Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes: comparing China and Russia
"This volume compares the most powerful authoritarian states in global politics today: Russia and China. For all their power and money, both regimes have faced difficult tradeoffs in seeking both political stability and reliable information about society while confronting the West and its inter...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This volume compares the most powerful authoritarian states in global politics today: Russia and China. For all their power and money, both regimes have faced difficult tradeoffs in seeking both political stability and reliable information about society while confronting the West and its international influence. They have also made different choices: Russia today is a competitive authoritarian regime, while China is a non-competitive authoritarian regime. Desite the different paths taken after the tumultuous events of 1989, both regimes have returned to a more personalized form of authoritarian rule. By placing China and Russia side-by-side, this volume examines regime-society relations and produces new insights, including what strategies their rulers have used to stay in power while forging political stability and gathering information; how societal groups have resisted, complied, or responded to these strategies; and what costs and benefits, anticipated and unexpected, have accompanied the bargains political leaders and their societies have struck. The essays in this volume change the way we understand authoritarian politics and expand the terrain of how we analyze regime-society relations in authoritarian states. On the societal side, this book looks not just at society as a whole, but also the more specific roles of public opinion, labor politics, political socialization, political protests, media politics, environmental movements, and non-governmental organizations. On the regime side, this study is distinctive in examining not just domestic threats and the general strategies rulers deploy in order to manage them, but also international threats and the rationale behind and impact of new laws and new policies, both domestic and international"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 326 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780190093495 9780190093488 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments Contributors ix xi 1. Introduction: Regimes and Societies in Authoritarian States 1 VALERIE J. BUNCE, KARRIE J. KOESEL, AND JESSICA CHEN WEISS section i} Preempting Threats 2. The New Normal: A Neopolitical Turn in China’s Reform Era 31 JEREMY WALLACE 3. Political Opportunities for Participation and China’s Leadership Transition 59 DIANA FU AND GREG DISTELHORST 4. Diffusion-Proofing: Russian and Chinese Responses to Waves of Popular Mobilization Against Authoritarian Rulers 87 KARRIE J. KOESEL AND VALERIE J. BUNCE section и} Media Politics 5. Critical Journalists in China and Russia: Encounters with Ambiguity 117 MARIA REPNIKOVA 6. How Russian Media Control, Manipulate, and Leverage Public Discontent: Framing Protest in Autocracies 137 TOMILA LANKINA, KOHEI WATANABE, AND YULIA NETESOVA section in} Law and Labor 7. A Tale of Two Laws: Managing Foreign Agents and Overseas NGOs in Russia and China 167 ELIZABETH PLANTAN 8. Holding the Government’s Attention: State Sector Workers in China 191 MANFRED ELFSTROM
viii { Contents section iv} Building Public Support 9. The Logic of Vladimir Putin’s Popular Appeal 217 ALEKSANDAR MATOVSKI 10. Legitimacy, Resilience, and Political Education in Russia and China: Learning to be Loyal 250 KARRIE J. KOESEL 11. Going Public: Choosing to Work for the Russian State 279 BRYN ROSENFELD 12. Conclusion: China, Russia, and the Authoritarian Embrace of Globalization 303 MARK R. BEISSINGER Index 317
INDEX For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t and ƒ following the page number acrimonious conflicts, 3 authoritarian media politics, 118-19 activists/activism. See also protests and Russian competitive authoritarian regimes, 11,13-15 media control contingent authoritarians, 234 anti-corruption, 31,42-43, 126 disaggregating political opportunity, 61-63 criminalization of, 68-70, 78 information deficits of, 98 feminist activists, 40-41,70 introduction to, 1-2 as internal enemies, 68 key questions over, 8 labor activism, 193-96 non-competitive authoritarian regimes, 11, mass arrests of, 68,69 13-15,21,303-4 pro-democracy activists, 102,171 political opportunity structures, 79 by SOEs, 201-7, 202f, 2021, 203ƒ repression vs. liberalization, 2-7 administrative lawsuits, 77j, 77 types of, 13-15 Agentura.ru digital news, 120-21 airpocaplyses, 36-37 banana republics, 92-93 air pollution deaths, 36-37 Beijing, floods (2012), 129 All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), Beijing Olympics (2008), 68-69 193,195-96,207 Beijing University, 71 All-Russian State Television and Broadcasting Beissinger, Mark, 139-41 Company (VGTRK) group, 144 Belarus, 96, 207-8 Anatomiya protesta-2 (The anatomy of protest-2) benign neglect, 169-70 documentary, 147 Berdyaev, Nikolai, 260 ANOAVA test, 149-50 Berezovsky, Boris, 218-20 anti-authoritarian protests, 99-100, 102-3 Berlin Wall, fall of, 223 anti-corruption bloggers, 126 Biryulyovo Protests and Riots, 156 anti-
corruption crusades, 31, 42-43 blaming effect, 45-46 anti-extremism legislation, 125,126 blat in Soviet-era Russia, 282 Bolotnaya Square Rally, 154-56 anti-migrant rhetoric, 150 anti-regime mobilization, 62 boundary-pushers, 68-69 anti-regime protests. See protests and Russian Bo Xilai, 42 media control Brezhnev, Leonid, 5-6 app-based delivery workers, 194-95 Bush, George W., 218 Arab Spring, 70, 90,100-1,102,118, 167, 171,250 - Cadre Evaluation System, 35-36 Caijing magazine, 120-21 Arab uprisings, 88, 89-90, 92, 100-2, 104-5 Aristotle, 251 Caixin magazine, 120-21, 122, associational power, 194-95 128,129 aura of invincibility, 22-23 capitalist democracy, 265 austerity of governmental officials, 40 censorship China, 75,118, 119-20, 123-24,129 autocrats/authoritarian states. See also China/ online censorship, 134n2 Chinese authoritarianism; comparative Russia, 125 authoritarianism; Russia/Russian self-censorship, 129,130-32 authoritarianism 317
3i8 { Index Center for Public Participation and Support at Peking University, 76 Central Commission on Discipline Inspection (CCDI), 31, 35, 38, 39,41,42 centralization of regimes, 32 centralized regulatory controls, 63 Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, 68 Central Propaganda Department (CPD), 119, 122 Charity Law (2016) (China), 167֊68,176-82 Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 174 Chechen rebels, 230 China/Chinese authoritarianism. See also comparative authoritarianism; diffusionproofing by China and Russia; Hu Jintao; Mao Zedong; neopolitical reform in China; participation during leadership transition in China; state sector workers in China; Xi Jinping censorship in, 75, 118, 119-20,123-24, 129 Charity Law, 167-68, 176-82 decentralization policies, 177 Deng Xiaoping, 5-6, 7,192,238, 253-54 economic growth under, 33-36, 37 justice system, 71-72 legitimation in, 264-71 organized opposition and, 95 Overseas NGO Law, 176-82 regime-society politics in, 7-8 routine survival in, 127-29 state-run media, 93-94 strongman appeal, 238 Uyghur criminal proceedings, 41 China Daily, 65 China General Social Survey (2010), 72 China Labor Watch, 204-5 China Labour Bulletin (CLB), 192-93, 199 China Rights Emergency Aid, 67 China’s National People’s Congress, 206 China Strikes dataset, 203-4 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 76 Chinese Central Television (CCTV), 31, 40,41 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ambitions for, 9-10 anti-corruption unit of, 31 authoritarianism of, 4-7, 41, 176-77 Chinese labor under, 192-93 feminist activists, 70-71 institutional power of, 33,266-68 legal
