Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe: legislating for divergent values
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Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
[2020]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge research in human rights law
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| Beschreibung: | xviii, 321 Seiten |
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1 Introduction xiv xvi xvii 1 PARTI Theoretical framework 7 Introduction to Part I 7 2 Hate speech regulation in democracy 1 Introduction 9 2 Democracy and fundamental rights: Liberty, equality and human dignity 10 2.1 On liberty and on equality in constitutional democracy 12 2.2 On human dignity in constitutional democracy 14 3 Militant versus liberal democracy 18 4 Loewenstein’s study on militant democracy in Czechoslovakia 1918-1939 23 5 Militant democracy and hate speech regulation 24 6 The harm principle in regulation of hate speech 26 7 Definitions of hate speech 28 8 Three-prong theory ofhate speech 31 8.1 First model: Hate speech as incitement to violence 33 8.2 Second model: Hate speech as incitement to discrimination 35 8.3 Third model: Hate speech as incitement to hatred 38 8.4 Settling the importance of three models ofhate speech 41 9 Expressions of hatred: Hate speech versus hate crime 42 10 Conclusion 45 9
x Contents 3 Historical, political and constitutional context of the Czech and Slovak Republics 46 1 Introduction 46 2 Pre-communist legacy 46 3 Communist human rights experience 50 3.1 Reporting to international human rights bodies under communism 51 3.2 Understanding ofpublic goods and harm prevention under communism 61 4 Post-communist rule oflaw 64 5 Velvet divorce and liberal nationalism 68 5.1 Slovak illiberal nationalism 72 5.2 Czech civic liberalism 74 6 Post-communist protection of minorities against extremism 76 6.1 Post-communist democracy and extremism 77 6.2 Extremism, defamation and protection of minorities 79 7 Conclusion 82 Conclusion to Part I 83 PARTII International responses to the regulation of hate speech 85 Introduction to Part II 85 4 The United Nations’ treaty response to hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 87 2 Conference on freedom ofinformation: Incitement to violence priority 88 3 Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide 89 3.1 Incitement to genocide and incitement to violence 90 3.2 Incitement to genocide and hate speech 91 4 The Universal Declaration on Human Rights 95 5 The International Convention on the Elimination ofRacial Discrimination 97 5.1 Scope ofArticle 4ICERD 98 5.1.1 Obligations to punish offenses under Article 4 ICERD 99 5.1.2 The‘due regard’clause 101 5.2 Concluding observations on hate speech 102 87
Contents xi 5.3 Individual communications on hate speech 103 5.3.1 Racial hate speech inciting violence 104 5.3.2 Racial hate speech inciting discrimination 106 5.3.3 Racial hate speech inciting to hatred 109 5.4 Conclusion on racial hate speech 113 6 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 114 6.1 Scope ofICCPR’s Articles 19 and 20 114 6.2 Obligations under ICCPR Articles 19.3 and 20 117 6.3 Concluding observation on freedom of expression and hate speech 120 6.4 Individual communications on freedom of expression and hate speech 121 6.4.1 Hate speech: Protection of rights of others 122 6.4.2 Hate speech: Advocacy of racial hatred that incites discrimination 125 6.5 Conclusion on hate speech 128 7 Conclusion 129 5 European responses to hate speech regulation 131 1 Introduction 131 2 Council of Europe 132 2.1 The European Convention on Human Rights 132 2.1.1 Hate speech as incitement to violence 136 2.1.2 Hate speech as incitement to discrimination 140 2.1.3 Hate speech as incitement to hatred 144 2.2 Additional protocol to the convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalization of acts ofa racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems 149 3 The European Union 152 4 The European model of militant democracy 159 5 Conclusion 163 6 International soft law and hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 165 2 Initiatives of the United Nations 165 2.1 Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression 166 2.2 Rabat plan of action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred
that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence 170 165
xii Contents 2.3 Special Rapporteur on minority issues 173 2.4 Other special procedures mandate holders 175 3 Council ofEurope recommendations 178 3.1 Recommendation No. R (97) 20 on chate speech’ 178 3.2 General Policy Recommendation No. 15 on combating hate speech 181 4 European Union declarations 185 4.1 The Code of Conduct on countering illegal hate speech online 186 4.2 FRA opinions on tackling hate crime and hate speech 187 5 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe documents 189 5.1 Responses to hate crime 189 5.2 Joint declarations on hate speech 191 6 Conclusion 193 Conclusion to Part II 194 PART III The Czech and Slovak frameworks on hate speech regulation Introduction to Part III 197 7 Dawn of the post-communist hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 199 2 The establishment of human rights protection and democratization 200 3 The regulation ofhuman rights in the Charter ofFundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms 206 3.1 Freedom of expression 210 3.2 Protection of minorities 211 4 Slovak constitutional protection offundamental rights and freedoms 217 4.1 Freedom ofexpression 223 4.2 Protection of minorities 229 5 Conclusion 234 8 Post-communist penal hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 236 2 Origins of extremism as a framework for hate speech regulation 237
Contents xiii 3 Development ofpenal regulation ofhate speech: 1961-2005/2010 241 3.1 Disbanding Slovak Togetherness {Slovenská Pospolitosť- Národná Strana) 244 3.2 Disbanding the Czech Workers’ Party {Dělnická strand) 246 4 Extremism as a framework for hate speech regulation 249 4.1 The 2005 Slovak Penal Code and its successive reforms 253 4.2 The 2009 Czech Penal Code and its successive reforms 258 5 Models of hate speech in post-communist countries 262 5.1 Hate speech as incitement to violence 262 5.2 Hate speech as incitement to discrimination 267 5.3 Hate speech as incitement to hatred 271 6 Combating hate speech in society: From prevention to alternatives ofhate speech regulation 274 7 Conclusion 277 Conclusion to Part III 278 9 General conclusion 281 Selected Bibliography Index 291 316
