The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth: history, memory, legacy
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Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2021
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804181474257141760 |
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| adam_text | The Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth
History, Memory, Legacy
Edited by Andrzej Chwalba
and Krzysztof Zamorski
O Routledge
jj^ Taylor amp; Francis Croup
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Contributors
Introduction
ANDRZEJ CHWALBA AND KRZYSZTOF ZAMORSKI
1 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: History-
Legacy-Memory
ANTONY POLONSKY
PARTI
The Beginnings of Poland-Lithuania
2 The Principles of Ancient Rzeczpospolita Formation:
The Medieval Ruthenian Dimension
MYROSLAV VOLOSHCHUK
3 Words for Images: On Perceptions of Greek Manner
in Lithuania and Poland
GIEDRFI MICKONAITE
4 Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Vilnius in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
TOMASZ KEMPA
vi Contents
PART II
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 157
5 A Free and Feudal Government: Civic Republican
Mentalities in the Cities of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth 159
CURTIS G MURPHY
Electing Kings With All Manner of Freedom:
The Polish-Lithuanian Elective Monarchy in Context
FELICIA RO$U
Cases of the Expulsion of Jews From the Towns of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Strategies of the Burghers
and the Jews
JURGITA SLAUCLUNAITFI-VERBICKIENFI
8 Tolerance as a Non-Topic: Cooperation on Behalf of the
Town Between Catholics, Jews and Protestants in Early
Modern Rzeszow 215
YVONNE KLEINMANN
9 The Medical Science Heritage of French Physicians in
Lithuania in the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century:
Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, Nicolas Regnier and
Jacques Briotet 234
ARNAUD PARENT
10 Discourses of Tolerance and Intolerance at the Four
Years Sejm (1788-1792) 256
RICHARD BUTTERWICK
PART III
Legacy and Memory of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth 273
11 The Frames of Reference of an Eighteenth-Century
Jewish Galician Merchant (Based on the Writings of
Dov Ber Birkenthal) 275
GERSHON DAVID HUNDERT
Contents vii
12 The Rights and Privileges of the Polish-Lithuanian
Nobility: A Benchmark for the Russian Empire s
Legislation of the Latter Half of the Eighteenth
and Early Nineteenth Century? 292
TAMARA BAIRA$AUSKAIT£
13 France Facing the Independence of Poland: New
Historiographical Approaches 304
FR£D£RIC DESSBERG
14 The French Position on the Polish Cause in 1918:
Historical Borders and Principle of Nationalities 319
ISABELLE DAVION
15 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Politics of
Memory in Belarus 327
LIUBOU KOZIK
16 Organizing the Past: The Policy of the Soviet Authorities
Towards the Museums in Lviv, 1939-1941 341
IRYNA HORBAN
Index 351
Illustrations
3 1 Fragment with a painted ornament excavated in 1988 85
3 2 Fragment with a painted ornament excavated in 1988 85
3 3 Fragments with painted ornaments excavated in 1988 86
3 4 Fragments with a painted plated ornament excavated
in 2012 87
3 5 Fragments with a painted ornament and white dots
excavated in 2012 88
3 6 Fragment with a remnant of face excavated in 2012 89
3 7 Fragment with a remnant of face excavated in 2012 89
3 8 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the face based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 90
3 9 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the face based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 91
3 10 Fragment with a painted ornament and white dots
excavated in 1994 92
3 11 Fragments with painted ornaments excavated in 1994 93
3 12 Fragments with painted ornaments excavated in 1994 94
3 13 Fragment of a face excavated in 1994 94
3 14 Fragment with human hair (?) excavated in 1994 95
3 15 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the face based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 95
3 16 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the head based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 96
3 17 Fragment with human palm excavated in 1987 96
3 18 Wincenty Smokowski, fragments of wall paintings in
the palace of the Trakai island castle Project of the
lithograph, Indian ink on paper, 1841 97
3 19 Stanislaw Filibert Fleury, wall paintings in the audience
hall of the palace of the Trakai island castle, 1888 98
3 20 Southern wing of the palace of the Trakai island castle,
3 21 Jerzy Hoppen, wall paintings in the palace of the
Trakai island castle, central niche of the audience hall
(water colour on paper), 1932 99
Illustrations ix
Head of the unknown saint, painting on the southern
wall of the Trakai church, ca 1419
Fragment of the figure of St Theodosius, the wall
painting in the church of Kalenic monastery, ca 1420
Heads of saints painted on the northern wall of the
Trakai church, ca 1419
Heads of apostles, wall painting in the church of
Kalenic monastery, ca 1420
Fragment of the figure of the saint warrior painted on
the southern wall of the Trakai church, ca 1419
Sts Theodore Stratilate, George, Theodore Tyrone
painted in the church of Ravanica monastery, ca 1388
Fragment of the drapery painted on the western wall of
the Trakai church, ca 1419
Draperies in the apse of the Church of Nova Pavlica,
ca 1391
The patriarch Jacob under a tree of paradise painted on
the western wall of the Trakai church, ca 1419
A tree of paradise painted on the northern wall of the
Trakai church, ca 1419
Procession of the elect painted on the northern wall of
the Trakai church, ca 1419
Inscription identifying the patriarch Jacob
Paintings on the southern wall of the Trakai church,
ca 1419
Paintings on the western wall of the Trakai church,
ca 1419
Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary and St John the
Evangelist (144 5x137 5 cm), al secco wall painting,
Vilnius Cathedral, ca 1400
Feet of the Crucified, fragment of the composition
Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary and St John the
Evangelist, Vilnius Cathedral, ca 1400
Figure with the Crucified, fragment of the composition
Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary and St John the
Evangelist, Vilnius Cathedral, ca 1400
Wall paintings in the Church of Wislica, figure of
St Demetrios captioned in Greek
Wall paintings in the Church of Wislica, of desert saint
captioned in Latin
Our Lady of Trakai, X-Ray, 1994 Pranas Gudynas
Restoration Centre of the Lithuanian Art Museum
Our Lady of Trakai, oil on canvas and lime panel, the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
1781 drawing depicting Vilnius University The
collegium medicum is indicated on the right
x Illustrations
9 2 Nineteenth-century view of the building in which the
Royal School of Medicine in Grodno was settled Made
by Napoleon Mateusz Tadeusz Orda (1807-1883) 236
9 3 Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741-1814) Medallion made
by Joseph Chinard (1756-1813) 237
9 4 Statue of Professor Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert in Gilibert
park, Grodno, Bielarus Sculptor: Vladimir Panteleev 238
9 5 Observation of a hydrosarcocele, with a merocele
on the left side (Observations d un hydrosarcocele
accompagne d une hernie crurale du cote gauche) It is
possibly the oldest depiction of a Lithuanian patient 242
9 6 Patent issued 1 October 1781 in Warsaw by the
Commission of National Education, with the signature
and the seal of the President of the Commission Michal
Poniatowski, according to which Nicolas Regnier,
correspondent of the Surgery academy in Paris, was
given the title of professor of theoretical surgery and
obstetrics 243
9 7 Ode published in 1785 to honour Nicolas Regnier 245
9 8 Jacques Briotet (1746-1819) Portrait made by Julian
Karczewski (1806-1833) 247
Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Abramowicz, Andrzej 54n37 Abramowicz, Jan 149, 223-224 Abramowicz, Szymon 224 absolutism 27 Abyss of Despair (Hannover) 33 Academy of Surgery in Paris 249 ad hoc formations 28 Adomonis, Tadas 119ո29 Age of Enlightenment 244 Alexander, Tsar 207, 211n24 alliances de revers 324 al secco technique 61 American Revolution 179-180 Angelov, Sverozar 121n44 Anjou, political preferences of 46 anthelminthic spigelia 237 anti-democratic politicians 189 anti-Jewish violence 33,195, 209n2 anti-monarchic movements 189 anxiety of difference 69-70 apostasy 262-263 ARCHE—Pachatak (magazine) 333 Archetti, Giovanni Andrea 256, 268, 268n2 Archinard, Louis 310 Asians, Polish Brethren 7,140, 263 “aristocratic” rule 161 armed conflict 17 Armenians 10,14, 341, 344, 346 Army Geographic Service 322 Assmann, Jan 21n30 assumptions 163 Atlas of Poland (Romer) 320 Augsburg confession 145 August, Stanislaw 27,159,163 Austria, Austrian Poland, Austro-Hungarian Empire 81, 170, 295, 320, 325 Austro-Slavism 35 authority transfers, formal procedure of 182 autocratic tendencies 185 autonomy, financial 168 Awdancy family 48 Bacei, Micele 121n44 Bacon, Gershon 285 Baczko, Bronislaw 36nll Bailiff court 222-223 Bajer, Peter P. 2ІПІ9 Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 21n33 Bakban, Majer 286 “Bandits in Bolechów” (Hundert) 281 baptism 207,211n24 baptism, of Jagiełło 4,138 Bar Confederacy 280 Baronas, Darius 122n61 Baroque vocabulary 81 Bartai, Israel 285 Bartnicki, Mariusz 55ո41 Báthory, Sigismund 184-185 Báthory, Stephen 141, 234 Bekšta, Arunas 128nl20 Belazarovich, Vietar 330
Belgian Journal politique 240-241 Benedictine Church 73 Benoist, Charles 307, 320-322, 324 Berger, David 287 Berlin, Isaiah 160 Bershadski, Sergei 209n3, 209n4 Bielowski, August 51n2 Bieniak, Janusz 53nl5 bilateral marriages 42 Birkenthal, Dov Ber 15, 276-284, 285ոՅ, 288ոՅ6 Biržai 141-142
352 Index Black Procession 160, 162 Blazer, Amber McAlister 129nl29 Blickle, Peter 161 Blobaum, Robert E. 21n22 Blue Army 311 Bodin, Jean 161,164,180-181,187, 189,190n3,190n5,191n9 Bohemia 43, 46,48-49,179,181, 183,188, 324 Bolesza, Kazimierz 265 Boncompagni, Ignazio 256, 268, 268n2 Brawer, Avraham Ya’akov 276, 285-286 Briand, Aristide 320 Briotet, Jacques 235, 241, 246-250 Buchanan, George 181 Burant, Stephen R. 20nl0 burgher-rights movement 160 burghers/burgher community 13, 33,143-144,159-166,195,197, 201-204, 207 Burmystenko, M. 342 Butrymowicz, Mateusz 261-262 Butterwick, Richard 13, 20nl4 Buxhoewden, Feodor 170 Byzantine 68-69, 70; art 61, 65-66, 69, 72; culture 6; images, legitimated difference of 75; mural paintings 65, 73; murals 75, 82, 84; style 67, 73, 75; tradition 71; wall paintings 62, 69, 73, 75, 84, 117nl0,121n48 Byzantinium 79 Calvinism/Calvinists 140-148, 220, 262 Calvinist church 144 Calvinist congregation 144 Cambon, Jules 311 cardinal laws 261-263 Carlebach, Elisheva 287 caste privilege 34 castle, partial conservation of 63 Castles of Belarus 332 Catherine II, Empress of Russia 16, 259, 293-296, 298 Catholic League 181 Catholics/Catholicism 4, 10, 76, 84, 138; churches, Greek’ images to 78; clergy 12, 260-262, 266, 276, 283; commission 69; houses 219; iconography 71-72; tradition 84; witnesses 225 Cetwinski, Marek 53nl6 Chalasinski, Józef 21n39 Charles-Benoist Committee 324 Charter of the Russian Nobility 292 Cherven Hillforts 43 childbirth 245-247 Chodynicki, Kazimierz 148n3 Chojnicka, Krystyna 126nl00 Chômâtes, Nicetas 130nl40 Chnstian/Cbristianity
