 44,45, 46, 49, 77, 82, 84, 85, 91, 94, 95, 105, 110, 111, 112,122,132,133,160,253 suicide rate, 7, 16, 44, 46, 49, 94, 95, 112, 132 suicide(s), xii, xiii, xv, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 122, 132, 133, 148, 154, 159, 160, 162,169, 224, 229, 247, 248, 253, 254,255 Sustainable Development, 23, 237, 238, 255 systemic risk, 104 systolic pressure, 206 Index Taiwan, 210 Tamil Nadu, 242, 246, 253 tariff, 226, 227 tariff rates, 227 tax increase, 92 tax rates, 101 tax system, 115 taxation, 35, 92,101, 140, 146, 225, 230 taxes, 74, 101, 104 taxonomy, xii, 26 taxpayers, 103 Taylor, Lance, 74, 91, 104, 110, 218 ТВ, 36 technical assistance, 97, 149 technical support, 47 technological change, xii, 26 technologies, 50,
128 technology, 27, 215, 225, 228, 249, 263 telecommunications, 29 the role of the state in the economy, 26, 181 tobacco, 130, 134, 161 Township and Village Enterprises, 184 trade, 49, 59, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 85, 98, 99, 100, 103, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 147, 148, 162, 219, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231,247,249,251,252 trade liberalisation, 49, 59, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 85, 98, 99, 100, 103, 112, 136, 154, 227, 228, 247, 247 trade policy, 75 trade union, 115, 147, 148 transformation, xi, 25, 124, 198, 203, 223, 228, 232, 247 transition, xi, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 51, 53, 54, 55, 106, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,
279 Index 140, 143, 144, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 160, 164, 176, 177, 179, 181,183, 186,188, 190, 192, 193, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 261 transition countries, xiv, 136, 143, 144, 190, 192, 193, 195, 199, 200, 209, 210, 216 transition economies, 18, 106, 135, 146, 151, 177, 192,209,217,219 transitional recession, 129 transnational corporations (TNCs), 74 transport, 38, 228, 231, 248 treatment, 27, 37, 84, 186, 198 Trump, Donald, 80, 100, 110 tuberculosis, 38, 41, 96, 123, 239 Tyumen, 195 — United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 104, 261 United States, vii, xii, 7, 20, 21, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97,98, 100, 104, 108, 109, 112, 181,211 urban, xii, 26, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 125, 126, 165, 175, 187, 196, 198, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 217, 219, 224, 239, 244, 252 urban areas, 36, 38, 40, 43, 125, 126, 165, 198, 202, 204, 205, 217, 239, 244 Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI), 187 urban population, 165, 175, 187 Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance, 187 urbanisation, 6, 31, 37, 39, 40, 163, 166, 167, 197 ---Д user fees, xiv, 92, 93, 160 Uttaranchal, 243 Udmurtia, 126, 155 Ukraine, 15, 17, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 142, 152, 154 undernutrition, 129, 206, 208 unemployment, x, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 16, 17, 52, 55, 73, 77, 80, 81, 85, 88, 89, 91,93, 94, 95,97, 101, 106, 112, 115, 117, 123, 125, 126, 127, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 149, 150, 152, 153,
154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 174, 175, 180, 196, 198, 204, 205, 207, 209, 217, 233 unemployment insurance, 94 unemployment rate, 4, 5,15, 89,101,117, 162, 198, 233 unhappiness, 80, 84 United Kingdom, vii, xii, 42, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93,94, 97, 103,211 United Nations, 20, 30, 56, 104, 240, 261, 263 V vaccination, 131 vascular diseases, 8, 11 Vietnam, 3, 27, 160, 180 violence, 34, 36, 37, 41, 52, 135, 163 vodka sales, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171 vulnerability, 21, 51, 88, 253, 254 w wages, 38, 75, 79, 132, 185, 199 Wall Street, 86 war, 4, 61, 119, 127, 128, 160 Washington, 108, 110, 111, 112, 154, 155, 177, 180, 185, 209, 216, 224, 262 Washington Consensus, 180, 185, 209, 216, 224 waste, 166 IĮ
280 Index water, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 189, 231, 253 wealth, 39, 61, 101, 102, 112 weapons of mass destruction, 87 welfare, 20, 36, 40, 63, 69, 96, 98, 99, 101, 109, 114, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 196, 205, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 242 welfare system, 205 wellbeing, xi, 15, 25, 29, 59, 79, 95, 99, 102, 146, 223, 261, 262 wells, 45, 46 Western countries, 127, 134 Western Europe, 53, 121, 131,211 Western European countries, 121 White Americans, 23, 59, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80,81,84,97 workers, 7, 29, 31, 34, 42, 43, 44, 50, 74, 75, 76, 79, 89, 110, 123, 135, 136, 137, 186, 199, 205, 232, 233 workforce, 40, 95, 232 Working-Age Men, 69 work-related stress, 95, 99 World Bank, 61, 67, 68, 96, 130, 153, 234, 235, 236, 240, 255, 262 World Development Report, 60 World Happiness Report, 23, 98 World Health Organization (WHO), 57,70, 106, 112, 186,221,262 World Trade Organization (WTO), 76, 185, 227, 255 World War I, 61, 101 1 Xi Jinping, 185 Xiaoping, Deng, 184 Xinjiang, 194 yellow fever, 42, 43 Yugoslavia, 119 Yunnan, 194 f Bayerische І Staatsbibliothek Լ München x I |