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312 Selected Bibliography Stiffel, Harald, Pavol Toman, and Ondrej Samaš. Trestný Zákon: Stručný Komentár. 2. Bratislava: IURA edition, 2010. Strauss, Leo, and Joseph Cropsey. History ofPolitical Philosophy, 3rd ed. Chicago, ĪL: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Stríšfcová-Pejchal, Viera. “Protection from Verbal and Physical Hatred in Transitional Democracy: The Case of Extremism in Slovakia.” In The Psychology ofHate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism: U.S. and Global Issues, edited by Edward Dunbar, Amalio Blanco Abarca, and Desirée A. Crèvecoeur-MacPhail, Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2016. Strossen, Nadine. Hate: Why We Should Resist It with Free Speech, Not Censorship. Inalienable Rights. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2018. Struhár, Pavol, Ivan Moravčík, and Marián Bušša. Prevencia Nenávistných a Extrémistických Prejavov v Školskom Prostredí. Bratislava: Ministerstvo Spravodlivosti Slovenskej Republiky, 2017. Sumner, Leonard Wayne. “Criminalizing Expression: Hate Speech and Obscenity.” In The Oxford Handbook ofPhilosophy ofCriminal Law, edited by John Deigh, and David Dolinko, Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011. Surmánek, Erik. “Boj Proti Extrémizmu Alebo Extrémizmus Pri Tvorbe Práva?” Bulletin Slovenskej Advokácie 1-2 (2018): 12-19. Sútovec, Milan. Semióza Ako Politikum, alebo, aPomlčková Vojna”: Niektoré Historické, Politické a Iné Súvislosti Jedného Sporu, Ktorý Bol Na Začiatku Zániku Cesko-Slovenského Státu. 1. vyd. Edícia Domino. Bratislava: Ralligram, 1999. Tamir, Yael. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
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314 Selected Bibliography Vlček, Eduard. Dějiny trestního práva v českých zemích a v Československu. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2004. Vojčík, Peter, “Občianske právo.” In Práva a povinnosti médií v právnom systéme Slovenskej republiky a v medzinárodných právnych systémoch edited by Sergej Koperdak, Bratislava: ProMedia Slovakia/IREX o.m.p., 1998. Voorhoof, Dirk. “European Court of Human Rights: Fouad Belkacem v. Belgium.” IRIS, Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory, no. 9 (2017). Vozár, Jozef, and Llibomir Zlocha, eds. Judikatura: Vo Veciach Slobody Prejavu a Ochrany Osobnosti. Bratislava: Wolters Kluwer, 2014. Vražda, Daniel. Kotleba: odkiaľ prišiel a akoje možné, že sedí v parlamente. Bratislava: N Press, s. r. o, 2017. Výborný, Štěpán. Nenávistný Internet versus Právo. Vydaní první. Ediční Rada Lidská Práva. Praha: Wolters Kluwer Česká republika, 2013. Výborný, Štěpán, and Miroslav Mareš. “Komparatívni Analýza Obrany Demokracie Na Poli Sdružovacího Práva v České a Slovenské Republice.” Časopis pro Právni Vědu a Praxi XXI, no. 1 (2013): 34-42, Wagnerová, Eliška. “Position of Judges in the Czech Republic.” In Systems ofJustice in Transition: Central European Experiences since 1989, edited by Jiří Přibáň, Pauline Roberts, and James Young, Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003. Wagnerová, Eliška, Vojtěch Šimíček, Tomáš Langášek, Ivo Pospíšil, and Czech Republic. Listina základních práv a svobod: komentář. Brno: Wolters Kluwer, 2012. Waite, Maurice. Paperback Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Terrorism.” Jotirnal of Islamic Law and Culture 8 (2003): 49-68. Zielonka, Jan, ed. Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe Volume 1: Institutional Engineering. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Zimmermann, Nesa, and Viera Pejchal. “Crimes et Discours de Haine Quelle Protection Pour Les Migrants En Suisse?” Tangram 38 (2016): 57-60.
Index African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) 191 AI Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad 177 Amor, Abdelfattah 125 anti-Islamic 135-136, 153 anti-Semitism 23, 30, 35, 97,104, 122-124,127-128,135,144,147, 152,179,190, 213, 247 Arendt, Hannah 16, 272, 278 Aristotle 14 Armenia 147 Austin, John L. 41,41n200 Austro-Hungarian Empire 46-47, 72-73 Backes, Uwe 20, 77 Baer, Suzanne 12, 14, 17 Bakalis, Chara 186 Barendt, Eric 25 Barker, Caroline 73 Bartoli, Andrea 22 Bartoń, Michal 14, 216 Belavusau, Uladzislau 155, 157, 162 Bell, Mark 157 Beneš, Edvard 75 Bollinger, Lee C. 25 Bootboys 104-105 Bosnia 34, 93,151 Brems, Eva 225 Brink, David O. 36, 87 Bugarič, Bojan 11 Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika 145 Capoccia, Giovanni 19 Carozza, Paolo G. 15 Cavanaugh, Kathleen 159 Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) 1, 3n5, 11,246,284, 289 Černý, Petr 80, 250 Civic Forum (Občanské fórum) (CF) 64-66, 64nl28, 68 Code of Conduct 158,186-187 Coleman, Peter 22 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 51, 53-54, 56-60, 63, 94, 97,100-111, 113-114,121,125, 213, 229nl94, 231-233, 284 communist legacy 5,24 Communist Party 46,48-50, 64-67, 70, 239, 242, 246 concentration camps 49,104,147 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) 189 Constitutional Court 48, 203, 207-210, 214-215, 219-221, 227, 229-230, 248-249, 264, 269-270; Czech 19, 67, 203-204, 219, 273, 283; Federal 67-68, 203-205; Slovak 19, 67, 203-204,219-220 constitutional democracy 12-14,17, 20-21, 23, 26 Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) 206 Convention on the International Right to Correction (CIRC) 88, 89nl5
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CoG) 33, 89-90,94,130, 284 Council of Europe (CoE) 5, 68, 96, 131-132,136,140-141,144,149, 152,159,162,178,180-181, 184-185,189,194-195, 202, 205, 212, 276 Criminal Codes 44,188, 241, 287 Czech Workers’ Party (Dělnická strana) 246-249, 258
