Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century:
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| Format: | Tagungsbericht Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cham, Switzerland
palgrave macmillan
[2019]
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| Beschreibung: | xix, 336 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783319925158 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents 1 Introduction Bobo Lo Part I 2 3 1 Grand Strategies The Indispensable Partner: Russia in China’s Grand Strategy Mingjiang Li and Angela Poh 21 Unwanted but Inevitable: Russia’s Deepening Partnership with China Post-Ukraine Alexander Gabuev 41 Part II Bilateral and Regional Developments 4 5 Explaining the Emerging Sino-Russian Energy Partnership Morena Skalamera The Military Dimension in Sino-Russian Relations Paul N. Schwartz 69 87 vii
viii CONTENTS 6 Tending the Eurasian Garden: Russia, China and the Dynamics of Regional Integration and Order Alexander Cooley 113 China, Russia and the Great Power Contest in the Middle East Jo Inge Bekkevold 141 7 8 The Arctic Dimension in Sino-Russian Relations Christopher Weidacher Hsiung and Tom Røseth Part III 9 China, Russia and the World From Global Governance to Global Disorder? Implications for Russia and China Bin Yu 10 Triangularism Old and New: China, Russia, and the United States Stephen Blank 11 167 191 215 The Japan-China-Russia Triangle and Security in North East Asia Bjørn Elias Mikalsen Grønning 243 12 Whom to Call? In Search of a European Policy on Russia and China Robin Allers 267 Part IV The Future of Sino-Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’ 13 Conclusion: Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Century Jo Inge Bekkevold 299 Index 321
Index a Accommodation, 12, 23,119 Afghanistan, 26, 58,114,118,120, 121,125,127,129,131,134, 145,153,199,218 Aigun Treaty (1858), 44 Albright, Madeleine, 199 Alignment, 13, 89,103-105, 149, 205, 219, 220, 243, 252, 257, 314,315 Growing alignment Russia and China, 13,104,105 Alliance, 12-14, 25, 50, 62, 63, 79, 80, 89, 96,105,152,176,192, 205-207, 216, 217, 219-221, 243, 244, 246, 250, 253, 256, 257, 273, 277, 280, 282-284, 287, 306, 313, 314 Military alliance, 13, 62, 89, 96, 105,206, 243,313 Sino-Rnssian alliance, 216, 217, 219, 244, 313 Altai, Altai pipeline, 78 Anti- access/area-denial (A2/AD), 144,176, 226 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 120, 199 strategic stability between the United States and Russia, 199 Arab League, 146,150 Arab Spring, 53,116,127 Arctic, 10. See also Northern Sea Route (NSR) Arctic littoral, 167-169 China as “near-Arctic” state, 167, 170 fiber-optic cable route, 168 Ilulissat Declaration, 168 Kola peninsula, 169,170 polar regions, 171 Polar Silk Road, !70 Russia’s Northern Fleet, 169 United States Geological Survey, 169 Yamal LNG project, 13, 53, 78, 176,177, 309 Arctic Council, 79,167,168,171, 172, 175,176, 309 Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting, 171 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 J. I. Bekkevold and B. Lo (eds.), Sitw-Russian Relations in the 21st Century, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92516-5 321
322 INDEX China as a permanent observer, 167 Armenia, 116,131,132,152 Arms arms embargo, 276 arms sales, 3, 54, 57, 88, 89, 92, 95, 101,103,142, 144,145, 226 arms trade, 51, 88, 92, 94, 103,157 international arms market, 302 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 202, 203 Asian Investment and Infrastructure Bank (AIIB), 114,119, 131, 132, 136,147, 202, 203, 222, 275, 311 Board of Directors, 147 US blocking effort, 203 Asian values, 7 Asia-Pacific, 4,10, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31,41-43,45,49, 78, 79, 207, 219, 225-227, 248, 272, 274, 277-279, 283, 299, 305, 306, 308-310 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 30, 56,198 Assertive, 11,157,171, 267, 280, 311,314,316 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 201,224 Asymmetry, 4, 7, 8,12-14, 64, 80, 115,129,216, 228,299, 303, 304 asymmetries of power, 7 psychological dimension to, 8 Australia, 77, 246, 252, 312, 315 В Balance of power, 5, 45, 79,141,143, 150, 268, 303, 310, 313-315. See also Power Bandwagon, 153 Bank of China, 77 Barroso, Juan Manuel, 270 Beijing, 4-14, 22-32,44,45, 47-55, 57-59, 61-65, 69, 71, 73-80, 82, 87-89, 91-96,100-105,113֊ 115,117-121,123,125-134, 136,143, 145-157,159,167, 169,171, 175,177,179,191, 196,198-207, 210, 217-219, 221-227, 245, 247, 248, 252, 256, 269, 270, 273, 275, 280, 282, 284, 299-316 Belarus, 50,116,127,132 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 10, 26, 58,115,130-133,136,142, 146,147,151,153,156, 170, !73,174, 176, 202-205, 222, 272, 275, 307, 309 China’s connectivity with Europe, the Middle East and South Asia, 132 Chinese investment overcapacity, 130 fill the vacuum left by a vacating United