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| author2 | Popov, Vladimir Vladimirovič ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_facet | Popov, Vladimir Vladimirovič ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| contents | Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries : what are the lessons for other countries? / Vladimir Popov -- A theory of why potentially favourable political and economic changes may lead to mortality crises / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crises in high-income countries : evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece / Roberto De Vogli -- The mortality crisis of the former Soviet bloc countries, 1989-2014 / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crisis in Russia revisited : evidence from a cross-regional comparison / Vladimir Popov -- The path of economic development and health status : evidence from China / Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti -- Policy reform from the early 1990s and changes in health status in India : 1991-2016 / C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1182832001 (DE-599)BVBBV046783394 |
| era | Geschichte 1989- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1989- |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05386nam a22007098c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046783394</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20210122 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">200629s2020 |||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781536173680</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-53617-368-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1182832001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV046783394</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">When life expectancy is falling</subfield><subfield code="b">mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context</subfield><subfield code="c">Vladimir Popov, [editor]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York</subfield><subfield code="b">Nova Science Publishers, Inc.</subfield><subfield code="c">[2020]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xviii, 280 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Public health in the 21st century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries : what are the lessons for other countries? / Vladimir Popov -- A theory of why potentially favourable political and economic changes may lead to mortality crises / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crises in high-income countries : evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece / Roberto De Vogli -- The mortality crisis of the former Soviet bloc countries, 1989-2014 / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crisis in Russia revisited : evidence from a cross-regional comparison / Vladimir Popov -- The path of economic development and health status : evidence from China / Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti -- Policy reform from the early 1990s and changes in health status in India : 1991-2016 / C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This book is an attempt to analyse the unfavourable developments in the dynamics of mortality and life expectancy in post- communist countries in the global context. It appears that this mortality crisis in post-communist countries has a lot of similarities with the recent unfavourable developments in health status in developed countries and many developing countries. Such unfavourable trends have been caused by socio-economic, 'non-material' factors, namely by a loss of social dynamism and/or stress, associated with economic restructuring and social adjustments. First, the stagnation of life expectancy in the former Soviet Union in 1965-90, after the rapid increase in 1920-65, is an important, under-researched phenomenon that enables study of the impact of the loss of social dynamism on health status. Second, the decline in life expectancy in the 1990s enables study of the impact of social stress on health status. Simplifying things, one can say that in the first case, life expectancy did not improve because there were too few changes in life, whereas in the second case, it declined due to excess changes that created stress. In both cases, however, the problem is that of finding an optimal measure of social changes that are beneficial to the quality of life and its longevity. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV046783394 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:50:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:53:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781536173680 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032192513 |
| oclc_num | 1182832001 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xviii, 280 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210122 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Nova Science Publishers, Inc. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Public health in the 21st century |
