Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union:
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Abbreviations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Watching Television, Emotional Bonding, and Political Communication in the Late Soviet Union xv 1 TV Sets Capturing Soviet Homes 2 Winning the Time, Hearts, and Minds of the Viewers 37 3 Negotiating the Boundaries of Popular Culture: Soviet Television, Leisure, and the Educational Mission 91 Working with “Emotional Means”: Soviet Television’s Relationship with the Audience 129 Addressing the Viewer-Consumer: Consumer Issues on Soviet TV 161 4 5 1 Conclusion and Epilogue 195 Bibliography 209 Index 237 About the Author 245 vii
Bibliography ARCHIVES GARF (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federateli) f. 6903: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchaniiu op. 1: Sekretariat predsedatelia i otdel kadrov, 1933-1970 g.g. d. 499, 1956: Stenogramma soveshchaniia u nachaľnika upravleniia po voprosam razvitiia televideniia ot 1 fevralia 1956 goda. d. 542,1958: Pis’ma v TsK KPSS i SM SSSR o rabote Komiteta. d. 578, 1959: Pis’ma v TsK KPSS i SM SSSR o rabote Komiteta, t. 1. d. 612, 1959: Stenogramma zasedaniia obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 613, 1959: Protokoly zasedanii obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 623, 1960: Pis’ma v TsK KPSS o rabote komiteta. d. 666, 1960: Protokoly zasedanii obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 667, 1960: Dokumenty o rabote obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia (spravki, predlozheniia). d. 724, 1961: Protokoly zasedanii obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 869, 1965: Stenogramma zasedaniia sektscii televideniia konferentsii „Televidenie i kritika” g. Moskva. d. 883, 1965: Spravka otdela pisem Komiteta o rabote s pis’mami zritelei, poluchennykh Tsentraľnym televideniem v 1965 g. d. 894, 1966: Protokoly NoNo 17, 18 zasedanii Komiteta i materiały k nim. op. 3: Nauchno-technicheskii otdel, 1917-1970 d. 130, 1959: Protokol i stenogrammy konferentsii radioslushatelei i telezritelei g. Permi, Sverdlovska. 209
210 Bibliography d. 147, 1960: Stenogramma vstrechi rabotnikov Tsentr. studii televideniia s telezriteliami g. Kaluga. d. 178, 1962: Stenogramma vstrechi rabotnikov radio і televideniia s trudjashchimisia zavodov imeni Iľicha, gidroagregatov “Kauchuk,” “Elektrosvet.” d. 184, 1962: Itogovaia spravka o rezuľtatakh anketnogo oprosa telezritelei о dnevnykh programmaci tsentraľnogo televidenia. d. 185, 1962: Spravka NMO o neobkhodimosti izucheniia auditorii radioslushatelei i telezritelei Vsesoiuznogo radio i televideniia. d. 208, 1963: Itogovaia spravka o rezuľtatakh anketnogo oprosa radioslushatelei i telezritelei “O roli radioveshchaniia i televideniia v kuľtumom i ėsteticheskom vospitanii naseleniia” i dokumenty k nei. d. 277, 1965: Itogovaia spravka o rezuľtatakh sots, issledovaniia populiamosti radio i telev. program, provedennogo na predpr. g. Moskvy. d. 289, 1965, Dokumenty o provedenii ezhednevnogo operativnogo oprosa zhitelej Moskvy i Mosk. obl. o peredachakh Vsesoiuznogo radio i TsT, t. 2. d. 306, 1965: Referat “Zriteľ ֊ o televidenii, televidente - zriteliu,” podgot. NMO dlia seminara v g. Aleksandrii (ARE). d. 319, 1966: Polozhenie o NMO. Kopita. d. 320, 1966: Stenogramma sovmestnogo soveshchaniia NMO i sotsiologicheskoi gruppy Akademii obshchestvennykh nauk pri TsK KPSS na temu “Izuchenie radio i televizionnoi auditorii i effektivnosti veshchaniia.” d. 403,1967: Programma sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniia NMO po teme “Struk tura zaprosov і trebovanii radiosi, і telezr. po printsipu intellektual’noi vertikali.” d. 404,1967: Otchet о sotsiologicheskom issledovanii na
temu “Ob effektivnosti informatsii i propagandy na vneshnepoliticheskie temi po radio і televideniiu” dlia naseleniia Sovetskogo soiuza. d. 417, 1967: Statisticheskie tablitsy o rezuľtatach issledovanii televizionnoi auditoria v 1967 godu. d. 563, 1970: Otchet NMO ob issledovanii temu: “Effektivnosť tsentraľnykh i mestnykh programm radioveshchaniia і televideniia po chetyrem oblastiam. Zaprosy і trebovaniia radioslushatelei і telezritelei v zavisimosti ot urovnia intellektuaľnogo razvitiia.” op. 10: Otdely pisem. Tsentraľnogo televideniia. Tsentraľnogo vnutrisoiuznogo radioveshchaniia. Tsentraľnogo Radioveshchaniia na zarubezhnye strany, 19521970 gg. d. 18, 1959: Obzory pisem telezritelei i spravki o rabote s pis’mami za 19581959 gg. d. 34,1963: Godovoi obzor pisem i obzory pisem za ianvar’-mai radioslushatelei Tsentraľnogo Vnutrisoiuznogo Radioveshchaniia, Tsentraľnogo Radioveshcha niia na zarubezhnye strany i Tsentraľnogo televideniia za 1963. d. 44,1963: Obzor pisem radioslushatelei i telezritelei, postupivshikh v dni podgotovki k plenumu TsK KPSS 18 iiunia 1963 g. d. 46, 1963: Obzor pisem telezritelei ob uluchshenii programm Tsentraľnogo televideniia, podgotovlennyi nauchno-metodicheskim otdelom. d. 58, 1964: Obzory pisem radioslushatelei (sovetskikh i zambezhnykh) i telez ritelei za ianvar‘-mart, iiul‘-dekabr‘ 1964.
Bibliography 211 d. 64, 1965: Obzor pisem telezriteli za ianvať 1965. d. 66, 1965: Obzor pisem telezritelei za apreľ-avgust, oktiabr’ 1965. d. 70, 1966: Analiz pisem telezritelei za period s 1964 po 1966. d. 79, 1968: Godovoi obzor pisem telezritelei za 1968 g. d. 89, 1969: Obzory pisem telezritelei za ianvať-dekabr’ 1969 g. d. 101, 1970: Godovoi obzor pisem telezritelei za 1970 g. op. 28, 1963-1970 gody: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SM SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchaniiu (1963 - dekabr’ 1965 g.), Komitet po radioveshchaniiu i televi deniiu pri SM SSSR (dekabr’ 1965 - iiuľ 1970 g.) d. 31, 1967, t. 3, Pis’ma v TsK KPSS, Verkhovnyi Sovet SSSR i RSFSR i TsK VLKSM po voprosam deiateľnosti Gosudarstvennogo Komiteta Sověta Minis trov SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchiiu. op. 31, 1955-1971 gg.: Tsentraľnoe televidenie. Glavnata direktsiia programm. Tsentraľnaia studita televideniia (TsST), 1951-1960 gg. Tsentraľnoe televidenie s 1960 goda d. 2, 1956: Stenogramma konferentsii telezritelei zavoda “Optika” g. Krasnogorska. d. 14, 1959: Stenogramma zasedaniia Obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri Tsentraľnoi studií televideniia. d. 61, 1968: Zamechaniia otdela retsenzirovaniia po peredacham TsT. op. 36: Tsentraľnoe televidenie. Otdel pisem, 1971-1975 gg. d. 1, 1971: Godovoi obzor pisem i obzory pisem telezritelei za ianvať-dekabr’ 1971. d. 18, 1973: Obzor pisem telezritelei za Apreľ 1973 g. d. 40, 1975: Obzor pisem telezritelei. Ianvar’ 1975 g. op. 48 ch. 1: Tsentr nauchnogo programmirovaniia d. 10, 1971: Osveshchenie podgotovki k XXIV s”ezdu KPSS v
informatsionnopublitsisticheskikh programmakh TsT za dekabr’ 1970. d. 21,1971: “Chto govorilos’ o televidenii і radioveshchanii na XX, XXI, ХХП, ХХПІ s”ezdach KPSS.” Spravka. d. 22, 1971: Svedeniia anketnogo oprosa auditorii teleperedachi “Leninskii uni versitet millionov.” d. 48, 1971: Kuznecov V. G. Obzor peredach TsT SSSR s uchastiem delegatov ХХГѴ s”ezda KPSS (31 marta - 7 aprelia 1971). d. 55,1971: Mironovich G. M. Rubriki obshchestvenno-politicheskikh peredach TsT v 1970. d. 175, 1973: Mironovich G. A. “Programmy TsT, osveshchaiushchie khod і razvitie sotsialisticheskogo sorevnovaniia v strane.” GARO (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rostovskoi Oblasti) f. R-4237: Rostovskii oblastnoi komitet po radioveshchaniiu i televideniiu op. 1 (prod.): Televidenie. Redaktsiia pisem d. 876, 1963: Materiały redaktsii pisem, tom П. d. 877, 1963: Materiały redaktsii pisem, tom III.
212 Bibliography d. 1051, 1964: Materiały televizionnykh peredach redaktsii otdela pisem, tom ПІ. op. 2 (prod.): Televidenie. Redaktsiia pisem d. 677, 1969: Dokumenty televizionnykh peredach promyshlennoi redaktsiia. d. 754, 1969: Dokumenty teleperedach redaktsii pisem, d. 759, 1969: Dokumenty teleperedach redaktsii pisem. RGANI (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii) f. 5: Apparat tsentraľnogo komiteta KPSS (1949-1991 gg.) op. 33: Otdely TsK KPSS d. 106. op. 67: Otdely TsK KPSS (1974) d. 133, 1974/75. op. 90: Otdely TsK KPSS (1984) d. 90, 1984/85. RGAKFD (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv kinofotodokumentov) Fotodokumenty: 0-212658 ch/b: S. Tartakovskii. Mashinist depo im. Il’icha Zapadnoi zheleznoi dorogi Korolev s sem’ei v novoi kvartire v vysotnom zdanii u Krasnykh vorot za prosmotrom televizora, Moskva, dekabť 1952. 0-229243 ch/b: Bez avtora. Sem’iaprepodavateliaEgor’evskogo stankostroiteľnogo tekhnikuma I. V. Firsova u televizora, Moskovskaia oblasť, iiun’ 1952. 1-4232 tsv: V. S. Tarasevich. Brigadiry stroiteľnogo kombinata Madalin Mamadaliev (sleva) i Abitbai Tokhtabaev s sem’iami smotriat televizor, p’iut chai, Uzbekistan, Syrdar’inskaia obi., 1957-1959. 1-104926 ch/b: D. Pirogov. Rabotnitsa miasokombinata A. V. Kostina u televizora v svoei novoi kvartire, Moskva, avril’ 1963. 1-88353 ch/b: I. Krasutskii. Kolkhoznik kolkhoza im. Frunze V. L. Atroshkin s zhenoi v svoem dome v derevne Zabroďe, Mogilevskaia oblasť/Belorussiia, oktiabť 1966. TsAOPIM (Tsentraľnyi arkhiv obshchestvennopoliticheskoi istorii Moskvy) f. 2930: Partkom Gosudarstvennogo komiteta
sověta ministrov SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchaniiu, Moskvoretskij raion g. Moskvy op. 1, 1957-1970 gg. d. 158, 1964: Protokoly partsobranij, zasedanie partsobraniia redaktsii program, otdela pisem, redaktsii informatsii. d. 383, 1966: Protokoly zasedanii partkoma pervichnoi partorg. TsT.