reform, 66 media role in, 119 opposition to, 65 political education after, 252-53 political scandals and, 171 strategies of, 15 youth membership, 97 Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs, 179 Chinese Ministry of Public Security, 176-77, 179,182 Churchill, Winston, 230 circuit courts, 39 citizen mobilization, 65,142-43 citizenship and patriotism, 256-57 civic education, 252 civilian elites, 2-3 civil liberties, 3,4 civil society, 12-13, 63-66,91-92, 168, 169-71,312-13 civil society organizations, 12-13,17, 79, 96, 170-71,172-73 clientelism in Russia, 305,312-13 Clinton, Hillary, 71 Coca-Cola bottling plants, 195 coercive power, 78, 200 cognitive dissonance, 33-34 Cold War, 6,7, 10-11, 92-93, 223, 237 collective action, 78-79,310-11 color revolutions, 15-16, 89, 92, 147,167, 170-71,250 Committee to Protect Journalists, 127 Communist Party in Russia (KPRF) complaints against law enforcement agencies, 94-95 foreign agent law and, 172-74 political sensitivity of, 132 popular challenges to, 88-89 popularity of Putin and, 217 transition from, 284-85 comparative authoritarianism key assumptions, 19-21 key questions over, 8 methodology of comparisons, 9-11 politics of, 11-13 reasons to focus on, 8-9 regime-society politics in, 7-8, 21-23 repressive vs. liberalizing, 4-7 strategic interactions between, 15-19 summary of, 303-13, 307/, 309/ types of, 13-15 competitive authoritarian regimes, 11,13-15 compulsory military service for students, 268-69 conciliatory gestures, 200 conformism in journalism, 131 Congressional Research Service, 169 Congress of the People’s Deputies of the USSR, 259
constituency service institutions, 61 consumption-based model of economic development, 44
Index } 319 content blocking, 119-20 contentious political participation, 60-61 contingent authoritarians, 234-35 contraction (shou), 62 control tactics, 139 Coordination Council, 156 coordinative resources, 90-91 core leader (hexin lingdao), 59 corruption in China, 31, 37, 40,42-43,126 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 305-6 counterrevolutionary rebellion, 269,272 coups d’état, 12,90 criminalization of activism, 68-70,78 Criminal Procedure Law, 69 crisis management, 121-22 critical journalists in China and Russia ambiguity in China, 121-24 authoritarian media politics, 118-19 coercion in Russia, 124-27 gray zone media distinction, 121-22,124, 127-32,133 introduction to, 16,117-18 media governance, 119-20 red zone media distinction, 124,129 routine survival in China, 127-29 sources of, 120-21 summary of, 132-34 cross-media collaborations, 127-28 cross-national diffusion. See diffusion-proofing cross-territorial investigations, 128 Cultural Revolution, 5,69-70, 305-6 culture of political and patriotic education, 271 Cyberspace Administration, 119,122,123 Dahlin, Peter, 67,68, 69-70 December 2011 Protests, 154-56 decentralization policies, 42,177 decision-making power, 41 decollectivization of agriculture, 34-35 democracy authoritarian media politics, 118-19 benefits of promotion, 169-70 building of, 21 capitalist democracy, 265 cross-national spread of, 88 humanitarianism and, 94 introduction to, 3 liberal democracy, 146-47,172-73, 251, 253-54, 312 political and patriotic education, 256-60 pro-democracy activists, 102,171 Russian democracy, 22,236, 260,272-73, 284-85,
304-5 democracy-dictatorship divide, 32 Deng Xiaoping, 5-6, 7, 192, 238, 253-54 detention centers, 41 diffusion-proofing by China and Russia Chinese reaction to, 98-99 color revolutions, 15-16,89,92 constraints on, 94-98,102-4 defined, 87 deterrents to, 91r, 92-94,100-2 drivers of, 91 ŕ introduction to, 15-16,87-90 MENA uprisings, 89-90, 99-100 overview of, 90-92 summary of, 104-5 disaggregating political opportunity, 61-63 disaster relief assistance, 171 disorder-freedom to protest, 138,141-42, 146, 149-52, 156-57 distrust among citizens, 2-3 diversionary conflict, 232-33,235 domestic grant-making organizations, 172 domestic security, 19-20, 66-67 donor-driven priorities, 183 Drugaja Rossija (Other Russia) party, 94-95 Duihua Foundation, 68-69 Dunhuang Mogao grottos, 271 Eastern Europe, 7 ecological civilization, 206-7 economic elites, 1-2 economic performance after Soviet collapse, 24ІПІ2 growth in China, 33-36, 37 growth in Russia, 228-29, 229f of political and patriotic education, 269-71 reforms, 4-5,6-7, 21 stability concerns, 17-18 Edinaja Rossija (United Russia) party, 94-95 Egypt, 89-90, 96, 99-100 electoral fraud, 10-11,13, 22 elites, 1-3,19, 35 elite universities, 284 endangering state security (ESS crimes), 68-69 environmental activism, 60 environmental civil society groups, 172, 175, 179 environmental degradation, 121-22 environmental protection, 43-44 Environmental Protection Bureaus, 75-76, 76f environmental transparency, 74-75 ethnic minorities, 63,142 ethnonationalist mobilizations, 157-58 extrinsic financial motivations, 282,287 Facebook bans, 99֊ 100 false
preferences, 2 fatalism, 130-32 Federal Assembly in Russia, 96
3»o { Index Federal Security Service (FSB), 100 Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR), 193 feminist activists, 40-41, 70 Feminist Five, 70-71,195 “Fifty Cent Party” (wumao dang), 100 financial transparency, 75-76 flexible repression, 79 ‘Focus Talk’ program, 41 foreign agent law in Russia, 172-76 foreign agents. See non-governmental organizations foreign aid, 169 foreign funding, 170-71, 173-74, 182-84 foreign-owned enterprises, 191-92 foreign policies, 19-20 former Soviet Union, 92-93 for-profit organizations, 175-76 forward-looking autocrats, 1 Foundation Center, 169 Four Cleanups, 34 Fourth Plenum of the Eighteenth Party Congress (2014), 39 Foxconn electronics company, 195 freedom-of-information requests, 15, 71-72, 73-76 freedom to protest frame, 138,141-42, 149-52, 156-57 Gazprom Media, 144 General Accounting Administration (GAA), 35 General Administration for Publication and Press (GAPP), 119,123 General Confederation of Trade Unions of the Soviet Union, 193 Georgia, 92-93, 96-97, 99 ghost cities, 37 Github, 194-95 Glasnost Fund, 130 global economic crisis (2009), 229-30 global financial crisis, 193-94 Global Hub Labour Conflicts (GHLC), 102-3, 199-200 globalization, 139-41, 305-13, 307ƒ global labor unrest, 193-94 Goffman, Erving, 141 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 4-6,7 govemment-controlled/ influencednews sources, 100 government-run corporations, 191-92 government transparency, 74-76,74t Graduate Record Examinations (GRE), 97 grain production estimates, 37-38 Grani.ru news site, 120-21,126 grant-making organizations, 172 grassroots bloggers, 99-100
grassroots civil society, 59,60-61,172 gray zone media distinction, 121-22,124, 127-32, 133 Great Depression, 222-23 Great Leap Forward, 5,33 Great Wall of China, 271 gross domestic product (GDP), 35-38, 40, 44, 303, 305-7 guanxi in communist China, 282 Gu Junshan, 37 Han Dongfang, 192-93 harassment of opposition, 12-13 harmonious society goals, 63 Hebei Technology University, 39 hedonism concerns, 40 Higher School of Economics (HSE), 286, 287, 290 Hong Kong booksellers, 40-41,69-70 household registration (hukou), 72-73 Hu Jintao flexible repression under, 79 institutionalized participation under, 71-77 neopolitics and, 42 social management under, 63-64 social stability, 66-68 transition from, 59, 73 humanitarianism, 94 Human Rights Watch, 102-3 Hungary, 11-12 Huntsman, Jon, 100-1 hybrid regimes, 11,62,192-93 ideology and authoritarianism, 33-34, 141-42, 264-66 illegal assembly, 70 incentives for repression, 2 information deficits of authoritarian leaders, 98 information flow, blockage of, 99-100 information sphere, 312 Initiative on the Patriotic Education of Citizens (2001-2005), 253 institutionalized participation, 60-61,62-63, 71-77, 78-79 institutions for political and patriotic education, 260-63, 266-68 Integrum Russian news database, 145-46 Interfax, 144-45 international capital, 17-18 international grant-making organizations, 172 international influence of Russia, 10 International Republican Institute, 94,174 International Social Survey Programme, 280
Index International Women’s Day, 40-41 internet controls, 99-100,106nl4 investigative journalism, 120-21 Islamic extremists, 101 Itogi magazine, 130 Ivan the Terrible, 259 Izvestiya, 144 Jasic electronics factory in Shenzhen, 195 Jasmine Revolution, 102 Jiang Zemin, 42 Jiaodian Fangtan program, 120-21 Kasparov, Garry, 94-95,144-45 Kazakhstan, 96 key political institutions, 1-2 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 218-20 Kiselyov, Dmitry, 158-59 kleptocratic officialdom, 220 Kmara (Enough) revolution, 96-97 KOF Index of Globalization, 306-7, 308-10, 309/ Kogan, Pavel, 258 Kommersant Vlasť newspaper, 124-26,130-31 Komsomolskaya Pravda, 144,153,156 Koryakov, Mikhail, 257 Kyrgyz revolution (2005), 98 Kyrgyzstan, 92-93, 98-99 labor activism, 193-96 labor grievances in Russia, 207-8 labor mobilization, 60 Labour Statistical Yearbooks (China), 200 Latent Semantic Scaling (LSS), 138, 146 law-based governance (yifa zhiguo), 176-77 Law on the Management of Overseas NonGovernmental Organizations’ Activities within Mainland China (2017), 176-78 layoff quotas, 196-97 leadership transition in China. See participation during leadership transition in China Left Front movement, 147 legal reform, 66 legitimacy-enhancing measures, 137-38, 238 legitimation in China, 264-71 Lenin, Vladimir, 252-53 Lenta.ru news site, 126 Levada Survey Center, 220-21, 225-26, 231 Liaoyang Ferro-Alloy factory, 196-97 liberal democracy, 146-47,172-73,251, 253-54, 312 Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR), 172-73 liberalization in authoritarian states, 2-7 in China, 62 media liberalization policy in Russia, 118 NGO management and,