States, 130 Biological Weapons Convention, 200 Bipolarity, 142,193, 268, 314. See ako World order Revolving around the United States and China, 142 Sino-American bipolar world struc ture, 314 Border, 5, 28, 32, 33,42,44,45, 48,56, 65,71,81,88,99,100, 102,104,117,120,121,124, 130-132,134,152, 300, 302, 307,313 border agreement, 45 border stability, 48 delimitation, 45 Bosnian war, 193 Bretton-Woods institutions, 53 BRICS, 4, 6,23,53,119
INDEX BRICS Development Bank. See New Development Bank Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 142 Bush, George H.W., 192, 208 C Canada, 147,168,171,172, 273, 312 source of oil, 147 Capitalism, 193 Caspian Sea, 58 Caucasus, 120, 126,145,153 Central Asia Asymmetry of capabilities, 115 Beijing’s regional economic hegemony, 119 China as public goods provider, 121,129 China’s promotion of regional integration, 117 Division of labor, 57, 58,113,133, 307 Fears of a Maidan-style uprising, 131 Growing Sinophobia, 130 Multivector foreign policies, 115 Regional integration, 114,117, 123,125,131 re-Islamization, 154 Russia as privileged caretaker, 113 Strategic interaction of Russia and China, 114 US disengagement, 115 Central Asia-China gas pipetine (CAGP), 123,130 Chechnya, 47,48, 99,126,154,197 Chemical Weapons Convention, 200 China Arctic Policy, 170 arms sales, 51, 54, 56, 57, 88-95, 100,101,151,155,217,222, 226, 227, 247, 302, 306 323 building a prosperous and strong modern country, 23 capabilities as a global player, 44 challenge US hegemony, 12, 21 countering Soviet expansionism, 146 defense budget, 246 Defense White Paper, 148, 200 diversification of oil and gas imports, 70 diversification strategy, 147 economic growth, 22,49, 307 foreign policy of, 5-8, 23, 33,47, 48, 63,64, 70,74,117,119, 125,147,152,157, 218, 228, 256, 257, 268, 269, 278,280, 283,299, 304-306 grand strategy, 12, 22, 23, 278, 300,311 maritime claims, 246 maritime power, 45 missile defence capabilities, 30 Northeast Area revitalisation pro gramme, 32 North-Eastern region, 28 Peaceful development, 23 policy of reassurance,
303, 304 regime stability, 23 resisting U.S. unilateralism, 146 rise of Chinese power, 51 Russia as indispensable partner, 312 Russia’s strategic significance to China, 24 seaborne trade, 146 Second island chain strategy, 226 sensitive to Russian concerns, 26, 304, 309 strategic intentions towards Russia, 50 strategic rear, 7, 99, 252 trade with Africa, 9, 147, 148 trade with Europe, 148
324 INDEX “three evils” of “terrorism, separa tism and extremism, 118,148 China Development Bank, 52, 61,176 China and Iran, 144, 151 Chinese warships to Iran, 151 relations with Iran, 143 China and the Middle East Arab Policy Paper, 142,146 geo-economic engagement in, 143, 308 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy operation, 143 increased footprint in, 142 legacy in the Middle East, 146 muslim borderlands, 148 naval repair facility in Djibouti, 143 relations with Egypt, 146 source of crude oil, 142, 147 China model, 7, 194, 311 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), 31,46, 50, 52, 53, 58, 71,72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 123,173, 175,176,180 China and Saudi Arabia, 72, 154, 301 providing Saudi Arabia with missile systems, 154 relations with Saudi Arabia, 150 China threat, 31, 33, 57, 217, 252, 303 China and Turkey, 153 relations with Turkey, 133 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), 136,195 Chinese Defense White Paper, 200 Clinton, Hillary, 121, 278, 287 Cold War, 5, 21, 22, 24, 26, 42,45, 49, 54, 87, 89, 99, 141-144, 146,150,152,154,155,157, 192-194,198, 206, 207, 244247, 250, 251, 269, 270, 274, 300,304, 306,313,314,316 post-Cold War era, 5, 300 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 96,114, 116,117, 119,121,127,131 Collective Rapid Reaction Forces, 116 combating terrorism and transna tional threats, 116 Color revolutions, 47,48,120,121, 126,145, 219, 302 in the post-Soviet space, 48 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 117,124 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 198, 201. See also Missile Defense; Nuclear weapons Comprehensive partnership of strategic
