Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cham, Switzerland
Springer
[2020]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Synthese library
volume 426 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 152 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9783030442699 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................................ 1.1 Aims and Motivation.......................................................................... 1.2 Overview of the Following Chapters.................................................. References..................................................................................................... 1 1 3 5 2 Theories of Confirmation in Which Hypotheses Do Not Have Probabilities................................................................................................. 2.1 Hypothetico-deductivism................................................................... 2.2 Hempel’s “Satisfaction” Theory......................................................... 2.3 Mayo’s Error-Statistical Theory......................................................... References..................................................................................................... 7 7 10 14 18 3 Theories of Confirmation in Which Hypotheses Have Probabilities and Inference to the Best Explanation.................................................. 19 3.1 General................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Bayesianism........................................................................................ 19 3.3 Achinstein’s Theory of Evidence....................................................... 23 3.4 Inference to the Best Explanation...................................................... 29 3.4.1 What Is an
Explanation?........................................................... 32 3.4.2 Evidence, Hypothesis, and Explanation in Clinical Medical Science......................................................................... 33 References..................................................................................................... 38 4 Confirmation of Hypotheses in Clinical Medical Science..................... 4.1 General................................................................................................ 4.2 Therapeutic Hypotheses..................................................................... 4.2.1 Controlled Trials........................................................................ 4.2.2 N of 1 Trials............................................................................ 4.3 Etiologie Hypotheses.......................................................................... 4.3.1 Cohort Studies........................................................................... 4.3.2 Case-Control Studies................................................................. 4.3.3 Cross-Sectional Studies............................................................. 39 39 40 40 41 43 44 45 51 IX
x Contents 4.3.4 Remarks on the Challenges of Etiologie Research................ 4.4 Diagnostic Hypotheses.......................................................................... References........................................................................................................ 54 56 64 5 A Weight of Evidence Account................................................................... 5.1 General.................................................................................................... 5.2 Some Threats to Accuracy.................................................................... 5.2.1 Selection Bias............................................................................ 5.2.2 Information Bias........................................................................ 5.2.3 Confounding.............................................................................. 5.3 How Is the Weight of Evidence Determined?..................................... 5.3.1 Cochrane Systematic Reviews................................................. 5.3.2 ĪARC Reviews........................................................................... 5.4 How Is the Weight of Evidence Quantified?....................................... 5.5 The Importance of Accuracy................................................................. References........................................................................................................ 67 67 69 69 71 71 73 75 77 77 81 84 6 The Weight of Evidence Account Defended............................................. 6.1
General.................................................................................................... 6.2 Current Theories of Evidence Are Unsatisfactory for Clinical Medical Science..................................................................................... 6.3 The Weight of Evidence Account Remedies Deficiencies in Other Accounts.................................................................................. 6.4 The Weight of Evidence Account Explains the Case Studies........... 6.5 The Weight of Evidence Account Explains Efforts to Rank Evidence................................................................................... References........................................................................................................ 87 87 7 Justification for the Hierarchical Pyramid of Evidence-Based Medicine and a Defense of Randomization.............................................. 7.1 General.................................................................................................... 7.2 The Evolution of Treatments for Early Breast Cancer....................... 7.2.1 Background................................................................................ 7.2.2 Early Studies.............................................................................. 7.2.3 Controlled Trials in Clinical Medical Science Revisited. . . 7.2.4 RCTs in Early Breast Cancer................................................... 7.3 Is Randomization Necessary?............................................................... 7.4 A Defense of
Randomization................................................................ 7.5 Analysis of Evidence in Studies of Treatment for Early Breast Cancer.......................................................................................... 7.6 Some Issues in Generalizing the Results of RCTs in Clinical Medical Science...................................................................................... 7.7 Why the Hierarchical Pyramidof EBM Is Justified............................ References........................................................................................................ 87 93 94 97 98 101 101 102 102 103 106 106 108 Ill 117 120 123 125