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Bibliography 217 Sapunov, Boris. “Televidenie v sisteme sociaUsticheskoi kul’tury.” In Televidenie vchera, segodnja, zavtra-’86, edited by Eduard Efimov. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1986. Savastjuk Anton I. et al., eds. Sovetskaia obraz zhizni: Soderzhanie, struktura, din amika. Minsk: Izdatek stvo Narodnaia As veta, 1980. Smith, Hedrick. The New Russians. New York: Random House, 1990. Televidenie i deti, edited by Gosteleradio, Centr nauchnogo programmirovaniia and Nauchno-issledovateľskii institut obshchich problem vospitaniia APN SSSR. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1976. Tovamyi slovar’, vol. 7: Plavki-svekla, edited by Ivan A. Pugachev. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatekstvo torgovoj literatury, 1959. Vorob’eva, Liudmila I. et al., eds. Domovodstvo: Vil i ѴШ klassy. Minsk: Izdatek stvo Narodnaia Asveta, 1964. CONTEMPORARY PERIODICALS Iskusstvo kino Krokodil Literatumaia gazeta Novyi mir Ogonek Pravda Sovetskaia kuktura Sovetskaia pechať Sovetskoe radio i televidenie Zhumalist EXPLICITLY QUOTED INTERVIEWS Experts Boris M. Firsov, October 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. He was bom in 1929 in Saransk, was professor of sociology, and was director of Leningrad TV station 1962-1966. Evelina E., October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova and Sofia Kontorovich. Evelina E. was bom in Rostov-on-Don in 1935, was graduated from Moscow Insti tute of Culture, and served as television director of Rostov television station from 1958 until the early 1990s. Liudmila, October 2010, Irkutsk by Michail Rozhanskii. Liudmila was bom in Irkutsk in 1955, television journalist, graduated from university,
and started to work at the local TV station on the basis of an internship in 1974. Roman R„ October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova and Sofia Kontorovich. Roman was bom in 1934, and is a graduate from Moscow Library Institute, a direc tor, and a documentary filmmaker.
218 Bibliography V. V., November 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. V. V., male, was bom in 1948, graduated from Kuibyshev (Samara) Pedagogical Institute, and worked at Kuibyshev television from 1973 to 1999. Valentina V., November 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Valentina V. was bom in Orenburg region in 1937 and graduated from the Alma-Ata university department of journalism. She first worked for several newspapers before she was hired as edi tor at Kuibyshev (Samara) television in late 1965. FORMER VIEWERS Anonymous participants of a table talk: The talk was conducted by Oľga Galanova with some of her relatives in a small city in Nizhnii Novgorod region in August 2014. Al’bina, January 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Al’bina was bom in 1941, graduated from a technical university, and worked as engineer. Aleksandr Nikolaevich, April 2010, Iaroslavľ by Anna Tikhomirova. Aleksandr was bom in 1949 and graduated with a PhD from university. Aleksandra, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Aleksandra was bom in Leningrad in 1931. She has a doctorate in biology. Aleksandra Apollonovna, November 2011, Tyumen by phone by Elena Mingaleva. Aleksandra Apollonovna was bom in Rostov-on-Don in 1938 and lives in Tyumen since 1967. She graduated from a philological faculty and worked as translator and language teacher for English and German. Her father was a White Army emigrant to Paris who returned to the Soviet Union and was shot in 1941. Her mother was an accountant. Anastasija, February 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Anastasija was bom in Leningrad in
1954. She graduated from a technological university. Anatolii, November 2011, Moscow by Kirsten Bönken Anatolii was bom in 1957 and graduated from university. Anatolii Ivanovich, December 2011, Dzerzhinsk, Nizhnyi Novgorod region by Elena Mingaleva via phone. Anatolii was bom in 1950 and finished secondary education. Anna B., March 2012, Germany by Vadim Korolik. Anna B. is of German origin and was bom in Kazakhstan in 1955. She finished a secondary school, and went to a pedagogical institute that she did not complete. She worked as kindergarten teacher and lived in Kazakhstan and in Altai region for a while before the family moved back to Kazakhstan in 1963. Antonina, December 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Antonina was bom in 1947, graduated from a technical university, and worked as engineer. Elena, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Elena was bom in Lenin grad in 1961 and graduated from the faculty of economics of Leningrad university. Elena Sergeevna, October 2010, in Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. She grew up in a small village in Astrakhan region, moved to Kuibyshev (Samara), and gradu ated from the local history department. She worked as teacher and today works as saleswoman.
Bibliography 219 Georgii, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Georgii was bom in Leningrad in 1953, graduated from university, and works as a public employee in St. Petersburg. He was a member of the Communist Party. His father was a scientist and doctor. He was also a member of the Communist Party and worked a while for the KGB. Igor, March 2011, Moscow by Kirsten Bönker. Igor was born near Moscow in 1949 and finished secondary school. Irina Alekseevna, March 2012, Omsk by Elena Mingaleva by phone. Irina Alek seevna was bom in the village of Kochenevo/Novosibirsk region in 1958. She finished secondary school and worked as a cook. Irina N., July 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Irina was bom in Chemjakhovsk in 1953, Kaliningrad region; her family moved to Kuibyshev (Samara) region in 1957. She finished secondary school and worked as accountant. Ivan, March 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Ivan was bom in the city of Efremov, Tula region, in 1955. He studied at the workers’ faculty in Leningrad, obtained a PhD in philosophy, and worked as an assistant professor before he switched over to a private enterprise offering business consulting in the 1990s. He was a member of the Communist Party. Katia, July 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Katia was bom in Leningrad in 1955. She graduated from the faculty of biology Leningrad State University. She worked for years as a translator in Soviet times and as an editor of St. Petersburg 5-ii Kanal from 2004 to 2009. Konstantin, January 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Konstantin was bom in Kokchetav
(Kokshetau)/Kazakhstan in 1941, is higher educated, and graduated from Leningrad university, faculty of history. Liubov’ Aleksandrovna, August 2012, Lilienthal (Germany) by E. Peters. Liubov’ was bom in 1950 and lived in Leninsk-Kuznetskii, Kemerovo region. She finished secondary school. Liudmila, September 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Liudmila was bom in Chapaevsk in 1951, Samara region, and finished secondary school. Liudmila, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Liudmila was bom in Penza region in 1942 and moved to Leningrad in 1962. She finished secondary school. Liudmila, January 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Liudmila was bom in a small village in Arkhangel’sk region in 1951 and moved to Leningrad in 1964. She graduated from the polytechnic and worked as metallurgical engineer. Liudmila Iur’evna, October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova. The interview was conducted together with Liudmila Vasil’evna. Liudmila Iur’evna was bom in North Caucasus in 1958. She was raised for some years in an orphanage and lived with her teacher’s family in Rostov-on-Don from 1970 on. She is a radio cutter. Liudmila Vasil’evna, October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova. The inter view was conducted together with Liudmila Iur’evna. Liudmila Vasil’evna bom in the small town Matveev-Kurgan, Rostov-on-Don region in 1946, and is higher educated. Masha, September 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Masha was bom in Leningrad in 1946 and graduated from university.
220 Bibliography Mikhail, December 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Mikhail was bom in Leningrad in 1952; he holds a doctoral degree in meteorology. Mikhail G., July 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Mikhail G. was bom in Samara region in 1948, graduated from university, and worked as engineer of telecommunication. Nadezhda Ivanovna, August 2010, Usol’e-Sibirskoe, Irkutsk region by Alexander Ermakov. Nadezhda was bom in 1950, and is higher educated. Nataľia G., February 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Natal’ia was bom in Leningrad in 1951 and graduated from university. Natal’ia Petrovna, October 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Nataľia was bom in Samara region in 1946, finished secondary school, and managed a trade company. Nikolai, January 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Nikolai was bom in Briansk region in 1940 and moved to Leningrad in the 1960s. He graduated from university and was member of the Communist Party. Oleg Igor’evich, November 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Oleg was bom in a village in Kuibyshev (Samara) region in 1958, and is higher educated. Oľga, March 2012, Germany by Julia Schmidt. Oľga is of German origin and was bom in Karaganda in 1957. She completed a technical secondary school. Oľga Nikolaevna, October 2010, Irkutsk by E. Ivanova. Oľga Nikolaevna was bom in Irkutsk in 1964. She graduated both from a technical and in addition from an economic college. Afterward, she worked in a housing trust. Rudoľf N., July 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Rudol’f N. was bom in Tashkent in 1940. He graduated from a technical institute
and worked as engineer in Iran at times. Ruslan, October 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Ruslan was bom in Kuiby shev (Samara) in 1968. He had secondary education and works as driver at the time of the interview. Svetlana Vladimirovna, June 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Svetlana was bom in Kuibyshev (Samara) in 1947, has specialized secondary education/technical col lege, and is member of CPSU. Tamara, December 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Tamara was bom in Kazakhstan in 1944, and lived in the Far North before she moved to Leningrad. She graduated from the faculty of physics and mathematics of the Pedagogical University of Astana. Tat’iana, March 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Tat’iana was bom in a village in Gor’kii (Nizhnii Novgorod) region in 1949, and moved to Leningrad in 1972. She has secondary education and worked in a woodworking factory. Tat’iana Iakovlevna, October 2010, Irkutsk by E. Ivanova. Tat’iana was bom in Irkutsk in 1964, and graduated from the faculty of law of Irkutsk university. She works in the state administration. Valerii Nikolaevich, August 2010, Usol’e-Sibirskoe, Irkutsk region by Alexander Ermakov. Valerii was bom in 1958, and has secondary education. Vladimir Ivanovich, April 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Vladimir Iva novich was bom in Leningrad in 1958, and has specialized secondary education. Vladimir Jakovlevich, October 2010, Irkutsk by E. Ivanova. Vladimir was bom in 1947, and graduated from university.