| spelling | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context Vladimir Popov, [editor] New York Nova Science Publishers, Inc. [2020] © 2020 xviii, 280 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Public health in the 21st century Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries : what are the lessons for other countries? / Vladimir Popov -- A theory of why potentially favourable political and economic changes may lead to mortality crises / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crises in high-income countries : evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece / Roberto De Vogli -- The mortality crisis of the former Soviet bloc countries, 1989-2014 / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crisis in Russia revisited : evidence from a cross-regional comparison / Vladimir Popov -- The path of economic development and health status : evidence from China / Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti -- Policy reform from the early 1990s and changes in health status in India : 1991-2016 / C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh "This book is an attempt to analyse the unfavourable developments in the dynamics of mortality and life expectancy in post- communist countries in the global context. It appears that this mortality crisis in post-communist countries has a lot of similarities with the recent unfavourable developments in health status in developed countries and many developing countries. Such unfavourable trends have been caused by socio-economic, 'non-material' factors, namely by a loss of social dynamism and/or stress, associated with economic restructuring and social adjustments. First, the stagnation of life expectancy in the former Soviet Union in 1965-90, after the rapid increase in 1920-65, is an important, under-researched phenomenon that enables study of the impact of the loss of social dynamism on health status. Second, the decline in life expectancy in the 1990s enables study of the impact of social stress on health status. Simplifying things, one can say that in the first case, life expectancy did not improve because there were too few changes in life, whereas in the second case, it declined due to excess changes that created stress. In both cases, however, the problem is that of finding an optimal measure of social changes that are beneficial to the quality of life and its longevity. The main goal of this book is to analyse common reasons for these developments in order to derive lessons from the experiences of particular countries"-- Geschichte 1989- gnd rswk-swf Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd rswk-swf Sterblichkeit (DE-588)4057312-6 gnd rswk-swf Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd rswk-swf Mortality / Former communist countries / History Mortality / Economic aspects Life expectancy / Former communist countries / History Life expectancy / Economic aspects Medical policy / Former communist countries / History Medical policy / Economic aspects Life expectancy Medical policy Mortality Former communist countries History (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 s Sterblichkeit (DE-588)4057312-6 s Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 s Geschichte 1989- z DE-604 Popov, Vladimir Vladimirovič ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)1187865141 edt Online version When life expectancy is falling New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2020] 9781536173697 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192513&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192513&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries : what are the lessons for other countries? / Vladimir Popov -- A theory of why potentially favourable political and economic changes may lead to mortality crises / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crises in high-income countries : evidence from the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Greece / Roberto De Vogli -- The mortality crisis of the former Soviet bloc countries, 1989-2014 / Giovanni Andrea Cornia -- Mortality crisis in Russia revisited : evidence from a cross-regional comparison / Vladimir Popov -- The path of economic development and health status : evidence from China / Yue Teng and Luca Bortolotti -- Policy reform from the early 1990s and changes in health status in India : 1991-2016 / C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd Sterblichkeit (DE-588)4057312-6 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4318539-3 (DE-588)4057312-6 (DE-588)4998161-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context |
| title_auth | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context |
| title_exact_search | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context |
| title_exact_search_txtP | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context |
| title_full | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context Vladimir Popov, [editor] |
| title_fullStr | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context Vladimir Popov, [editor] |
| title_full_unstemmed | When life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context Vladimir Popov, [editor] |
| title_short | When life expectancy is falling |
| title_sort | when life expectancy is falling mortality crises in post communist countries in a global context |
| title_sub | mortality crises in post-communist countries in a global context |
| topic | Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd Sterblichkeit (DE-588)4057312-6 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozioökonomischer Wandel Sterblichkeit Postkommunismus Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192513&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032192513&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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