168,170 pockets of, 100 in Russia, 223 liberal media in Russia, 124-25,144-45 Libya, 89-90 Li Keqiang, 37-38 Li Ming-che, 68 Liftman, Michael, 146 LiuXiaobo, 117 Longmay mining company, 196 low-end population, 39 loyal regime stakeholders, 19 Lu Hao, 206 Luzhkov, Yury, 132 MacArthur Foundation, 174 manipulation tactics, 139-41,149-52 Mao Zedong economic and ideological dogmatism, 33-34 employees of collective firms, 196-97 neopolitics under, 31, 33 patriotic education, 253-54 political campaigns under, 39 strongman appeal, 238, 239 March of the Millions protest, 147, 156-57 marginalization of opposition, 12-13 market-based capitalism, 270 market reforms, 37, 192, 196-97, 206, 223-24, 285 martial law, 102 Marxism-Leninism, 253-54, 264-66 mass arrests of activists, 68,69 Mass Line campaign, 39-40 mass politics, 45 mass uprisings, 14, 63 Mayor’s Mailbox, 71-72 media freedom organizations, 172 media politics, 16, 105, 118-19. See also critical journalists in China and Russia Medvedev, Dmitry, 13,138, 146-47, 170-71, 230 meritocratic recruitment in public sector, 283-84 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) uprisings, 89-90, 99-102 migrant workers, 39, 102,197-98, 204 migration/immigration manipulation, 151 military elites, 2-3 Milosevic, Slobodan, 236 Mishki (Teddy Bears) group, 96-97 modernization theory, 118 Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guards) group, 96-97 Morar, Natalia, 126, 130 } 321
32í { Index Moscow State Institute for International Relations (MGIMO), 286,289,290 Moscow State University (MSU), 286, 290 motherland and patriotism, 256-57 Namarsh.ru news site, 144-45,148,151-52 Ncmfang Dushibao, 120-21 Nanfang Renwu Zhoukan, 120-21 Nanfang Zhoumo newspaper, 120-21,128,129 Nashi (Ours) Otechestvo (Fatherland) group, 96-97 National Administration of Letters and Visits, 72 National College Entrance Examination (NCEE), 251, 254-55, 272, 274n8 National Democratic Institute, 94,174 National Endowment for Democracy, 94,174 nationalism, 62,157-58 National Media Group Company, 144 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (Boshi Yanjiusheng Renxue Kaoshi), 97 National Security Commission, 66-67,68 national security framing, 66-68 Navalny, Alexey, 117,126,130 neopolitical reform in China alternative conceptions, 42-44 hidden facts about, 36-38 introduction to, 31-33 summary of, 44-46 technocrats and, 33, 36, 38-41 transformation and information, 33-36 neo-Tocquevillians, 70 New Citizens’ Movement, 69 new normal (xin changtai), 69-70 New Times magazine, 120-21, 126 New York Times, 204-5 nihilism, 263-64 non-competitive authoritarian regimes, 11,1315,21,303-4 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) background on, 169-71 broader implications of, 182-84 Chinese Charity Law and Overseas NGO Law, 167-68,176-82 civil society and, 168,169-71 comparison between Russian and Chinese laws, 181-82 as foreign agents, 102-3 foreign support case studies, 172-80 introduction to, 17, 167-68 national security and, 67,94,96 Russian foreign agent law, 172-76,181-82 summary of, 310-11
non-state-controlled media, 151-52 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 220 Novaya Gazeta newspaper, 120-21,124,126-27, 131-32,144-45,151-52 nuclear weapons, 10,236 obedient subjects, 20 October Revolution, 252-53 one-party communist dictatorship, 10-11 one-veto system (yipiao foujue), 63 online censorship, 134n2 Open Government Information, 61 open political environment, 3 Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation, 94, 174 opportunism vs. ideology, 297 opposition groups, 4,2, 3, 4-5, 88-89, 90-91, 94-95 Orange Revolution, 93,94-95, 96,97 Otpor (Resistance) revolution, 96-97 Overseas Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Law, 67,172 Pangang Group Chengdu Steel and Vanadium, 204-5 participation during leadership transition in China administrative lawsuits, 77ƒ, 77 contentious and institutional participation, 60-61 disaggregating political opportunity, 61-63 discontinuities in, 63-71 freedom-of-information requests, 15, 71-72, 73-76,75ƒ institutionalized participation, 71-77 introduction to, 59-60 party management under Xi Jinping, 64-66 reactive vs. proactive repression, 70-71 social management under Hu Jintao, 63-64 social stability to national security framing, 66-68 summary of, 77-79 written appeals to officials, 72-73 party management under Xi Jinping, 64-66 party-state hierarchy, 35, 36 patriotic education. See political and patriotic education Pavlov, Ivan, 257-58 Peking Man fossils, 271 Pengpai news site, 128 People’s Republic of China, 195 Perry, Elizabeth, 271 personal freedom, 3 personalization of power, 38,68 Peter the Great, 259 petitions (xinfang), 72
Plantan, Elizabeth, 142-43
Index } Plato, 251 pluralism, 11-12 pocket protests, 95 Podkontrol.ru news site, 172-73 Poland, 11-12 policy entrepreneurs, 171 Poligon (Firing Range) code name, 96-97 Politburo Standing Committee, 35,39,42,43-44 political ambiguity, 133-34 political and patriotic education course materials, 259-60, 261-64 culture of, 271 defined, 251-54 democracy and, 256-60 economics of, 269-71 education materials, 254-55 ideology and, 264-66 ideology in, 264 institutions for, 260-63, 266-68 introduction to, 18-19, 250-51 legitimation in China, 264-71 Marxism-Leninism, 253-54, 264-66 Rule of Law, 263-64, 268-69 summary of, 272-73 political campaigns under Mao, 39 political opportunity, disaggregating, 61-63 political participation strategies, 15 political reforms, 4-5, 9-10 political repression vs. popular influence, 20-21 political rhetoric and ideology, 41 political rights, 3,4 political stability, 14, 44 political transformation, 32,33-36 Politics and Law Committee, 66-67 Politkovskaya, Anna, 127 pollution concerns, 74-75, 206-7 Pollution Information Transparency Index, 75-76 pollution protest in Shifang (2012), 123 popular uprisings, 9-10 Pora (Its Time) revolution, 96-97 post-Communist decline of Russia, 237 post-factum legal pressure, 124-25 preemptive censorship, 127-28 Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights, 170-71,172-73, 182 press freedom, 120 Primakov, Yevgeny, 217 proactive repression, 70-71 pro-democracy activists, 102,171 professional supervisory unit (PSU), 176-77,178-79 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 124-25 pro-regime messages, 119 protestor techniques, 15-16 protest
paradigm, 141-42 protests and Chinese labor, 198-99 protests and Russian media control analytical framework, 139-43 Biryulyovo Protests and Riots, 156 data collection, 145-46,145t December 2011 Protests, 154-56 discussion over, 156-59 empirical analysis, 143-56 hypotheses on, 143 introduction to, 137-39 media control, 146-48,147/, 148Í media manipulation, 149/, 149-52,150/ 152/ 153/ media sources on, 143-45 qualitative analysis of news stories, 153-56, 154/ statistical analysis, 146 Przeworski, Adam, 11 psychological profiling, 217 Public Chamber, 170-71,182 public confessions, 68 public mobilization, 60-61 public opinion formation, 141 public sector jobs in Russia comparative perspective on, 280-83 data and measures on, 286-89, 2871, 288ƒ discussion and conclusion, 296/, 297-99 empirical results, 289-97, 291i, 293f, 294f introduction to, 279-80 relevant variables, 283-86 Pussy Riot (performance art group), 155 Putin, Vladimir dictatorship of, 22 former Soviet Union and, 92-93 introduction to, 6, 9,13,14, 18 labor grievances and, 207-8 law on foreign agents, 172-73 patriotic education and, 253 plot to unseat, 147 reelection of, 138-39,147 rise to power, 94-95,193 state control over economy, 279 trajectory of authoritarianism, 119 Putin, Vladimir, popular appeal explanations for, 220-22,222/ foreign threats and safeguarding stability, 234-36 introduction to, 217-20, 218/, 219/ logic of authoritarian appeal, 222-30,223/ 224/, 225f 227f 229f 2321, 233ƒ summary of, 237-40, 245/ 246/, 247/ 248f, 249Í Ukraine War, 230-34 323