Bibliography 221 Waldemar, February 2012, Germany by Vadim Koralik. Waldemar was bom in Novosibirsk in 1946. He is of German origin; his parents were deported to a NKVD sovkhoz near Novosibirsk, where his father worked as a transport worker. Walde mar is married to Zoia; he completed a technical secondary school. Yuri, October 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. He was bom in Leningrad in 1938 and graduated from university with a diploma in engineering. Yuri Vasil’evich, July 2010, Samara region by Elena Zhidkova. Yuri was bom in Kuibyshev (Samara) in 1951, and graduated from university. He was member of the CPSU and deputy of the district soviet. Zina, March 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Zina was bom in Leningrad in 1949 and completed secondary education. Zinaida Michailovna, July 2010, Tol’iatti, Samara region by Elena Zhidkova. Zinaida was bom in Riazan’ region in 1937, graduated from Moscow pharmaceutical insti tute, and worked as teacher. Zoia, February 2012, Germany by Vadim Koralik. She was bom in Novosibirsk in 1947. She is married to Waldemar and of German origin. She completed a techni cal secondary school. INTERNET SOURCES AND WEBSITES http://www.ceae.ru/SSSR.htm. http://cccp.tv. http://www.euscreen.eu/. http://gtrf.rn/. http://www.mfk.ch/femsehen.html. http://www.mojgorod.ru/pskovsk_obl/pskov/index.html. http://www.TeachingAmericanHistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=176. http://tv-80.ru/. http://tvmuseum.ra. http://www.wdr.de/bilder/mediendb/Fotostrecken/wdr5/themenwochen_und_specia
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Index Aď’iutant ego prevoskhoditeľstva (The Adjutant of His Excellency), 64 Adorno, Theodor W., 105 adult evening classes (narodnye universitety), 110 advice literature, 2,14, 20-24, 26-27, 164 advice programs, 2, 30n5, 136, 143, 145, 165-68, 170, 173-76, 178, 183, 189n32, 202 Alio, my ishchem talanty! (Hello, We’re Looking for Talents!), 19 Anders, Günther, 17, 105 Andronikov, Iraklii, 116 Annenskii, Lev A., 17 A пи-ka, devushki! {Let’s Go, Girls!), xix, 5, 65 A пи-ka, раті! {Let’s Go, Boys!), xix, 5, 19, 65 arts, xxxvii; on television, 107, 113-14, 118; television and performing arts, 91-96, 98-99, 102-4, 106, 114, 117, 120-21, 198-99, 202 audience research, xxx, 62-64, 114, 130, 133-37, 144, 166; NMO {Nauchno-metodicheskii otdel, Scientific-Methodological Department), 38, 41, 81nl0, 82nl7, 101, 106-7, 109, 126n96, 134-37; staff, !35, 137-38, 145 authoritative discourse, xvii-xviv, xxvxxvi, xxix, ХХХІХПІ2, 30, 48-50, 62, 150-52, 159ПІ16, 162-63, 172, 174, 177-84, 196-98, 201-3, 205 Bakhtin, Mikhail, xxv-xxvi, xxxixnl2, 196-97 Bhabha, Homi К., xxv-xxvi, 196, 203 Bol ’she khoroshikh tovarov (More good products), xxxviii, 147, 150, 163, 175, 177-78, 179, 180-83 books, xxvii, 29, 61, 73, 94; housekeeping books, 2, 164; reading of, 14, 20, 22, 42-43, 73, 104, 108, 118; television programs on, 107 Boretskii, Rudol’f, 137, 139 Brezhnev, Leonid L, 3, 45, 177, 2067nl2 Brezhnev era, xxii, 21, 56, 120-21, 163, 197-98, 204 capitalism, 47, 66, 70, 94 censorship, xvi, xix, 23, 67-68, 88nll7, 98, 121 Central Television, xxxviii, 2, 98, 103; airtime of, 3, 52, 93, 101; 237
238 Index broadcasting movies, 96-97; color TV, 14; educational programs, 10911; letter department of, 41, 114, 131, 190n45; letters to, 61, 73, 113; meeting with viewers, 38, 100-101; political programs, 66; programming policy, 5, 55-56, 63, 114, 126n96; range of, 3-4, 38; relation with local TV stations, 4 Certeau, Michel de, xxvii-xxviii, 48 Chartier, Roger, xxvii, 121, 121n6 Chelovek i zakon (Person and law), 146, 168 children, 22, 138, 165, 189n32; children’s programs, 41, 56, 118, 132; editorial office of children programming, 138,141; as viewers, 20, 57, 71-72, 109-13 Chto? Gde? Kogda? (What? Where? When?), 138 cinema, 104, 106-9, 113, 115, 119, 125n80, 150; competition with, 107; editorial office for, 138,141; and television, xxxiv, 2-3, 23, 69, 95-99, 103, 110 Cold War, 54, 73, 200; competition between the blocs, xxi-xxii, 1, 50, 52, 67, 92, 163; confrontation, 4749, 196; Western observation of the Soviet system, xx collective farmers, 29, 63 communication: political, xvii-xviii, xx, xxxviii, 58, 93, 129, 144, 147, 153, 163, 202; private, 17, 38, 60, 148, 196; public, xvi-xvii, 139 communism, xxiii, 45, 73, 104, 140, 162, 171, 182, 186 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSS), xviii, xx, xxiii, xxxixnn5-6, 3-1, 6, 30, 58, 62, 64-65, 68, 75, 79, 84, 93, 95, 125ո80, 131, 133, 135, 137, 143-45, 147, 154ո7, 156ո44, 162-64, 169,172-73, 185; attitudes of party officials toward television, 21, 44-45, 74, 130, 140, 146, 167, 201-2; congresses and meetings, xvi, xxix, 3, 45, 63, 65-66, 94, 140, 175, 177; letters to party institutions, 129, 148^19, 151-52,161; party
members, 49, 53, 62-64, 67, 80, 87nl07, 88nll7, 89nl41, 142, 147, 155n25; party officials on television, 150-53; television as mouthpiece of, xvi consumption, xvi, xxix, xxxviii, 2, 148, 162-63, 187n6, 196; consumer issues and policies, xxii, xxxviii, 24, 147, 161-66, 168-70, 172, 175, 177, 180-86, 189n32, 202; consumerist lifestyle, 16-17, 58; consumption and media coverage, 23, 164-65, 174, 181, 183, 185-87, 190n59, 192nl01; cultural, media, or TV consumption, xvii, xix-xx, xxii, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, xxxvi, xxxviii, 2, 17, 21, 39^12, 44, 65, 71, 73, 78, 81nl0, 93, 104, 106-10, 112-14, 116, 119, 122n6, 138, 144, 149, 201; desires, 12, 58; flaws, 147, 149, 151-52, 175-77, 182, 192nl01; Soviet consumer, 2, 22, 163; and stability of the Soviet regime, xxix, хіѵпбб credibility, xxiv, xxxvi, 37, 58, 64-69, 72, 171, 184 cultural boundaries, xxxvii, 92, 94, 100, 112, 119, 202 Curtis, Charlotte, 29 Dlia doma, dlia sem Ί (For the home, for the family), 165 Dlia vas, roditeli (For you, parents), 168 Dlia vas, zhenshchiny (For you, ladies), 165 Eco, Umberto, xxv-xxvi editorial desks, xxxvii, 63, 129-33, 135, 138—12, 144-45, 168-72, 176, 178, 182 education, 79, 94, 106, 112, 136, 164; aesthetic education, 113; cultural education, xviii, xxii, 95; educational
Index mission, 91, 93, ПО, 113-14; educational programs, 63, ПО, 175, 190ո42; impact of, xxxvi, 37, 39-44, 69, 71, 97, 104, 106-9, І25п82, 184, 201-2; political education, 58-59, 99, 101, 144; television as medium of, xix, xxix, 111, 114-15, 131, 137, 189n32 emotions, xvii, 113, 136; affirmative, xxix, 30, 37, 54, 201; emotional ascriptions to television, xxi, xxxiii; emotional bonding, xvii-xviii, xxii-xxv, xxxiii, xxxviii, 12-13, 24, 52, 73, 121, 129, 136, 157n67, 181, 196-98, 201-3, 205; emotional commitment toward Soviet life, xxiii, xxv, xxix, 50-51, 53, 57, 80, 93, 139, 150, 199; emotional communities, xxiv, 47^18, 56, 197; emotionalization, xxxvi, 37, 46-48, 52, 55, 206; emotional relations between television and the audience, 55, 145, 148; and nostalgia, xxxiv-xxxv; political, xxiii, 37; public, xxiv, 198 entertainment: culture, 24, 94, 201; programs, xxix-xxxi, xxxvii, 23, 29, 44, 46, 54, 58-59, 61-65, 69, 73, 75-76, 80, 92-93, 100, 112, 114, 130, 133, 138, 142, 144, 147, 188nl9, 199, 202, 206; television as source of, xviii, xxi, xxxvii, 1, 23, 37, 45,51,58,64, 75, 114, 92, 101, 108-9, 115-18, 135-36, 144, 149-50, 153, 162, 196, 198, 201-2 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 105 Eto vy mozhete (You can make it), 168 Eurovision, xxi, 5 everyday life, xvi-xviii, xxviii, xxx-xxxi, 2, 8, 17, 21, 24, 37-38, 40-41, 51, 68-69, 104, 162, 165, 174, 181, 183-84, 187, 196, 201, 203, 206 Finnish TV, 53 239 Firsov, Boris M., xxxiii, 34n56, 38, 42, 81n5, 83n29, 100-102, 109-10, 120-21, 123n41, 124nn48-50, 125nn79, 82, 84, 126n99, 127nll4, 136, 157Ո52, 195-6, 206nl foreign journalists,
5-6, 8, 16-17, 22, 29, 47, 51, 58, 65, 96, 165, 205 foreign radio stations, xx, 37, 70, 73-80; BBC World, XX, 73-74, 76, 78-80; Deutsche Welle, 73-74; Radio Free Europe, xx, 73-74, 76-77, 80; radio programs, xxxvi, 70, 74, 76, 114; TV broadcasts, 5, 74; Voice of America, 74-80, 116, 205 France, 94; attitudes toward television, xix; French movies, 97,119 game shows, xviii, 54, 65, 111-12, 130, 143, 201 German Democratic Republic (GDR), xx, ЗІПІ2, 190n59; audience, xxxiii, xlivn48, 7, 51; distribution of TV sets, 7 glasnost, 205 Goluboi ogonek (Little Blue Flame), 19, 55, 65, 111-12 Gosteleradio (State Committee for Television and Radio), 3-5, 41, 45, 63,74, 98, 103, 110, 113, 131, 133-35, 177 Gradskii, Aleksandr, 114-15 Grushin, Boris, 17, 39, 108-9 Hall, Stuart, xxvi Higgins, Marguerite, 5 high culture, 93-95, 99, 102, 104, 1067, 114-15 hybridization of official meanings, xxv, 30, 48, 54, 80, 196-98 ideology, xxxv, 2, 12, 38, 45, 58-59, 62, 64-65, 69-70, 72-73, 75, 101, 104-6, 113, 130-32, 140, 144, 153, 170, 174, 176, 201-3, 205 Igla (The Needle), 115
240 Index H’inskii, Igor, 95-100 intelligentsia, 93-94, 100, 112, 114-15 interpretations, xxv-xxviii, xxxv-xxxvi, 72-73, 122ո6, 196, 198, 200-201; cultural codes of, xxiv; frames, xvii, xxx, xxxiv, 2, 67, 78, 104, 121, 153, 200, 205; interpretative communities, xxvii-xxviii, 48, 92, 183; official interpretations, 105, 144; oppositional interpretations, 80; “unpolitical” interpretations, 69 Intervision, xxi Irkutsk, 74, 131, 155nl7, 204 Iron Curtain, xvii, xx-xxii, xxviii, 8, 17, 24, 47, 51, 80, 92-94, 99, 105, 107, 166 Italy: attitude toward television, 33n43; Italian movies, 97 Iunogo technika (Young technician), 15 lunosť (Youth), 43, 118 Iurovskii, Aleksandr, 176 Iurskii, Sergei Iu., 119-20 Izvestiia (News), 80, 188n22 journalism, xlviin84, 121n4, 180, 205; journalistic strategies, 146-47 journalists, xx, xxxvii, xxxviiin2, 5, 51, 62-63, 86n96, 91-93, 95, 99-100, 102-3, 110, 120, 124, 173, 175, 184 journals, 21, 24, 42-43, 46, 73, 108, 120; and consumer issues, 164; letters to, 149; reading of, xxxiv, 118 Kaiser, Robert G., 8, 47, 51 Khrushchev, Nikita S., xxii, xxix, 1, 21,73, 114, 163, 173, 195-96, 206; kitchen debate with U.S. vice president Richard Nixon, 1, 21 Khrushchev era, xxi, хІіііпЗб, 21, 120, 163-64, 198 Kiev, 5, 97 Kisun’ko, Vasilii G., 177 kolkhozy (collective farms), 29,133; kolkhozniki, 26 Komsomoľskaia Pravda, 47, 50, 133, 140 Kracauer, Siegfried, xvii Krokodil, 12, 59-61, 74—75 Kuznecov, Georgit, 86ո96 KVN (Klub veselykh i nakhodchivykh, Club of the Merry and Resourceful), xix, 5, 57, 65, 111-12, 118,138 Lapin, Sergei G., 45, 63, 113, 126n96, 135-36,