4,12-13, 30, 33, 79-80, 275, 278-279, 284, 287; community 217, 218, 223; denominations of 32, 221, 223; faith, adoption of 60 church decoration 69 Church of Nova Pavlica 105 Church of Trakai 64-66 Church of Wiślica 113-114 Cieciszowski, Kacper 263 city privileges 166 civic republicanism 160,162,171 Civil-Military Commissions 166, 170 Clemenceau, Georges 306, 308-310,312 Clement XIV, Pope 257 coat-of-arms bonding 4 collections, private, historical 29, 160, 165, 210, 276, 282, 331-332, 341-347 collective action 160 collective choices 186 collective memory 162 collective responsibility 144, 295-296 Collegium medicum 239, 242 Collegium physicum 239 colouring 71 Comité ďÉtudes 323 Commission for noble freedoms 295-296 Commission for the Protection of Monuments of Culture 345 Commonwealth (see also PolishLithuanian C.) 12, 35,160, 165, 172, 187; anti-Jewish violence 33; history of 8, 19; material heritage 18-19; military development 29; Orthodox bishops 6; political system 2, 8; political tracts of 159-160; reformist elites in 162; republicanism in 159; republican mentality of 159; selfgovernment in 160; social outsiders in 32; urban centres in 148; weaknesses of 26 communicative history 16 communicative memory 14 communism 15
Index 353 Communist Party of Soviet Union 348n9 communities 32 Community of the Realm 29 composite monarchy 5-6, 8-9, 26, 29, 31,161,179,180 conceptual reference 161 concession 164 conditional rulership 187-188 confederacy, confederation 183, 259-260, 280 confessional dispute 76 confessionalization 267 confessions, citizens of 162-163 Congress Kingdom 35 consensual decisionmaking 185-186 consensual decisions, principle of 186 Consensus Sendomirensis 220 Constance, Queen of Poland 37, 121n52,144 constitution 9,13, 26-27,160,171, 180,184,188-191 constitutionalism 180,188,191n5 Constitution of 3 May 1791 13,18, 263, 266 Constitution on Governorates 296 Contra-Talmudists 278 conversions 5,181, 277 coronation oaths 187 corporate structures 160 Corpus Christi procession 220-221, 229n31 ‘correctness’ of ordered images 70 Cossacks 26, 28, 31, 33-34 Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR 345 “Countdown” programme 333 Counter-Reformation 7, 32,140, 146,148 court scribes 223 Cracow (Krakow) 1, 3, 27, 32-33, 49, 74-75 Crimea 11 cross-border conflicts 50-51 Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1, 4 Crucifixion 70-71 Crucifixion in Vilnius 71-72 cultural changes 6 Cultural Heritage Preservation Commission 344 cultural memory 16 culture of rights 171-172 culture wars 258 Czartoryski, Adam Kazimierz 118n21, 265 Czermak, Wiktor 149n3 Częstochowa 262 Dąbrowski, Dariusz 52nl3, 55ո49 Dąbrowski, Patrice 20nll Daniel from Łęczyca 141 Dantzig (Gdańsk) 10 Davies, Norman 19 debates 159-160 deconfessionalization 77, 259, 267, 269 definitive choices 185-186 Dekert, Jan 164 Dembkowski, Harry
20n7 Dembowski, Mikołaj 277 democracy of nobles 7-8 Denis, Ernest 324-325 Denmark 179-181,188 De non tolerandis tudets 197 deposition 184,187 Deutsch, Yaacov 287 dietine (sejmik) 159,161, 298-301 disobedience: clause 187, 188; possibility of 187 dissidents 259, 262 disuniats 259 divided elections 186 Divre binab 276, 278, 282 Djuric, Vojislav J. 122n59 Długosz, Jan 123n73 Dmowski, Roman 34, 306, 310, 323 Doktór, Jan 286 Domat, Jean 161 double elections 186 drawing 66, 71 Dubnow, Shimon 35 Duchy of Lithuania 1, 3,11,13, 17-18,26, 29, 32, 61,80, 138-140, 145,148 Durandus, William 123n69 Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste 304 dvorianstvo 292, 295-298, 301 dynastic crisis, situations of 188 dynastic monarchies, royal family in 189 dynastic succession 180-181 Dziarnovich, Aleh 117n4 early modern Rzeszów: Christian courts, records of 223; ChristianJewish relations 217, 219; guild life 219-222; legal interaction 222-226; population of 215-216; settlement politics 216-219; tolerance 215 Eastern barrier 308
354 Index Eastern Slavic unity 329 Education Commission (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej) 234-235, 239-242, 246, 248 Eisenmann, Louis 325 elections: Ottoman and Habsburg interference in 189; vivente principe 184 elective monarchy 179-180; characteristics of 180,184; conditional rulership 187-188; eligibility criteria 184-185; establishment of 188; in Europe 182; fundamental aspect of 182-183; interregna 182-184; Polish-Lithuanian version of 188; rise and fall of 180-182; size of electorate 185; special political arrangements 180; “upgraded” versions of 182; voting procedures 185-187 elective systems 187-189 electoral conditions 188 Eisner, Christoph Friedrich 243 Emden, Jacob 278, 280, 287 Emden, Rabbi Jacob 278, 280, 287nl8 emotional distance 81 Emperor Peter III 292 Enlightenment, Enlightenment period 33,160-161,163,167-168, 215, 244, 257-258, 262, 268 Entente Powers 319 enthronement 187 equality 8,160-161, 257-259 ethnic group 140 European community 18 European development 27 European Union 305 Europe, political arrangements in 182 evacuationem (expulsion) see Jews expulsion Evangelical-Reformed Church in Lithuania 143 Evangelicals in Vilnius 143 expectant method 237, 239 exploitation 169 fairness 189-190 fanaticism 257 Federici, Carlo 268 Feiner, Shmuel 287 financial autonomy 168 Finnish nobility 296 First World War 304, 306-308 Fiszman, Samuel 20nll Fleury, Stanislaw Filibert 97 folwark 12 foreign policy 41-42 Forster, Georg 248 fortresses 60 Four Years’ Sejm (1788-1792): apostasy 262-263; Catholic clergy 261-262; Confederations of Radom and Bar 259-260; confessionalization
267; culture wars 258; dissidents and disuniates 259; economic, demographic and political benefits 262; economic losses 264; enlightenment 257-258; freethinking 257; intolerance 256-257, 265, 267; issues 257; Law on Government 263; love and actions 263-264; municipal reform 265; non-Catholics 258-259; NonUniates 266; Orthodox congress 265-266; Polish Revolution 260-261; sovereign decisions 260; tolerance 256-258, 260-261 fragments: of face 94; with human hair 95; with human palm 96; with painted ornament 85-86, 92-94; with painted plated ornament 87-88; reconstruction of face 90-91, 95; reconstruction of head 96; with remnant of face 89; of wall paintings 97; white dots 88 frames of reference: acquaintance 283-284; Birkenthal’s writings 279, 280, 284; Christian Bible 282; Dinre binah 276, 278, 282; educated Christian merchants 282; German language 280-281; Jewish Malice 279; JTS 276; magnates 282; Mishnab anot 282; multi confessional and multi-ethnic society 284; norms 275; Opryszki 281; Polish Catholic clergy 283; religious superiority 279; role of leadership 282; Sabbatian messianic movement 277; self-reported experience 277; Torah of Moses 278; transcultural commercial cosmopolitanism 283 France/French 17, 19; Academy of Sciences 244; debate on elective monarchy 181; Ministry of Foreign Affairs 314nl9; policy 310
Index Franciscans 142 Franco, de Franco 143-144 Franco-Polish bond 304 Frankist phenomenon 277, 286nl3 Frank, Jacob 34, 277-278, 286nl3 Fredro, Andrzej Maksymilian 164 freedom of conscience 12 freedom of religion 12 free elections 185 French Committee 321 French physicians, in Lithuania: Briotet, Jacques 246-250; Gilibert, Jean-Emmanuel 236-240, 249; Regnier, Nicolas 240-246, 250 French-Polish relations: borders of 309-311; defence of 311-312; diplomatic and military matters 305; “francocentric” historiography 304; French Security Concerns 306-309; geopolitics 309-311; New Polish State 306-309; symposiums 305 French position: Allies’ war aim 324-325; clear demarcation lines 324; Comité d’Études 323; contradictions 319; geography 320; level of civilization 322; methodology 321; principles 319; Quai d’Orsay 323; Realpolitik rules 324; recruitment process 322 Frick, David 146,150nl5,151n34, 151n37, 151n40,174nl5, 285 frontiers 6, 9, 34, 36, 215, 322 Frost, Robert 5,19n2, 20nl, 27, 29 Galicia 15-17, 35, 41, 43, 45, 47-50 Ganushchanka, Nadzieja 330 Gasztold, Olbracht 78 Gazety Wileńskie 241 Gdańsk (Dantzig) 10 Gelber, Nathan Michael 285 genealogy 83, 296 George, David Lloyd 324 German feudalism 162 German guild 220-221 Gertsman, Elina 128nl25 Gibel, Jakub 145 Giedre Mickunaite 4 Gierke von, Otto 161,173nl0 Gilibert, Jean-Emmanuel Dr. 235-240, 238, 249 Glebov, Alexander 295 Głowacki, Jan Nepomucen 63 3 55 Goldberg, Jacob 197, 209֊210n8 Golden Century of Silk Weaving, The 331 Golubeva, I. B. 117nl2 Good Order Commissions 166 Grabowski, Pawel 260 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3, 4, 11,
13,17-18, 29, 32, 41,138-140, 144,148, 234, 298-299, 327-328, 331, 333-335; residential area restrictions 196 Grand Duke of Lithuania 2-4,195, 198,208,234 great nationality 322 Great Patriotic War 327 Great Sejm 257, 260, 265, 267 Great War 304-307,311 Greek: Catholic hierarchy 35; culture 6; images 79; paintings 64, 80; sculpture 74; wall paintings 62 Greek Manner 4, 60, 84 Greekness of images 84 Greek Orthodox 26, 223 Griaznov, Vasilii 118n25 Grodno Royal School of Medicine 239-240, 249, 251 Grube, Ernst 123n70 Grygiel, Ryszard 55ո39 Grzeskowiak-Krwawicz, Anna 160 Gudziak, Borys A. 20nl2 guilds 219-222 Gutakowski, Ludwik 264 Habsburg: formality by 188; hereditary possession 188; monarchies 180 Hagizm, Rabbi Moses 278 Haller, Józef 125n89, 311 handicrafts 166 Hannover, Nathan 33, 275 Hasidism, emergence of 34 Haydamaks (haydamaky) 34 Heide, Jiirgen 7 Heller, Abraham Noah 281 Henry III, assassination of 181 Henry ГѴ, conversion to Catholicism 181 Herberstein, Sigismund 60-61 hereditary monarchies 182, 188 heretics 79, 222, 226 heterodox 146 Heyde, Jiirgen 2 On 13
356 Index Historica! and Political Recorder (Pamiętnik Historyczno-Polityczny) 257 historical memory 14 Historical State Museum 345-346 historic policy 327 historiography 2, 26-34, 60-61, 304 Holy Trinity Chapel 75 Hoppen, Jerzy 119n28 Horn, Maurycy 230n38 House, Edward M. 321 House of Gryfity 48 Hrabianko 31 Hrushevsky 30, 35 Hulewicz, Benedykt 265 Hundert, Gershon David 15, 22n34 Hungarian Kingdom, life of 43 Hungary/Hungarian 41,181; migration processes 41; Ruthenians in 42 hydrosarcocele 242, 242, 244 illiterate burghers 169 images, muteness of 76 individual privileges, collection of 160 infidels 217, 219, 222, 224 innovations 160,164-165 Inter Allied Declaration 322 inter-dynasty marriages 44, 47 inter-dynasty relations 46 interregna 182-184; instability of 183-184; in Transylvania 183-184 interregnum 184 interreligious cohabitation 215 intolerance 256-257, 265, 267 Islam 138,147-148, 277-278 Ivan Franko State Regional Memorial Literary Museum 346 Jagiełło, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania 2, 3,123n72,138 Jagiellonian monarch 5 Jagiellons 3, 17, 42, 46, 138-139, 231, 235 Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 146 Jan II Kazimierz, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 145 Jasiński, Kazimierz 53nl8 Jawnuta (Iwan) 148 Jeliinka, Georga З Jeśman, Ezejasz 141-142 Jesuit Order 234 Jesuits 129ո34, 140-141, 144, 234; arrival of 140-141; to Vilnius 140 Jesus Society 140-141,144, 234 Jewish autonomous institutions 35 Jewish-Christian relations 287 Jewish communities 15, 32-33,146, 159,162,165-167,169,195-196, 218-219, 223, 226, 283; culture 12;