Index 317 Dale, Alexander 94 Dawidowicz, Lucy S. 49 defamation 16, 46, 52, 56n66, 59-62, 79-80,82-83,126-127,146,176, 183nl07, 211, 222-228, 234-235, 238-242,239nl5, 250, 254, 256-261, 264, 266-267, 270-271, 279,285-289 Delgado, Richard 40 Dělnická strana see Czech Workers’ Party denial of human dignity 2, 4, 17, 3940, 43, 83, 96,103,113,120,130, 132,181,195, 272, 280, 282-286 discrimination: racial 35nl63, 36-37, 53, 55, 58, 60, 94, 97-98, 100-101,103-111,113,140,142, 145,166n5,169,175,179, 214, 216, 231-234, 267, 269; see also incitement Donnelly, Jack 12 Dubček, Alexander 51, 65 Durant, Isabelle 22 Dworkin, Gerald 32 Dworkin, Ronald 13 ethnic minorities 3,11, 57, 59-60, 72, 76-77,80, 208-209, 216, 218nl21, 222, 229-231, 251, 269, 271, 273 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 152,178, 180-181,213,232-233,261 European Commission on Human Rights (ECommHR) 137 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) 82,132,134, 140,145-146,152-153,160,162, 164,179,185 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 132-133, 136,138-142, 144-145,147-148,150,159-161, 164,179-180,195, 223-227, 284 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 152-153,155-156, 158,158nl82 European Union (EU) 3, 77,131, 150,152-159, 16ІП201,162,164, 172, 181,185-189, 195, 202, 212, 230nl96, 232, 232n209, 253 EU’s Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) 157,186-188 Färber, Daniel A. 25 Farrior, Stephanie 55 Faurisson, Robert 122-123,128, 147, 147nl01 Feldek, Ľubomír 224-225 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 110-111 Féret, Daniel 142-143 Flauss, François 134 Flynt, Larry 225
foreigners 109-110,143, 214, 242, 248 Forman, Miloš 225 Fox, Gregory H. 18 Framework Decision 153-154, 186 freedom of expression 2-5, 9, 20, 22, 24֊27,29, 32-33, 36, 40, 42, 45-46, 51, 56, 56n66, 59, 62-63, 66-67, 76, 81, 83-85, 87, 90, 94-96, 100-104,106, 111, 114-116,118, 120-124,127-129,132-133,138֊ 140,142-143,146-148,150-151, 153,158,166-168,169n27,171, 176-177,180, 183-184,187,189, 197, 200, 204, 209-211, 221-228, 234-235, 237-240, 247-248, 264, 269, 272, 274, 278-279, 282, 284-285, 288 Fritzsche, Hans 90 Garver, Bruce 204 General Policy Recommendation (GPR) 181-184,183nl07 genocide 30, 33-34, 39, 52, 89-95, 90n22,100,129,145-147,150, 154, 173,183,183nl07, 255, 257, 259-260 Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. 43 Ghanea, Nažila 34 Glendon, Ann 11 Goebbels, Joseph 238 Gottwald, Mement 50 Gronsky, Ján 206 Guiora, Amos N. 237 gypsy 56-60,108, 213, 246-247, 255, 258, 267, 270; see also Roma Halmai, Gábor 201 Harcourt, Bernard E. 27 hard law 29,165,194,196, 283-285 harm principle 4, 26-27, 31-33, 35, 38, 42, 45, 83, 87, 281, 283 hate speech regulation 1-7, 9, 13, 16-17,19-21, 23-24, 27-28, 30, 32, 34-35, 41-42, 45-46, 55, 61, 73, 76-77, 83,114,152,155, 164-165,
318 Index 170,177-179,185,193, 195-197, 206, 209, 211, 216, 225, 227, 230, 235-237, 242, 249-250, 258, 274, 277, 281-285, 287-289 Havel, Václav 56η66, 65, 74, 76 Hegel, G. W. F. 39 Heinze, Eric 13, 31, 37 Herczeg, Jin 258, 268 Hess, Rudolf 104 Heydrich, Reinhard 49 Hider, Adolf 1, 49, 75,105, 238, 263; Heil 261, 266, 272 Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (Hlinková slovenská ludová strana) (HSĽS) 23 Hlinková slovenská ľudová strana see Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party Holländer, Pavel 71, 200, 211 Holocaust 146,154,195, 246, 254, 260; denial ЗІПІ49, 39,123,128, 135-136,144-146,154,160, 260, 264, 267, 284 homophobic 29-30,136,143-144, 153,164, 247-248 homosexual 1,143,148, 209, 226, 232n209, 248 Hottelier, Michel 16 Hughes, Edel 159 Human Bights Committee (HR Committee) 51, 54, 56, 58-59, 61, 115-116,119-122,124-128, 210, 214, 228, 284 Hus, Jan 74 Husák, Gustav 65 Iganski, Paul 264 immigrants 37, 112-113, 125, 142,155,179, 187-188, 232n209, 255,267 incitement to discrimination 4, 21, 29-30, 32, 35-39,41-42,45,93,96,100, 103,106-107,109-110,117-119, 123-124,127-128,130,132,135, 139-140,142,154-155,157,164, 169-170,175,183,183nl07,185, 195,241,250,255,258,267, 270-273,275,278,282,284,288 incitement to hatred 21, 24, 27, 30, 32, 36, 38-42, 45, 56, 62-63, 76, 78-79, 82, 93,100, 109-111, 113,129, 134-135,139,142-146, 148, 154, 157,168-175,178,180, 183nl07, 189,195-196, 210, 214-215, 238-241, 247, 250, 258-261, 263-265, 267-275, 278-279, 282, 284, 286-287, 289 incitement to hostility 35,119-120, 123-124,127,138,169-170 incitement to violence 4, 21, 27, 30, 31nl49, 32-35, 38, 42-43, 45,
59, 62, 76, 88, 90, 93-95,100, 103-104,106,109-110,119-120, 123-124,127-130, 132,135-139, 142,151,154,169-170,182-183, 183nl07,185,189,191,195, 238-242, 247, 250, 258, 260-267, 275, 278, 280, 282, 284-285,287 International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 29, 51-52, 52n36, 56, 85, 92, 97-99,101-102, 106,109-110,113,122,129-130, 141,178,194-195,201,284 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 91 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 29, 51 54-56, 58-59,67, 85,92,98,114,117, 121-122,128-130,165-166,170, 194-195,201,204,206,228,284 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 165, 206 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 91-93, 93n36 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 93, 93n36 International Military Tribunal (IMT) 90 Internet 102, 121,148,150-151,154, 164,169,169n27,182-183,186, 190-191,253 intolerance 3,13, 22, 35, 41, 72,123, 127,129,144,151, 158,168-169, 175,179-181,187,191, 231-232, 251, 252n96, 275n245, 277, 282, 288; racial 52, 60, 106 Islamophobia 35, 111, 250 Ivanov, Pavel 143 Izsák, Rita 173 Jäger, Petr 210 Jenness, Valerie 43 Jesses, Eckhard 20, 77 Jews 1,11, 49, 49n21, 75, 80, 104, 122-124,128,143,146-148,187, 226, 261, 266-267, 283 Jourová, Věra 186
Index 319 Kahn, Robert A. 31, 31nl49, 39 Kant, Immanuel 15,15ո40, 208 Kaye, David 167 168 Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. 72 Klaus, Václav 65-66, 69, 74, 74nl82, 76, 206, 217 Klein, Martin 225-266, 225nl66 Korengold, Michael A. G. 99 Kodéba, Marian 245-246, 255-256, 270, 289 Kováč, Dušan 73 La Rue, Frank 166n5,168 Lawrence, Frederick M. 43 legal framework 13, 20-22, 24, 42, 75, 82-83, 85,131, 135,151,156-157, 183,192,197, 206, 234, 239, 250, 253, 262, 271,278,285 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer (LGBTIQ) 35, 43, 77,175,187, 255,283, 288 liberal democracy 12, 18, 24-25, 33, 43-44, 72-73, 159-161, 201, 237 liberty 7, 10,12-14,16-18, 24, 25nll0, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41-42, 44-46, 74nl80, 74nl81, 84-85, 87, 96, 119, 132, 137, 139, 152, 154, 161, 180, 193, 195, 223, 240, 262, 279, 281-282, 285,288-289 Lincoln, Abraham 10 Loewenstein, Karl 19, 23-24, 48, 77 Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko see People’s Party-Our Slovakia Lyons, David 27 McGoldrick, Dominic 120 McGonagle, Tarlach 93,160,179 McKinnon, Catriona 18 Maddem, Patrick 160 Malová, Darina 217 Mareš, Miroslav 20,24,204,243, 261, 263 Masaryk. Tomáš 23, 48 M’Bala M’Bala, Dieudonné 147 Medar, Vladimír 69-70, 72, 74, 76, 84,217,219-220,220nl31,234, 279,285 Mendel, Toby 29 Metzl, Jamie F. 94 migrant 3, 77,141,148,175,179,188, 250, 255, 267, 283, 288 militant democracy 4, 7,18-20, 22-24, 67-68, 78, 83,94, 131,134,159, 162,179-180,195-196, 202, 238, 269, 282-283 Mill, John Stuart 4, 26-27, 32-33, 35-36, 38, 41-42,45, 83, 87, 94, 160, 210, 281, 283; see also harm principle Milo, Daniel 16, 40 Molek, Pvel 210 Molnar, Peter 28