143, 177 legitimacy, 202; legitimizing the Soviet regime, xxix, 54, 84n53, 150, 153n3, 163, 170; legitimizing the Soviet way of life, xxxiv, 12, 49; political, xvii Legkaia Zhizn’ (An Easy Life), 24 leisure, xvi, xliiin35, 2, 4, 17, 38-40, 45, 56, 58, 61, 81nl0, 104, 108-9, 162, 168, 183, 196, 202; habits and practices, xix-xx, xxiii, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvi-xxxvii, 1, 5, 8, 15, 17, 19-20, 29, 37-39, 41—43, 45, 56-57, 73, 78, 93, 95, 103-8, 115, 121, 129, 144, 164, 198, 201 Leningrad, xxxiii, 3, 10, 13-14, 18, 20, 34n59, 36n95, 38, 40, 42, 44, 66, 71, 77, 79-80, 82nl9, 87nl00, 88nnll7, 124, 89Ш1ІЗЗ, 137-39, 141-42, 91, 97, 100, 116, 120; Television, xxxiii, xxxviii, 3, 5, 53, 101-2, 110, 11821, 136, 163, 165-67, 172 Leningradskaia Pravda (Leningrad Truth), 118 Leninskii universitet millionov (Leninist University of Millions), 62, 144 Leont’eva, Valentina M., 55-57, 65 Levine, Irving R., 16, 22, 96, 165 lichnosť (personality), 63 literature, 42, 104, 107, 112, 120, 164; competition with, 107; editorial office for, 138-39,141, 157n70; programs on, 99-101, 107 Literatumaia Gazeta (Literary Newspaper), 17, 43, 95, 103 live broadcasts, 5, 48, 91, 96, 98-99, 109, 114, 119-20, 198 Luhmann, Niklas, xxvi-xxvii, 148, 153 Lur’e, Lev la., 120
Index mass culture (massovaia kul’tura), xxxvii, 91, 94, 100, 105, 199 mass media, xvi-xvii, xix֊xxi, xxiv, xxvi, xxix, хххіхпб, 2, 14, 91, 106, 117, 202, 205-6; and consumers, 183, 192nl01; credibility of, 67-71; letters to, 130, 133, 139—40, 155n25, 161, 169; perception of, 17, 149; and public opinion, 133; use of foreign, 78 massovost’, 94—95, 114 material culture, xviii, xxxvi, 1-2,181 Ministry of Communication, 2 Ministry of Culture, 2, 97 Ministry of Education, 111 Ministry of Trade, 6 Muratov, Sergei A., 6, 17 music, 104; classical music, 102, 107, 118; editorial desk for, 132, 138-39,141 jazz music, 116; light music (estrada), 101; musical holiday programming, xviii; music broadcasts, 29, 100, 130, 142-43, 188nnl8-19, 198; Muzykal’nyi tumir gorodov (Music tournament of cities), 103; television and, 113; viewers’ interest in, 81, 144, 146 Nash sad (Our garden), 168, 190n42 Na voprosy telezritelei otvechaet ministr. .. (Minister . . . responds to viewers’ questions), 146, 165, 170-71, 177 newspapers, xxxi, 6, 24, 29, 38-39, 42-43, 46-47, 67-68, 71-73, 80, 99, 102-3, 118, 140, 146, 155nl9, 171, 174-75, 188nl7, 188n22; and consumer issues, 164; letters to, 149, 152, 166, 183; reading of, 7879, 103, 108, 203; “tele-newspaper”, 142 news programs, xxx-xxxi, xxxvii, 43, 64-65, 67, 69, 73, 92, 118, 129, 133, 136, 138, 14445, 174-75; editorial department of, 168 Nixon, Richard M., 1, 21, 115 241 NMO (Nauchno-metodicheskii otdel), 107, 109, 126n96; audience surveys from, 38, 41, 101, 106, 134-37 normality, xxx, xxxiv, 20 normalization, xxx; of daily life, xxxiii, xxxviii, 16,
22, 24, 120-21, 136, 181, 187, 198, 201-3, 206; of topics, 150, 181, 183-84 nostalgia, xxxii, 16, 67, 132, 185, 197, 199-200, 205; nostalgic narratives, xviii, xxi, xxxiv-xxxv; TV channel ւSostai’giia, 199 Novyi Mir (New World), 94, 118 Nugmanov, Rashid, 114-15 Nussbaum, Martha, xxiii, 37, 198 Ogonek (Little Flame), 17, 41, 164 Olympic Games, 20, 46,49-53, 66 ordinary people, xvi, xxiii, xxvi, xxx, xxxiii, xxxiv-xxxvii, хххіхпб, 1, 12, 16, 51, 53, 55-56, 63-64, 69, 78, 84n60, 92, 112, 115, 120, 129-30, 136, 138, 144, 146-47, 162-63, 172, 184, 196, 198-99; on television, 112, 136, 143 Orwell, George, 206 Ot vsei dushi (With All My heart), 55, 138 perestroika, xxiii, xxxi-xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, 70, 88nll7, 114, 146, 150, 178, 180, 183, 185, 187, 196, 198, 201, 204-6 Podvig (Heroic Deed), 64, 143 Pogovorim o vashikh pis’makh (We talk about your letters), xxxviii, 161, 163, 171-73 Poisk (The Search), 64, 178, 192n83 popular culture, xx-xxi, xxv, xxix, xxxvii-xxxviii, 37, 91-93, 99, 103, 107, 150, 199, 202 Po vashim pis ’mam (Following up on your letters), 146, 165, 170, 175, 177 Prague Spring, 59, 65, 155n25
242 Index Pravda (Truth), 43, 79-80, 86ո93, 99-100, 103, ПО, 118, 140, 151, 155ո25, 167, 188ո17, 203 privatization, 17, ЗО, 120, 162, 197 propaganda, xv, xvii-xviii, xix, 47, 50, 58, 61, 63, 71, 102, 106, 119,141, 142, 201; ofarts, 113; propaganda department, 138, 142, 168-71, 175, 177-78; propagandistic communication strategies, xvi, 75; propagandist influence of television, 131 Propaganda Desk, 63, 86n93, 138, 169, 171; propaganda programs, 62, 65-69, 114, 118, 206; TV as a propaganda tool, 6,115, 135,140, 167, 202 propagandists, 62, 144 Putin, Vladimir V., xvii, xxxi, 84ո53 radio, xxi-xxii, xxxvii, xliiin35, 2, 8, 910, 21-22, 35ո81, 43, 47, 62, 69, 73, 75-76, 78, 92-93, 95, 99, 109-10, 139, 142,164,176, 202-3; audience of, 133, 135-36; as instrument of thought control, xx; letters desk, 131; letters to, 140, 166, 168, 183; listener, 77, 134, 206; listing to, xxxi, 38-39, 44; listing to music on, 43; Moscow Central radio, 77; news, 142, 149; staffers, 114 Raikin, Arkadii, 101 reading, xxvii, xxxiv, 20, 22, 38-39, 42-43, 54, 68, 73, 94, 104, 106-8, 118, 157ո70, 203; reading letters on screen, 168, 183 Ricoer, Paul, xxxii Rossiia Kul’tura (Russia Culture, TV channel), xxi Rostov-on-Don, xxx, xxxiii, 56, 162; TV station, xxxviii, 131-32, 135, 149, 152, 161-63, 165, 171, 172-74, 185-86 Salisbury, Harrison E., 5, 58 Samara, xxx, xxxiii, 6, 13, 23, 49, 55-56, 65, 76, 79, 186; TV station, 131-32, 135, 146-47 Selo: dela і problem (The village: issues and problems), 138 Sel’skii chas (Village hour), 138 Semmdtsat’ mgnovenii vesny (Seventeen Moments of Spring), 46, 54-55, 64, 200
seriality, 62 serials, xxi, 131,150, 157n70,199, 201 Shepel’, Viktor, 103, 124n54 Shonin, Nikolai, 45 Smirnov, Sergei S., 55, 64, 143, 178 Smith, Hedrick, 205 socialism, 47, 53, 79,106; developed socialism, xx; late socialism, xi, 151 Solidarność, 65 Sovetskaia kul’tura (Soviet culture), xxxviii, 103, 199; cultural canon, 104-5; cultured life (kul’turnyi byt), 22 Soviet empire, 52, 54 Soviet periphery, 24-25, 29, 52, 73, 103; Armenia, 53; Baltic states, 53, 197 Soviet way of life, xxii, xxv, xxix, xxxviii, 2, 12, 16, 22-25, 37, 42, 54, 136, 153, 162, 169, 199, 201, 204 sports, xx, 29, 112; editorial office for, 139; sports broadcasts, 14, 19, 20, 29, 41, 46-54, 56-57, 64-65, 142, 196-98 Spravochnoe biuro (Information office), 168 television: and children, 20, 71, 111; impact on people, xii, xvi-xvii, xxiv, xxxi-xxxii, xxxvi, 2, 8, 12, 14, 1617, 45-46, 48, 60, 65, 69, 95, 115, 197, 204-5; and indoctrination, 64; socializing effect on family, friends, and neighbors, 18-20, 50, 56-57; as source of information, xix, 1, 64, 68, 72, 116, 144; television workers
Index and staff, xx, xxx, xxxviiin2, xxxvii, З, 6-7, 20, 98-99, 102-3, 111, 114, 129, 131-33, 136-38, 140, 142-43, 146, 148, 151-52, 155nl6, 161-62, 168-70, 172, 175, 178, 202; use of, xvii-xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxxvii, 21-22, 54, 111, 129, 184 thaw, 119 theater, 2, 15, 19, 94-97, 104, 106, 108, 112-13; broadcasts of theater plays, 91, 98-103, 105, 109, 114, 116-17, 119; competition with, 107 Tovary-narodu (Consumer goods for the people), 175-78, 181 Trud (Work), 140 Tvardovskii, Aleksandr T., 94 TV programs: quarrels about, xxxi, 14-15,41,55 TV sets: color TV sets, 1, 5, 8-9,1011, 14, 16, 18, 41; item of furniture, 29; as key parts of Soviet lifestyle, 1, 12, 14-17, 20-30; KVN-49, 7-8, 10, 14-15, 26; prices of, 5-6, 9, 13,42; purchase of, xviii, xxxi, xxxvi, 2, 8, 10-16, 18-22, 28-30, 118; Rekord, 8, 11, 29; Rubin, 8-9, 61; spread of, xvii, xxxvi, 2-3, 6-9, 13, 14, 16-17, 20, 24, 73, 138, 145 TV stations: regional, xxx, xxxiii, 2-7, 38, 103, 120, 131, 134-35, 152, 161, 165; Riga, 2-3, 5; Uzbek, 24 viewers: rural, xxxiii, 42-44, 138, 157n70; urban, 13, 20, 24, 29, 39, 42-45, 104, 138 villagers, 13, 20, 29, 42-43, 65, 69, 74, 118, 126nl07, 129 243 Vremia (Time), 118 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 76,114-15 Vzroslye Deti (Grown-up children), 22 West Germany (FRG), 24; attitudes toward television, xix, 94, 99, 105; distribution of TV sets, 7; TV sets, 8 women, 12, 26-27, 29; assumed preferences of, 165-66, 189n32; leisure and watching TV, 38-42, 8ІПІ0, 138; as letter writers, 138, 150; and the purchase of TV sets, 14; represented by the interview sample, xxxii-xxxiii; and the responsibility
for the household, 21, 40, 56; watching entertainment programs, 54; watching habits of, 41—42, 55, 138; watching sports broadcasts, 46, 54, 56; workload of, 40 workers, xxxiii, 6, 9, 25-29, 38-39, 41-42, 45, 57, 63; blue-collar, xxxiii, 9, 38-39, 41, 137,144; cultural workers, 84n60; as heroes, xvi; white-collar, 41, 137-38 Yaroslavl, xxxiii youth, xxiii, 21-22, 47, 54, 67, 71, 110, 113, 116, 142; Programming Desk (Glavnata redaktsiia program dlia molodezhi), 110; programs, 19, 65, 111-14, 130, 138-39,141, 168 Zdorov e (Health), 164, 168, 170, 190n42 Zhumalist (The Journalist), 63 Zorin, Valentin S., 66, 87nl02
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Contents Abbreviations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Watching Television, Emotional Bonding, and Political Communication in the Late Soviet Union xv 1 TV Sets Capturing Soviet Homes 2 Winning the Time, Hearts, and Minds of the Viewers 37 3 Negotiating the Boundaries of Popular Culture: Soviet Television, Leisure, and the Educational Mission 91 Working with “Emotional Means”: Soviet Television’s Relationship with the Audience 129 Addressing the Viewer-Consumer: Consumer Issues on Soviet TV 161 4 5 1 Conclusion and Epilogue 195 Bibliography 209 Index 237 About the Author 245 vii