cooperation (between China and Russia), 205 Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 269 Congagement, 313, 317 Containment, 25, 223, 244, 312-315 US containment strategy, 244, 312, 314, 315 Counterbalance, 79,126,145, 246, 252, 303, 314 Counterintelligence, 116 Crimea, 3, 7,11, 31, 44, 54, 57, 60, 61,63,70, 77,126,131,144, 149, 250, 253, 254, 268, 275, 299 Russian annexation of, 11 Cultural Revolution, 197 Cybersecurity, 116 cyber capabilities, 276 D Defense cooperation, 47, 88, 89, 103-105, 222 Defense industry, 51, 91, 93, 308
INDEX Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), 198. See also North Korea Deng Xiaoping, 34, 47,49, 304 dictum of “keep a low profile, hide your capabilities”, 304 Deripaska, Oleg, 53 Détente, 269, 275, 277 Diaoyu/Senkaku islands, 25. See also maritime disputes East Asia, 7,11, 25, 29, !30, 142, 217, 220, 221, 246, 250, 257, 281, 305 East Asia Summit, 278 East China Sea, 62, 78, 246-248, 250, 254 East Siberia Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, 52, 71. See also Energy Economic compatibility, 44,46, 48, 248, 251 Economic cooperation, 24, 33, 46, 53,117,123, 152,155,157, 177, 255, 301 Economic growth, 22, 49, 307 market-led economic growth, 22 Egypt, 56, 91,142,143,145-148, 154-156,158 balance its great power relationships, 155 pillar of Chinese engagement in the Middle East, 155 Embargo, 91, 276, 287 Energy, 2-4, 8-13, 28, 30, 31, 46, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60, 69-73, 74-82, 87,116,122,123,132,146, 147,154,159,168,169-172, 175-178, 176,196, 216, 217, 222,223, 224, 227, 248, 249, 252, 258, 276, 300, 301, 305, 309. See also Sino-Russian energy cooperation 325 Crude oil, 154, 301 East Siberia-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, 71 EU-Russia gas relations, 73 Exxon-Rosneft joint LNG project, 78 Gas pipeline, 50, 52 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 32 National Oil and Gas Companies, 70 Power of Siberia pipeline, 58, 72, 77,132 Sakhalin-1 project, 78 Sino-Russian energy relationship, 78, 301 Yamal LNG, 13 Eurasia, 4, 5, 8,10, П, 15, 26,44, 114,115,117,120,121,126, 129-133,145, 147, 151,153, 157, 204, 217, 218, 229, 308, 316 instability in the heart of Eurasia, 11 Russia-China relationship in, 114
US military presence in, 120 Eurasian Development Bank, 128 Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), 116 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 10,11,26, 32,54, 58,114,116, 117,132,133,204, 223 Russian efforts to advance the EEU, 132 Euro-Atlantic security structure, 274 Europe Dependency on Russian natural gas, 50 engaging with China, 276 Europe-China relations, 274 the ‘invisible superpower’, 271 Russia as a threat, 273 European Union (EU), 7, 24, 42, 50, 51, 53, 59, 60, 64, 70, 73, 75-77,116,117,149, !52, 171,172,197, 207, 267, 268, 270-276, 278, 281-284, 286
326 INDEX EU enlargement, 197, 274 EU Global Strategy, 273 EU-Rnssia gas relations, 73 F Financial crisis, 11,42, 50, 54, 63, 71, 122,123, 128,195, 268, 299, 301, 304, 307, 312 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 51, 60, 61, 77, 245 Chinese FDI into Russia, 51, 60 Free Trade Agreement (FTA), 26, 223 Fu Ying, 21 G Gazprom, 50, 58, 59, 72-77, 79-82, 175,176 Geoeconomic strategy, 72, !43, 251 Geopolitics, 2,43, 69 geopolitical, 2 Russia’s geopolitical options, 8 Georgia, 47, 62, 99,101,116,120, 126,152,176, 274, 302 Georgian breakaway territories, 126, 127 Russia’s military campaigns in Georgia, 126 War in 2008, 62 Geostrategic partnership, 13,134 Germany, 53, 59, 60, 72, 203, 269, 275,276, 281,284, 285,312 German-Chinese relations, 282 Glasnost, 197 Global disorder, 191 Global governance, 2, 62,191-193, 195-197,199,310. See also Liberal order; World order China’s approach to, 194 China’s interest in economic gov ernance, 192 Russia’s emphasis on global security governance, 192 Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT), 198 Goldman Sachs, 53 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 194,197 Grand strategy, 12, 22-24, 278, 300, 311 Great power, 142. See also Hegemony; Power; World order Great power contest, 141,143, 155 Great power diplomacy, 22 Great power rivalry, 146,155, 270, 277, 279, 281,300, 309 Great power triangle, 13,142,157, 308 Second ranked great powers, 314 Group of Seven (G-7), 312 Group of Twenty (G-20), 51,196, 198 Group of Two (G-2), 304, 317 Guam, 277 Gulf of Aden, 143,148 H Hagel, Chuck, 218, 229 Hedging, 14, 23, 89,103, 207, 228, 317 Hegemony, 24, 29, 33, 55, 62, 64,