faith 11-13 Jewish law (halakba) 218 Jewish Malice 279 Jewish settlement 216-218 Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) 276 Jews 31, 32,147, 166; jurisdiction 32; privileges to 33 Jews expulsion: co-existence 196; from Cracow 199; economic activities, restrictions on 196; from Grand Duchy of Lithuania 195, 209n3, 209n4; jewish residents 196; Jews and burghers 196-197; Karaite Jews against Rabbinic Jews 198-201; legal grounds providing 204-207; mass migration 195, 209n2; relocation 208; from Troki 197 John Rylands Library 276, 285 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 258 Journal de médecine (Gilibert) 237 “Journey of Amateur, The” (“Padarozhzha Dyletanta”) programme 333-334 Jurek, Tomasz 55ո39 Jurgaitis, Robertas 299 Jurkowlaniec, Grażyna 121ո55, 123ո74 Jurydyka 159, 161, 163, 165-167, 169 Jutte, Daniel 287 Kahana, Maoz 287 Kalenic monastery 101-102 Kalinowszczyzna 166 Kalmar Union 1 Kamieniec Podolski 277 Kammer-furier 295 Kapral, Myron 288 Kapralski, Sławomir 16, 21n37 Karaite Jews 198-201
Index Karaites 11,138,148,166,198-201, 203-204,210-211,258 Karpowicz, Łogwin 143 Katz, Jacob 284 Katz, Melissa R. 128nl25 Kaunas 145,197, 331 Kazimierz, Jan 29 Kempa, T. 4, 20ո6,149ո7,150ո16, 150ПІ7, 150ո20, 150ո22, 150ո23, 151ո29,151ո39 Keršyte, Dalia 119ո26 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 30-31, 33, 35 Khmelnytsky Uprising 12, ЗО Kiaupa, Zigmantas 19ո2 Kiele, Erika 117n9 Kiersnowska, Teresa 54ո29, 55ո40 Kiev, metropoly 150ո20 King Kazimierz III 215 Kleinmann, Yvonne 13 Kloczowski, Jerzy 19ո2 Kohut, Zenon ЗО Koialowicz, Albert Wiivk 80 Konopacki, Artur 148n2 Konopczyński, Władysław 20n8 Koran 129nl25, 278 Korf, Sergei 297-298 Koriat, Michal 148 Kormylchych, Volodyslav 50 Kosciusko Uprising 9 Koselleck, Rienhart 14, 21n32 Kossakowski, Józef 265 Kowno (Kaunas) 197, 204-207, 212ո40,212ո41 Kraków 3, 27, 32-33,163 Kraków historical school 27 Krasiński, Adam 263 Kren, Ivan 330 Krçtosz, Józef 288 Krėva 117nl, 117n2 Krėva castle 2-3, 60-61 Krėva castle paintings in 61-62 Kriegseisen, Wojciech 36ո5 KRSW 171 Kruk, Mirosław P. 122n62 Krzemieniec 13,168, 170 Kublicki, Stanislaw 261 Kuczyński, Stefan 53nl6 Kurczewski, Jan 126nll4, 129nl34 Kurtz, Julian 118n24 Kyiv Historical Museum 343 Labadie, Jan Jacob 279-280 Labuda, Gerard 54ո34 357 Łaszkiewicz, Hubert 19n2 Latin Catholicism 5 Latin church, Catholicism, latinized 3,6 Latin iconography 71-72 Latkin, Vasily 296 Latvia, Latvians 2, 6,14,18 Law on Free Royal Towns (Miasta Nasze Królewskie Wolne w państwach Rzeczypospolitej) 263 Ledóchowski, Antoni 264 legacy 2, 6,15-19, 34-35 legal prerogatives 162 Legislative Commission 295-296 Legislative
Committee 293 Levin, Moshe 171 Lewin, Louis 285 liberties 161,163,168 liberum veto 9, 26,29,187 Ligęza, Mikołaj Spytek 216-217 Linyev, Semen 346, 349n39 Lithgow, William 21n21 Lithuania/Lithuanian 29; Art Museum 115; influence on culture and values 41; national movement 35; religious enemies in 144-145; Science council 209nl; State Historical Archives 244; Tribunal 142 Livonian nobility 295 Lloyd-George, David 308, 324 Lojka, Pavel 328-329 Lorentz, Stanislaw 117ո4 Łowmiański, Henryk 45, 53nl5 Lubart, Dymitr 148 Lublin 29-30,167 Lubomirski, Hieronim Augustyn 217-220 Lubomirski, Jerzy Ignacy 219, 225, 230n39 Lubomirski, Stanislaw 159,163 Lukashenko, Alexander 329 Łukiszki 139,148,152ո42 Łukowski, Jerzy 20nl5, 21nl7, 172n3, 269, 284, 314 Luskina, Stefan 257 Lutherans 140, 144-145, 148, 220, 262, 280 Lviv Historical Museum 349ո39 Maciejko, Pawel 286 MAE see Ministère des Affaires étrangères (МАЕ)
358 Index Magdeburg Law 162,164-165,196, 210, 212, 215-216, 222, 225-226, 231, 333 Magdeburg self-government 197 Maggiore, Santa Maria 82 magistracy 139-140, 165-169; oligarchs 162; oppression 169; participation against 169 Magna Carta 187-188 Mahler, Ralph 197 Malkiewiczówna, Helena 78, 126nl06 Malta, Knights of 259 Mankiewicz, Symon 80 Marian images 81 Marmorstein, Abraham 276, 285-286 marriages 44-45; of convenience 32; ties 46-47 Marsinova, Elena 292-293 Martin, John R. 123n67 Massalski, Vilnius Ignacy 234-235 Mathias Casimirus Sabievius 82 matrimonial relationships 46, 51 Matusiewicz, Andrzej 240, 246 Mazepa, Ivan 31 medical vitalism 237, 25ІПІ2 medicine 11, 234,236-237, 239-240, 242-244 medieval formation 51 medieval migration processes 41 medieval monarchies 180 Medininkai castle 60-62; historiography and iconography of 60-61; paintings in 62 mentality 171-172 Merecz (Merkinė) 197 Merkinė 210-211 Mickiene, Ruta 90 Mickunaite, Giedre 119ո32,121ո55, 124ո87 Middle Ages 41, 60, 71-72, 81, 150ո22, 179-180, 195, 215, 320 migration, problems of 43 Mikhail Kiselev’s research 293 military: and diplomatic archives 304-305; disputes 43-44; revolution 27-28 Millerand, Alexandre 312 Milosz, Czeslaw 20n20 Mincheva, Kalina 121n44 Ministere des Affaires étrangères (MAE) 315ո30 minorities, national min 35, 259, 306-307,311,313 Minsk 18,117ո4,145, 148, 331-332 Mishnah ‘avot 282 “Modern Architecture of Moscow” 343 modernization 27 modern monarchies 180 modem theory of history 14 Molanus, Joannes 128nl22 monarchy 5-6, 8-9, 26, 29, 31,161, 179,180 Moral and Political Science Academy 322
Moravan painters in Trakai 68 Mstyslavovych, Izyaslav 50 multiple monarchy 5 mural decoration 66 murals 64 Muscovy 16, 60, 84,180 Museum of Crafts 343-345, 347n3 Museum of Crafts Ksawery Piwocki 343 The Museum of Historical and Military Monuments 350n40 Museum of the History of the Lviv City 342 Museums, in Lviv (1939-1941): of educational institutions 341-342; Lviv Historical Museum 349n39; National Museum 349n24; proposed projects 344; reorganization of 345-346; representative’s contribution for development 342; “Soviet appearance” 343; Soviet authorities towards 341-350 Muslims 30 mutual marriages 47 Mykhaylovych, Rostyslav 49 “Mysteries of the Belarusian History” programme 334 Naborowski, Daniel 144 Nadolski, Andrzej 54n37 Narodnaya Volya (newspaper) 333-334 Nasba Niva (newspaper) 333-334 national changes 6 national identity 16 nationalities 2, 307-309, 310, 313, 319, 320, 324 nationalization 347 national narrative 327-328, 333 National War Aims Committee (NWAC) 319, 321 Natural History Museum of the Shevchenko Scientific Society 346
Index Naumann, Friedrich 320 neck jurisdiction 224-225 Netherlands, the (Holland) 12 Niszkowski, Jan Fryderyk 249 nobility 145; particularism of 8; political nation of 159 Nobility Law 297 ‘Noble Care’ institution 299 Noble Charter (1785) 293-294, 296-297, 299 non-Catholics 145-146, 258-259 non-dynastic succession 188 non-professionals, informal role of 171 Non-Uniates 266 Nora, Pierre 21n29 Noreen, Kirstin 129nl28 Nosonovsky, Michael 287 novelty 160,164 Nowakowska, Natalia 20n5 NWAC see National War Aims Committee (NWAC) obstetrics 243, 245 Ochmański, Jerzy 149n4 Odrowaz, Yvon 49 Okęcki, Antoni 265 Okunevish, Aleksandr 118n24 Old Believers 11,148 Oleśnicki, Zbigniew 78 oligarchic magistracies 162-163 oligarchic magistrates 167 Omelchenko, Oleg 297 Opaliński, Lukasz 11 open elections 184 oppression 169 Opryszki 281 Orthodox/Orthodoxy 5, 69, 84, 138,146, 226; Church 4, 6, 17, 76-77,139,142-143, 146-147, 257; congress 265-266; painters 75 Ostrogski, Konstanty 139,149 Ottoman appointments 182 Ottoman suzerainty 181-182 Our Lady of Trakai 80, 84,116; narrative translation of 84; original appearance and iconography of 81; renewed image of 81 Pact of Horodło 3 Painlevé, Paul 306 painters 66, 73 paintings 62, 66, 73, 79-80, 82; ‘adjustment’ of 81; attribution and 359 interpretation of 64; in church 64; content of 69-70; iconography of 64-65, 68; in Lithuania 67; surviving 63; in Trakai 69; visual documentation of 63; wall 64, 99-104 Panavaite, Dalia 128nl20 papal elections 186 Parent, Arnaud 11 Paris Conference 314 Paris Faculty of Medicine 244 Paris Peace Conference 311, 319
Parker, Geoffrey 36n36 parliamentarism 18 Patriarch Jacob 68 Pax inter Dissidentes 264-265 Peace Conference 308 peasants 6-7,12,17-18, 239, 280 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 343, 348nl8 Permanent Council 159 personal security 189 Pessakh 217-218 Peter III 293-295 Piasts 3, 42-44,46-47, 50-51, 315n20 Pichón, Stephen 310 Piechnik, Ludwik 149nl2 Piekarz, Mendel 287 Piekosinski, Franciszek 54n33 Pikulski, Gaudenty 279, 287 Pilarczyk, Krzysztof 285 Piłsudski, Józef 34, 306, 310, 314 Piltz, Erasm 323 Pińsk 261, 265 Piwocki, Ksawery 344 Plezia, Marian 53nl5 Plokhi, Serhii 30 Pociej, Hypatius 143, 150n23 Poincaré, Raymond 320 Poklewski, Tadeusz 54n37 Poland-Lithuania: last partition, in 1795 249; social structure 2 Poland/Polish 29; Army in France 305; Catholic clergy 283; community 29-30; continuation 41; Corridor case 307; development of medieval 44; historical literature in 26; Polish issue 312; populations of 43 Polanska, Ewelina 55ո43 Poles 31 Police Commission 167 Polish-Jewish Commonwealth 32
360 Index Polish-Lithuanian: crisis 309-310; monarch 187; relations 3 Polish֊!.lthuanian Commonwealth 4, 9-10,15, 26, 34, 36,140, 148, 182; collapse of 27; elective principle 179; emergence of 51; establishment of 42; historiography of 26-34; legacy 13-19, 34-35; medieval sources of 41; memory of 35-36; military demands 27; in modern-day school textbooks 2; Reformation in 79; scale of 188 Polish-Lithuanian elective system 185,188 Polish-Lithuanian Union 3 Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski) 306, 309-311, 319, 323 Polish nobility, priorities for 42 Polish Republic 305-307, 311 Polish-Russian relations 42 Polish-Ruthenian dynastic relations 44 Polish-Ruthenian marriages 45, 50 Polish social system 330 Polish sovereigns 12 Polish-Soviet War 305, 312 Polish Tatars 11 political community 183, 186, 188-189 political developments 160 political instability 189 political liberty 189 political prerogatives 162 political relationship 170 political system 7,189 politics of memory in Belarus 19; Castles of Belarus 332; depoliticization and deideologization 328; development 328; evaluation 330; historical period 327-328; internal and foreign policy 329; interpretations 329; monuments and memorial signs 332-333; museums 331; national approach 335; Polish social system 330; proclamation 327; sociological research 334; television programmes 333-334 polity’s fundamental principles, revaluation and reaffrmation of 189 Pollman, Judith 287 Polonsky, Antony 19 Polotsk 124n84,141,145,148 Poniatowski, Stanislaw August 234, 236-237, 239, 248 Ponty, Janine 313 Popova, E. A. 117nl3
Portugal, succession crisis 181 positive liberty 160 post-Soviet narrative 327-328 Potocki, Stanislaw Kostka 262 powers, constellation of 161 Pranas Gudynas Restoration Centre 115 predispositions 161 Prince Svyatopolk Volodymyrovych 46 principle of equality 8 private interest 189-190 privileges 7, 165, 169; accumulation of 171; equation of 165; mentality of 166; royal 168 property rights 17 prosopography 42 Protaszewicz, Walerian 140 Protestantism 140, 216 Protestants 146; nobility 146; in Vilnius 141 province of Posen 308, 310 provincial commissions 171 Prussia 6, 2ІПІ8,148, 161, 170, 324 Prussian militarism 161 Pskov, visual vocabulary specific of 61 public blasphemy 226 Puzyna, Mikołaj 146 Quai d’Orsay 311-312, 323 quatember 220, 230n34 Rabbinic Jews 197-201, 204 radical religious group 7 Radzicki, Józef 263 Radziwiłł, Jerzy 141 Radziwiłł, Krzysztof “the Thunder” 141-142,150nl9 Radziwiłł, Mikołaj 332; “the Black” 140; “the Red” 140-141 Radziwiłłs, House 140,142,147, 205, 332 Ranizowski, Antoni 224 Rapoport-Albert, Ada 286 Rapoport, Rabbi Hayyim 277, 286 Ravanica monastery 104 Realpolitik rules 324 Reconstruction of Nations, The (Snyder) 35-36 Reformation 7,140,146,148, 220