Contents 8 Ethics and Evidence: Is Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials Necessary to Firmly Establish aNew Therapy?.......................... 8.1 General.................................................................................................. 8.2 ECMO................................................................................................... 8.2.1 Background and RCTs of ECMO.............................................. 8.2.2 Were the ECMO RCTsNecessary?........................................ 8.3 Carcinoma of the Anal Canal.............................................................. 8.4 Disseminated Carcinoma of the Testis................................................ 8.5 Conclusions.......................................................................................... References...................................................................................................... Index xi 129 129 130 130 133 138 142 143 144 147
Synthese Library 426 Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science John Alexander Pinkston Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science ^:·:·;ί···:-··^:Λ······ л ; FOREPI In this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is r r gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the “hierarchical pyramid” of evidence-based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom. The author illustrates the development of various “levels” of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new
therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
|
| adam_txt |
Contents 1 Introduction. 1.1 Aims and Motivation. 1.2 Overview of the Following Chapters. References. 1 1 3 5 2 Theories of Confirmation in Which Hypotheses Do Not Have Probabilities. 2.1 Hypothetico-deductivism. 2.2 Hempel’s “Satisfaction” Theory. 2.3 Mayo’s Error-Statistical Theory. References. 7 7 10 14 18 3 Theories of Confirmation in Which Hypotheses Have Probabilities and Inference to the Best Explanation. 19 3.1 General. 19 3.2 Bayesianism. 19 3.3 Achinstein’s Theory of Evidence. 23 3.4 Inference to the Best Explanation. 29 3.4.1 What Is an
Explanation?. 32 3.4.2 Evidence, Hypothesis, and Explanation in Clinical Medical Science. 33 References. 38 4 Confirmation of Hypotheses in Clinical Medical Science. 4.1 General. 4.2 Therapeutic Hypotheses. 4.2.1 Controlled Trials. 4.2.2 N of 1 Trials. 4.3 Etiologie Hypotheses. 4.3.1 Cohort Studies. 4.3.2 Case-Control Studies. 4.3.3 Cross-Sectional Studies. 39 39 40 40 41 43 44 45 51 IX
x Contents 4.3.4 Remarks on the Challenges of Etiologie Research. 4.4 Diagnostic Hypotheses. References. 54 56 64 5 A Weight of Evidence Account. 5.1 General. 5.2 Some Threats to Accuracy. 5.2.1 Selection Bias. 5.2.2 Information Bias. 5.2.3 Confounding. 5.3 How Is the Weight of Evidence Determined?. 5.3.1 Cochrane Systematic Reviews. 5.3.2 ĪARC Reviews. 5.4 How Is the Weight of Evidence Quantified?. 5.5 The Importance of Accuracy. References. 67 67 69 69 71 71 73 75 77 77 81 84 6 The Weight of Evidence Account Defended. 6.1
General. 6.2 Current Theories of Evidence Are Unsatisfactory for Clinical Medical Science. 6.3 The Weight of Evidence Account Remedies Deficiencies in Other Accounts. 6.4 The Weight of Evidence Account Explains the Case Studies. 6.5 The Weight of Evidence Account Explains Efforts to Rank Evidence. References. 87 87 7 Justification for the Hierarchical Pyramid of Evidence-Based Medicine and a Defense of Randomization. 7.1 General. 7.2 The Evolution of Treatments for Early Breast Cancer. 7.2.1 Background. 7.2.2 Early Studies. 7.2.3 Controlled Trials in Clinical Medical Science Revisited. . . 7.2.4 RCTs in Early Breast Cancer. 7.3 Is Randomization Necessary?. 7.4 A Defense of
Randomization. 7.5 Analysis of Evidence in Studies of Treatment for Early Breast Cancer. 7.6 Some Issues in Generalizing the Results of RCTs in Clinical Medical Science. 7.7 Why the Hierarchical Pyramidof EBM Is Justified. References. 87 93 94 97 98 101 101 102 102 103 106 106 108 Ill 117 120 123 125
Contents 8 Ethics and Evidence: Is Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials Necessary to Firmly Establish aNew Therapy?. 8.1 General. 8.2 ECMO. 8.2.1 Background and RCTs of ECMO. 8.2.2 Were the ECMO RCTsNecessary?. 8.3 Carcinoma of the Anal Canal. 8.4 Disseminated Carcinoma of the Testis. 8.5 Conclusions. References. Index xi 129 129 130 130 133 138 142 143 144 147
Synthese Library 426 Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science John Alexander Pinkston Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science ^:·:·;ί···:-··^:Λ······' л\ ; FOREPI In this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is r r gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the “hierarchical pyramid” of evidence-based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom. The author illustrates the development of various “levels” of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new
therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials. |
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| spelling | Pinkston, John Alexander Verfasser aut Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science John Alexander Pinkston Cham, Switzerland Springer [2020] © 2020 xiii, 152 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Synthese library volume 426 Dissertation University of Miami 2016 [erweiterte Version] Philosophy of Medicine Research Ethics Theory of Medicine/Bioethics Cancer Research Medicine—Philosophy Research—Moral and ethical aspects Medical ethics Cancer research Klinische Medizin (DE-588)4134748-1 gnd rswk-swf Evidenz-basierte Medizin (DE-588)4543414-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Evidenz-basierte Medizin (DE-588)4543414-1 s Klinische Medizin (DE-588)4134748-1 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-44270-5 Synthese library volume 426 (DE-604)BV000005044 426 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032168004&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032168004&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Pinkston, John Alexander Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science Synthese library Philosophy of Medicine Research Ethics Theory of Medicine/Bioethics Cancer Research Medicine—Philosophy Research—Moral and ethical aspects Medical ethics Cancer research Klinische Medizin (DE-588)4134748-1 gnd Evidenz-basierte Medizin (DE-588)4543414-1 gnd |
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| title | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science |
| title_auth | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science |
| title_exact_search | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science |
| title_full | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science John Alexander Pinkston |
| title_fullStr | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science John Alexander Pinkston |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science John Alexander Pinkston |
| title_short | Evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science |
| title_sort | evidence and hypothesis in clinical medical science |
| topic | Philosophy of Medicine Research Ethics Theory of Medicine/Bioethics Cancer Research Medicine—Philosophy Research—Moral and ethical aspects Medical ethics Cancer research Klinische Medizin (DE-588)4134748-1 gnd Evidenz-basierte Medizin (DE-588)4543414-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Philosophy of Medicine Research Ethics Theory of Medicine/Bioethics Cancer Research Medicine—Philosophy Research—Moral and ethical aspects Medical ethics Cancer research Klinische Medizin Evidenz-basierte Medizin Hochschulschrift |
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