Montesquieu 10,10n7 Moormann-Kimáková, Barbora 201 Mudde, Cas 77, 237 Muhender, Richard 28 Muslims 1, ЗО, 36, 93,110-111, 125-126,139,142,176,187-188, 232ո209, 248, 283, 288 National-Socialist Party 23, 48, 248 Nazi 64, 90, 104-105, 146, 239nl5, 240, 243, 257, 260, 263-264, 269; anti- 49; Germany 23, 23n95, 48, 173, 264; ideology 105, 128, 136, 144, 184, 248; Neo- 1, 77, 104, 146, 151, 175, 182ПІ02,184,187,242, 247-248, 253, 257,263-264, 266, 268-269, 268n210, 279; see also Bootboys; swastika Nedelsky, Nadya 234 Nolte, Georg 18 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) 29nl36 Noorloos, Marloes van 134,137 North Adantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 189, 212 Nowak, Manfred 115,118-119,127 Občanské forum see Civic Forum Oberschall, Anthony 30 Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the OSCE (ODIHR) 189-191 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 169, 172,177 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 131, 189,191,194,212 Organization of American States (OAS) 191-192 Osiatyński, Wiktor 10
320 Index Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) 184,192nl56 Parmar, Sejal 171 Paroch, Karl J. 102,116 Pedahzur, Ami 21 Penal Codes 17, 43, 52, 56, 61, 67, 78-79, 84,100,190, 215, 228, 236, 240-242, 249, 253-256, 258-261, 265, 267-271, 279, 282, 286 People’s Party-Our Slovakia (Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko) (LSNS) 245-246, 255-258 Perinçek, Doğu 147 Perry, Barbara 151 Perry, Joanna 189 РШау, Navi 172 Post, Robert 28, 31,162 post-communist: countries 1-2,11, 24, 37, 77-78,172,199, 201-202, 205, 210-211, 216, 225, 235-236, 262, 277, 281, 288; democracies 2, 5, 11, 42, 77, 83,174,197,199-200, 225, 281,287 pre-communism 4, 46 Přibáň, Jiří 203 propaganda 34, 39, 52, 56, 61-63, 67, 87-91, 88n3, 89nl5, 90n22, 93-94,96, 98,104-105,117,119, 121,127,136-138,149,161,163, 166n5,168,175,185,189-190, 204, 228, 239-242, 246 protection of minorines 1-2, 4-5, 7,47, 64, 76-77, 79-82, 84, 89,129,132, 139,141,152,156,166,179,189, 195,197, 202, 206, 211-212, 216, 220, 228-229, 251, 278, 282-283, 285, 288 Public Against Violence (Verejnosť prod násiliu) (PAV) 64-66, 68-69 public goods 1, 3-5, 7,16-17, 20-21, 31-32, 34-35, 43, 45^6, 50, 52, 60-61, 63-64, 67, 76, 84, 88-89, 117,120,128-130,132,136,145, 174,193-194, 197, 203-204, 211, 216, 223, 228, 236-237, 250, 252, 262, 282, 287-288 Rabat Plan of Action (RPA) 170-173, 183,195,211,284 Racial Equality Directive 155 racism 3, 22, 35-36, 39, 51, 53, 61, 77, 100,103-105, 123,125,127-128, 136,139-140,144,152-154, 157-158,162,169,175,181-182, 185-187,190,212, 214, 247, 252-254, 252n96,258, 261, 268, 272, 284, 286; see also
discrimination; intolerance Rawls, John 25nll0, 26 Real Slovak National Party (RSNP) 108 refugees 105,187, 194 Roma 1,11, 36, 49, 53-54, 56, 59-62, 71, 72nl65, 74nl78, 75-76, 80-81, 107-108,125,187, 209, 212-215, 218, 218nl21, 221, 228, 230-232, 232n209, 233-235, 242, 246-248, 253, 255, 258, 260-261, 263-266, 269-270, 273, 279, 283, 285, 287-288; see also gypsy Roman salute 243, 266, 272 Rosenfeld, Michel 22 Ross, Malcolm 123-124,128 Rousseau, Jacques 10 Rwanda 30, 34, 91,173 Sadurski, Wojciech 18, 25, 36, 38 Sajó, András 11,19 Sarrazin, Thilo 112-113 Schabas, William 179 Scheppele, Kim L. 205 segregation 1, 51n29,142, 213-214, 255, 260, 267, 273-274, 288 Sensen, Oliver 15 Šimečka, Martin M. 218 Sjolie, Terje 104-105 skinheads 60, 62, 76, 212-213, 233, 242, 259, 26!, 263, 268, 273, 279 Slovak Togetherness Party 244-245, 253 Slovenská, Matica 233 Snyder, Jack L. 71, 16! ' Sobotka, Eva 212 social media 1, 41,129,148,257, 269 socialist: democracy 63; order 55-56, 59, 62-63, 83, 241-242; regime 52; social order 55, 79; society 55-57, 241; system 51-52, 55, 241 soft law 5, 29, 131,165-166,170, 173,176-179,184,193-196, 281, 283,285 Sokol, Ján 226 Sottiaux, Stefan 137 Special Rapporteur 93,102,166-169, 166n5,173-175,192 Strasbourg 132, 136,142-143, 146-148, 150, 224-225, 248; Court
Index 321 135-136,138,151-152, 159, 185, 224 Streicher, Julius 90 St. Wenceslas 74 Sumner, Leonard W. 32, 41 Surmánek, Erik 255 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 177 swastika 123, 243, 257, 269 Temperman, Jereon 127 Thiel, Markus 18, 77 Thornberry, Patrick 102 three-prong theory 4-5, 7, 9, 27, 31-32, 42, 83, 85,113,121-122, 128-129,131,134,136,140,145, 163,180,194, 196-197, 208, 216, 235-236, 262, 280, 282-283, 285-287 Timmermann, Wibke K. 92,119 Tiso, Jozef 23, 48^9 Tomaševski, Katarina 80 Tomuschat, Christian 119,160 totalitarian 1, 46, 52, 54-55, 64, 64nl23, 67, 78, 82, 135, 137,142, 144,16!, 179, 185,197, 204-205, 210,213, 228, 241,282 Treaty on the European Union (TEU) 152,156 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 156 Tulkens, Françoise 136 Turkey 138,145,160 Turks 112, 137-138,142,147 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 50,115, 237-238 United Nations (UN) 5,15n45, 51, 85, 87-89, 91, 94, 96-97,103, 106,114,129,165-166,169,173, 175-177, 191,195,201, 205, 212, 283-284 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 89, 97 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 14-15,89,95-98,101-102, 129,165-166,201,206-207,220,283 Vachudová, Milada A. 212 Vasak, Karel 32 velvet divorce 68-69, 206 Velvet Revolution 1, 64, 66, 69, 74, 76, 82, 200, 242 Venice Commission 178, 185 Verejnosť proti násiliu see Public Against Violence Vietnamese 60, 214 Výborný, Štěpán 20, 261 Waldron, Jeremy 16, 27, 40, 82, 84, 114,162,173, 177, 272, 278 western democracy 12, 17-18, 37, 212,237 Wilders, Geert 126-127 Wilson, Woodrow 47 Wolchik, Sharon L. 46 World War II 19-20, 23, 28,
48-49, 49n21, 63, 72, 75, 85, 87-89, 104, 129,131,161,195, 237-238, 268, 282-283, 287 Wydra, Harald 199 xenophobia 3, 22, 73, 75, 77, 111, 127,144,149-150,152-154, 154nl53,158, 164, 169,175, 179-181,186-188,190, 247-248, 250, 254, 282 Zajac, Peter 72 Zakaria, Fareed 72 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München N J |