324 { Index Qiao Shi, 35 Qing Dynasty, 3,5 qualitative analysis of news stories, 153-56, 154/ quasi-democratic institutions, 61 Rawls, John, 251 RBC Media Group, 124-25, 130 reactive repression, 70-71 Red Engineers, 39 red zone media distinction, 124,129 reeducation centers, 41 regime change professionals, 94 regime-society politics, 7-8,21-23 regime-society relations, 19-20 regional courts, 39 Regulation on Open Government Information (2008), 71-72, 73, 74 Repnikova, Maria, 139-41 repression in authoritarian states, 2-7 against civil society, 61, 62, 77-79 flexible repression, 79 globalization impact on, 311-12 incentives for, 2 against journalists, 130 liberalization vs., 2-7 NGO management and, 168 popular influence vs„ 20-21 reactive vs. proactive, 70-71 state reactions to protests, 198-99 unrest and, 3 resilience-building strategies, 139-43 Respublikanskaja Partija (Republican Party), 94-95 Reznik, Maksim, 94-95 rightftil resistance, 36, 64 RMB-dollar exchange rates, 270 Rosbalt, 144-45 Rossija, Edinája, 100-1 Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 144 Rule of Law, 263-64, 268-69 ruling coalitions, 14 rural-urban migration, 121-22 Russian Communist Party. See Communist Party in Russia Russian constitution, 22 Russian democracy, 22,236,260,272-73, 284-85, 304-5 Russian Duma amendments, 169-70 Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 287 Russian Ministry of Justice, 172-74 Russian Newsweek magazine, 132 Russian Orthodox Church, 289 Russia/Russian authoritarianism. See also comparative authoritarianism; diffusion proofing by China and Russia; protests and Russian media control; Putin,
Vladimir; Yeltsin, Boris censorship in, 9-10,130-32 foreign agent law, 172-76,181-82 labor grievances in, 207-8 media coercion in, 124-27 post-Communist decline of, 237 regime-society politics in, 7-8 self-censorship, 130-32 United Russia, 9-10 Russia Today, 158-59 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 147 sanctions-induced economic meltdown, 236 security budgets, 66,206 self-censorship, 129, 130-32 semi-controlled spaces, 139-41 Serbia, 93,96-97 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 98, 266 Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 75 Shcherbakov, Yegor, 148 “shock therapy” market reforms, 223-24 Sidyakin, Alexander, 172-73 Sinosteel Ferroalloy Factory in Jilin, 204-5 social capital, 70 social inequality, 121-22 Socialist Education Movement, 34 socialist social contract, 196-97 socialization of shared values, 12-13 social management under Hu Jintao, 63-64 social media, 127-28, 139-41, 143 social stability, 17-18,66-68 societal apathy, 130 Solidarity trade union movement, 204 Soros, George, 174 Soviet monogorads, 196 Soviet Union collapse of, 118,192-93,223-24,228-29, 237, 24ІПІ2,279 common institutional characteristics, 62 former Soviet Union, 92-93 future of, 7 Gorbachev’s reform vision, 4-5 repressive vs. liberalizing, 4-7 sporadic harassment to criminalization, 68-70 Staff and Workers Representative Congresses, 196-97 state controlled media, 3, 93-94,144-45, 148, 149/ 149-52, 150/, 152/, 153/
Index state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 17-18,191-92, 201-7,202/, 202t, 203ƒ state sector workers in China broader context of, 207-8 Chinese and Russian labor, 192-94 confounding factors, 201 introduction to, 191-92 labor challenges, 194-96 model and results, 201-4,202/, 2021 policy implications, 206-7 pull of the past, 205-6 reactions to SOE activism, 203/, 204-7 special challenges, 196-98 state reactions to protests, 198-99 strikes and state reactions, 199-200 status quo perspective, 141-42 street activism, 138-39 “street politics” (jietou zhengzhi), 94 strikes and state reactions, 199-200 structured ambiguity, 121-24 student socialization, 18-19 supervised machine learning, 138 Syria, Russia interventions, 232 Tahrir Square protest, 99-100 Tajikistan, 96 Tarrow, Sidney, 9 technocrats, 33, 36, 38-41 television media, 144 terra-cotta warriors of Xi’an, 271 Tiananmen Square (1989) protests, 4, 14, 250, 253-54, 268-69, 304-5 Tianjin explosion (2015), 127-28 Tian Jiyun, 35 Tibetan riots (2008), 63 Tilly, Charles, 63 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 34 Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda, 155 transparency reforms, 74 tsarist autocracy in Russia, 3 Tsoi, Viktor, 154-55 Turney, Peter, 146 Twitter bans, 99-100 Udal’tsov, Sergey, 147 Ukraine, 18, 92-93, 96-97, 232, 281-82 Ukraine War, 230-34 undesirable organizations, 174 United Russia, 9-10, 172-73 unrest and repression, 3 urban/post-material rallies, 151 U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 102-3, 169,184nl Usmanov, Alisher, 124-25 Uyghur-Han riots, 41, 98 Uzbekistan, 96 vanguard class, 196-97 Vedomostí newspaper, 120-21 Venezuela, 96
Vietnam, 207-8 violence against journalists, 127 virtual private network services (VPNs), 99-100 Vlasť newspaper, 120-21 wage premiums in public sector, 281 Walker, Christopher, 312 Wang Qishan, 38 Warsaw Pact countries, 305-6 Watanabe, Kohei, 146 weak political parties, 14 WeChat platform, 122,129,134n5 Weibo platform, 123,129 Western-style civil society organizations, 169-71 WikiLeaks, 37-38 worker strikes, 17-18 World Bank, 281 World Trade Organization, 74 World War II, 5 Xi Jinping anti-corruption crusades, 42-43 as core leader, 59 ecological civilization, 206-7 ESS crimes under, 68-69 institutionalization, 43 institutionalized participation under, 71-77 introduction to, 15 law-based governance, 176-77 Mass Line campaign, 39-40 party management under, 64-66 patriotic education, 254 personalization of power, 38,68, 239 repression by, 61,62, 70,77-79 rise of, 31-33 social stability, 66-68 sporadic harassment to criminalization, 68-70 strongman appeal, 238,239-40 transition to, 59,73 workplace conflicts under, 196-97 Xining Evening Post, 200 Xinjiang riots (2009), 63 Yabloko (Apple) party, 94-95 Yeltsin, Boris, 6,9-Ю, 14,18, 169-70, 236 yidijiandu (investigative reporting), 128 Young Pioneers, 96-97 } 325
32б { Index youth as loyal regime stakeholders, 19 YouTube bans, 99-100 Zemsky Sobor, 259 Zhang Gui, 39 Zhengzhou Four, 197-98 Zhou Benshun, 31, 39-40 Zhou Hanhua, 74 Zhou Yongkang, 42,66-67 Zhu Rongji, 37 Zimbabwe, 96, 207-8 Zyuganov, Gennady, 217
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments Contributors ix xi 1. Introduction: Regimes and Societies in Authoritarian States 1 VALERIE J. BUNCE, KARRIE J. KOESEL, AND JESSICA CHEN WEISS section i} Preempting Threats 2. The New Normal: A Neopolitical Turn in China’s Reform Era 31 JEREMY WALLACE 3. Political Opportunities for Participation and China’s Leadership Transition 59 DIANA FU AND GREG DISTELHORST 4. Diffusion-Proofing: Russian and Chinese Responses to Waves of Popular Mobilization Against Authoritarian Rulers 87 KARRIE J. KOESEL AND VALERIE J. BUNCE section и} Media Politics 5. Critical Journalists in China and Russia: Encounters with Ambiguity 117 MARIA REPNIKOVA 6. How Russian Media Control, Manipulate, and Leverage Public Discontent: Framing Protest in Autocracies 137 TOMILA LANKINA, KOHEI WATANABE, AND YULIA NETESOVA section in} Law and Labor 7. A Tale of Two Laws: Managing Foreign Agents and Overseas NGOs in Russia and China 167 ELIZABETH PLANTAN 8. Holding the Government’s Attention: State Sector Workers in China 191 MANFRED ELFSTROM
viii { Contents section iv} Building Public Support 9. The Logic of Vladimir Putin’s Popular Appeal 217 ALEKSANDAR MATOVSKI 10. Legitimacy, Resilience, and Political Education in Russia and China: Learning to be Loyal 250 KARRIE J. KOESEL 11. Going Public: Choosing to Work for the Russian State 279 BRYN ROSENFELD 12. Conclusion: China, Russia, and the Authoritarian Embrace of Globalization 303 MARK R. BEISSINGER Index 317