Index regional identity 5 Regnier, Nicolas 235, 240-246, 250 religious changes 6 religious demarcations 221 religious differentiation 216 religious diversity 180-181 religious peace 215 religious persecution 11 religious pluralism 187 religious polemic 225 religious relations 138 religious structure: changes in 140; of city 140 religious tolerance 2, 4,13,148; and intolerance 138-148; principle of 7; tradition of 138 religious violence 7 religious writings 67 Renouvin, Pierre 304 Repnin, Nikolai 264 republicanism 9,159-162,170-172, 173n7,188 republican values, character and quality of 161 Republic Gospel 321 Residential area restrictions 196, 201 resistance 184 revenue-collecting authority 161-162 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 18-19 right of election 187 Roman Catholic: clergy and Jesuits 147; faith 31 Roman Catholic Church 9, 216, 218 Romanovych-Slavatinsky, Alexander 292 rootedness, sense of 34 Rosman, Moshe 284 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 160, 173n5 Rowell, Stephen C. 122n61 Royal Academy of Surgery (Académie royale de chirurgie) 240, 244 royal familles, extinction and replacement of 188 royal privileges 168 Royal School of Medicine 235-236, 236, 239-240, 246 Rózycka-Bryzek, Anna 119ո31, 122ո63, 124ո83, 124ո84 rulership: conditional character of 188; conditional nature of 182 Rurikids 42-44, 46, 51 Russell, Conrad 5 361 Russian dvorianstvo 295-298 Russian Empire’s legal doctrine 297 Russian hegemony 29 Russian nobility (dvorianstvo): cohesive local community 294; compilation of genealogical registers 295; elective functions 299; enlightenment 292-293; Finnish nobles 296;
governoratelevel dietine 300; Grand Duchy’s nobility 300; Latkin’s analysis 296; legislative commissions 295; Livonian nobility 295; Manifesto’s role 293; Mikhail Kiselev’s research 293; military/civil service 292; offering tax 300; personal rights 294; property rights 294; selfgovernment 298, 301; sources 297 Russia, Russian Empire 16, 22n21, 168, 249 Ruthenia, Ruthenians 3-6, 30, 41; component 41-42; nobility 42; painters 74 Rutski, Velamin 143 Rzeszów 13, 219, 229n20 Rzeszowski, Mikołaj 220 Sacranus, Jan 76 Sadkovskii, Viktor 261, 268 sales contracts 223 Saluzzo, Ferdinando Maria 256-259, 268, 270 Samerski, Stefan 130nl41 Samogitia, diocese 141 Sandomierz Voivodeship 48-49 Santa Maria Maggiore 81 Sapieha, Kazimierz Nestor 264, 284 Sarab’ianov, V. D. 117nl2 Sarmatism, Sarmatian culture 6, 20nll Saxon-Polish Union 216 Schächter, Jacob J. 287 Schilling, Heinz 161,173nl0 schism 77 schismatic queen 77 Schönflissus, Jedrzej 151n30 Scots 11 Second Polish Republic (Rzeczpospolita) 305, 311 Second World War 15,18, 304, 307, 341-342 security: concerns 306-307; sense of 34
362 Index sejm 8-10,12-13,142,144,182, 185, 187,257 sejmik, dietine 9,10,12,16,142, 144,159, 298, 301 self-defeating 160 self-determination 35, 308-311, 319, 322 self-governing rights 159 self-government 161 self-rule 162 Serbia, Morava School 64-67, 69 serfdom 12 Serrier, Thomas 315n20 settlement politics 216-219, 227 Shevchenko Scientific Society 346, 350n40 Sievers, Jakob Johann 297 Sigismund П Augustus 138-139,142-143 Sigismund III Vasa 139,142-144, 201 Sigismund I the Old 139 Silesian case 309 Sirkaite, Jolanta 118n25 Skarga, Piotr 126nll3 Skarga’s writing 79 Skarszewski, Wojciech 265-267 Slav World, The 325 Slutsk Belts 331 Smokowski, Wincenty 63,97, 118n23; documentation 63; drawings of 63 Smotrytsky, Meletius 143 Snyder, Timothy 21n27, 35-36, 37nl3 social bonds 5 social changes 15 social groups 163 social relations 3-4 society 33 Sokolnicki, Celestyn 263 Sołtyk, Kajetan Ignacy 286 Sołtyk, Stanislaw 265 Soutou, Georges-Henri 304, 307, 309, 323 sovereignty 161, 179; Bodin expansive conception of 164; claims of 164 Soviet army 345 Soviet era 329 Soviet Exhibition 348n20 Sovietization, of the museums activity 343-344 Soviet narrative 327-328 Soviet (or post-Soviet) narrative 328 Stampfer, Shaul 33, ЗбпЗб Stanislaw August Poniatowski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 20nl4, 210, 234, 236, 239, 242-244, 248, 253, 258 Starodubcev, Tatjana 120n44 starostas 159,161-163,165-170, 169, 201, 205-206, 208 State Museum of Crafts 346 State Regional Art Gallery 346 Stauter-Halsted, Kelly 22n40 Stephen Báthory 141-142,149 Stone, Daniel 173n5 St Petersburg 117nl7,118nl3, 343
Strachowski, Bartłomiej 83 Studies Committee (Le Comité d’Études) 319-320 subsidium charitativum 261-262 succession 179-184, 188-191 Suchorzewski, Jan 265 Surowiecki, Wawrzyniec 162 surviving paintings 63 Svyatoslavovych, Volodymyr 50 Sweden 145,179-181,183, 191n8,297 Swedish threats 28-29 Święcicki, Ilarion 344-345 Świniarski, Michal 163-164 Świtkowski, Piotr 257-258,268 Syrokomla, Władysław 118n24 system of values 172 Sysyn, Frank E. 30, 36ո6, 36ո12 Szczuka, Stanislaw 165 szlachta 4-6, 8-9,11-13,16, 26-27, 34,142,169,186, 298 Tabor, Albert 76 Talmud 277-278, 286-287 Tartars 2ln28 Tatar 28 taxation 9, 29,165,167, 261 Tazbir, Janusz 150ո25 Telksniene, Elvyra 119ո38 Teller, Adam 285 Temerinski, Aleksandra Davidov 121ո56 Teofan, patriarch of Jerusalem 150n20 Teplov, Grigory (Senator) 297 Third Congress of International Researchers of Polish History 1 Tkachev, Mikhail A. 117n6 tolerance 256-258, 260-261 toleration, principle of 7 Török, Gyöngyi 128nl24 town representatives 171 towns 10, 13, 32-33, 160, 163
Index Trakai church 64-66, 68,101,103, 106-110; draperies in 65; Moravan painters in 68 Trakai island castle 66, 97-98; wall paintings 99-100 Trakai palace, decoration of 70 Transylvania/Transylvanian 181, 183-184, 186-187; elective monarchy in 187; electoral conditions 188; source of inspiration for 188 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 304 Treaty of Versailles 307, 309 Trent reforms 141 Tripplin, Teodor 118n24 Troki (Trakai) 197-201 troubled successions 189 Tsamblak, Gregory 67, 69,121n49, 12ІП52,122n57 Tsar Alexander I 300 Tsar Peter 1292 tumults, religious 142,147 Turks 30 Twardowski, Samuel 30 Tyzenhaus, Antoni 235-236 Ukraine/Ukrainian 32; national movement 35; politics 35 Ukrainian Art of the Art Gallery 343 Under-Commission (1919) 310 Uniates 140,143,145-146,150n32, 151n32, 223, 259, 261-263 Union between England and Scotland 1 Union of Brest 6, 20nl2,139-140, 142, 329 Union of Krėva 44 Union of Krewno 9-10 Union of Lublin 1, 4-6,18, 36, 41, 44, 328, 330 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 342 Urbaityte, Rita 197 urban autonomy 161 urban community 166 urban government, models of 170 urban hierarchy 223 urban history xiv USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Valois, Henry 186 Vassilaki, Maria 121n44 Vasyl’kovych, Volodymyr 51 Velichko, Samiil 30-31 363 Velmans, Tania 122n65 Versailles Peace Treaty 306 Vilnius 72-73,140,144; Bernardines 77; bishop of 142,144; Calvinist church in 142,147; Cathedral 72, 77, 110-112; conflicts in 141; congregation in 142; Crucifixion 72; Evangelicals in 143; functioning of 140; Orthodox churches in 139; people of 141;
Protestants in 141; religious conflicts 139-140; religious relations in 146; religious situation in 145; Roman Catholic canons in 146; Ruthenian population of 142-143; successive bishops of 140; testaments of people of 146; and Trakai 138-139; Uniate clergy in 143; urban space of 147-148; voivode of 144 Vilnius Medical School: Briotet, Jacques 246-250; Gilibert, JeanEmmanuel Dr. 236-240, 249; Regnier, Nicolas 240-246, 249 Vilnius University 234-235, 242 violence, anti-Jewish 33 Virgin Mary 80; double image of 78; Greek-painted image of 78; image of 79-80 visual contents 70-71 visual, verbal expansion of 83-116 vitalist method 239 Vitebsk 145,148 vocabularies 161,163 Voj vodic, Dragan 122ո64 Volanus, Andreas 140-141 Volkov, Dmitry 295 Volodymyrovych, Konstantyn 47 Volodymyrovych, Svyatopolk 47 Voloshchuk, Myroslav 53n21 von Herberstein, Siegmund 117ո8 von Stackeiberg, Otto 159 Vorontsov, Roman 295 voting 190; procedures 185-187 Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania 62-64, 67, 69-70, 79-80, 83-84, 119ո31, 138, 250 Wagner, W. J. 2ІПІ6 wall paintings 61, 64, 67, 97, 99-104, 107-110,113-114 Walter, Christopher 120n40 war aims 307, 319-320, 322, 324 Warsaw 18, 27, 36n5,160,162-164, 170,187,192nl5, 239, 243,
364 Index 256-257, 261, 310-312; Jews residence, restrictions on 196; National Museum in 331 Warsaw Confederation 7,187 Warsaw Gazette (Gazeta Warszawska) 257 Wasilewski, Tadeusz 53nl5, 55n50 Wawel Castle 73 Waza, Wladislaw 198, 203 Wegrzynek, Hanna 19nl Weinryb, Bernard Dov 21n23 Western European art 346 Widacka, Hanna 130nl39 Wieniawa 166 Wieniawski, Franciszek 283-284 Wijaczka, Jacek 21n20 Wilsonianism 307 Wilsonian principle 307-309, 312 Wilson, Woodrow 17, 308, 324 Winfield, David 117nl0 Wischnitzer, Mark 276, 285-287 Wisner, Henryk 151n28 Władysław IV Vasa 144,147, 234 Włodkowic, Pawel 3, 20ոՅ Wolff, Larry 268 words for images: anxiety of difference 69-70; in castles 60-64; in Church of Trakai 64-66; double vernacular 70-73; ideas and patterns 68-69; negotiations: hands, minds, and will 75-76; identity on move 73-74; in Poland 73; rites, persons, and things 76-79; persons and actions 66-68; translations: form follows story 79-83; verbal expansion of visual 83-116 Woyna, Benedykt 82 Wyrwicz Karol 258 xenophobia 32 Yaari, Avraham 286 Yaroslavivna, Grzymislawa 46 Zabłocki, Wojciech 54ո22 Zakrzewski, Andrzej В. 299 Zalenas, Gintautas 129nl27 Zamoyski, Andrzej 166,169 Żbikowski, Andrzej 19nl Zelada, Francesco 268, 270 Zerizuta de’Avraham (Heller) 281, 288n33 Zwolski, Bogumil 151n28,151n39 Zygmunt III 29 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth This volume provides a fresh perspective of the history and legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as the often-disputed memory of it in contemporary Europe. The unions between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania have fascinated many readers particularly because many solutions that have been implemented in the European Union have been adopted from its Central and Eastern European predecessor. The collection of essays presented in this volume are divided into three parts—the Beginnings of Poland-Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Legacy and Memory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—and represent a selection of the papers delivered at the Third Congress of International Researchers of Polish History which was held in Cracow on 11-14 October 2017. Through their application of different historiographical perspectives and schools of history they offer the reader a fresh take on the Commonwealth’s history and legacy, as well as the memory of it in the countries that are its inheritors, namely Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. An exploration of one of the biggest countries in Early Modern Europe, this will be of interest to historians, political scientists, cultural anthropologists and other scholars of the history of Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Modern period.