Bibliography ARCHIVES GARF (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federateli) f. 6903: Gosudarstvennyi komitet SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchaniiu op. 1: Sekretariat predsedatelia i otdel kadrov, 1933-1970 g.g. d. 499, 1956: Stenogramma soveshchaniia u nachaľnika upravleniia po voprosam razvitiia televideniia ot 1 fevralia 1956 goda. d. 542,1958: Pis’ma v TsK KPSS i SM SSSR o rabote Komiteta. d. 578, 1959: Pis’ma v TsK KPSS i SM SSSR o rabote Komiteta, t. 1. d. 612, 1959: Stenogramma zasedaniia obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 613, 1959: Protokoly zasedanii obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 623, 1960: Pis’ma v TsK KPSS o rabote komiteta. d. 666, 1960: Protokoly zasedanii obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 667, 1960: Dokumenty o rabote obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia (spravki, predlozheniia). d. 724, 1961: Protokoly zasedanii obshchestvennogo sověta telezritelei pri tsentraľnoi studii televideniia. d. 869, 1965: Stenogramma zasedaniia sektscii televideniia konferentsii „Televidenie i kritika” g. Moskva. d. 883, 1965: Spravka otdela pisem Komiteta o rabote s pis’mami zritelei, poluchennykh Tsentraľnym televideniem v 1965 g. d. 894, 1966: Protokoly NoNo 17, 18 zasedanii Komiteta i materiały k nim. op. 3: Nauchno-technicheskii otdel, 1917-1970 d. 130, 1959: Protokol i stenogrammy konferentsii radioslushatelei i telezritelei g. Permi, Sverdlovska. 209
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212 Bibliography d. 1051, 1964: Materiały televizionnykh peredach redaktsii otdela pisem, tom ПІ. op. 2 (prod.): Televidenie. Redaktsiia pisem d. 677, 1969: Dokumenty televizionnykh peredach promyshlennoi redaktsiia. d. 754, 1969: Dokumenty teleperedach redaktsii pisem, d. 759, 1969: Dokumenty teleperedach redaktsii pisem. RGANI (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii) f. 5: Apparat tsentraľnogo komiteta KPSS (1949-1991 gg.) op. 33: Otdely TsK KPSS d. 106. op. 67: Otdely TsK KPSS (1974) d. 133, 1974/75. op. 90: Otdely TsK KPSS (1984) d. 90, 1984/85. RGAKFD (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv kinofotodokumentov) Fotodokumenty: 0-212658 ch/b: S. Tartakovskii. Mashinist depo im. Il’icha Zapadnoi zheleznoi dorogi Korolev s sem’ei v novoi kvartire v vysotnom zdanii u Krasnykh vorot za prosmotrom televizora, Moskva, dekabť 1952. 0-229243 ch/b: Bez avtora. Sem’iaprepodavateliaEgor’evskogo stankostroiteľnogo tekhnikuma I. V. Firsova u televizora, Moskovskaia oblasť, iiun’ 1952. 1-4232 tsv: V. S. Tarasevich. Brigadiry stroiteľnogo kombinata Madalin Mamadaliev (sleva) i Abitbai Tokhtabaev s sem’iami smotriat televizor, p’iut chai, Uzbekistan, Syrdar’inskaia obi., 1957-1959. 1-104926 ch/b: D. Pirogov. Rabotnitsa miasokombinata A. V. Kostina u televizora v svoei novoi kvartire, Moskva, avril’ 1963. 1-88353 ch/b: I. Krasutskii. Kolkhoznik kolkhoza im. Frunze V. L. Atroshkin s zhenoi v svoem dome v derevne Zabroďe, Mogilevskaia oblasť/Belorussiia, oktiabť 1966. TsAOPIM (Tsentraľnyi arkhiv obshchestvennopoliticheskoi istorii Moskvy) f. 2930: Partkom Gosudarstvennogo komiteta
sověta ministrov SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchaniiu, Moskvoretskij raion g. Moskvy op. 1, 1957-1970 gg. d. 158, 1964: Protokoly partsobranij, zasedanie partsobraniia redaktsii program, otdela pisem, redaktsii informatsii. d. 383, 1966: Protokoly zasedanii partkoma pervichnoi partorg. TsT.
Bibliography 213 d. 527,1967: Protokoly partsobranij, zasedanie partsobraniia glavnykh red. TsT: informatsii. d. 1105,1970: Protokoly partsobranii, zasedanie partsobraniia Glavnoi Redaktsii Informatsii. op. 2, 1971-1975 gg. d. 232, 1972: Protokoly zasedanií partkoma. d. 239, 1972: Protokoly partsobranij, zasedanie partsobraniia Tsentra nauchn. Programmirovaniia. op. 3, 1976-1978 gg. d. 260, 1977: Protokoly partsobranij, zasedanie partsobraniia Tsentra nauchn. Programmirovaniia. d. 480, 1978: Protokoly partsobranij, zasedanie partsobraniia Tsentra nauchn. Programmirovaniia. op. 5, 1979-1982 gg. d. 213,1980: Stenogramma plenuma partkoma “O rabote spis’ mami telezritelei.” d. 564,1982: Protokol plenuma partkoma o zadachach kommunistov Gosteleradio SSSR po vypolneniiu Postanovleniia TsK KPSS “O merakh po daľneishemu ulushcheniiu raboty s pis’mami і predlozheniiami trudiashchikhsia v svete reshenii XXVI s”ezda KPSS.” TsGA SPb (TsentralTvyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Sankt-Peterburga) f. R-7384: Sankt Peterburgskii gorodskoi sovet narodnykh deputatov, 1917-1993. op. 42: Arkhivnaia opis’ del postoiannogo khraneniia, 1963-1967. d. 332, 1963: Zhaloby і zaiavleniia trudiashchikhsia i otvety na nikh Ispolkoma Lengorsoveta o nepraviľnosti deistvii uchrezhdenii, organizatsii, predpriiatii і otdeľnykh mkovoditelei, t. 1. TsGAIPD SPb (Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv istoriko-politicheskikh dokumentov Sankt-Peterburga) f. R-24: Leningradskii oblastnoi komitet KPSS (1927-1991), Smol’ninskii raion, Leningrad op. 145: Obshchee deloproizvodstvo, 1968-1973. d. 20, 1972: O rabote s pis’mami i
izuchenii ėffektivnosti peredach Leningradskogo televideniia v 1971 godu. TsGALI SPb (Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva Sankt-Peterburga) f. R-293: Gosudarstvennaia teleradiokompaniia “Peterburg - 5-yi kanai.” SanktPeterburg. 1933-1998 op. 3-1: Opis’ del postoiannogo khraneniia, 1956-1968.
214 Bibliography d. 132, 1963: Obzory o rabote s pis’maiiii radioslushatelei i telezritelei. d. 151, 1964: Obzor о rabote s pis’mami telezritelei za 1964 god. TsNSIO (Tsentr nezavisimykh sotsial'nykh issledovanii, Irkutsk) Arkhiv neopublikovannykh pisem: papka No. 3: “Irkutskoe televidenie” d. 153, 162, 163. PUBLISHED SOURCES Arlazorov, Michail. “Ekran zhizni.” Znanie - sila: ezhemesiachnyi nauchnopopuliarnoi i nauchno-khudozhestvennyi zhumal dila molodezhi (1956), 1: 41-A2. Baiar, Oľga G., and Raisa N. Blashkevich. Kvartira і ее ubranstvo. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdateľstvo literatury po stroiteľstvu, arkhitekture i stroiteľnym materialam, 1962. Curtis, Charlotte. “The Way People Live.” In Anatomy of the Soviet Union, edited by Harrison E. Salisbury, 33-58. London et al.: Nelson, 1967. Efremov, Nikolai V. Domovodstvo. Kiev: Izdateľstvo Urozhai, 1965. Firsov, Boris. “Srednego zritelia net.” Zhumalist (1967), 12: 42—45. Gal’perina, Elena V., ed. KVN raskryvaet sekrety. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1967. Gordon, Leonid A., and Eduard V. Klopow. Der Mensch in seiner Freizeit. Moskau: Verlag Progreß, 1976. --------- , Eduard V. Klopov, and Leon A. Onikov. Cherty sotsialisticheskogo obraza zhizni: Byt gorodskikh rabochikh vchera, segodnia, zavtra. Moskau: Izdateľstvo Znanie, 1977. Goriachev, Vladimir F. “K voprosu o tipologii detskoi auditorii.” In Televidenie і deti, edited by Gosteleradio, Tsentr nauchnogo programmirovaniia and Nauchnoissledovatel’skii institut obshchikh problem vospitaniia APN SSSR, 51-58. Mos cow: Iskusstvo, 1976. Goriaeva, Tatiana M., ed. “Velikaia kniga
dnia . ”. Radio v SSSR. Dokumenty і materiały. Moscow: Rosspen, 2007. Grushin, Boris A. et al. Die freie Zeit als Problem. Soziologische Untersuchungen in Bulgarien, Polen, Ungarn und der Sowjetunion. Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1970. Higgins, Marguerite. Red Plush and Black Bread. Garden City, NY : Doubleday Company, Inc., 1955. Hollander, Gayle Durham. Soviet Political Indoctrination. Developments in Mass Media and Propaganda since Stalin. New York, Washington, London: Praeger, 1972. Inkeles, Alex. Public Opinion in the Soviet Union. A Study in Mass Persuasion. Cam bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.
Bibliography 215 Iurovskii, Aleksandr la. Televidente - poistí і resheniia. Ocherki istorii і teorii sovetskoi telezhurnalistiki. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1983. Kaiser, Robert G. Russia. The People The Power. New York: Atheneum, 1976. Kogan, Lev N. “Sblizhenie sotsial’nykh grupp v sfere sotsialisticheskoi kul’tury.” Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia (1977), 2: 34-41. --------- . “Buch und audio-visuelle Medien.” In Massenkommunikation in der UdSSR. Sowjetische Beiträge zur empirischen Soziologie der Journalistik, edited by Hansjürgen Koschwitz, 148-166. Freiburg and München: Verlag Karl Alber, 1979. Kolpakov, Boris T., and Vasilii D. Patrushev. Biudzhety vremeni gorodskogo naseleniia. Moskau: Statistika, 1971. Lapin, Sergei. “Televizionnoe veshchanie.” In Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Ėntsiklopediia, edited by A. M. Prokhorov, 378-380. 3rd ed. Moscow: Sovetskaia ėntsiklopedia, 1976. --------- . ‘Tribuna liudei truda.” Zhurnalist (1972), 5, 14—16. Levine, Irving R. Main Street, U.S.S.R. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Company, Inc., 1959. Likhachev, Boris T. “Roľ televideniia v ėsteticheskom vospitanii detei.” In Televidenie i deti, edited by Gosteleradio, Tsentr nauchnogo programmirovaniia, and Nauchno-issledovatel’skii institut obshchikh problem vospitaniia APN SSSR, 6-13. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1976. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR, 1922-1972. Moscow: Statistika, 1972. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1988 g. Statisticheskii ezhegodnik. Moscow: Statistika, 1989. Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR za 60 let. Iubileinyi statisticheskii ezhegodnik. Moscow: Statistika, 1977. Obzor pisem radioslushatelei za 1970 god.
Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televideniiu i radio, 1971. Obzor pisem telezritelei za 1970 god. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televi deniiu i radio, 1971. Obzor pisem telezritelei za 1971 god. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi Komitet SSSR po televideniiu i radioveshchaniiu, 1972. Obzor pisem telezritelei, ianvar’ 1972 god. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televideniiu i radio, 1972. Obzor pisem telezritelei, fevraľ 1972 god. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televideniiu i radio, 1972. Obzor pisem telezritelei za 1972 god. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televi deniiu i radio, 1973. Obzor pisem telezritelei za 1973 god. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televi deniiu i radio, 1974. Obzor pisem telezritelei za iiuľ 1974 goda (і 1 polugodie). Moscow: Gosudarstven nyi komitet po televideniiu і radio, 1974. Obzor pisem telezritelei za oktiabr’ 1975 g. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po televideniiu i radio, 1975.