INDEX For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t and ƒ following the page number acrimonious conflicts, 3 authoritarian media politics, 118-19 activists/activism. See also protests and Russian competitive authoritarian regimes, 11,13-15 media control contingent authoritarians, 234 anti-corruption, 31,42-43, 126 disaggregating political opportunity, 61-63 criminalization of, 68-70, 78 information deficits of, 98 feminist activists, 40-41,70 introduction to, 1-2 as internal enemies, 68 key questions over, 8 labor activism, 193-96 non-competitive authoritarian regimes, 11, mass arrests of, 68,69 13-15,21,303-4 pro-democracy activists, 102,171 political opportunity structures, 79 by SOEs, 201-7, 202f, 2021, 203ƒ repression vs. liberalization, 2-7 administrative lawsuits, 77j, 77 types of, 13-15 Agentura.ru digital news, 120-21 airpocaplyses, 36-37 banana republics, 92-93 air pollution deaths, 36-37 Beijing, floods (2012), 129 All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), Beijing Olympics (2008), 68-69 193,195-96,207 Beijing University, 71 All-Russian State Television and Broadcasting Beissinger, Mark, 139-41 Company (VGTRK) group, 144 Belarus, 96, 207-8 Anatomiya protesta-2 (The anatomy of protest-2) benign neglect, 169-70 documentary, 147 Berdyaev, Nikolai, 260 ANOAVA test, 149-50 Berezovsky, Boris, 218-20 anti-authoritarian protests, 99-100, 102-3 Berlin Wall, fall of, 223 anti-corruption bloggers, 126 Biryulyovo Protests and Riots, 156 anti-
corruption crusades, 31, 42-43 blaming effect, 45-46 anti-extremism legislation, 125,126 blat in Soviet-era Russia, 282 Bolotnaya Square Rally, 154-56 anti-migrant rhetoric, 150 anti-regime mobilization, 62 boundary-pushers, 68-69 anti-regime protests. See protests and Russian Bo Xilai, 42 media control Brezhnev, Leonid, 5-6 app-based delivery workers, 194-95 Bush, George W., 218 Arab Spring, 70, 90,100-1,102,118, 167, 171,250 - Cadre Evaluation System, 35-36 Caijing magazine, 120-21 Arab uprisings, 88, 89-90, 92, 100-2, 104-5 Aristotle, 251 Caixin magazine, 120-21, 122, associational power, 194-95 128,129 aura of invincibility, 22-23 capitalist democracy, 265 austerity of governmental officials, 40 censorship China, 75,118, 119-20, 123-24,129 autocrats/authoritarian states. See also China/ online censorship, 134n2 Chinese authoritarianism; comparative Russia, 125 authoritarianism; Russia/Russian self-censorship, 129,130-32 authoritarianism 317
3i8 { Index Center for Public Participation and Support at Peking University, 76 Central Commission on Discipline Inspection (CCDI), 31, 35, 38, 39,41,42 centralization of regimes, 32 centralized regulatory controls, 63 Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, 68 Central Propaganda Department (CPD), 119, 122 Charity Law (2016) (China), 167֊68,176-82 Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, 174 Chechen rebels, 230 China/Chinese authoritarianism. See also comparative authoritarianism; diffusionproofing by China and Russia; Hu Jintao; Mao Zedong; neopolitical reform in China; participation during leadership transition in China; state sector workers in China; Xi Jinping censorship in, 75, 118, 119-20,123-24, 129 Charity Law, 167-68, 176-82 decentralization policies, 177 Deng Xiaoping, 5-6, 7,192,238, 253-54 economic growth under, 33-36, 37 justice system, 71-72 legitimation in, 264-71 organized opposition and, 95 Overseas NGO Law, 176-82 regime-society politics in, 7-8 routine survival in, 127-29 state-run media, 93-94 strongman appeal, 238 Uyghur criminal proceedings, 41 China Daily, 65 China General Social Survey (2010), 72 China Labor Watch, 204-5 China Labour Bulletin (CLB), 192-93, 199 China Rights Emergency Aid, 67 China’s National People’s Congress, 206 China Strikes dataset, 203-4 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 76 Chinese Central Television (CCTV), 31, 40,41 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ambitions for, 9-10 anti-corruption unit of, 31 authoritarianism of, 4-7, 41, 176-77 Chinese labor under, 192-93 feminist activists, 70-71 institutional power of, 33,266-68 legal
reform, 66 media role in, 119 opposition to, 65 political education after, 252-53 political scandals and, 171 strategies of, 15 youth membership, 97 Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs, 179 Chinese Ministry of Public Security, 176-77, 179,182 Churchill, Winston, 230 circuit courts, 39 citizen mobilization, 65,142-43 citizenship and patriotism, 256-57 civic education, 252 civilian elites, 2-3 civil liberties, 3,4 civil society, 12-13, 63-66,91-92, 168, 169-71,312-13 civil society organizations, 12-13,17, 79, 96, 170-71,172-73 clientelism in Russia, 305,312-13 Clinton, Hillary, 71 Coca-Cola bottling plants, 195 coercive power, 78, 200 cognitive dissonance, 33-34 Cold War, 6,7, 10-11, 92-93, 223, 237 collective action, 78-79,310-11 color revolutions, 15-16, 89, 92, 147,167, 170-71,250 Committee to Protect Journalists, 127 Communist Party in Russia (KPRF) complaints against law enforcement agencies, 94-95 foreign agent law and, 172-74 political sensitivity of, 132 popular challenges to, 88-89 popularity of Putin and, 217 transition from, 284-85 comparative authoritarianism key assumptions, 19-21 key questions over, 8 methodology of comparisons, 9-11 politics of, 11-13 reasons to focus on, 8-9 regime-society politics in, 7-8, 21-23 repressive vs. liberalizing, 4-7 strategic interactions between, 15-19 summary of, 303-13, 307/, 309/ types of, 13-15 competitive authoritarian regimes, 11,13-15 compulsory military service for students, 268-69 conciliatory gestures, 200 conformism in journalism, 131 Congressional Research Service, 169 Congress of the People’s Deputies of the USSR, 259
constituency service institutions, 61 consumption-based model of economic development, 44
Index } 319 content blocking, 119-20 contentious political participation, 60-61 contingent authoritarians, 234-35 contraction (shou), 62 control tactics, 139 Coordination Council, 156 coordinative resources, 90-91 core leader (hexin lingdao), 59 corruption in China, 31, 37, 40,42-43,126 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 305-6 counterrevolutionary rebellion, 269,272 coups d’état, 12,90 criminalization of activism, 68-70,78 Criminal Procedure Law, 69 crisis management, 121-22 critical journalists in China and Russia ambiguity in China, 121-24 authoritarian media politics, 118-19 coercion in Russia, 124-27 gray zone media distinction, 121-22,124, 127-32,133 introduction to, 16,117-18 media governance, 119-20 red zone media distinction, 124,129 routine survival in China, 127-29 sources of, 120-21 summary of, 132-34 cross-media collaborations, 127-28 cross-national diffusion. See diffusion-proofing cross-territorial investigations, 128 Cultural Revolution, 5,69-70, 305-6 culture of political and patriotic education, 271 Cyberspace Administration, 119,122,123 Dahlin, Peter, 67,68, 69-70 December 2011 Protests, 154-56 decentralization policies, 42,177 decision-making power, 41 decollectivization of agriculture, 34-35 democracy authoritarian media politics, 118-19 benefits of promotion, 169-70 building of, 21 capitalist democracy, 265 cross-national spread of, 88 humanitarianism and, 94 introduction to, 3 liberal democracy, 146-47,172-73, 251, 253-54, 312 political and patriotic education, 256-60 pro-democracy activists, 102,171 Russian democracy, 22,236, 260,272-73, 284-85,
304-5 democracy-dictatorship divide, 32 Deng Xiaoping, 5-6, 7, 192, 238, 253-54 detention centers, 41 diffusion-proofing by China and Russia Chinese reaction to, 98-99 color revolutions, 15-16,89,92 constraints on, 94-98,102-4 defined, 87 deterrents to, 91r, 92-94,100-2 drivers of, 91 ŕ introduction to, 15-16,87-90 MENA uprisings, 89-90, 99-100 overview of, 90-92 summary of, 104-5 disaggregating political opportunity, 61-63 disaster relief assistance, 171 disorder-freedom to protest, 138,141-42, 146, 149-52, 156-57 distrust among citizens, 2-3 diversionary conflict, 232-33,235 domestic grant-making organizations, 172 domestic security, 19-20, 66-67 donor-driven priorities, 183 Drugaja Rossija (Other Russia) party, 94-95 Duihua Foundation, 68-69 Dunhuang Mogao grottos, 271 Eastern Europe, 7 ecological civilization, 206-7 economic elites, 1-2 economic performance after Soviet collapse, 24ІПІ2 growth in China, 33-36, 37 growth in Russia, 228-29, 229f of political and patriotic education, 269-71 reforms, 4-5,6-7, 21 stability concerns, 17-18 Edinaja Rossija (United Russia) party, 94-95 Egypt, 89-90, 96, 99-100 electoral fraud, 10-11,13, 22 elites, 1-3,19, 35 elite universities, 284 endangering state security (ESS crimes), 68-69 environmental activism, 60 environmental civil society groups, 172, 175, 179 environmental degradation, 121-22 environmental protection, 43-44 Environmental Protection Bureaus, 75-76, 76f environmental transparency, 74-75 ethnic minorities, 63,142 ethnonationalist mobilizations, 157-58 extrinsic financial motivations, 282,287 Facebook bans, 99֊ 100 false
preferences, 2 fatalism, 130-32 Federal Assembly in Russia, 96