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1 Introduction xiv xvi xvii 1 PARTI Theoretical framework 7 Introduction to Part I 7 2 Hate speech regulation in democracy 1 Introduction 9 2 Democracy and fundamental rights: Liberty, equality and human dignity 10 2.1 On liberty and on equality in constitutional democracy 12 2.2 On human dignity in constitutional democracy 14 3 Militant versus liberal democracy 18 4 Loewenstein’s study on militant democracy in Czechoslovakia 1918-1939 23 5 Militant democracy and hate speech regulation 24 6 The harm principle in regulation of hate speech 26 7 Definitions of hate speech 28 8 Three-prong theory ofhate speech 31 8.1 First model: Hate speech as incitement to violence 33 8.2 Second model: Hate speech as incitement to discrimination 35 8.3 Third model: Hate speech as incitement to hatred 38 8.4 Settling the importance of three models ofhate speech 41 9 Expressions of hatred: Hate speech versus hate crime 42 10 Conclusion 45 9
x Contents 3 Historical, political and constitutional context of the Czech and Slovak Republics 46 1 Introduction 46 2 Pre-communist legacy 46 3 Communist human rights experience 50 3.1 Reporting to international human rights bodies under communism 51 3.2 Understanding ofpublic goods and harm prevention under communism 61 4 Post-communist rule oflaw 64 5 Velvet divorce and liberal nationalism 68 5.1 Slovak illiberal nationalism 72 5.2 Czech civic liberalism 74 6 Post-communist protection of minorities against extremism 76 6.1 Post-communist democracy and extremism 77 6.2 Extremism, defamation and protection of minorities 79 7 Conclusion 82 Conclusion to Part I 83 PARTII International responses to the regulation of hate speech 85 Introduction to Part II 85 4 The United Nations’ treaty response to hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 87 2 Conference on freedom ofinformation: Incitement to violence priority 88 3 Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide 89 3.1 Incitement to genocide and incitement to violence 90 3.2 Incitement to genocide and hate speech 91 4 The Universal Declaration on Human Rights 95 5 The International Convention on the Elimination ofRacial Discrimination 97 5.1 Scope ofArticle 4ICERD 98 5.1.1 Obligations to punish offenses under Article 4 ICERD 99 5.1.2 The‘due regard’clause 101 5.2 Concluding observations on hate speech 102 87
Contents xi 5.3 Individual communications on hate speech 103 5.3.1 Racial hate speech inciting violence 104 5.3.2 Racial hate speech inciting discrimination 106 5.3.3 Racial hate speech inciting to hatred 109 5.4 Conclusion on racial hate speech 113 6 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 114 6.1 Scope ofICCPR’s Articles 19 and 20 114 6.2 Obligations under ICCPR Articles 19.3 and 20 117 6.3 Concluding observation on freedom of expression and hate speech 120 6.4 Individual communications on freedom of expression and hate speech 121 6.4.1 Hate speech: Protection of rights of others 122 6.4.2 Hate speech: Advocacy of racial hatred that incites discrimination 125 6.5 Conclusion on hate speech 128 7 Conclusion 129 5 European responses to hate speech regulation 131 1 Introduction 131 2 Council of Europe 132 2.1 The European Convention on Human Rights 132 2.1.1 Hate speech as incitement to violence 136 2.1.2 Hate speech as incitement to discrimination 140 2.1.3 Hate speech as incitement to hatred 144 2.2 Additional protocol to the convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalization of acts ofa racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems 149 3 The European Union 152 4 The European model of militant democracy 159 5 Conclusion 163 6 International soft law and hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 165 2 Initiatives of the United Nations 165 2.1 Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression 166 2.2 Rabat plan of action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred
that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence 170 165
xii Contents 2.3 Special Rapporteur on minority issues 173 2.4 Other special procedures mandate holders 175 3 Council ofEurope recommendations 178 3.1 Recommendation No. R (97) 20 on chate speech’ 178 3.2 General Policy Recommendation No. 15 on combating hate speech 181 4 European Union declarations 185 4.1 The Code of Conduct on countering illegal hate speech online 186 4.2 FRA opinions on tackling hate crime and hate speech 187 5 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe documents 189 5.1 Responses to hate crime 189 5.2 Joint declarations on hate speech 191 6 Conclusion 193 Conclusion to Part II 194 PART III The Czech and Slovak frameworks on hate speech regulation Introduction to Part III 197 7 Dawn of the post-communist hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 199 2 The establishment of human rights protection and democratization 200 3 The regulation ofhuman rights in the Charter ofFundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms 206 3.1 Freedom of expression 210 3.2 Protection of minorities 211 4 Slovak constitutional protection offundamental rights and freedoms 217 4.1 Freedom ofexpression 223 4.2 Protection of minorities 229 5 Conclusion 234 8 Post-communist penal hate speech regulation 1 Introduction 236 2 Origins of extremism as a framework for hate speech regulation 237
Contents xiii 3 Development ofpenal regulation ofhate speech: 1961-2005/2010 241 3.1 Disbanding Slovak Togetherness {Slovenská Pospolitosť- Národná Strana) 244 3.2 Disbanding the Czech Workers’ Party {Dělnická strand) 246 4 Extremism as a framework for hate speech regulation 249 4.1 The 2005 Slovak Penal Code and its successive reforms 253 4.2 The 2009 Czech Penal Code and its successive reforms 258 5 Models of hate speech in post-communist countries 262 5.1 Hate speech as incitement to violence 262 5.2 Hate speech as incitement to discrimination 267 5.3 Hate speech as incitement to hatred 271 6 Combating hate speech in society: From prevention to alternatives ofhate speech regulation 274 7 Conclusion 277 Conclusion to Part III 278 9 General conclusion 281 Selected Bibliography Index 291 316