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The Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth
History, Memory, Legacy
Edited by Andrzej Chwalba
and Krzysztof Zamorski
O Routledge
jj^ Taylor amp; Francis Croup
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Contributors
Introduction
ANDRZEJ CHWALBA AND KRZYSZTOF ZAMORSKI
1 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: History-
Legacy-Memory
ANTONY POLONSKY
PARTI
The Beginnings of Poland-Lithuania
2 The Principles of Ancient Rzeczpospolita Formation:
The Medieval Ruthenian Dimension
MYROSLAV VOLOSHCHUK
3 Words for Images: On Perceptions of 'Greek Manner'
in Lithuania and Poland
GIEDRFI MICKONAITE
4 Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Vilnius in
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
TOMASZ KEMPA
vi Contents
PART II
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 157
5 A Free and Feudal Government: Civic Republican
Mentalities in the Cities of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth 159
CURTIS G MURPHY
Electing Kings With All Manner of Freedom:
The Polish-Lithuanian Elective Monarchy in Context
FELICIA RO$U
Cases of the Expulsion of Jews From the Towns of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Strategies of the Burghers
and the Jews
JURGITA SLAUCLUNAITFI-VERBICKIENFI
8 Tolerance as a Non-Topic: Cooperation on Behalf of the
Town Between Catholics, Jews and Protestants in Early
Modern Rzeszow 215
YVONNE KLEINMANN
9 The Medical Science Heritage of French Physicians in
Lithuania in the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century:
Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, Nicolas Regnier and
Jacques Briotet 234
ARNAUD PARENT
10 Discourses of Tolerance and Intolerance at the Four
Years' Sejm (1788-1792) 256
RICHARD BUTTERWICK
PART III
Legacy and Memory of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth 273
11 The Frames of Reference of an Eighteenth-Century
Jewish Galician Merchant (Based on the Writings of
Dov Ber Birkenthal) 275
GERSHON DAVID HUNDERT
Contents vii
12 The Rights and Privileges of the Polish-Lithuanian
Nobility: A Benchmark for the Russian Empire's
Legislation of the Latter Half of the Eighteenth
and Early Nineteenth Century? 292
TAMARA BAIRA$AUSKAIT£
13 France Facing the Independence of Poland: New
Historiographical Approaches 304
FR£D£RIC DESSBERG
14 The French Position on the Polish Cause in 1918:
Historical Borders and Principle of Nationalities 319
ISABELLE DAVION
15 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Politics of
Memory in Belarus 327
LIUBOU KOZIK
16 Organizing the Past: The Policy of the Soviet Authorities
Towards the Museums in Lviv, 1939-1941 341
IRYNA HORBAN
Index 351
Illustrations
3 1 Fragment with a painted ornament excavated in 1988 85
3 2 Fragment with a painted ornament excavated in 1988 85
3 3 Fragments with painted ornaments excavated in 1988 86
3 4 Fragments with a painted plated ornament excavated
in 2012 87
3 5 Fragments with a painted ornament and white dots
excavated in 2012 88
3 6 Fragment with a remnant of face excavated in 2012 89
3 7 Fragment with a remnant of face excavated in 2012 89
3 8 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the face based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 90
3 9 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the face based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 91
3 10 Fragment with a painted ornament and white dots
excavated in 1994 92
3 11 Fragments with painted ornaments excavated in 1994 93
3 12 Fragments with painted ornaments excavated in 1994 94
3 13 Fragment of a face excavated in 1994 94
3 14 Fragment with human hair (?) excavated in 1994 95
3 15 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the face based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 95
3 16 Ruta Mickiene, reconstruction of the head based on the
excavated fragment, 2017 96
3 17 Fragment with human palm excavated in 1987 96
3 18 Wincenty Smokowski, fragments of wall paintings in
the palace of the Trakai island castle Project of the
lithograph, Indian ink on paper, 1841 97
3 19 Stanislaw Filibert Fleury, wall paintings in the audience
hall of the palace of the Trakai island castle, 1888 98
3 20 Southern wing of the palace of the Trakai island castle,
3 21 Jerzy Hoppen, wall paintings in the palace of the
Trakai island castle, central niche of the audience hall
(water colour on paper), 1932 99
Illustrations ix
Head of the unknown saint, painting on the southern
wall of the Trakai church, ca 1419
Fragment of the figure of St Theodosius, the wall
painting in the church of Kalenic monastery, ca 1420
Heads of saints painted on the northern wall of the
Trakai church, ca 1419
Heads of apostles, wall painting in the church of
Kalenic monastery, ca 1420
Fragment of the figure of the saint warrior painted on
the southern wall of the Trakai church, ca 1419
Sts Theodore Stratilate, George, Theodore Tyrone
painted in the church of Ravanica monastery, ca 1388
Fragment of the drapery painted on the western wall of
the Trakai church, ca 1419
Draperies in the apse of the Church of Nova Pavlica,
ca 1391
The patriarch Jacob under a tree of paradise painted on
the western wall of the Trakai church, ca 1419
A tree of paradise painted on the northern wall of the
Trakai church, ca 1419
Procession of the elect painted on the northern wall of
the Trakai church, ca 1419
Inscription identifying the patriarch Jacob
Paintings on the southern wall of the Trakai church,
ca 1419
Paintings on the western wall of the Trakai church,
ca 1419
Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary and St John the
Evangelist (144 5x137 5 cm), al secco wall painting,
Vilnius Cathedral, ca 1400
Feet of the Crucified, fragment of the composition
'Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary and St John the
Evangelist,' Vilnius Cathedral, ca 1400
Figure with the Crucified, fragment of the composition
'Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary and St John the
Evangelist,' Vilnius Cathedral, ca 1400
Wall paintings in the Church of Wislica, figure of
St Demetrios captioned in Greek
Wall paintings in the Church of Wislica, of desert saint
captioned in Latin
Our Lady of Trakai, X-Ray, 1994 Pranas Gudynas
Restoration Centre of the Lithuanian Art Museum
Our Lady of Trakai, oil on canvas and lime panel, the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
1781 drawing depicting Vilnius University The
collegium medicum is indicated on the right
x Illustrations
9 2 Nineteenth-century view of the building in which the
Royal School of Medicine in Grodno was settled Made
by Napoleon Mateusz Tadeusz Orda (1807-1883) 236
9 3 Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741-1814) Medallion made
by Joseph Chinard (1756-1813) 237
9 4 Statue of Professor Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert in Gilibert
park, Grodno, Bielarus Sculptor: Vladimir Panteleev 238
9 5 Observation of a hydrosarcocele, with a merocele
on the left side (Observations d'un hydrosarcocele
accompagne d'une hernie crurale du cote gauche) It is
possibly the oldest depiction of a Lithuanian patient 242
9 6 Patent issued 1 October 1781 in Warsaw by the
Commission of National Education, with the signature
and the seal of the President of the Commission Michal
Poniatowski, according to which Nicolas Regnier,
correspondent of the Surgery academy in Paris, was
given the title of professor of theoretical surgery and
obstetrics 243
9 7 Ode published in 1785 to honour Nicolas Regnier 245
9 8 Jacques Briotet (1746-1819) Portrait made by Julian
Karczewski (1806-1833) 247
Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Abramowicz, Andrzej 54n37 Abramowicz, Jan 149, 223-224 Abramowicz, Szymon 224 absolutism 27 Abyss of Despair (Hannover) 33 Academy of Surgery in Paris 249 ad hoc formations 28 Adomonis, Tadas 119ո29 Age of Enlightenment 244 Alexander, Tsar 207, 211n24 alliances de revers 324 al secco technique 61 American Revolution 179-180 Angelov, Sverozar 121n44 Anjou, political preferences of 46 anthelminthic spigelia 237 anti-democratic politicians 189 anti-Jewish violence 33,195, 209n2 anti-monarchic movements 189 anxiety of difference 69-70 apostasy 262-263 ARCHE—Pachatak (magazine) 333 Archetti, Giovanni Andrea 256, 268, 268n2 Archinard, Louis 310 Asians, Polish Brethren 7,140, 263 “aristocratic” rule 161 armed conflict 17 Armenians 10,14, 341, 344, 346 Army Geographic Service 322 Assmann, Jan 21n30 assumptions 163 Atlas of Poland (Romer) 320 Augsburg confession 145 August, Stanislaw 27,159,163 Austria, Austrian Poland, Austro-Hungarian Empire 81, 170, 295, 320, 325 Austro-Slavism 35 authority transfers, formal procedure of 182 autocratic tendencies 185 autonomy, financial 168 Awdancy family 48 Bacei, Micele 121n44 Bacon, Gershon 285 Baczko, Bronislaw 36nll Bailiff court 222-223 Bajer, Peter P. 2ІПІ9 Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 21n33 Bakban, Majer 286 “Bandits in Bolechów” (Hundert) 281 baptism 207,211n24 baptism, of Jagiełło 4,138 Bar Confederacy 280 Baronas, Darius 122n61 Baroque vocabulary 81 Bartai, Israel 285 Bartnicki, Mariusz 55ո41 Báthory, Sigismund 184-185 Báthory, Stephen 141, 234 Bekšta, Arunas 128nl20 Belazarovich, Vietar 330
Belgian Journal politique 240-241 Benedictine Church 73 Benoist, Charles 307, 320-322, 324 Berger, David 287 Berlin, Isaiah 160 Bershadski, Sergei 209n3, 209n4 Bielowski, August 51n2 Bieniak, Janusz 53nl5 bilateral marriages 42 Birkenthal, Dov Ber 15, 276-284, 285ոՅ, 288ոՅ6 Biržai 141-142
352 Index Black Procession 160, 162 Blazer, Amber McAlister 129nl29 Blickle, Peter 161 Blobaum, Robert E. 21n22 Blue Army 311 Bodin, Jean 161,164,180-181,187, 189,190n3,190n5,191n9 Bohemia 43, 46,48-49,179,181, 183,188, 324 Bolesza, Kazimierz 265 Boncompagni, Ignazio 256, 268, 268n2 Brawer, Avraham Ya’akov 276, 285-286 Briand, Aristide 320 Briotet, Jacques 235, 241, 246-250 Buchanan, George 181 Burant, Stephen R. 20nl0 burgher-rights movement 160 burghers/burgher community 13, 33,143-144,159-166,195,197, 201-204, 207 Burmystenko, M. 342 Butrymowicz, Mateusz 261-262 Butterwick, Richard 13, 20nl4 Buxhoewden, Feodor 170 Byzantine 68-69, 70; art 61, 65-66, 69, 72; culture 6; images, legitimated difference of 75; mural paintings 65, 73; murals 75, 82, 84; style 67, 73, 75; tradition 71; wall paintings 62, 69, 73, 75, 84, 117nl0,121n48 Byzantinium 79 Calvinism/Calvinists 140-148, 220, 262 Calvinist church 144 Calvinist congregation 144 Cambon, Jules 311 cardinal laws 261-263 Carlebach, Elisheva 287 caste privilege 34 castle, partial conservation of 63 Castles of Belarus 332 Catherine II, Empress of Russia 16, 259, 293-296, 298 Catholic League 181 Catholics/Catholicism 4, 10, 76, 84, 138; churches, Greek’ images to 78; clergy 12, 260-262, 266, 276, 283; commission 69; houses 219; iconography 71-72; tradition 84; witnesses 225 Cetwinski, Marek 53nl6 Chalasinski, Józef 21n39 Charles-Benoist Committee 324 Charter of the Russian Nobility 292 Cherven Hillforts 43 childbirth 245-247 Chodynicki, Kazimierz 148n3 Chojnicka, Krystyna 126nl00 Chômâtes, Nicetas 130nl40 Chnstian/Cbristianity
4,12-13, 30, 33, 79-80, 275, 278-279, 284, 287; community 217, 218, 223; denominations of 32, 221, 223; faith, adoption of 60 church decoration 69 Church of Nova Pavlica 105 Church of Trakai 64-66 Church of Wiślica 113-114 Cieciszowski, Kacper 263 city privileges 166 civic republicanism 160,162,171 Civil-Military Commissions 166, 170 Clemenceau, Georges 306, 308-310,312 Clement XIV, Pope 257 coat-of-arms bonding 4 collections, private, historical 29, 160, 165, 210, 276, 282, 331-332, 341-347 collective action 160 collective choices 186 collective memory 162 collective responsibility 144, 295-296 Collegium medicum 239, 242 Collegium physicum 239 colouring 71 Comité ďÉtudes 323 Commission for noble freedoms 295-296 Commission for the Protection of Monuments of Culture 345 Commonwealth (see also PolishLithuanian C.) 12, 35,160, 165, 172, 187; anti-Jewish violence 33; history of 8, 19; material heritage 18-19; military development 29; Orthodox bishops 6; political system 2, 8; political tracts of 159-160; reformist elites in 162; republicanism in 159; republican mentality of 159; selfgovernment in 160; social outsiders in 32; urban centres in 148; weaknesses of 26 communicative history 16 communicative memory 14 communism 15