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“Normative Aspects of Leisure Time Behavior in the Soviet Union.” Sociology and Social Research (1974), 58: 369-379. Roth, Paul. Die kommandierte öffentliche Meinung. Sowjetische Medienpolitik. Stutt gart: Seewald, 1982. Ryvkina, Rozalina V. Obraz zhizni sel’skogo naseleniìa. Metodologiia, metodika i rezuľtaty izucheniia sotsiaľno-ékonomicheskich aspektov zhiznedejateľnosti. Novosibirsk: Izdateľstvo “Nauka,” Sibirskoe otdelenie, 1979. Salisbury, Harrison E. “What Russians See on TV.” The New York Times Magazine, July 11, 1954, 14. --------- . “Fifty Years that Shook the World.” In Anatomy of the Soviet Union, edited by idem., 3-32. London et al.: Nelson, 1967. Sappak, Vladimir. “Televidenie, 1960. Iz pervykh nabliudenii.” Novyі mir, no. 10, October 1960, 177-203. --------- . Televidenie i my: chetyre besedy. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1963. --------- . Televidente і my: chetyre besedy. In Vladimir Sappak and Vera Shitova, Sem’ let v teatre and Televidenie і my: chetyre besedy. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968.
Bibliography 217 Sapunov, Boris. “Televidenie v sisteme sociaUsticheskoi kul’tury.” In Televidenie vchera, segodnja, zavtra-’86, edited by Eduard Efimov. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1986. Savastjuk Anton I. et al., eds. Sovetskaia obraz zhizni: Soderzhanie, struktura, din amika. Minsk: Izdatek stvo Narodnaia As veta, 1980. Smith, Hedrick. The New Russians. New York: Random House, 1990. Televidenie i deti, edited by Gosteleradio, Centr nauchnogo programmirovaniia and Nauchno-issledovateľskii institut obshchich problem vospitaniia APN SSSR. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1976. Tovamyi slovar’, vol. 7: Plavki-svekla, edited by Ivan A. Pugachev. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatekstvo torgovoj literatury, 1959. Vorob’eva, Liudmila I. et al., eds. Domovodstvo: Vil i ѴШ klassy. Minsk: Izdatek stvo Narodnaia Asveta, 1964. CONTEMPORARY PERIODICALS Iskusstvo kino Krokodil Literatumaia gazeta Novyi mir Ogonek Pravda Sovetskaia kuktura Sovetskaia pechať Sovetskoe radio i televidenie Zhumalist EXPLICITLY QUOTED INTERVIEWS Experts Boris M. Firsov, October 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. He was bom in 1929 in Saransk, was professor of sociology, and was director of Leningrad TV station 1962-1966. Evelina E., October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova and Sofia Kontorovich. Evelina E. was bom in Rostov-on-Don in 1935, was graduated from Moscow Insti tute of Culture, and served as television director of Rostov television station from 1958 until the early 1990s. Liudmila, October 2010, Irkutsk by Michail Rozhanskii. Liudmila was bom in Irkutsk in 1955, television journalist, graduated from university,
and started to work at the local TV station on the basis of an internship in 1974. Roman R„ October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova and Sofia Kontorovich. Roman was bom in 1934, and is a graduate from Moscow Library Institute, a direc tor, and a documentary filmmaker.
218 Bibliography V. V., November 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. V. V., male, was bom in 1948, graduated from Kuibyshev (Samara) Pedagogical Institute, and worked at Kuibyshev television from 1973 to 1999. Valentina V., November 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Valentina V. was bom in Orenburg region in 1937 and graduated from the Alma-Ata university department of journalism. She first worked for several newspapers before she was hired as edi tor at Kuibyshev (Samara) television in late 1965. FORMER VIEWERS Anonymous participants of a table talk: The talk was conducted by Oľga Galanova with some of her relatives in a small city in Nizhnii Novgorod region in August 2014. Al’bina, January 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Al’bina was bom in 1941, graduated from a technical university, and worked as engineer. Aleksandr Nikolaevich, April 2010, Iaroslavľ by Anna Tikhomirova. Aleksandr was bom in 1949 and graduated with a PhD from university. Aleksandra, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Aleksandra was bom in Leningrad in 1931. She has a doctorate in biology. Aleksandra Apollonovna, November 2011, Tyumen by phone by Elena Mingaleva. Aleksandra Apollonovna was bom in Rostov-on-Don in 1938 and lives in Tyumen since 1967. She graduated from a philological faculty and worked as translator and language teacher for English and German. Her father was a White Army emigrant to Paris who returned to the Soviet Union and was shot in 1941. Her mother was an accountant. Anastasija, February 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Anastasija was bom in Leningrad in
1954. She graduated from a technological university. Anatolii, November 2011, Moscow by Kirsten Bönken Anatolii was bom in 1957 and graduated from university. Anatolii Ivanovich, December 2011, Dzerzhinsk, Nizhnyi Novgorod region by Elena Mingaleva via phone. Anatolii was bom in 1950 and finished secondary education. Anna B., March 2012, Germany by Vadim Korolik. Anna B. is of German origin and was bom in Kazakhstan in 1955. She finished a secondary school, and went to a pedagogical institute that she did not complete. She worked as kindergarten teacher and lived in Kazakhstan and in Altai region for a while before the family moved back to Kazakhstan in 1963. Antonina, December 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Antonina was bom in 1947, graduated from a technical university, and worked as engineer. Elena, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Elena was bom in Lenin grad in 1961 and graduated from the faculty of economics of Leningrad university. Elena Sergeevna, October 2010, in Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. She grew up in a small village in Astrakhan region, moved to Kuibyshev (Samara), and gradu ated from the local history department. She worked as teacher and today works as saleswoman.
Bibliography 219 Georgii, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Georgii was bom in Leningrad in 1953, graduated from university, and works as a public employee in St. Petersburg. He was a member of the Communist Party. His father was a scientist and doctor. He was also a member of the Communist Party and worked a while for the KGB. Igor, March 2011, Moscow by Kirsten Bönker. Igor was born near Moscow in 1949 and finished secondary school. Irina Alekseevna, March 2012, Omsk by Elena Mingaleva by phone. Irina Alek seevna was bom in the village of Kochenevo/Novosibirsk region in 1958. She finished secondary school and worked as a cook. Irina N., July 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Irina was bom in Chemjakhovsk in 1953, Kaliningrad region; her family moved to Kuibyshev (Samara) region in 1957. She finished secondary school and worked as accountant. Ivan, March 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Ivan was bom in the city of Efremov, Tula region, in 1955. He studied at the workers’ faculty in Leningrad, obtained a PhD in philosophy, and worked as an assistant professor before he switched over to a private enterprise offering business consulting in the 1990s. He was a member of the Communist Party. Katia, July 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Katia was bom in Leningrad in 1955. She graduated from the faculty of biology Leningrad State University. She worked for years as a translator in Soviet times and as an editor of St. Petersburg 5-ii Kanal from 2004 to 2009. Konstantin, January 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Konstantin was bom in Kokchetav
(Kokshetau)/Kazakhstan in 1941, is higher educated, and graduated from Leningrad university, faculty of history. Liubov’ Aleksandrovna, August 2012, Lilienthal (Germany) by E. Peters. Liubov’ was bom in 1950 and lived in Leninsk-Kuznetskii, Kemerovo region. She finished secondary school. Liudmila, September 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Liudmila was bom in Chapaevsk in 1951, Samara region, and finished secondary school. Liudmila, November 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Liudmila was bom in Penza region in 1942 and moved to Leningrad in 1962. She finished secondary school. Liudmila, January 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Liudmila was bom in a small village in Arkhangel’sk region in 1951 and moved to Leningrad in 1964. She graduated from the polytechnic and worked as metallurgical engineer. Liudmila Iur’evna, October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova. The interview was conducted together with Liudmila Vasil’evna. Liudmila Iur’evna was bom in North Caucasus in 1958. She was raised for some years in an orphanage and lived with her teacher’s family in Rostov-on-Don from 1970 on. She is a radio cutter. Liudmila Vasil’evna, October 2010, Rostov-on-Don by Galina Orlova. The inter view was conducted together with Liudmila Iur’evna. Liudmila Vasil’evna bom in the small town Matveev-Kurgan, Rostov-on-Don region in 1946, and is higher educated. Masha, September 2010, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Masha was bom in Leningrad in 1946 and graduated from university.
220 Bibliography Mikhail, December 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Mikhail was bom in Leningrad in 1952; he holds a doctoral degree in meteorology. Mikhail G., July 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Mikhail G. was bom in Samara region in 1948, graduated from university, and worked as engineer of telecommunication. Nadezhda Ivanovna, August 2010, Usol’e-Sibirskoe, Irkutsk region by Alexander Ermakov. Nadezhda was bom in 1950, and is higher educated. Nataľia G., February 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Natal’ia was bom in Leningrad in 1951 and graduated from university. Natal’ia Petrovna, October 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Nataľia was bom in Samara region in 1946, finished secondary school, and managed a trade company. Nikolai, January 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Nikolai was bom in Briansk region in 1940 and moved to Leningrad in the 1960s. He graduated from university and was member of the Communist Party. Oleg Igor’evich, November 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Oleg was bom in a village in Kuibyshev (Samara) region in 1958, and is higher educated. Oľga, March 2012, Germany by Julia Schmidt. Oľga is of German origin and was bom in Karaganda in 1957. She completed a technical secondary school. Oľga Nikolaevna, October 2010, Irkutsk by E. Ivanova. Oľga Nikolaevna was bom in Irkutsk in 1964. She graduated both from a technical and in addition from an economic college. Afterward, she worked in a housing trust. Rudoľf N., July 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Rudol’f N. was bom in Tashkent in 1940. He graduated from a technical institute
and worked as engineer in Iran at times. Ruslan, October 2010, Samara by Oksana Zaporozhets. Ruslan was bom in Kuiby shev (Samara) in 1968. He had secondary education and works as driver at the time of the interview. Svetlana Vladimirovna, June 2010, Samara by Elena Zhidkova. Svetlana was bom in Kuibyshev (Samara) in 1947, has specialized secondary education/technical col lege, and is member of CPSU. Tamara, December 2011, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Tamara was bom in Kazakhstan in 1944, and lived in the Far North before she moved to Leningrad. She graduated from the faculty of physics and mathematics of the Pedagogical University of Astana. Tat’iana, March 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Tat’iana was bom in a village in Gor’kii (Nizhnii Novgorod) region in 1949, and moved to Leningrad in 1972. She has secondary education and worked in a woodworking factory. Tat’iana Iakovlevna, October 2010, Irkutsk by E. Ivanova. Tat’iana was bom in Irkutsk in 1964, and graduated from the faculty of law of Irkutsk university. She works in the state administration. Valerii Nikolaevich, August 2010, Usol’e-Sibirskoe, Irkutsk region by Alexander Ermakov. Valerii was bom in 1958, and has secondary education. Vladimir Ivanovich, April 2012, St. Petersburg by Elena Bogdanova. Vladimir Iva novich was bom in Leningrad in 1958, and has specialized secondary education. Vladimir Jakovlevich, October 2010, Irkutsk by E. Ivanova. Vladimir was bom in 1947, and graduated from university.