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304 Selected Bibliography Maddem, Patrick. “Militant Democracy, Legal Pluralism, and the Paradox of SelfDetermination.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 4, no. 3 (2006): 488-516. Maddem, Patrick. “Minority Rights in International Law.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 6, no. 3M- (2008): 531-552. Macready, John Douglas. “Hannah Arendt and the Political Meaning of Human Dignity.” Journal of Social Philosophy 47, no. 4 (2016): 399-419. Mattalie, Drew, and Joan G. Mattalie. “The Limitation Provisions of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.” Human Rights Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1987): 74-101. Mali, Maleilta. “Extreme Speech and Liberalism.” In Extreme Speech and Democracy, edited by Ivan Hare, and James Weinstein, Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009. Malíř, Jiří, and Pavel Marek, eds. Politické strany: vývoj politických stran a hnuti v českých zemích a Československu 1861 -2004. 2. díl: Období 1938-2004. Brno: Doplněk, 2005. Malová, Darina. “Slovakia: From the Ambiguous Constitution to the Dominance of Informal Rules.” In Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe Volume 1: Institutional Engineering, edited by Jan Zielonka, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Malý, Karel, ed. Dějiny Českého a Československého Práva Do Roku 1945. Praha: Linde Praha a.s, 1997. Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. London, UK: Abacus, 2013. Mareš, Miroslav. Pravicový Extremismus a Radikalismus v ČR. l.vyd. Brno: Barrister Principal arrister Prindpal a Radikali, 2003. Mareš,
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Index African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) 191 AI Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad 177 Amor, Abdelfattah 125 anti-Islamic 135-136, 153 anti-Semitism 23, 30, 35, 97,104, 122-124,127-128,135,144,147, 152,179,190, 213, 247 Arendt, Hannah 16, 272, 278 Aristotle 14 Armenia 147 Austin, John L. 41,41n200 Austro-Hungarian Empire 46-47, 72-73 Backes, Uwe 20, 77 Baer, Suzanne 12, 14, 17 Bakalis, Chara 186 Barendt, Eric 25 Barker, Caroline 73 Bartoli, Andrea 22 Bartoń, Michal 14, 216 Belavusau, Uladzislau 155, 157, 162 Bell, Mark 157 Beneš, Edvard 75 Bollinger, Lee C. 25 Bootboys 104-105 Bosnia 34, 93,151 Brems, Eva 225 Brink, David O. 36, 87 Bugarič, Bojan 11 Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika 145 Capoccia, Giovanni 19 Carozza, Paolo G. 15 Cavanaugh, Kathleen 159 Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) 1, 3n5, 11,246,284, 289 Černý, Petr 80, 250 Civic Forum (Občanské fórum) (CF) 64-66, 64nl28, 68 Code of Conduct 158,186-187 Coleman, Peter 22 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 51, 53-54, 56-60, 63, 94, 97,100-111, 113-114,121,125, 213, 229nl94, 231-233, 284 communist legacy 5,24 Communist Party 46,48-50, 64-67, 70, 239, 242, 246 concentration camps 49,104,147 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) 189 Constitutional Court 48, 203, 207-210, 214-215, 219-221, 227, 229-230, 248-249, 264, 269-270; Czech 19, 67, 203-204, 219, 273, 283; Federal 67-68, 203-205; Slovak 19, 67, 203-204,219-220 constitutional democracy 12-14,17, 20-21, 23, 26 Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) 206 Convention on the International Right to Correction (CIRC) 88, 89nl5
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CoG) 33, 89-90,94,130, 284 Council of Europe (CoE) 5, 68, 96, 131-132,136,140-141,144,149, 152,159,162,178,180-181, 184-185,189,194-195, 202, 205, 212, 276 Criminal Codes 44,188, 241, 287 Czech Workers’ Party (Dělnická strana) 246-249, 258
Index 317 Dale, Alexander 94 Dawidowicz, Lucy S. 49 defamation 16, 46, 52, 56n66, 59-62, 79-80,82-83,126-127,146,176, 183nl07, 211, 222-228, 234-235, 238-242,239nl5, 250, 254, 256-261, 264, 266-267, 270-271, 279,285-289 Delgado, Richard 40 Dělnická strana see Czech Workers’ Party denial of human dignity 2, 4, 17, 3940, 43, 83, 96,103,113,120,130, 132,181,195, 272, 280, 282-286 discrimination: racial 35nl63, 36-37, 53, 55, 58, 60, 94, 97-98, 100-101,103-111,113,140,142, 145,166n5,169,175,179, 214, 216, 231-234, 267, 269; see also incitement Donnelly, Jack 12 Dubček, Alexander 51, 65 Durant, Isabelle 22 Dworkin, Gerald 32 Dworkin, Ronald 13 ethnic minorities 3,11, 57, 59-60, 72, 76-77,80, 208-209, 216, 218nl21, 222, 229-231, 251, 269, 271, 273 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 152,178, 180-181,213,232-233,261 European Commission on Human Rights (ECommHR) 137 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) 82,132,134, 140,145-146,152-153,160,162, 164,179,185 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 132-133, 136,138-142, 144-145,147-148,150,159-161, 164,179-180,195, 223-227, 284 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 152-153,155-156, 158,158nl82 European Union (EU) 3, 77,131, 150,152-159, 16ІП201,162,164, 172, 181,185-189, 195, 202, 212, 230nl96, 232, 232n209, 253 EU’s Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) 157,186-188 Färber, Daniel A. 25 Farrior, Stephanie 55 Faurisson, Robert 122-123,128, 147, 147nl01 Feldek, Ľubomír 224-225 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 110-111 Féret, Daniel 142-143 Flauss, François 134 Flynt, Larry 225
foreigners 109-110,143, 214, 242, 248 Forman, Miloš 225 Fox, Gregory H. 18 Framework Decision 153-154, 186 freedom of expression 2-5, 9, 20, 22, 24֊27,29, 32-33, 36, 40, 42, 45-46, 51, 56, 56n66, 59, 62-63, 66-67, 76, 81, 83-85, 87, 90, 94-96, 100-104,106, 111, 114-116,118, 120-124,127-129,132-133,138֊ 140,142-143,146-148,150-151, 153,158,166-168,169n27,171, 176-177,180, 183-184,187,189, 197, 200, 204, 209-211, 221-228, 234-235, 237-240, 247-248, 264, 269, 272, 274, 278-279, 282, 284-285, 288 Fritzsche, Hans 90 Garver, Bruce 204 General Policy Recommendation (GPR) 181-184,183nl07 genocide 30, 33-34, 39, 52, 89-95, 90n22,100,129,145-147,150, 154, 173,183,183nl07, 255, 257, 259-260 Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. 43 Ghanea, Nažila 34 Glendon, Ann 11 Goebbels, Joseph 238 Gottwald, Mement 50 Gronsky, Ján 206 Guiora, Amos N. 237 gypsy 56-60,108, 213, 246-247, 255, 258, 267, 270; see also Roma Halmai, Gábor 201 Harcourt, Bernard E. 27 hard law 29,165,194,196, 283-285 harm principle 4, 26-27, 31-33, 35, 38, 42, 45, 83, 87, 281, 283 hate speech regulation 1-7, 9, 13, 16-17,19-21, 23-24, 27-28, 30, 32, 34-35, 41-42, 45-46, 55, 61, 73, 76-77, 83,114,152,155, 164-165,