Index 353 Communist Party of Soviet Union 348n9 communities 32 Community of the Realm 29 composite monarchy 5-6, 8-9, 26, 29, 31,161,179,180 conceptual reference 161 concession 164 conditional rulership 187-188 confederacy, confederation 183, 259-260, 280 confessional dispute 76 confessionalization 267 confessions, citizens of 162-163 Congress Kingdom 35 consensual decisionmaking 185-186 consensual decisions, principle of 186 Consensus Sendomirensis 220 Constance, Queen of Poland 37, 121n52,144 constitution 9,13, 26-27,160,171, 180,184,188-191 constitutionalism 180,188,191n5 Constitution of 3 May 1791 13,18, 263, 266 Constitution on Governorates 296 Contra-Talmudists 278 conversions 5,181, 277 coronation oaths 187 corporate structures 160 Corpus Christi procession 220-221, 229n31 ‘correctness’ of ordered images 70 Cossacks 26, 28, 31, 33-34 Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR 345 “Countdown” programme 333 Counter-Reformation 7, 32,140, 146,148 court scribes 223 Cracow (Krakow) 1, 3, 27, 32-33, 49, 74-75 Crimea 11 cross-border conflicts 50-51 Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1, 4 Crucifixion 70-71 Crucifixion in Vilnius 71-72 cultural changes 6 Cultural Heritage Preservation Commission 344 cultural memory 16 culture of rights 171-172 culture wars 258 Czartoryski, Adam Kazimierz 118n21, 265 Czermak, Wiktor 149n3 Częstochowa 262 Dąbrowski, Dariusz 52nl3, 55ո49 Dąbrowski, Patrice 20nll Daniel from Łęczyca 141 Dantzig (Gdańsk) 10 Davies, Norman 19 debates 159-160 deconfessionalization 77, 259, 267, 269 definitive choices 185-186 Dekert, Jan 164 Dembkowski, Harry
20n7 Dembowski, Mikołaj 277 democracy of nobles 7-8 Denis, Ernest 324-325 Denmark 179-181,188 De non tolerandis tudets 197 deposition 184,187 Deutsch, Yaacov 287 dietine (sejmik) 159,161, 298-301 disobedience: clause 187, 188; possibility of 187 dissidents 259, 262 disuniats 259 divided elections 186 Divre binab 276, 278, 282 Djuric, Vojislav J. 122n59 Długosz, Jan 123n73 Dmowski, Roman 34, 306, 310, 323 Doktór, Jan 286 Domat, Jean 161 double elections 186 drawing 66, 71 Dubnow, Shimon 35 Duchy of Lithuania 1, 3,11,13, 17-18,26, 29, 32, 61,80, 138-140, 145,148 Durandus, William 123n69 Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste 304 dvorianstvo 292, 295-298, 301 dynastic crisis, situations of 188 dynastic monarchies, royal family in 189 dynastic succession 180-181 Dziarnovich, Aleh 117n4 early modern Rzeszów: Christian courts, records of 223; ChristianJewish relations 217, 219; guild life 219-222; legal interaction 222-226; population of 215-216; settlement politics 216-219; tolerance 215 Eastern barrier 308
354 Index Eastern Slavic unity 329 Education Commission (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej) 234-235, 239-242, 246, 248 Eisenmann, Louis 325 elections: Ottoman and Habsburg interference in 189; vivente principe 184 elective monarchy 179-180; characteristics of 180,184; conditional rulership 187-188; eligibility criteria 184-185; establishment of 188; in Europe 182; fundamental aspect of 182-183; interregna 182-184; Polish-Lithuanian version of 188; rise and fall of 180-182; size of electorate 185; special political arrangements 180; “upgraded” versions of 182; voting procedures 185-187 elective systems 187-189 electoral conditions 188 Eisner, Christoph Friedrich 243 Emden, Jacob 278, 280, 287 Emden, Rabbi Jacob 278, 280, 287nl8 emotional distance 81 Emperor Peter III 292 Enlightenment, Enlightenment period 33,160-161,163,167-168, 215, 244, 257-258, 262, 268 Entente Powers 319 enthronement 187 equality 8,160-161, 257-259 ethnic group 140 European community 18 European development 27 European Union 305 Europe, political arrangements in 182 evacuationem (expulsion) see Jews expulsion Evangelical-Reformed Church in Lithuania 143 Evangelicals in Vilnius 143 expectant method 237, 239 exploitation 169 fairness 189-190 fanaticism 257 Federici, Carlo 268 Feiner, Shmuel 287 financial autonomy 168 Finnish nobility 296 First World War 304, 306-308 Fiszman, Samuel 20nll Fleury, Stanislaw Filibert 97 folwark 12 foreign policy 41-42 Forster, Georg 248 fortresses 60 Four Years’ Sejm (1788-1792): apostasy 262-263; Catholic clergy 261-262; Confederations of Radom and Bar 259-260; confessionalization
267; culture wars 258; dissidents and disuniates 259; economic, demographic and political benefits 262; economic losses 264; enlightenment 257-258; freethinking 257; intolerance 256-257, 265, 267; issues 257; Law on Government 263; love and actions 263-264; municipal reform 265; non-Catholics 258-259; NonUniates 266; Orthodox congress 265-266; Polish Revolution 260-261; sovereign decisions 260; tolerance 256-258, 260-261 fragments: of face 94; with human hair 95; with human palm 96; with painted ornament 85-86, 92-94; with painted plated ornament 87-88; reconstruction of face 90-91, 95; reconstruction of head 96; with remnant of face 89; of wall paintings 97; white dots 88 frames of reference: acquaintance 283-284; Birkenthal’s writings 279, 280, 284; Christian Bible 282; Dinre binah 276, 278, 282; educated Christian merchants 282; German language 280-281; Jewish Malice 279; JTS 276; magnates 282; Mishnab "anot 282; multi confessional and multi-ethnic society 284; norms 275; Opryszki 281; Polish Catholic clergy 283; religious superiority 279; role of leadership 282; Sabbatian messianic movement 277; self-reported experience 277; Torah of Moses 278; transcultural commercial cosmopolitanism 283 France/French 17, 19; Academy of Sciences 244; debate on elective monarchy 181; Ministry of Foreign Affairs 314nl9; policy 310
Index Franciscans 142 Franco, de Franco 143-144 Franco-Polish bond 304 Frankist phenomenon 277, 286nl3 Frank, Jacob 34, 277-278, 286nl3 Fredro, Andrzej Maksymilian 164 freedom of conscience 12 freedom of religion 12 free elections 185 French Committee 321 French physicians, in Lithuania: Briotet, Jacques 246-250; Gilibert, Jean-Emmanuel 236-240, 249; Regnier, Nicolas 240-246, 250 French-Polish relations: borders of 309-311; defence of 311-312; diplomatic and military matters 305; “francocentric” historiography 304; French Security Concerns 306-309; geopolitics 309-311; New Polish State 306-309; symposiums 305 French position: Allies’ war aim 324-325; clear demarcation lines 324; Comité d’Études 323; contradictions 319; geography 320; level of civilization 322; methodology 321; principles 319; Quai d’Orsay 323; Realpolitik rules 324; recruitment process 322 Frick, David 146,150nl5,151n34, 151n37, 151n40,174nl5, 285 frontiers 6, 9, 34, 36, 215, 322 Frost, Robert 5,19n2, 20nl, 27, 29 Galicia 15-17, 35, 41, 43, 45, 47-50 Ganushchanka, Nadzieja 330 Gasztold, Olbracht 78 Gazety Wileńskie 241 Gdańsk (Dantzig) 10 Gelber, Nathan Michael 285 genealogy 83, 296 George, David Lloyd 324 German feudalism 162 German guild 220-221 Gertsman, Elina 128nl25 Gibel, Jakub 145 Giedre Mickunaite 4 Gierke von, Otto 161,173nl0 Gilibert, Jean-Emmanuel Dr. 235-240, 238, 249 Glebov, Alexander 295 Głowacki, Jan Nepomucen 63 3 55 Goldberg, Jacob 197, 209֊210n8 Golden Century of Silk Weaving, The 331 Golubeva, I. B. 117nl2 Good Order Commissions 166 Grabowski, Pawel 260 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3, 4, 11,
13,17-18, 29, 32, 41,138-140, 144,148, 234, 298-299, 327-328, 331, 333-335; residential area restrictions 196 Grand Duke of Lithuania 2-4,195, 198,208,234 great nationality 322 Great Patriotic War 327 Great Sejm 257, 260, 265, 267 Great War 304-307,311 Greek: Catholic hierarchy 35; culture 6; images 79; paintings 64, 80; sculpture 74; wall paintings 62 Greek Manner 4, 60, 84 Greekness of images 84 Greek Orthodox 26, 223 Griaznov, Vasilii 118n25 Grodno Royal School of Medicine 239-240, 249, 251 Grube, Ernst 123n70 Grygiel, Ryszard 55ո39 Grzeskowiak-Krwawicz, Anna 160 Gudziak, Borys A. 20nl2 guilds 219-222 Gutakowski, Ludwik 264 Habsburg: formality by 188; hereditary possession 188; monarchies 180 Hagizm, Rabbi Moses 278 Haller, Józef 125n89, 311 handicrafts 166 Hannover, Nathan 33, 275 Hasidism, emergence of 34 Haydamaks (haydamaky) 34 Heide, Jiirgen 7 Heller, Abraham Noah 281 Henry III, assassination of 181 Henry ГѴ, conversion to Catholicism 181 Herberstein, Sigismund 60-61 hereditary monarchies 182, 188 heretics 79, 222, 226 heterodox 146 Heyde, Jiirgen 2 On 13
356 Index Historica! and Political Recorder (Pamiętnik Historyczno-Polityczny) 257 historical memory 14 Historical State Museum 345-346 historic policy 327 historiography 2, 26-34, 60-61, 304 Holy Trinity Chapel 75 Hoppen, Jerzy 119n28 Horn, Maurycy 230n38 House, Edward M. 321 House of Gryfity 48 Hrabianko 31 Hrushevsky 30, 35 Hulewicz, Benedykt 265 Hundert, Gershon David 15, 22n34 Hungarian Kingdom, life of 43 Hungary/Hungarian 41,181; migration processes 41; Ruthenians in 42 hydrosarcocele 242, 242, 244 illiterate burghers 169 images, muteness of 76 individual privileges, collection of 160 infidels 217, 219, 222, 224 innovations 160,164-165 Inter Allied Declaration 322 inter-dynasty marriages 44, 47 inter-dynasty relations 46 interregna 182-184; instability of 183-184; in Transylvania 183-184 interregnum 184 interreligious cohabitation 215 intolerance 256-257, 265, 267 Islam 138,147-148, 277-278 Ivan Franko State Regional Memorial Literary Museum 346 Jagiełło, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania 2, 3,123n72,138 Jagiellonian monarch 5 Jagiellons 3, 17, 42, 46, 138-139, 231, 235 Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 146 Jan II Kazimierz, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 145 Jasiński, Kazimierz 53nl8 Jawnuta (Iwan) 148 Jeliinka, Georga З Jeśman, Ezejasz 141-142 Jesuit Order 234 Jesuits 129ո34, 140-141, 144, 234; arrival of 140-141; to Vilnius 140 Jesus Society 140-141,144, 234 Jewish autonomous institutions 35 Jewish-Christian relations 287 Jewish communities 15, 32-33,146, 159,162,165-167,169,195-196, 218-219, 223, 226, 283; culture 12;
faith 11-13 Jewish law (halakba) 218 Jewish Malice 279 Jewish settlement 216-218 Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) 276 Jews 31, 32,147, 166; jurisdiction 32; privileges to 33 Jews expulsion: co-existence 196; from Cracow 199; economic activities, restrictions on 196; from Grand Duchy of Lithuania 195, 209n3, 209n4; jewish residents 196; Jews and burghers 196-197; Karaite Jews against Rabbinic Jews 198-201; legal grounds providing 204-207; mass migration 195, 209n2; relocation 208; from Troki 197 John Rylands Library 276, 285 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 258 Journal de médecine (Gilibert) 237 “Journey of Amateur, The” (“Padarozhzha Dyletanta”) programme 333-334 Jurek, Tomasz 55ո39 Jurgaitis, Robertas 299 Jurkowlaniec, Grażyna 121ո55, 123ո74 Jurydyka 159, 161, 163, 165-167, 169 Jutte, Daniel 287 Kahana, Maoz 287 Kalenic monastery 101-102 Kalinowszczyzna 166 Kalmar Union 1 Kamieniec Podolski 277 Kammer-furier 295 Kapral, Myron 288 Kapralski, Sławomir 16, 21n37 Karaite Jews 198-201