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Index Aď’iutant ego prevoskhoditeľstva (The Adjutant of His Excellency), 64 Adorno, Theodor W., 105 adult evening classes (narodnye universitety), 110 advice literature, 2,14, 20-24, 26-27, 164 advice programs, 2, 30n5, 136, 143, 145, 165-68, 170, 173-76, 178, 183, 189n32, 202 Alio, my ishchem talanty! (Hello, We’re Looking for Talents!), 19 Anders, Günther, 17, 105 Andronikov, Iraklii, 116 Annenskii, Lev A., 17 A пи-ka, devushki! {Let’s Go, Girls!), xix, 5, 65 A пи-ka, раті! {Let’s Go, Boys!), xix, 5, 19, 65 arts, xxxvii; on television, 107, 113-14, 118; television and performing arts, 91-96, 98-99, 102-4, 106, 114, 117, 120-21, 198-99, 202 audience research, xxx, 62-64, 114, 130, 133-37, 144, 166; NMO {Nauchno-metodicheskii otdel, Scientific-Methodological Department), 38, 41, 81nl0, 82nl7, 101, 106-7, 109, 126n96, 134-37; staff, !35, 137-38, 145 authoritative discourse, xvii-xviv, xxvxxvi, xxix, ХХХІХПІ2, 30, 48-50, 62, 150-52, 159ПІ16, 162-63, 172, 174, 177-84, 196-98, 201-3, 205 Bakhtin, Mikhail, xxv-xxvi, xxxixnl2, 196-97 Bhabha, Homi К., xxv-xxvi, 196, 203 Bol ’she khoroshikh tovarov (More good products), xxxviii, 147, 150, 163, 175, 177-78, 179, 180-83 books, xxvii, 29, 61, 73, 94; housekeeping books, 2, 164; reading of, 14, 20, 22, 42-43, 73, 104, 108, 118; television programs on, 107 Boretskii, Rudol’f, 137, 139 Brezhnev, Leonid L, 3, 45, 177, 2067nl2 Brezhnev era, xxii, 21, 56, 120-21, 163, 197-98, 204 capitalism, 47, 66, 70, 94 censorship, xvi, xix, 23, 67-68, 88nll7, 98, 121 Central Television, xxxviii, 2, 98, 103; airtime of, 3, 52, 93, 101; 237
238 Index broadcasting movies, 96-97; color TV, 14; educational programs, 10911; letter department of, 41, 114, 131, 190n45; letters to, 61, 73, 113; meeting with viewers, 38, 100-101; political programs, 66; programming policy, 5, 55-56, 63, 114, 126n96; range of, 3-4, 38; relation with local TV stations, 4 Certeau, Michel de, xxvii-xxviii, 48 Chartier, Roger, xxvii, 121, 121n6 Chelovek i zakon (Person and law), 146, 168 children, 22, 138, 165, 189n32; children’s programs, 41, 56, 118, 132; editorial office of children programming, 138,141; as viewers, 20, 57, 71-72, 109-13 Chto? Gde? Kogda? (What? Where? When?), 138 cinema, 104, 106-9, 113, 115, 119, 125n80, 150; competition with, 107; editorial office for, 138,141; and television, xxxiv, 2-3, 23, 69, 95-99, 103, 110 Cold War, 54, 73, 200; competition between the blocs, xxi-xxii, 1, 50, 52, 67, 92, 163; confrontation, 4749, 196; Western observation of the Soviet system, xx collective farmers, 29, 63 communication: political, xvii-xviii, xx, xxxviii, 58, 93, 129, 144, 147, 153, 163, 202; private, 17, 38, 60, 148, 196; public, xvi-xvii, 139 communism, xxiii, 45, 73, 104, 140, 162, 171, 182, 186 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSS), xviii, xx, xxiii, xxxixnn5-6, 3-1, 6, 30, 58, 62, 64-65, 68, 75, 79, 84, 93, 95, 125ո80, 131, 133, 135, 137, 143-45, 147, 154ո7, 156ո44, 162-64, 169,172-73, 185; attitudes of party officials toward television, 21, 44-45, 74, 130, 140, 146, 167, 201-2; congresses and meetings, xvi, xxix, 3, 45, 63, 65-66, 94, 140, 175, 177; letters to party institutions, 129, 148^19, 151-52,161; party
members, 49, 53, 62-64, 67, 80, 87nl07, 88nll7, 89nl41, 142, 147, 155n25; party officials on television, 150-53; television as mouthpiece of, xvi consumption, xvi, xxix, xxxviii, 2, 148, 162-63, 187n6, 196; consumer issues and policies, xxii, xxxviii, 24, 147, 161-66, 168-70, 172, 175, 177, 180-86, 189n32, 202; consumerist lifestyle, 16-17, 58; consumption and media coverage, 23, 164-65, 174, 181, 183, 185-87, 190n59, 192nl01; cultural, media, or TV consumption, xvii, xix-xx, xxii, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, xxxvi, xxxviii, 2, 17, 21, 39^12, 44, 65, 71, 73, 78, 81nl0, 93, 104, 106-10, 112-14, 116, 119, 122n6, 138, 144, 149, 201; desires, 12, 58; flaws, 147, 149, 151-52, 175-77, 182, 192nl01; Soviet consumer, 2, 22, 163; and stability of the Soviet regime, xxix, хіѵпбб credibility, xxiv, xxxvi, 37, 58, 64-69, 72, 171, 184 cultural boundaries, xxxvii, 92, 94, 100, 112, 119, 202 Curtis, Charlotte, 29 Dlia doma, dlia sem Ί (For the home, for the family), 165 Dlia vas, roditeli (For you, parents), 168 Dlia vas, zhenshchiny (For you, ladies), 165 Eco, Umberto, xxv-xxvi editorial desks, xxxvii, 63, 129-33, 135, 138—12, 144-45, 168-72, 176, 178, 182 education, 79, 94, 106, 112, 136, 164; aesthetic education, 113; cultural education, xviii, xxii, 95; educational
Index mission, 91, 93, ПО, 113-14; educational programs, 63, ПО, 175, 190ո42; impact of, xxxvi, 37, 39-44, 69, 71, 97, 104, 106-9, І25п82, 184, 201-2; political education, 58-59, 99, 101, 144; television as medium of, xix, xxix, 111, 114-15, 131, 137, 189n32 emotions, xvii, 113, 136; affirmative, xxix, 30, 37, 54, 201; emotional ascriptions to television, xxi, xxxiii; emotional bonding, xvii-xviii, xxii-xxv, xxxiii, xxxviii, 12-13, 24, 52, 73, 121, 129, 136, 157n67, 181, 196-98, 201-3, 205; emotional commitment toward Soviet life, xxiii, xxv, xxix, 50-51, 53, 57, 80, 93, 139, 150, 199; emotional communities, xxiv, 47^18, 56, 197; emotionalization, xxxvi, 37, 46-48, 52, 55, 206; emotional relations between television and the audience, 55, 145, 148; and nostalgia, xxxiv-xxxv; political, xxiii, 37; public, xxiv, 198 entertainment: culture, 24, 94, 201; programs, xxix-xxxi, xxxvii, 23, 29, 44, 46, 54, 58-59, 61-65, 69, 73, 75-76, 80, 92-93, 100, 112, 114, 130, 133, 138, 142, 144, 147, 188nl9, 199, 202, 206; television as source of, xviii, xxi, xxxvii, 1, 23, 37, 45,51,58,64, 75, 114, 92, 101, 108-9, 115-18, 135-36, 144, 149-50, 153, 162, 196, 198, 201-2 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 105 Eto vy mozhete (You can make it), 168 Eurovision, xxi, 5 everyday life, xvi-xviii, xxviii, xxx-xxxi, 2, 8, 17, 21, 24, 37-38, 40-41, 51, 68-69, 104, 162, 165, 174, 181, 183-84, 187, 196, 201, 203, 206 Finnish TV, 53 239 Firsov, Boris M., xxxiii, 34n56, 38, 42, 81n5, 83n29, 100-102, 109-10, 120-21, 123n41, 124nn48-50, 125nn79, 82, 84, 126n99, 127nll4, 136, 157Ո52, 195-6, 206nl foreign journalists,
5-6, 8, 16-17, 22, 29, 47, 51, 58, 65, 96, 165, 205 foreign radio stations, xx, 37, 70, 73-80; BBC World, XX, 73-74, 76, 78-80; Deutsche Welle, 73-74; Radio Free Europe, xx, 73-74, 76-77, 80; radio programs, xxxvi, 70, 74, 76, 114; TV broadcasts, 5, 74; Voice of America, 74-80, 116, 205 France, 94; attitudes toward television, xix; French movies, 97,119 game shows, xviii, 54, 65, 111-12, 130, 143, 201 German Democratic Republic (GDR), xx, ЗІПІ2, 190n59; audience, xxxiii, xlivn48, 7, 51; distribution of TV sets, 7 glasnost, 205 Goluboi ogonek (Little Blue Flame), 19, 55, 65, 111-12 Gosteleradio (State Committee for Television and Radio), 3-5, 41, 45, 63,74, 98, 103, 110, 113, 131, 133-35, 177 Gradskii, Aleksandr, 114-15 Grushin, Boris, 17, 39, 108-9 Hall, Stuart, xxvi Higgins, Marguerite, 5 high culture, 93-95, 99, 102, 104, 1067, 114-15 hybridization of official meanings, xxv, 30, 48, 54, 80, 196-98 ideology, xxxv, 2, 12, 38, 45, 58-59, 62, 64-65, 69-70, 72-73, 75, 101, 104-6, 113, 130-32, 140, 144, 153, 170, 174, 176, 201-3, 205 Igla (The Needle), 115
240 Index H’inskii, Igor, 95-100 intelligentsia, 93-94, 100, 112, 114-15 interpretations, xxv-xxviii, xxxv-xxxvi, 72-73, 122ո6, 196, 198, 200-201; cultural codes of, xxiv; frames, xvii, xxx, xxxiv, 2, 67, 78, 104, 121, 153, 200, 205; interpretative communities, xxvii-xxviii, 48, 92, 183; official interpretations, 105, 144; oppositional interpretations, 80; “unpolitical” interpretations, 69 Intervision, xxi Irkutsk, 74, 131, 155nl7, 204 Iron Curtain, xvii, xx-xxii, xxviii, 8, 17, 24, 47, 51, 80, 92-94, 99, 105, 107, 166 Italy: attitude toward television, 33n43; Italian movies, 97 Iunogo technika (Young technician), 15 lunosť (Youth), 43, 118 Iurovskii, Aleksandr, 176 Iurskii, Sergei Iu., 119-20 Izvestiia (News), 80, 188n22 journalism, xlviin84, 121n4, 180, 205; journalistic strategies, 146-47 journalists, xx, xxxvii, xxxviiin2, 5, 51, 62-63, 86n96, 91-93, 95, 99-100, 102-3, 110, 120, 124, 173, 175, 184 journals, 21, 24, 42-43, 46, 73, 108, 120; and consumer issues, 164; letters to, 149; reading of, xxxiv, 118 Kaiser, Robert G., 8, 47, 51 Khrushchev, Nikita S., xxii, xxix, 1, 21,73, 114, 163, 173, 195-96, 206; kitchen debate with U.S. vice president Richard Nixon, 1, 21 Khrushchev era, xxi, хІіііпЗб, 21, 120, 163-64, 198 Kiev, 5, 97 Kisun’ko, Vasilii G., 177 kolkhozy (collective farms), 29,133; kolkhozniki, 26 Komsomoľskaia Pravda, 47, 50, 133, 140 Kracauer, Siegfried, xvii Krokodil, 12, 59-61, 74—75 Kuznecov, Georgit, 86ո96 KVN (Klub veselykh i nakhodchivykh, Club of the Merry and Resourceful), xix, 5, 57, 65, 111-12, 118,138 Lapin, Sergei G., 45, 63, 113, 126n96, 135-36,
143, 177 legitimacy, 202; legitimizing the Soviet regime, xxix, 54, 84n53, 150, 153n3, 163, 170; legitimizing the Soviet way of life, xxxiv, 12, 49; political, xvii Legkaia Zhizn’ (An Easy Life), 24 leisure, xvi, xliiin35, 2, 4, 17, 38-40, 45, 56, 58, 61, 81nl0, 104, 108-9, 162, 168, 183, 196, 202; habits and practices, xix-xx, xxiii, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvi-xxxvii, 1, 5, 8, 15, 17, 19-20, 29, 37-39, 41—43, 45, 56-57, 73, 78, 93, 95, 103-8, 115, 121, 129, 144, 164, 198, 201 Leningrad, xxxiii, 3, 10, 13-14, 18, 20, 34n59, 36n95, 38, 40, 42, 44, 66, 71, 77, 79-80, 82nl9, 87nl00, 88nnll7, 124, 89Ш1ІЗЗ, 137-39, 141-42, 91, 97, 100, 116, 120; Television, xxxiii, xxxviii, 3, 5, 53, 101-2, 110, 11821, 136, 163, 165-67, 172 Leningradskaia Pravda (Leningrad Truth), 118 Leninskii universitet millionov (Leninist University of Millions), 62, 144 Leont’eva, Valentina M., 55-57, 65 Levine, Irving R., 16, 22, 96, 165 lichnosť (personality), 63 literature, 42, 104, 107, 112, 120, 164; competition with, 107; editorial office for, 138-39,141, 157n70; programs on, 99-101, 107 Literatumaia Gazeta (Literary Newspaper), 17, 43, 95, 103 live broadcasts, 5, 48, 91, 96, 98-99, 109, 114, 119-20, 198 Luhmann, Niklas, xxvi-xxvii, 148, 153 Lur’e, Lev la., 120