318 Index 170,177-179,185,193, 195-197, 206, 209, 211, 216, 225, 227, 230, 235-237, 242, 249-250, 258, 274, 277, 281-285, 287-289 Havel, Václav 56η66, 65, 74, 76 Hegel, G. W. F. 39 Heinze, Eric 13, 31, 37 Herczeg, Jin 258, 268 Hess, Rudolf 104 Heydrich, Reinhard 49 Hider, Adolf 1, 49, 75,105, 238, 263; Heil 261, 266, 272 Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (Hlinková slovenská ludová strana) (HSĽS) 23 Hlinková slovenská ľudová strana see Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party Holländer, Pavel 71, 200, 211 Holocaust 146,154,195, 246, 254, 260; denial ЗІПІ49, 39,123,128, 135-136,144-146,154,160, 260, 264, 267, 284 homophobic 29-30,136,143-144, 153,164, 247-248 homosexual 1,143,148, 209, 226, 232n209, 248 Hottelier, Michel 16 Hughes, Edel 159 Human Bights Committee (HR Committee) 51, 54, 56, 58-59, 61, 115-116,119-122,124-128, 210, 214, 228, 284 Hus, Jan 74 Husák, Gustav 65 Iganski, Paul 264 immigrants 37, 112-113, 125, 142,155,179, 187-188, 232n209, 255,267 incitement to discrimination 4, 21, 29-30, 32, 35-39,41-42,45,93,96,100, 103,106-107,109-110,117-119, 123-124,127-128,130,132,135, 139-140,142,154-155,157,164, 169-170,175,183,183nl07,185, 195,241,250,255,258,267, 270-273,275,278,282,284,288 incitement to hatred 21, 24, 27, 30, 32, 36, 38-42, 45, 56, 62-63, 76, 78-79, 82, 93,100, 109-111, 113,129, 134-135,139,142-146, 148, 154, 157,168-175,178,180, 183nl07, 189,195-196, 210, 214-215, 238-241, 247, 250, 258-261, 263-265, 267-275, 278-279, 282, 284, 286-287, 289 incitement to hostility 35,119-120, 123-124,127,138,169-170 incitement to violence 4, 21, 27, 30, 31nl49, 32-35, 38, 42-43, 45,
59, 62, 76, 88, 90, 93-95,100, 103-104,106,109-110,119-120, 123-124,127-130, 132,135-139, 142,151,154,169-170,182-183, 183nl07,185,189,191,195, 238-242, 247, 250, 258, 260-267, 275, 278, 280, 282, 284-285,287 International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 29, 51-52, 52n36, 56, 85, 92, 97-99,101-102, 106,109-110,113,122,129-130, 141,178,194-195,201,284 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 91 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 29, 51 54-56, 58-59,67, 85,92,98,114,117, 121-122,128-130,165-166,170, 194-195,201,204,206,228,284 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 165, 206 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 91-93, 93n36 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 93, 93n36 International Military Tribunal (IMT) 90 Internet 102, 121,148,150-151,154, 164,169,169n27,182-183,186, 190-191,253 intolerance 3,13, 22, 35, 41, 72,123, 127,129,144,151, 158,168-169, 175,179-181,187,191, 231-232, 251, 252n96, 275n245, 277, 282, 288; racial 52, 60, 106 Islamophobia 35, 111, 250 Ivanov, Pavel 143 Izsák, Rita 173 Jäger, Petr 210 Jenness, Valerie 43 Jesses, Eckhard 20, 77 Jews 1,11, 49, 49n21, 75, 80, 104, 122-124,128,143,146-148,187, 226, 261, 266-267, 283 Jourová, Věra 186
Index 319 Kahn, Robert A. 31, 31nl49, 39 Kant, Immanuel 15,15ո40, 208 Kaye, David 167 168 Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. 72 Klaus, Václav 65-66, 69, 74, 74nl82, 76, 206, 217 Klein, Martin 225-266, 225nl66 Korengold, Michael A. G. 99 Kodéba, Marian 245-246, 255-256, 270, 289 Kováč, Dušan 73 La Rue, Frank 166n5,168 Lawrence, Frederick M. 43 legal framework 13, 20-22, 24, 42, 75, 82-83, 85,131, 135,151,156-157, 183,192,197, 206, 234, 239, 250, 253, 262, 271,278,285 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer (LGBTIQ) 35, 43, 77,175,187, 255,283, 288 liberal democracy 12, 18, 24-25, 33, 43-44, 72-73, 159-161, 201, 237 liberty 7, 10,12-14,16-18, 24, 25nll0, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41-42, 44-46, 74nl80, 74nl81, 84-85, 87, 96, 119, 132, 137, 139, 152, 154, 161, 180, 193, 195, 223, 240, 262, 279, 281-282, 285,288-289 Lincoln, Abraham 10 Loewenstein, Karl 19, 23-24, 48, 77 Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko see People’s Party-Our Slovakia Lyons, David 27 McGoldrick, Dominic 120 McGonagle, Tarlach 93,160,179 McKinnon, Catriona 18 Maddem, Patrick 160 Malová, Darina 217 Mareš, Miroslav 20,24,204,243, 261, 263 Masaryk. Tomáš 23, 48 M’Bala M’Bala, Dieudonné 147 Medar, Vladimír 69-70, 72, 74, 76, 84,217,219-220,220nl31,234, 279,285 Mendel, Toby 29 Metzl, Jamie F. 94 migrant 3, 77,141,148,175,179,188, 250, 255, 267, 283, 288 militant democracy 4, 7,18-20, 22-24, 67-68, 78, 83,94, 131,134,159, 162,179-180,195-196, 202, 238, 269, 282-283 Mill, John Stuart 4, 26-27, 32-33, 35-36, 38, 41-42,45, 83, 87, 94, 160, 210, 281, 283; see also harm principle Milo, Daniel 16, 40 Molek, Pvel 210 Molnar, Peter 28
Montesquieu 10,10n7 Moormann-Kimáková, Barbora 201 Mudde, Cas 77, 237 Muhender, Richard 28 Muslims 1, ЗО, 36, 93,110-111, 125-126,139,142,176,187-188, 232ո209, 248, 283, 288 National-Socialist Party 23, 48, 248 Nazi 64, 90, 104-105, 146, 239nl5, 240, 243, 257, 260, 263-264, 269; anti- 49; Germany 23, 23n95, 48, 173, 264; ideology 105, 128, 136, 144, 184, 248; Neo- 1, 77, 104, 146, 151, 175, 182ПІ02,184,187,242, 247-248, 253, 257,263-264, 266, 268-269, 268n210, 279; see also Bootboys; swastika Nedelsky, Nadya 234 Nolte, Georg 18 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) 29nl36 Noorloos, Marloes van 134,137 North Adantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 189, 212 Nowak, Manfred 115,118-119,127 Občanské forum see Civic Forum Oberschall, Anthony 30 Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the OSCE (ODIHR) 189-191 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 169, 172,177 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 131, 189,191,194,212 Organization of American States (OAS) 191-192 Osiatyński, Wiktor 10
320 Index Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) 184,192nl56 Parmar, Sejal 171 Paroch, Karl J. 102,116 Pedahzur, Ami 21 Penal Codes 17, 43, 52, 56, 61, 67, 78-79, 84,100,190, 215, 228, 236, 240-242, 249, 253-256, 258-261, 265, 267-271, 279, 282, 286 People’s Party-Our Slovakia (Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko) (LSNS) 245-246, 255-258 Perinçek, Doğu 147 Perry, Barbara 151 Perry, Joanna 189 РШау, Navi 172 Post, Robert 28, 31,162 post-communist: countries 1-2,11, 24, 37, 77-78,172,199, 201-202, 205, 210-211, 216, 225, 235-236, 262, 277, 281, 288; democracies 2, 5, 11, 42, 77, 83,174,197,199-200, 225, 281,287 pre-communism 4, 46 Přibáň, Jiří 203 propaganda 34, 39, 52, 56, 61-63, 67, 87-91, 88n3, 89nl5, 90n22, 93-94,96, 98,104-105,117,119, 121,127,136-138,149,161,163, 166n5,168,175,185,189-190, 204, 228, 239-242, 246 protection of minorines 1-2, 4-5, 7,47, 64, 76-77, 79-82, 84, 89,129,132, 139,141,152,156,166,179,189, 195,197, 202, 206, 211-212, 216, 220, 228-229, 251, 278, 282-283, 285, 288 Public Against Violence (Verejnosť prod násiliu) (PAV) 64-66, 68-69 public goods 1, 3-5, 7,16-17, 20-21, 31-32, 34-35, 43, 45^6, 50, 52, 60-61, 63-64, 67, 76, 84, 88-89, 117,120,128-130,132,136,145, 174,193-194, 197, 203-204, 211, 216, 223, 228, 236-237, 250, 252, 262, 282, 287-288 Rabat Plan of Action (RPA) 170-173, 183,195,211,284 Racial Equality Directive 155 racism 3, 22, 35-36, 39, 51, 53, 61, 77, 100,103-105, 123,125,127-128, 136,139-140,144,152-154, 157-158,162,169,175,181-182, 185-187,190,212, 214, 247, 252-254, 252n96,258, 261, 268, 272, 284, 286; see also