Index Karaites 11,138,148,166,198-201, 203-204,210-211,258 Karpowicz, Łogwin 143 Katz, Jacob 284 Katz, Melissa R. 128nl25 Kaunas 145,197, 331 Kazimierz, Jan 29 Kempa, T. 4, 20ո6,149ո7,150ո16, 150ПІ7, 150ո20, 150ո22, 150ո23, 151ո29,151ո39 Keršyte, Dalia 119ո26 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 30-31, 33, 35 Khmelnytsky Uprising 12, ЗО Kiaupa, Zigmantas 19ո2 Kiele, Erika 117n9 Kiersnowska, Teresa 54ո29, 55ո40 Kiev, metropoly 150ո20 King Kazimierz III 215 Kleinmann, Yvonne 13 Kloczowski, Jerzy 19ո2 Kohut, Zenon ЗО Koialowicz, Albert Wiivk 80 Konopacki, Artur 148n2 Konopczyński, Władysław 20n8 Koran 129nl25, 278 Korf, Sergei 297-298 Koriat, Michal 148 Kormylchych, Volodyslav 50 Kosciusko Uprising 9 Koselleck, Rienhart 14, 21n32 Kossakowski, Józef 265 Kowno (Kaunas) 197, 204-207, 212ո40,212ո41 Kraków 3, 27, 32-33,163 Kraków historical school 27 Krasiński, Adam 263 Kren, Ivan 330 Krçtosz, Józef 288 Krėva 117nl, 117n2 Krėva castle 2-3, 60-61 Krėva castle paintings in 61-62 Kriegseisen, Wojciech 36ո5 KRSW 171 Kruk, Mirosław P. 122n62 Krzemieniec 13,168, 170 Kublicki, Stanislaw 261 Kuczyński, Stefan 53nl6 Kurczewski, Jan 126nll4, 129nl34 Kurtz, Julian 118n24 Kyiv Historical Museum 343 Labadie, Jan Jacob 279-280 Labuda, Gerard 54ո34 357 Łaszkiewicz, Hubert 19n2 Latin Catholicism 5 Latin church, Catholicism, latinized 3,6 Latin iconography 71-72 Latkin, Vasily 296 Latvia, Latvians 2, 6,14,18 Law on Free Royal Towns (Miasta Nasze Królewskie Wolne w państwach Rzeczypospolitej) 263 Ledóchowski, Antoni 264 legacy 2, 6,15-19, 34-35 legal prerogatives 162 Legislative Commission 295-296 Legislative
Committee 293 Levin, Moshe 171 Lewin, Louis 285 liberties 161,163,168 liberum veto 9, 26,29,187 Ligęza, Mikołaj Spytek 216-217 Linyev, Semen 346, 349n39 Lithgow, William 21n21 Lithuania/Lithuanian 29; Art Museum 115; influence on culture and values 41; national movement 35; religious enemies in 144-145; Science council 209nl; State Historical Archives 244; Tribunal 142 Livonian nobility 295 Lloyd-George, David 308, 324 Lojka, Pavel 328-329 Lorentz, Stanislaw 117ո4 Łowmiański, Henryk 45, 53nl5 Lubart, Dymitr 148 Lublin 29-30,167 Lubomirski, Hieronim Augustyn 217-220 Lubomirski, Jerzy Ignacy 219, 225, 230n39 Lubomirski, Stanislaw 159,163 Lukashenko, Alexander 329 Łukiszki 139,148,152ո42 Łukowski, Jerzy 20nl5, 21nl7, 172n3, 269, 284, 314 Luskina, Stefan 257 Lutherans 140, 144-145, 148, 220, 262, 280 Lviv Historical Museum 349ո39 Maciejko, Pawel 286 MAE see Ministère des Affaires étrangères (МАЕ)
358 Index Magdeburg Law 162,164-165,196, 210, 212, 215-216, 222, 225-226, 231, 333 Magdeburg self-government 197 Maggiore, Santa Maria 82 magistracy 139-140, 165-169; oligarchs 162; oppression 169; participation against 169 Magna Carta 187-188 Mahler, Ralph 197 Malkiewiczówna, Helena 78, 126nl06 Malta, Knights of 259 Mankiewicz, Symon 80 Marian images 81 Marmorstein, Abraham 276, 285-286 marriages 44-45; of convenience 32; ties 46-47 Marsinova, Elena 292-293 Martin, John R. 123n67 Massalski, Vilnius Ignacy 234-235 Mathias Casimirus Sabievius 82 matrimonial relationships 46, 51 Matusiewicz, Andrzej 240, 246 Mazepa, Ivan 31 medical vitalism 237, 25ІПІ2 medicine 11, 234,236-237, 239-240, 242-244 medieval formation 51 medieval migration processes 41 medieval monarchies 180 Medininkai castle 60-62; historiography and iconography of 60-61; paintings in 62 mentality 171-172 Merecz (Merkinė) 197 Merkinė 210-211 Mickiene, Ruta 90 Mickunaite, Giedre 119ո32,121ո55, 124ո87 Middle Ages 41, 60, 71-72, 81, 150ո22, 179-180, 195, 215, 320 migration, problems of 43 Mikhail Kiselev’s research 293 military: and diplomatic archives 304-305; disputes 43-44; revolution 27-28 Millerand, Alexandre 312 Milosz, Czeslaw 20n20 Mincheva, Kalina 121n44 Ministere des Affaires étrangères (MAE) 315ո30 minorities, national min 35, 259, 306-307,311,313 Minsk 18,117ո4,145, 148, 331-332 Mishnah ‘avot 282 “Modern Architecture of Moscow” 343 modernization 27 modern monarchies 180 modem theory of history 14 Molanus, Joannes 128nl22 monarchy 5-6, 8-9, 26, 29, 31,161, 179,180 Moral and Political Science Academy 322
Moravan painters in Trakai 68 Mstyslavovych, Izyaslav 50 multiple monarchy 5 mural decoration 66 murals 64 Muscovy 16, 60, 84,180 Museum of Crafts 343-345, 347n3 Museum of Crafts Ksawery Piwocki 343 The Museum of Historical and Military Monuments 350n40 Museum of the History of the Lviv City 342 Museums, in Lviv (1939-1941): of educational institutions 341-342; Lviv Historical Museum 349n39; National Museum 349n24; proposed projects 344; reorganization of 345-346; representative’s contribution for development 342; “Soviet appearance” 343; Soviet authorities towards 341-350 Muslims 30 mutual marriages 47 Mykhaylovych, Rostyslav 49 “Mysteries of the Belarusian History” programme 334 Naborowski, Daniel 144 Nadolski, Andrzej 54n37 Narodnaya Volya (newspaper) 333-334 Nasba Niva (newspaper) 333-334 national changes 6 national identity 16 nationalities 2, 307-309, 310, 313, 319, 320, 324 nationalization 347 national narrative 327-328, 333 National War Aims Committee (NWAC) 319, 321 Natural History Museum of the Shevchenko Scientific Society 346
Index Naumann, Friedrich 320 neck jurisdiction 224-225 Netherlands, the (Holland) 12 Niszkowski, Jan Fryderyk 249 nobility 145; particularism of 8; political nation of 159 Nobility Law 297 ‘Noble Care’ institution 299 Noble Charter (1785) 293-294, 296-297, 299 non-Catholics 145-146, 258-259 non-dynastic succession 188 non-professionals, informal role of 171 Non-Uniates 266 Nora, Pierre 21n29 Noreen, Kirstin 129nl28 Nosonovsky, Michael 287 novelty 160,164 Nowakowska, Natalia 20n5 NWAC see National War Aims Committee (NWAC) obstetrics 243, 245 Ochmański, Jerzy 149n4 Odrowaz, Yvon 49 Okęcki, Antoni 265 Okunevish, Aleksandr 118n24 Old Believers 11,148 Oleśnicki, Zbigniew 78 oligarchic magistracies 162-163 oligarchic magistrates 167 Omelchenko, Oleg 297 Opaliński, Lukasz 11 open elections 184 oppression 169 Opryszki 281 Orthodox/Orthodoxy 5, 69, 84, 138,146, 226; Church 4, 6, 17, 76-77,139,142-143, 146-147, 257; congress 265-266; painters 75 Ostrogski, Konstanty 139,149 Ottoman appointments 182 Ottoman suzerainty 181-182 Our Lady of Trakai 80, 84,116; narrative translation of 84; original appearance and iconography of 81; renewed image of 81 Pact of Horodło 3 Painlevé, Paul 306 painters 66, 73 paintings 62, 66, 73, 79-80, 82; ‘adjustment’ of 81; attribution and 359 interpretation of 64; in church 64; content of 69-70; iconography of 64-65, 68; in Lithuania 67; surviving 63; in Trakai 69; visual documentation of 63; wall 64, 99-104 Panavaite, Dalia 128nl20 papal elections 186 Parent, Arnaud 11 Paris Conference 314 Paris Faculty of Medicine 244 Paris Peace Conference 311, 319
Parker, Geoffrey 36n36 parliamentarism 18 Patriarch Jacob 68 Pax inter Dissidentes 264-265 Peace Conference 308 peasants 6-7,12,17-18, 239, 280 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 343, 348nl8 Permanent Council 159 personal security 189 Pessakh 217-218 Peter III 293-295 Piasts 3, 42-44,46-47, 50-51, 315n20 Pichón, Stephen 310 Piechnik, Ludwik 149nl2 Piekarz, Mendel 287 Piekosinski, Franciszek 54n33 Pikulski, Gaudenty 279, 287 Pilarczyk, Krzysztof 285 Piłsudski, Józef 34, 306, 310, 314 Piltz, Erasm 323 Pińsk 261, 265 Piwocki, Ksawery 344 Plezia, Marian 53nl5 Plokhi, Serhii 30 Pociej, Hypatius 143, 150n23 Poincaré, Raymond 320 Poklewski, Tadeusz 54n37 Poland-Lithuania: last partition, in 1795 249; social structure 2 Poland/Polish 29; Army in France 305; Catholic clergy 283; community 29-30; continuation 41; Corridor case 307; development of medieval 44; historical literature in 26; Polish issue 312; populations of 43 Polanska, Ewelina 55ո43 Poles 31 Police Commission 167 Polish-Jewish Commonwealth 32
360 Index Polish-Lithuanian: crisis 309-310; monarch 187; relations 3 Polish֊!.lthuanian Commonwealth 4, 9-10,15, 26, 34, 36,140, 148, 182; collapse of 27; elective principle 179; emergence of 51; establishment of 42; historiography of 26-34; legacy 13-19, 34-35; medieval sources of 41; memory of 35-36; military demands 27; in modern-day school textbooks 2; Reformation in 79; scale of 188 Polish-Lithuanian elective system 185,188 Polish-Lithuanian Union 3 Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski) 306, 309-311, 319, 323 Polish nobility, priorities for 42 Polish Republic 305-307, 311 Polish-Russian relations 42 Polish-Ruthenian dynastic relations 44 Polish-Ruthenian marriages 45, 50 Polish social system 330 Polish sovereigns 12 Polish-Soviet War 305, 312 Polish Tatars 11 political community 183, 186, 188-189 political developments 160 political instability 189 political liberty 189 political prerogatives 162 political relationship 170 political system 7,189 politics of memory in Belarus 19; Castles of Belarus 332; depoliticization and deideologization 328; development 328; evaluation 330; historical period 327-328; internal and foreign policy 329; interpretations 329; monuments and memorial signs 332-333; museums 331; national approach 335; Polish social system 330; proclamation 327; sociological research 334; television programmes 333-334 polity’s fundamental principles, revaluation and reaffrmation of 189 Pollman, Judith 287 Polonsky, Antony 19 Polotsk 124n84,141,145,148 Poniatowski, Stanislaw August 234, 236-237, 239, 248 Ponty, Janine 313 Popova, E. A. 117nl3
Portugal, succession crisis 181 positive liberty 160 post-Soviet narrative 327-328 Potocki, Stanislaw Kostka 262 powers, constellation of 161 Pranas Gudynas Restoration Centre 115 predispositions 161 Prince Svyatopolk Volodymyrovych 46 principle of equality 8 private interest 189-190 privileges 7, 165, 169; accumulation of 171; equation of 165; mentality of 166; royal 168 property rights 17 prosopography 42 Protaszewicz, Walerian 140 Protestantism 140, 216 Protestants 146; nobility 146; in Vilnius 141 province of Posen 308, 310 provincial commissions 171 Prussia 6, 2ІПІ8,148, 161, 170, 324 Prussian militarism 161 Pskov, visual vocabulary specific of 61 public blasphemy 226 Puzyna, Mikołaj 146 Quai d’Orsay 311-312, 323 quatember 220, 230n34 Rabbinic Jews 197-201, 204 radical religious group 7 Radzicki, Józef 263 Radziwiłł, Jerzy 141 Radziwiłł, Krzysztof “the Thunder” 141-142,150nl9 Radziwiłł, Mikołaj 332; “the Black” 140; “the Red” 140-141 Radziwiłłs, House 140,142,147, 205, 332 Ranizowski, Antoni 224 Rapoport-Albert, Ada 286 Rapoport, Rabbi Hayyim 277, 286 Ravanica monastery 104 Realpolitik rules 324 Reconstruction of Nations, The (Snyder) 35-36 Reformation 7,140,146,148, 220
Index regional identity 5 Regnier, Nicolas 235, 240-246, 250 religious changes 6 religious demarcations 221 religious differentiation 216 religious diversity 180-181 religious peace 215 religious persecution 11 religious pluralism 187 religious polemic 225 religious relations 138 religious structure: changes in 140; of city 140 religious tolerance 2, 4,13,148; and intolerance 138-148; principle of 7; tradition of 138 religious violence 7 religious writings 67 Renouvin, Pierre 304 Repnin, Nikolai 264 republicanism 9,159-162,170-172, 173n7,188 republican values, character and quality of 161 Republic Gospel 321 Residential area restrictions 196, 201 resistance 184 revenue-collecting authority 161-162 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 18-19 right of election 187 Roman Catholic: clergy and Jesuits 147; faith 31 Roman Catholic Church 9, 216, 218 Romanovych-Slavatinsky, Alexander 292 rootedness, sense of 34 Rosman, Moshe 284 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 160, 173n5 Rowell, Stephen C. 122n61 Royal Academy of Surgery (Académie royale de chirurgie) 240, 244 royal familles, extinction and replacement of 188 royal privileges 168 Royal School of Medicine 235-236, 236, 239-240, 246 Rózycka-Bryzek, Anna 119ո31, 122ո63, 124ո83, 124ո84 rulership: conditional character of 188; conditional nature of 182 Rurikids 42-44, 46, 51 Russell, Conrad 5 361 Russian dvorianstvo 295-298 Russian Empire’s legal doctrine 297 Russian hegemony 29 Russian nobility (dvorianstvo): cohesive local community 294; compilation of genealogical registers 295; elective functions 299; enlightenment 292-293; Finnish nobles 296;