Index mass culture (massovaia kul’tura), xxxvii, 91, 94, 100, 105, 199 mass media, xvi-xvii, xix֊xxi, xxiv, xxvi, xxix, хххіхпб, 2, 14, 91, 106, 117, 202, 205-6; and consumers, 183, 192nl01; credibility of, 67-71; letters to, 130, 133, 139—40, 155n25, 161, 169; perception of, 17, 149; and public opinion, 133; use of foreign, 78 massovost’, 94—95, 114 material culture, xviii, xxxvi, 1-2,181 Ministry of Communication, 2 Ministry of Culture, 2, 97 Ministry of Education, 111 Ministry of Trade, 6 Muratov, Sergei A., 6, 17 music, 104; classical music, 102, 107, 118; editorial desk for, 132, 138-39,141\ jazz music, 116; light music (estrada), 101; musical holiday programming, xviii; music broadcasts, 29, 100, 130, 142-43, 188nnl8-19, 198; Muzykal’nyi tumir gorodov (Music tournament of cities), 103; television and, 113; viewers’ interest in, 81, 144, 146 Nash sad (Our garden), 168, 190n42 Na voprosy telezritelei otvechaet ministr. . (Minister . . . responds to viewers’ questions), 146, 165, 170-71, 177 newspapers, xxxi, 6, 24, 29, 38-39, 42-43, 46-47, 67-68, 71-73, 80, 99, 102-3, 118, 140, 146, 155nl9, 171, 174-75, 188nl7, 188n22; and consumer issues, 164; letters to, 149, 152, 166, 183; reading of, 7879, 103, 108, 203; “tele-newspaper”, 142 news programs, xxx-xxxi, xxxvii, 43, 64-65, 67, 69, 73, 92, 118, 129, 133, 136, 138, 14445, 174-75; editorial department of, 168 Nixon, Richard M., 1, 21, 115 241 NMO (Nauchno-metodicheskii otdel), 107, 109, 126n96; audience surveys from, 38, 41, 101, 106, 134-37 normality, xxx, xxxiv, 20 normalization, xxx; of daily life, xxxiii, xxxviii, 16,
22, 24, 120-21, 136, 181, 187, 198, 201-3, 206; of topics, 150, 181, 183-84 nostalgia, xxxii, 16, 67, 132, 185, 197, 199-200, 205; nostalgic narratives, xviii, xxi, xxxiv-xxxv; TV channel ւSostai’giia, 199 Novyi Mir (New World), 94, 118 Nugmanov, Rashid, 114-15 Nussbaum, Martha, xxiii, 37, 198 Ogonek (Little Flame), 17, 41, 164 Olympic Games, 20, 46,49-53, 66 ordinary people, xvi, xxiii, xxvi, xxx, xxxiii, xxxiv-xxxvii, хххіхпб, 1, 12, 16, 51, 53, 55-56, 63-64, 69, 78, 84n60, 92, 112, 115, 120, 129-30, 136, 138, 144, 146-47, 162-63, 172, 184, 196, 198-99; on television, 112, 136, 143 Orwell, George, 206 Ot vsei dushi (With All My heart), 55, 138 perestroika, xxiii, xxxi-xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, 70, 88nll7, 114, 146, 150, 178, 180, 183, 185, 187, 196, 198, 201, 204-6 Podvig (Heroic Deed), 64, 143 Pogovorim o vashikh pis’makh (We talk about your letters), xxxviii, 161, 163, 171-73 Poisk (The Search), 64, 178, 192n83 popular culture, xx-xxi, xxv, xxix, xxxvii-xxxviii, 37, 91-93, 99, 103, 107, 150, 199, 202 Po vashim pis ’mam (Following up on your letters), 146, 165, 170, 175, 177 Prague Spring, 59, 65, 155n25
242 Index Pravda (Truth), 43, 79-80, 86ո93, 99-100, 103, ПО, 118, 140, 151, 155ո25, 167, 188ո17, 203 privatization, 17, ЗО, 120, 162, 197 propaganda, xv, xvii-xviii, xix, 47, 50, 58, 61, 63, 71, 102, 106, 119,141, 142, 201; ofarts, 113; propaganda department, 138, 142, 168-71, 175, 177-78; propagandistic communication strategies, xvi, 75; propagandist influence of television, 131 Propaganda Desk, 63, 86n93, 138, 169, 171; propaganda programs, 62, 65-69, 114, 118, 206; TV as a propaganda tool, 6,115, 135,140, 167, 202 propagandists, 62, 144 Putin, Vladimir V., xvii, xxxi, 84ո53 radio, xxi-xxii, xxxvii, xliiin35, 2, 8, 910, 21-22, 35ո81, 43, 47, 62, 69, 73, 75-76, 78, 92-93, 95, 99, 109-10, 139, 142,164,176, 202-3; audience of, 133, 135-36; as instrument of thought control, xx; letters desk, 131; letters to, 140, 166, 168, 183; listener, 77, 134, 206; listing to, xxxi, 38-39, 44; listing to music on, 43; Moscow Central radio, 77; news, 142, 149; staffers, 114 Raikin, Arkadii, 101 reading, xxvii, xxxiv, 20, 22, 38-39, 42-43, 54, 68, 73, 94, 104, 106-8, 118, 157ո70, 203; reading letters on screen, 168, 183 Ricoer, Paul, xxxii Rossiia Kul’tura (Russia Culture, TV channel), xxi Rostov-on-Don, xxx, xxxiii, 56, 162; TV station, xxxviii, 131-32, 135, 149, 152, 161-63, 165, 171, 172-74, 185-86 Salisbury, Harrison E., 5, 58 Samara, xxx, xxxiii, 6, 13, 23, 49, 55-56, 65, 76, 79, 186; TV station, 131-32, 135, 146-47 Selo: dela і problem (The village: issues and problems), 138 Sel’skii chas (Village hour), 138 Semmdtsat’ mgnovenii vesny (Seventeen Moments of Spring), 46, 54-55, 64, 200
seriality, 62 serials, xxi, 131,150, 157n70,199, 201 Shepel’, Viktor, 103, 124n54 Shonin, Nikolai, 45 Smirnov, Sergei S., 55, 64, 143, 178 Smith, Hedrick, 205 socialism, 47, 53, 79,106; developed socialism, xx; late socialism, xi, 151 Solidarność, 65 Sovetskaia kul’tura (Soviet culture), xxxviii, 103, 199; cultural canon, 104-5; cultured life (kul’turnyi byt), 22 Soviet empire, 52, 54 Soviet periphery, 24-25, 29, 52, 73, 103; Armenia, 53; Baltic states, 53, 197 Soviet way of life, xxii, xxv, xxix, xxxviii, 2, 12, 16, 22-25, 37, 42, 54, 136, 153, 162, 169, 199, 201, 204 sports, xx, 29, 112; editorial office for, 139; sports broadcasts, 14, 19, 20, 29, 41, 46-54, 56-57, 64-65, 142, 196-98 Spravochnoe biuro (Information office), 168 television: and children, 20, 71, 111; impact on people, xii, xvi-xvii, xxiv, xxxi-xxxii, xxxvi, 2, 8, 12, 14, 1617, 45-46, 48, 60, 65, 69, 95, 115, 197, 204-5; and indoctrination, 64; socializing effect on family, friends, and neighbors, 18-20, 50, 56-57; as source of information, xix, 1, 64, 68, 72, 116, 144; television workers
Index and staff, xx, xxx, xxxviiin2, xxxvii, З, 6-7, 20, 98-99, 102-3, 111, 114, 129, 131-33, 136-38, 140, 142-43, 146, 148, 151-52, 155nl6, 161-62, 168-70, 172, 175, 178, 202; use of, xvii-xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxxvii, 21-22, 54, 111, 129, 184 thaw, 119 theater, 2, 15, 19, 94-97, 104, 106, 108, 112-13; broadcasts of theater plays, 91, 98-103, 105, 109, 114, 116-17, 119; competition with, 107 Tovary-narodu (Consumer goods for the people), 175-78, 181 Trud (Work), 140 Tvardovskii, Aleksandr T., 94 TV programs: quarrels about, xxxi, 14-15,41,55 TV sets: color TV sets, 1, 5, 8-9,1011, 14, 16, 18, 41; item of furniture, 29; as key parts of Soviet lifestyle, 1, 12, 14-17, 20-30; KVN-49, 7-8, 10, 14-15, 26; prices of, 5-6, 9, 13,42; purchase of, xviii, xxxi, xxxvi, 2, 8, 10-16, 18-22, 28-30, 118; Rekord, 8, 11, 29; Rubin, 8-9, 61; spread of, xvii, xxxvi, 2-3, 6-9, 13, 14, 16-17, 20, 24, 73, 138, 145 TV stations: regional, xxx, xxxiii, 2-7, 38, 103, 120, 131, 134-35, 152, 161, 165; Riga, 2-3, 5; Uzbek, 24 viewers: rural, xxxiii, 42-44, 138, 157n70; urban, 13, 20, 24, 29, 39, 42-45, 104, 138 villagers, 13, 20, 29, 42-43, 65, 69, 74, 118, 126nl07, 129 243 Vremia (Time), 118 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 76,114-15 Vzroslye Deti (Grown-up children), 22 West Germany (FRG), 24; attitudes toward television, xix, 94, 99, 105; distribution of TV sets, 7; TV sets, 8 women, 12, 26-27, 29; assumed preferences of, 165-66, 189n32; leisure and watching TV, 38-42, 8ІПІ0, 138; as letter writers, 138, 150; and the purchase of TV sets, 14; represented by the interview sample, xxxii-xxxiii; and the responsibility
for the household, 21, 40, 56; watching entertainment programs, 54; watching habits of, 41—42, 55, 138; watching sports broadcasts, 46, 54, 56; workload of, 40 workers, xxxiii, 6, 9, 25-29, 38-39, 41-42, 45, 57, 63; blue-collar, xxxiii, 9, 38-39, 41, 137,144; cultural workers, 84n60; as heroes, xvi; white-collar, 41, 137-38 Yaroslavl, xxxiii youth, xxiii, 21-22, 47, 54, 67, 71, 110, 113, 116, 142; Programming Desk (Glavnata redaktsiia program dlia molodezhi), 110; programs, 19, 65, 111-14, 130, 138-39,141, 168 Zdorov 'e (Health), 164, 168, 170, 190n42 Zhumalist (The Journalist), 63 Zorin, Valentin S., 66, 87nl02 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1960-1990 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV046773660 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:47:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:53:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781498526883 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032183007 |
| oclc_num | 1190911957 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xlvii, 245 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200828 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bönker, Kirsten 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)12232417X aut Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union Kirsten Bönker Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2020] © 2020 xlvii, 245 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1960-1990 gnd rswk-swf Fernsehen (DE-588)4016825-6 gnd rswk-swf Politische Kommunikation (DE-588)4134262-8 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Fernsehen (DE-588)4016825-6 s Politische Kommunikation (DE-588)4134262-8 s Geschichte 1960-1990 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-4985-2689-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032183007&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032183007&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032183007&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Bönker, Kirsten 1973- Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union Fernsehen (DE-588)4016825-6 gnd Politische Kommunikation (DE-588)4134262-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016825-6 (DE-588)4134262-8 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union |
| title_auth | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union |
| title_full | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union Kirsten Bönker |
| title_fullStr | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union Kirsten Bönker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union Kirsten Bönker |
| title_short | Television and political communication in the late Soviet Union |
| title_sort | television and political communication in the late soviet union |
| topic | Fernsehen (DE-588)4016825-6 gnd Politische Kommunikation (DE-588)4134262-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fernsehen Politische Kommunikation Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032183007&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032183007&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032183007&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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