discrimination; intolerance Rawls, John 25nll0, 26 Real Slovak National Party (RSNP) 108 refugees 105,187, 194 Roma 1,11, 36, 49, 53-54, 56, 59-62, 71, 72nl65, 74nl78, 75-76, 80-81, 107-108,125,187, 209, 212-215, 218, 218nl21, 221, 228, 230-232, 232n209, 233-235, 242, 246-248, 253, 255, 258, 260-261, 263-266, 269-270, 273, 279, 283, 285, 287-288; see also gypsy Roman salute 243, 266, 272 Rosenfeld, Michel 22 Ross, Malcolm 123-124,128 Rousseau, Jacques 10 Rwanda 30, 34, 91,173 Sadurski, Wojciech 18, 25, 36, 38 Sajó, András 11,19 Sarrazin, Thilo 112-113 Schabas, William 179 Scheppele, Kim L. 205 segregation 1, 51n29,142, 213-214, 255, 260, 267, 273-274, 288 Sensen, Oliver 15 Šimečka, Martin M. 218 Sjolie, Terje 104-105 skinheads 60, 62, 76, 212-213, 233, 242, 259, 26!, 263, 268, 273, 279 Slovak Togetherness Party 244-245, 253 Slovenská, Matica 233 Snyder, Jack L. 71, 16! ' Sobotka, Eva 212 social media 1, 41,129,148,257, 269 socialist: democracy 63; order 55-56, 59, 62-63, 83, 241-242; regime 52; social order 55, 79; society 55-57, 241; system 51-52, 55, 241 soft law 5, 29, 131,165-166,170, 173,176-179,184,193-196, 281, 283,285 Sokol, Ján 226 Sottiaux, Stefan 137 Special Rapporteur 93,102,166-169, 166n5,173-175,192 Strasbourg 132, 136,142-143, 146-148, 150, 224-225, 248; Court
Index 321 135-136,138,151-152, 159, 185, 224 Streicher, Julius 90 St. Wenceslas 74 Sumner, Leonard W. 32, 41 Surmánek, Erik 255 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 177 swastika 123, 243, 257, 269 Temperman, Jereon 127 Thiel, Markus 18, 77 Thornberry, Patrick 102 three-prong theory 4-5, 7, 9, 27, 31-32, 42, 83, 85,113,121-122, 128-129,131,134,136,140,145, 163,180,194, 196-197, 208, 216, 235-236, 262, 280, 282-283, 285-287 Timmermann, Wibke K. 92,119 Tiso, Jozef 23, 48^9 Tomaševski, Katarina 80 Tomuschat, Christian 119,160 totalitarian 1, 46, 52, 54-55, 64, 64nl23, 67, 78, 82, 135, 137,142, 144,16!, 179, 185,197, 204-205, 210,213, 228, 241,282 Treaty on the European Union (TEU) 152,156 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 156 Tulkens, Françoise 136 Turkey 138,145,160 Turks 112, 137-138,142,147 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 50,115, 237-238 United Nations (UN) 5,15n45, 51, 85, 87-89, 91, 94, 96-97,103, 106,114,129,165-166,169,173, 175-177, 191,195,201, 205, 212, 283-284 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 89, 97 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 14-15,89,95-98,101-102, 129,165-166,201,206-207,220,283 Vachudová, Milada A. 212 Vasak, Karel 32 velvet divorce 68-69, 206 Velvet Revolution 1, 64, 66, 69, 74, 76, 82, 200, 242 Venice Commission 178, 185 Verejnosť proti násiliu see Public Against Violence Vietnamese 60, 214 Výborný, Štěpán 20, 261 Waldron, Jeremy 16, 27, 40, 82, 84, 114,162,173, 177, 272, 278 western democracy 12, 17-18, 37, 212,237 Wilders, Geert 126-127 Wilson, Woodrow 47 Wolchik, Sharon L. 46 World War II 19-20, 23, 28,
48-49, 49n21, 63, 72, 75, 85, 87-89, 104, 129,131,161,195, 237-238, 268, 282-283, 287 Wydra, Harald 199 xenophobia 3, 22, 73, 75, 77, 111, 127,144,149-150,152-154, 154nl53,158, 164, 169,175, 179-181,186-188,190, 247-248, 250, 254, 282 Zajac, Peter 72 Zakaria, Fareed 72 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München N J |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei Tschechien |
| id | DE-604.BV046766157 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:45:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-13T15:01:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367437848 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032175646 |
| oclc_num | 1164621296 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-706 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-706 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xviii, 321 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200916 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge research in human rights law |
| spelling | Pejchal, Viera Verfasser (DE-588)121707158X aut Hate speech regulation in post-communist countries Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values Viera Pejchal London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group [2020] © 2020 xviii, 321 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge research in human rights law Dissertation Université de Genève 2019 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Hassrede (DE-588)1155206169 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 g Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Hassrede (DE-588)1155206169 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Geschichte z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 2021 978-1-03-223632-2 (DE-604)BV047693883 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-00-300574-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032175646&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032175646&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032175646&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Pejchal, Viera Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Hassrede (DE-588)1155206169 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)1155206169 (DE-588)4055297-4 (DE-588)4303381-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values |
| title_alt | Hate speech regulation in post-communist countries |
| title_auth | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values |
| title_exact_search | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values |
| title_full | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values Viera Pejchal |
| title_fullStr | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values Viera Pejchal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe legislating for divergent values Viera Pejchal |
| title_short | Hate speech and human rights in Eastern Europe |
| title_sort | hate speech and human rights in eastern europe legislating for divergent values |
| title_sub | legislating for divergent values |
| topic | Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Hassrede (DE-588)1155206169 gnd |
| topic_facet | Menschenrecht Hassrede Slowakei Tschechien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032175646&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032175646&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032175646&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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