3»o { Index Federal Security Service (FSB), 100 Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR), 193 feminist activists, 40-41, 70 Feminist Five, 70-71,195 “Fifty Cent Party” (wumao dang), 100 financial transparency, 75-76 flexible repression, 79 ‘Focus Talk’ program, 41 foreign agent law in Russia, 172-76 foreign agents. See non-governmental organizations foreign aid, 169 foreign funding, 170-71, 173-74, 182-84 foreign-owned enterprises, 191-92 foreign policies, 19-20 former Soviet Union, 92-93 for-profit organizations, 175-76 forward-looking autocrats, 1 Foundation Center, 169 Four Cleanups, 34 Fourth Plenum of the Eighteenth Party Congress (2014), 39 Foxconn electronics company, 195 freedom-of-information requests, 15, 71-72, 73-76 freedom to protest frame, 138,141-42, 149-52, 156-57 Gazprom Media, 144 General Accounting Administration (GAA), 35 General Administration for Publication and Press (GAPP), 119,123 General Confederation of Trade Unions of the Soviet Union, 193 Georgia, 92-93, 96-97, 99 ghost cities, 37 Github, 194-95 Glasnost Fund, 130 global economic crisis (2009), 229-30 global financial crisis, 193-94 Global Hub Labour Conflicts (GHLC), 102-3, 199-200 globalization, 139-41, 305-13, 307ƒ global labor unrest, 193-94 Goffman, Erving, 141 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 4-6,7 govemment-controlled/'influencednews sources, 100 government-run corporations, 191-92 government transparency, 74-76,74t Graduate Record Examinations (GRE), 97 grain production estimates, 37-38 Grani.ru news site, 120-21,126 grant-making organizations, 172 grassroots bloggers, 99-100
grassroots civil society, 59,60-61,172 gray zone media distinction, 121-22,124, 127-32, 133 Great Depression, 222-23 Great Leap Forward, 5,33 Great Wall of China, 271 gross domestic product (GDP), 35-38, 40, 44, 303, 305-7 guanxi in communist China, 282 Gu Junshan, 37 Han Dongfang, 192-93 harassment of opposition, 12-13 harmonious society goals, 63 Hebei Technology University, 39 hedonism concerns, 40 Higher School of Economics (HSE), 286, 287, 290 Hong Kong booksellers, 40-41,69-70 household registration (hukou), 72-73 Hu Jintao flexible repression under, 79 institutionalized participation under, 71-77 neopolitics and, 42 social management under, 63-64 social stability, 66-68 transition from, 59, 73 humanitarianism, 94 Human Rights Watch, 102-3 Hungary, 11-12 Huntsman, Jon, 100-1 hybrid regimes, 11,62,192-93 ideology and authoritarianism, 33-34, 141-42, 264-66 illegal assembly, 70 incentives for repression, 2 information deficits of authoritarian leaders, 98 information flow, blockage of, 99-100 information sphere, 312 Initiative on the Patriotic Education of Citizens (2001-2005), 253 institutionalized participation, 60-61,62-63, 71-77, 78-79 institutions for political and patriotic education, 260-63, 266-68 Integrum Russian news database, 145-46 Interfax, 144-45 international capital, 17-18 international grant-making organizations, 172 international influence of Russia, 10 International Republican Institute, 94,174 International Social Survey Programme, 280
Index International Women’s Day, 40-41 internet controls, 99-100,106nl4 investigative journalism, 120-21 Islamic extremists, 101 Itogi magazine, 130 Ivan the Terrible, 259 Izvestiya, 144 Jasic electronics factory in Shenzhen, 195 Jasmine Revolution, 102 Jiang Zemin, 42 Jiaodian Fangtan program, 120-21 Kasparov, Garry, 94-95,144-45 Kazakhstan, 96 key political institutions, 1-2 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 218-20 Kiselyov, Dmitry, 158-59 kleptocratic officialdom, 220 Kmara (Enough) revolution, 96-97 KOF Index of Globalization, 306-7, 308-10, 309/ Kogan, Pavel, 258 Kommersant Vlasť newspaper, 124-26,130-31 Komsomolskaya Pravda, 144,153,156 Koryakov, Mikhail, 257 Kyrgyz revolution (2005), 98 Kyrgyzstan, 92-93, 98-99 labor activism, 193-96 labor grievances in Russia, 207-8 labor mobilization, 60 Labour Statistical Yearbooks (China), 200 Latent Semantic Scaling (LSS), 138, 146 law-based governance (yifa zhiguo), 176-77 Law on the Management of Overseas NonGovernmental Organizations’ Activities within Mainland China (2017), 176-78 layoff quotas, 196-97 leadership transition in China. See participation during leadership transition in China Left Front movement, 147 legal reform, 66 legitimacy-enhancing measures, 137-38, 238 legitimation in China, 264-71 Lenin, Vladimir, 252-53 Lenta.ru news site, 126 Levada Survey Center, 220-21, 225-26, 231 Liaoyang Ferro-Alloy factory, 196-97 liberal democracy, 146-47,172-73,251, 253-54, 312 Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR), 172-73 liberalization in authoritarian states, 2-7 in China, 62 media liberalization policy in Russia, 118 NGO management and,
168,170 pockets of, 100 in Russia, 223 liberal media in Russia, 124-25,144-45 Libya, 89-90 Li Keqiang, 37-38 Li Ming-che, 68 Liftman, Michael, 146 LiuXiaobo, 117 Longmay mining company, 196 low-end population, 39 loyal regime stakeholders, 19 Lu Hao, 206 Luzhkov, Yury, 132 MacArthur Foundation, 174 manipulation tactics, 139-41,149-52 Mao Zedong economic and ideological dogmatism, 33-34 employees of collective firms, 196-97 neopolitics under, 31, 33 patriotic education, 253-54 political campaigns under, 39 strongman appeal, 238, 239 March of the Millions protest, 147, 156-57 marginalization of opposition, 12-13 market-based capitalism, 270 market reforms, 37, 192, 196-97, 206, 223-24, 285 martial law, 102 Marxism-Leninism, 253-54, 264-66 mass arrests of activists, 68,69 Mass Line campaign, 39-40 mass politics, 45 mass uprisings, 14, 63 Mayor’s Mailbox, 71-72 media freedom organizations, 172 media politics, 16, 105, 118-19. See also critical journalists in China and Russia Medvedev, Dmitry, 13,138, 146-47, 170-71, 230 meritocratic recruitment in public sector, 283-84 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) uprisings, 89-90, 99-102 migrant workers, 39, 102,197-98, 204 migration/immigration manipulation, 151 military elites, 2-3 Milosevic, Slobodan, 236 Mishki (Teddy Bears) group, 96-97 modernization theory, 118 Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guards) group, 96-97 Morar, Natalia, 126, 130 } 321
32í { Index Moscow State Institute for International Relations (MGIMO), 286,289,290 Moscow State University (MSU), 286, 290 motherland and patriotism, 256-57 Namarsh.ru news site, 144-45,148,151-52 Ncmfang Dushibao, 120-21 Nanfang Renwu Zhoukan, 120-21 Nanfang Zhoumo newspaper, 120-21,128,129 Nashi (Ours) Otechestvo (Fatherland) group, 96-97 National Administration of Letters and Visits, 72 National College Entrance Examination (NCEE), 251, 254-55, 272, 274n8 National Democratic Institute, 94,174 National Endowment for Democracy, 94,174 nationalism, 62,157-58 National Media Group Company, 144 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (Boshi Yanjiusheng Renxue Kaoshi), 97 National Security Commission, 66-67,68 national security framing, 66-68 Navalny, Alexey, 117,126,130 neopolitical reform in China alternative conceptions, 42-44 hidden facts about, 36-38 introduction to, 31-33 summary of, 44-46 technocrats and, 33, 36, 38-41 transformation and information, 33-36 neo-Tocquevillians, 70 New Citizens’ Movement, 69 new normal (xin changtai), 69-70 New Times magazine, 120-21, 126 New York Times, 204-5 nihilism, 263-64 non-competitive authoritarian regimes, 11,1315,21,303-4 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) background on, 169-71 broader implications of, 182-84 Chinese Charity Law and Overseas NGO Law, 167-68,176-82 civil society and, 168,169-71 comparison between Russian and Chinese laws, 181-82 as foreign agents, 102-3 foreign support case studies, 172-80 introduction to, 17, 167-68 national security and, 67,94,96 Russian foreign agent law, 172-76,181-82 summary of, 310-11