governoratelevel dietine 300; Grand Duchy’s nobility 300; Latkin’s analysis 296; legislative commissions 295; Livonian nobility 295; Manifesto’s role 293; Mikhail Kiselev’s research 293; military/civil service 292; offering tax 300; personal rights 294; property rights 294; selfgovernment 298, 301; sources 297 Russia, Russian Empire 16, 22n21, 168, 249 Ruthenia, Ruthenians 3-6, 30, 41; component 41-42; nobility 42; painters 74 Rutski, Velamin 143 Rzeszów 13, 219, 229n20 Rzeszowski, Mikołaj 220 Sacranus, Jan 76 Sadkovskii, Viktor 261, 268 sales contracts 223 Saluzzo, Ferdinando Maria 256-259, 268, 270 Samerski, Stefan 130nl41 Samogitia, diocese 141 Sandomierz Voivodeship 48-49 Santa Maria Maggiore 81 Sapieha, Kazimierz Nestor 264, 284 Sarab’ianov, V. D. 117nl2 Sarmatism, Sarmatian culture 6, 20nll Saxon-Polish Union 216 Schächter, Jacob J. 287 Schilling, Heinz 161,173nl0 schism 77 schismatic queen 77 Schönflissus, Jedrzej 151n30 Scots 11 Second Polish Republic (Rzeczpospolita) 305, 311 Second World War 15,18, 304, 307, 341-342 security: concerns 306-307; sense of 34
362 Index sejm 8-10,12-13,142,144,182, 185, 187,257 sejmik, dietine 9,10,12,16,142, 144,159, 298, 301 self-defeating 160 self-determination 35, 308-311, 319, 322 self-governing rights 159 self-government 161 self-rule 162 Serbia, Morava School 64-67, 69 serfdom 12 Serrier, Thomas 315n20 settlement politics 216-219, 227 Shevchenko Scientific Society 346, 350n40 Sievers, Jakob Johann 297 Sigismund П Augustus 138-139,142-143 Sigismund III Vasa 139,142-144, 201 Sigismund I the Old 139 Silesian case 309 Sirkaite, Jolanta 118n25 Skarga, Piotr 126nll3 Skarga’s writing 79 Skarszewski, Wojciech 265-267 Slav World, The 325 Slutsk Belts 331 Smokowski, Wincenty 63,97, 118n23; documentation 63; drawings of 63 Smotrytsky, Meletius 143 Snyder, Timothy 21n27, 35-36, 37nl3 social bonds 5 social changes 15 social groups 163 social relations 3-4 society 33 Sokolnicki, Celestyn 263 Sołtyk, Kajetan Ignacy 286 Sołtyk, Stanislaw 265 Soutou, Georges-Henri 304, 307, 309, 323 sovereignty 161, 179; Bodin expansive conception of 164; claims of 164 Soviet army 345 Soviet era 329 Soviet Exhibition 348n20 Sovietization, of the museums activity 343-344 Soviet narrative 327-328 Soviet (or post-Soviet) narrative 328 Stampfer, Shaul 33, ЗбпЗб Stanislaw August Poniatowski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 20nl4, 210, 234, 236, 239, 242-244, 248, 253, 258 Starodubcev, Tatjana 120n44 starostas 159,161-163,165-170, 169, 201, 205-206, 208 State Museum of Crafts 346 State Regional Art Gallery 346 Stauter-Halsted, Kelly 22n40 Stephen Báthory 141-142,149 Stone, Daniel 173n5 St Petersburg 117nl7,118nl3, 343
Strachowski, Bartłomiej 83 Studies Committee (Le Comité d’Études) 319-320 subsidium charitativum 261-262 succession 179-184, 188-191 Suchorzewski, Jan 265 Surowiecki, Wawrzyniec 162 surviving paintings 63 Svyatoslavovych, Volodymyr 50 Sweden 145,179-181,183, 191n8,297 Swedish threats 28-29 Święcicki, Ilarion 344-345 Świniarski, Michal 163-164 Świtkowski, Piotr 257-258,268 Syrokomla, Władysław 118n24 system of values 172 Sysyn, Frank E. 30, 36ո6, 36ո12 Szczuka, Stanislaw 165 szlachta 4-6, 8-9,11-13,16, 26-27, 34,142,169,186, 298 Tabor, Albert 76 Talmud 277-278, 286-287 Tartars 2ln28 Tatar 28 taxation 9, 29,165,167, 261 Tazbir, Janusz 150ո25 Telksniene, Elvyra 119ո38 Teller, Adam 285 Temerinski, Aleksandra Davidov 121ո56 Teofan, patriarch of Jerusalem 150n20 Teplov, Grigory (Senator) 297 Third Congress of International Researchers of Polish History 1 Tkachev, Mikhail A. 117n6 tolerance 256-258, 260-261 toleration, principle of 7 Török, Gyöngyi 128nl24 town representatives 171 towns 10, 13, 32-33, 160, 163
Index Trakai church 64-66, 68,101,103, 106-110; draperies in 65; Moravan painters in 68 Trakai island castle 66, 97-98; wall paintings 99-100 Trakai palace, decoration of 70 Transylvania/Transylvanian 181, 183-184, 186-187; elective monarchy in 187; electoral conditions 188; source of inspiration for 188 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 304 Treaty of Versailles 307, 309 Trent reforms 141 Tripplin, Teodor 118n24 Troki (Trakai) 197-201 troubled successions 189 Tsamblak, Gregory 67, 69,121n49, 12ІП52,122n57 Tsar Alexander I 300 Tsar Peter 1292 tumults, religious 142,147 Turks 30 Twardowski, Samuel 30 Tyzenhaus, Antoni 235-236 Ukraine/Ukrainian 32; national movement 35; politics 35 Ukrainian Art of the Art Gallery 343 Under-Commission (1919) 310 Uniates 140,143,145-146,150n32, 151n32, 223, 259, 261-263 Union between England and Scotland 1 Union of Brest 6, 20nl2,139-140, 142, 329 Union of Krėva 44 Union of Krewno 9-10 Union of Lublin 1, 4-6,18, 36, 41, 44, 328, 330 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 342 Urbaityte, Rita 197 urban autonomy 161 urban community 166 urban government, models of 170 urban hierarchy 223 urban history xiv USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Valois, Henry 186 Vassilaki, Maria 121n44 Vasyl’kovych, Volodymyr 51 Velichko, Samiil 30-31 363 Velmans, Tania 122n65 Versailles Peace Treaty 306 Vilnius 72-73,140,144; Bernardines 77; bishop of 142,144; Calvinist church in 142,147; Cathedral 72, 77, 110-112; conflicts in 141; congregation in 142; Crucifixion 72; Evangelicals in 143; functioning of 140; Orthodox churches in 139; people of 141;
Protestants in 141; religious conflicts 139-140; religious relations in 146; religious situation in 145; Roman Catholic canons in 146; Ruthenian population of 142-143; successive bishops of 140; testaments of people of 146; and Trakai 138-139; Uniate clergy in 143; urban space of 147-148; voivode of 144 Vilnius Medical School: Briotet, Jacques 246-250; Gilibert, JeanEmmanuel Dr. 236-240, 249; Regnier, Nicolas 240-246, 249 Vilnius University 234-235, 242 violence, anti-Jewish 33 Virgin Mary 80; double image of 78; Greek-painted image of 78; image of 79-80 visual contents 70-71 visual, verbal expansion of 83-116 vitalist method 239 Vitebsk 145,148 vocabularies 161,163 Voj vodic, Dragan 122ո64 Volanus, Andreas 140-141 Volkov, Dmitry 295 Volodymyrovych, Konstantyn 47 Volodymyrovych, Svyatopolk 47 Voloshchuk, Myroslav 53n21 von Herberstein, Siegmund 117ո8 von Stackeiberg, Otto 159 Vorontsov, Roman 295 voting 190; procedures 185-187 Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania 62-64, 67, 69-70, 79-80, 83-84, 119ո31, 138, 250 Wagner, W. J. 2ІПІ6 wall paintings 61, 64, 67, 97, 99-104, 107-110,113-114 Walter, Christopher 120n40 war aims 307, 319-320, 322, 324 Warsaw 18, 27, 36n5,160,162-164, 170,187,192nl5, 239, 243,
364 Index 256-257, 261, 310-312; Jews residence, restrictions on 196; National Museum in 331 Warsaw Confederation 7,187 Warsaw Gazette (Gazeta Warszawska) 257 Wasilewski, Tadeusz 53nl5, 55n50 Wawel Castle 73 Waza, Wladislaw 198, 203 Wegrzynek, Hanna 19nl Weinryb, Bernard Dov 21n23 Western European art 346 Widacka, Hanna 130nl39 Wieniawa 166 Wieniawski, Franciszek 283-284 Wijaczka, Jacek 21n20 Wilsonianism 307 Wilsonian principle 307-309, 312 Wilson, Woodrow 17, 308, 324 Winfield, David 117nl0 Wischnitzer, Mark 276, 285-287 Wisner, Henryk 151n28 Władysław IV Vasa 144,147, 234 Włodkowic, Pawel 3, 20ոՅ Wolff, Larry 268 words for images: anxiety of difference 69-70; in castles 60-64; in Church of Trakai 64-66; double vernacular 70-73; ideas and patterns 68-69; negotiations: hands, minds, and will 75-76; identity on move 73-74; in Poland 73; rites, persons, and things 76-79; persons and actions 66-68; translations: form follows story 79-83; verbal expansion of visual 83-116 Woyna, Benedykt 82 Wyrwicz Karol 258 xenophobia 32 Yaari, Avraham 286 Yaroslavivna, Grzymislawa 46 Zabłocki, Wojciech 54ո22 Zakrzewski, Andrzej В. 299 Zalenas, Gintautas 129nl27 Zamoyski, Andrzej 166,169 Żbikowski, Andrzej 19nl Zelada, Francesco 268, 270 Zerizuta de’Avraham (Heller) 281, 288n33 Zwolski, Bogumil 151n28,151n39 Zygmunt III 29 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth This volume provides a fresh perspective of the history and legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as the often-disputed memory of it in contemporary Europe. The unions between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania have fascinated many readers particularly because many solutions that have been implemented in the European Union have been adopted from its Central and Eastern European predecessor. The collection of essays presented in this volume are divided into three parts—the Beginnings of Poland-Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Legacy and Memory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—and represent a selection of the papers delivered at the Third Congress of International Researchers of Polish History which was held in Cracow on 11-14 October 2017. Through their application of different historiographical perspectives and schools of history they offer the reader a fresh take on the Commonwealth’s history and legacy, as well as the memory of it in the countries that are its inheritors, namely Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. An exploration of one of the biggest countries in Early Modern Europe, this will be of interest to historians, political scientists, cultural anthropologists and other scholars of the history of Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Modern period. |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 11.10.2017-14.10.2017 Krakau gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 11.10.2017-14.10.2017 Krakau |
| geographic | Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen-Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV046728723 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:36:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:52:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367424978 9780367564995 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032138812 |
| oclc_num | 1195966804 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-29 DE-188 DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-29 DE-188 DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xvii, 364 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210430 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge research in early modern history |
| spelling | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy edited by Andrzej Chwalba and Krzysztof Zamorski New York ; London Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2021 xvii, 364 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge research in early modern history Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 11.10.2017-14.10.2017 Krakau gnd-content Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 g Geschichte z DE-604 Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Chwalba, Andrzej 1949- (DE-588)13139598X edt Zamorski, Krzysztof 1952- (DE-588)171146298 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-367-85307-5 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032138812&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032138812&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032138812&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)1060577984 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy |
| title_auth | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy |
| title_exact_search | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy |
| title_full | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy edited by Andrzej Chwalba and Krzysztof Zamorski |
| title_fullStr | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy edited by Andrzej Chwalba and Krzysztof Zamorski |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth history, memory, legacy edited by Andrzej Chwalba and Krzysztof Zamorski |
| title_short | The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth |
| title_sort | the polish lithuanian commonwealth history memory legacy |
| title_sub | history, memory, legacy |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Polen-Litauen Konferenzschrift 11.10.2017-14.10.2017 Krakau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032138812&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032138812&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032138812&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chwalbaandrzej thepolishlithuaniancommonwealthhistorymemorylegacy AT zamorskikrzysztof thepolishlithuaniancommonwealthhistorymemorylegacy |