non-state-controlled media, 151-52 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 220 Novaya Gazeta newspaper, 120-21,124,126-27, 131-32,144-45,151-52 nuclear weapons, 10,236 obedient subjects, 20 October Revolution, 252-53 one-party communist dictatorship, 10-11 one-veto system (yipiao foujue), 63 online censorship, 134n2 Open Government Information, 61 open political environment, 3 Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation, 94, 174 opportunism vs. ideology, 297 opposition groups, 4,2, 3, 4-5, 88-89, 90-91, 94-95 Orange Revolution, 93,94-95, 96,97 Otpor (Resistance) revolution, 96-97 Overseas Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Law, 67,172 Pangang Group Chengdu Steel and Vanadium, 204-5 participation during leadership transition in China administrative lawsuits, 77ƒ, 77 contentious and institutional participation, 60-61 disaggregating political opportunity, 61-63 discontinuities in, 63-71 freedom-of-information requests, 15, 71-72, 73-76,75ƒ institutionalized participation, 71-77 introduction to, 59-60 party management under Xi Jinping, 64-66 reactive vs. proactive repression, 70-71 social management under Hu Jintao, 63-64 social stability to national security framing, 66-68 summary of, 77-79 written appeals to officials, 72-73 party management under Xi Jinping, 64-66 party-state hierarchy, 35, 36 patriotic education. See political and patriotic education Pavlov, Ivan, 257-58 Peking Man fossils, 271 Pengpai news site, 128 People’s Republic of China, 195 Perry, Elizabeth, 271 personal freedom, 3 personalization of power, 38,68 Peter the Great, 259 petitions (xinfang), 72
Plantan, Elizabeth, 142-43
Index } Plato, 251 pluralism, 11-12 pocket protests, 95 Podkontrol.ru news site, 172-73 Poland, 11-12 policy entrepreneurs, 171 Poligon (Firing Range) code name, 96-97 Politburo Standing Committee, 35,39,42,43-44 political ambiguity, 133-34 political and patriotic education course materials, 259-60, 261-64 culture of, 271 defined, 251-54 democracy and, 256-60 economics of, 269-71 education materials, 254-55 ideology and, 264-66 ideology in, 264 institutions for, 260-63, 266-68 introduction to, 18-19, 250-51 legitimation in China, 264-71 Marxism-Leninism, 253-54, 264-66 Rule of Law, 263-64, 268-69 summary of, 272-73 political campaigns under Mao, 39 political opportunity, disaggregating, 61-63 political participation strategies, 15 political reforms, 4-5, 9-10 political repression vs. popular influence, 20-21 political rhetoric and ideology, 41 political rights, 3,4 political stability, 14, 44 political transformation, 32,33-36 Politics and Law Committee, 66-67 Politkovskaya, Anna, 127 pollution concerns, 74-75, 206-7 Pollution Information Transparency Index, 75-76 pollution protest in Shifang (2012), 123 popular uprisings, 9-10 Pora (Its Time) revolution, 96-97 post-Communist decline of Russia, 237 post-factum legal pressure, 124-25 preemptive censorship, 127-28 Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights, 170-71,172-73, 182 press freedom, 120 Primakov, Yevgeny, 217 proactive repression, 70-71 pro-democracy activists, 102,171 professional supervisory unit (PSU), 176-77,178-79 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 124-25 pro-regime messages, 119 protestor techniques, 15-16 protest
paradigm, 141-42 protests and Chinese labor, 198-99 protests and Russian media control analytical framework, 139-43 Biryulyovo Protests and Riots, 156 data collection, 145-46,145t December 2011 Protests, 154-56 discussion over, 156-59 empirical analysis, 143-56 hypotheses on, 143 introduction to, 137-39 media control, 146-48,147/, 148Í media manipulation, 149/, 149-52,150/ 152/ 153/ media sources on, 143-45 qualitative analysis of news stories, 153-56, 154/ statistical analysis, 146 Przeworski, Adam, 11 psychological profiling, 217 Public Chamber, 170-71,182 public confessions, 68 public mobilization, 60-61 public opinion formation, 141 public sector jobs in Russia comparative perspective on, 280-83 data and measures on, 286-89, 2871, 288ƒ discussion and conclusion, 296/, 297-99 empirical results, 289-97, 291i, 293f, 294f introduction to, 279-80 relevant variables, 283-86 Pussy Riot (performance art group), 155 Putin, Vladimir dictatorship of, 22 former Soviet Union and, 92-93 introduction to, 6, 9,13,14, 18 labor grievances and, 207-8 law on foreign agents, 172-73 patriotic education and, 253 plot to unseat, 147 reelection of, 138-39,147 rise to power, 94-95,193 state control over economy, 279 trajectory of authoritarianism, 119 Putin, Vladimir, popular appeal explanations for, 220-22,222/ foreign threats and safeguarding stability, 234-36 introduction to, 217-20, 218/, 219/ logic of authoritarian appeal, 222-30,223/ 224/, 225f 227f 229f 2321, 233ƒ summary of, 237-40, 245/ 246/, 247/ 248f, 249Í Ukraine War, 230-34 323
324 { Index Qiao Shi, 35 Qing Dynasty, 3,5 qualitative analysis of news stories, 153-56, 154/ quasi-democratic institutions, 61 Rawls, John, 251 RBC Media Group, 124-25, 130 reactive repression, 70-71 Red Engineers, 39 red zone media distinction, 124,129 reeducation centers, 41 regime change professionals, 94 regime-society politics, 7-8,21-23 regime-society relations, 19-20 regional courts, 39 Regulation on Open Government Information (2008), 71-72, 73, 74 Repnikova, Maria, 139-41 repression in authoritarian states, 2-7 against civil society, 61, 62, 77-79 flexible repression, 79 globalization impact on, 311-12 incentives for, 2 against journalists, 130 liberalization vs., 2-7 NGO management and, 168 popular influence vs„ 20-21 reactive vs. proactive, 70-71 state reactions to protests, 198-99 unrest and, 3 resilience-building strategies, 139-43 Respublikanskaja Partija (Republican Party), 94-95 Reznik, Maksim, 94-95 rightftil resistance, 36, 64 RMB-dollar exchange rates, 270 Rosbalt, 144-45 Rossija, Edinája, 100-1 Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 144 Rule of Law, 263-64, 268-69 ruling coalitions, 14 rural-urban migration, 121-22 Russian Communist Party. See Communist Party in Russia Russian constitution, 22 Russian democracy, 22,236,260,272-73, 284-85, 304-5 Russian Duma amendments, 169-70 Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 287 Russian Ministry of Justice, 172-74 Russian Newsweek magazine, 132 Russian Orthodox Church, 289 Russia/Russian authoritarianism. See also comparative authoritarianism; diffusion proofing by China and Russia; protests and Russian media control; Putin,
Vladimir; Yeltsin, Boris censorship in, 9-10,130-32 foreign agent law, 172-76,181-82 labor grievances in, 207-8 media coercion in, 124-27 post-Communist decline of, 237 regime-society politics in, 7-8 self-censorship, 130-32 United Russia, 9-10 Russia Today, 158-59 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 147 sanctions-induced economic meltdown, 236 security budgets, 66,206 self-censorship, 129, 130-32 semi-controlled spaces, 139-41 Serbia, 93,96-97 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 98, 266 Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 75 Shcherbakov, Yegor, 148 “shock therapy” market reforms, 223-24 Sidyakin, Alexander, 172-73 Sinosteel Ferroalloy Factory in Jilin, 204-5 social capital, 70 social inequality, 121-22 Socialist Education Movement, 34 socialist social contract, 196-97 socialization of shared values, 12-13 social management under Hu Jintao, 63-64 social media, 127-28, 139-41, 143 social stability, 17-18,66-68 societal apathy, 130 Solidarity trade union movement, 204 Soros, George, 174 Soviet monogorads, 196 Soviet Union collapse of, 118,192-93,223-24,228-29, 237, 24ІПІ2,279 common institutional characteristics, 62 former Soviet Union, 92-93 future of, 7 Gorbachev’s reform vision, 4-5 repressive vs. liberalizing, 4-7 sporadic harassment to criminalization, 68-70 Staff and Workers Representative Congresses, 196-97 state controlled media, 3, 93-94,144-45, 148, 149/ 149-52, 150/, 152/, 153/
Index state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 17-18,191-92, 201-7,202/, 202t, 203ƒ state sector workers in China broader context of, 207-8 Chinese and Russian labor, 192-94 confounding factors, 201 introduction to, 191-92 labor challenges, 194-96 model and results, 201-4,202/, 2021 policy implications, 206-7 pull of the past, 205-6 reactions to SOE activism, 203/, 204-7 special challenges, 196-98 state reactions to protests, 198-99 strikes and state reactions, 199-200 status quo perspective, 141-42 street activism, 138-39 “street politics” (jietou zhengzhi), 94 strikes and state reactions, 199-200 structured ambiguity, 121-24 student socialization, 18-19 supervised machine learning, 138 Syria, Russia interventions, 232 Tahrir Square protest, 99-100 Tajikistan, 96 Tarrow, Sidney, 9 technocrats, 33, 36, 38-41 television media, 144 terra-cotta warriors of Xi’an, 271 Tiananmen Square (1989) protests, 4, 14, 250, 253-54, 268-69, 304-5 Tianjin explosion (2015), 127-28 Tian Jiyun, 35 Tibetan riots (2008), 63 Tilly, Charles, 63 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 34 Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda, 155 transparency reforms, 74 tsarist autocracy in Russia, 3 Tsoi, Viktor, 154-55 Turney, Peter, 146 Twitter bans, 99-100 Udal’tsov, Sergey, 147 Ukraine, 18, 92-93, 96-97, 232, 281-82 Ukraine War, 230-34 undesirable organizations, 174 United Russia, 9-10, 172-73 unrest and repression, 3 urban/post-material rallies, 151 U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 102-3, 169,184nl Usmanov, Alisher, 124-25 Uyghur-Han riots, 41, 98 Uzbekistan, 96 vanguard class, 196-97 Vedomostí newspaper, 120-21 Venezuela, 96
Vietnam, 207-8 violence against journalists, 127 virtual private network services (VPNs), 99-100 Vlasť newspaper, 120-21 wage premiums in public sector, 281 Walker, Christopher, 312 Wang Qishan, 38 Warsaw Pact countries, 305-6 Watanabe, Kohei, 146 weak political parties, 14 WeChat platform, 122,129,134n5 Weibo platform, 123,129 Western-style civil society organizations, 169-71 WikiLeaks, 37-38 worker strikes, 17-18 World Bank, 281 World Trade Organization, 74 World War II, 5 Xi Jinping anti-corruption crusades, 42-43 as core leader, 59 ecological civilization, 206-7 ESS crimes under, 68-69 institutionalization, 43 institutionalized participation under, 71-77 introduction to, 15 law-based governance, 176-77 Mass Line campaign, 39-40 party management under, 64-66 patriotic education, 254 personalization of power, 38,68, 239 repression by, 61,62, 70,77-79 rise of, 31-33 social stability, 66-68 sporadic harassment to criminalization, 68-70 strongman appeal, 238,239-40 transition to, 59,73 workplace conflicts under, 196-97 Xining Evening Post, 200 Xinjiang riots (2009), 63 Yabloko (Apple) party, 94-95 Yeltsin, Boris, 6,9-Ю, 14,18, 169-70, 236 yidijiandu (investigative reporting), 128 Young Pioneers, 96-97 } 325
32б { Index youth as loyal regime stakeholders, 19 YouTube bans, 99-100 Zemsky Sobor, 259 Zhang Gui, 39 Zhengzhou Four, 197-98 Zhou Benshun, 31, 39-40 Zhou Hanhua, 74 Zhou Yongkang, 42,66-67 Zhu Rongji, 37 Zimbabwe, 96, 207-8 Zyuganov, Gennady, 217 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Koesel, Karrie J. 1974- Bunce, Valerie 1949- Weiss, Jessica Chen |
| author2_role | edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | k j k kj kjk v b vb j c w jc jcw |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1051317843 (DE-588)134179617 (DE-588)1064664261 |
| author_facet | Koesel, Karrie J. 1974- Bunce, Valerie 1949- Weiss, Jessica Chen |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046735454 |
| classification_rvk | ME 2500 MH 50000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1147916617 (DE-599)BVBBV046735454 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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Bunce, and Jessica Chen Weiss</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2020]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xi, 326 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This volume compares the most powerful authoritarian states in global politics today: Russia and China. 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The essays in this volume change the way we understand authoritarian politics and expand the terrain of how we analyze regime-society relations in authoritarian states. On the societal side, this book looks not just at society as a whole, but also the more specific roles of public opinion, labor politics, political socialization, political protests, media politics, environmental movements, and non-governmental organizations. 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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV046735454 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:37:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:52:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190093495 9780190093488 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032145453 |
| oclc_num | 1147916617 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-739 |
| physical | xi, 326 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200701 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia [edited by] Karrie J. Koesel, Valerie J. Bunce, and Jessica Chen Weiss New York, NY Oxford University Press [2020] © 2020 xi, 326 Seiten Diagramme 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This volume compares the most powerful authoritarian states in global politics today: Russia and China. For all their power and money, both regimes have faced difficult tradeoffs in seeking both political stability and reliable information about society while confronting the West and its international influence. They have also made different choices: Russia today is a competitive authoritarian regime, while China is a non-competitive authoritarian regime. Desite the different paths taken after the tumultuous events of 1989, both regimes have returned to a more personalized form of authoritarian rule. By placing China and Russia side-by-side, this volume examines regime-society relations and produces new insights, including what strategies their rulers have used to stay in power while forging political stability and gathering information; how societal groups have resisted, complied, or responded to these strategies; and what costs and benefits, anticipated and unexpected, have accompanied the bargains political leaders and their societies have struck. The essays in this volume change the way we understand authoritarian politics and expand the terrain of how we analyze regime-society relations in authoritarian states. On the societal side, this book looks not just at society as a whole, but also the more specific roles of public opinion, labor politics, political socialization, political protests, media politics, environmental movements, and non-governmental organizations. On the regime side, this study is distinctive in examining not just domestic threats and the general strategies rulers deploy in order to manage them, but also international threats and the rationale behind and impact of new laws and new policies, both domestic and international"-- Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Political participation / China Political participation / Russia (Federation) Political stability / China Political stability / Russia (Federation) Authoritarianism / China Authoritarianism / Russia (Federation) China / Politics and government / 2002- Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Authoritarianism Political participation Political stability Politics and government China Russia (Federation) Since 1991 (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 s DE-604 Koesel, Karrie J. 1974- (DE-588)1051317843 edt Bunce, Valerie 1949- (DE-588)134179617 edt Weiss, Jessica Chen (DE-588)1064664261 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-19-009351-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-19-009350-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-009352-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032145453&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032145453&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169187-8 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4256521-2 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia |
| title_auth | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia |
| title_exact_search | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia |
| title_full | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia [edited by] Karrie J. Koesel, Valerie J. Bunce, and Jessica Chen Weiss |
| title_fullStr | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia [edited by] Karrie J. Koesel, Valerie J. Bunce, and Jessica Chen Weiss |
| title_full_unstemmed | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing China and Russia [edited by] Karrie J. Koesel, Valerie J. Bunce, and Jessica Chen Weiss |
| title_short | Citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes |
| title_sort | citizens and the state in authoritarian regimes comparing china and russia |
| title_sub | comparing China and Russia |
| topic | Medien (DE-588)4169187-8 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Autoritärer Staat (DE-588)4256521-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medien Gesellschaft Autoritärer Staat China Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032145453&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032145453&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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