142, 218, 314. See ako Great power; Power; World order American hegemony, 62, 64, 300, 308 Historical memories, 27 Hong Kong, 43, 53,194, 276 Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 53 Huawei, 60 Hu Jintao, 126, 155
INDEX Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), 148 Hussein, Saddam, 150, 154 Hybrid operation, 57 I Imperial overstretch, 311, 316 India, 23, 53, 63, 78, 79, 92,117, 129,131,156,168,171,224, 246, 273, 303, 306-308, 314, 315 Indian Ocean, 71, 98,147, 148, 172, 279, 307, 309, 315 Indian Ocean Region, 148, 309 Indo-Pacific, 280, 300, 308, 312, 315, 317 Indo-Pacific strategy, 280, 315 Indo-Pacific theatre, 308, 312, 315 Initial Public Offering (IPO), 43, 53, 154,160 Inter continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 201. See also Missile Defense; Nuclear weapons Intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM), 154. See also Missile Defense; Nuclear weapons International Monetary Fund (IMF), 122, 148, 197, 202, 257, 303, 312 International order, 9,14, 24, 29, 33, 62, 87, 95,114,116,191,192, 205, 207, 210, 278, 284, 310, 311. See also Global governance; Liberal order; World order Interventionism, 6,129,145,193, 207, 312 Iran Iran negotiations/P5+l, 281 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 151 nuclear program, 151 327 the role of China in Iran’s nuclear program, 151 Iran-Iraq War (1980-88), 150 Iraq, 31, 47, 48, 120, 145, 147, 150, 152,154,158, 207, 271, 278, 280 U.S. invasion of, 48,150,154 ISIS, 218 Islamic State (IS), 15,145, 148,152, 193, 280 Ivanov, Sergey, 66,199 J Jackson-Vanik amendment, 64 Japan aegis ashore, 25, 62 alliance commitments, 246 containing communism, 244 counterbalance China, 246, 252 dialogue with Moscow, 254 disputed waters, 247 East China Sea island dispute, 248 energy cooperation with Moscow, 249 geopolitical exposure to China and Russia, 243
military posture, 244 National Security Strategy, 246, 249 neo-nationalist currents, 247 normalizing relations with China, 245 Northern Territories, 224, 251, 306 Prime Minister Abe, 225, 247, 306 Prime Minister Tanaka, 245 response to the China challenge, 246 Russia’s military posture in the Far East, 251 security challenge of China’s rise, 244
328 INDEX security dialogue with Russia, 252 Senkaku (Diaoyu) islands, 25, 224 Sino-Russian rapprochement, 249, 250 South Kurile (Northern Territories), 224 strategic outreach to Russia, 251, 253 the U.S. alliance, 246, 253 the U.S. security umbrella, 246 Japan Air Self-Defence Forces (JASDF), 245, 251, 255 Japan Ground Self-Defence Forces (JGSDF), 245 Japan Maritime Self-Defence Forces (JMSDF), 245 Japan Self-Defence Forces (JSDF), 251 Jiang Zemin, 24, 27,47,155 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 151. See also Iran К Kagan, Robert, 208, 271, 285 Karimov, Islam, 121, 136 Karzai, Hamid, 127 Kazakhstan, 11,16, 31, 52, 82,116, 117,119,123,126,130-132, 204 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 46, 81 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 150 Khrushchev, Nikita, 143 Kissinger, Henry, 269, 270, 279, 285 Korean War, 244 Kosovo War, 193 Kremlin, 4, 6,10,12, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54-57, 63, 64, 66, 72, 76, 80, 87, 92-94, 98, 101-104,120,150,156, 178, 199, 207, 217, 258, 281, 287 Kyrgyzstan, 57,116,117,120,121, 123,124,127,130-132,135, 302 Beijing’s response to the Kyrgyz Tulip revolution, 121 US forces in, 120 L League of Nations, 192 Lehman Brothers, collapse of, 42 Lenin, Vladimir, 152,196 Liberal order global liberal order, 191,192 liberal internationalism, 5 liberal international order, 114,191, 192, 205, 207 liberal rules-based international order, 14, 284 Western liberal international order, 192 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 32, 173. See also Energy London, 42,43, 49, 55 M Madison, James, 196, 207, 208 Mao Zedong, 244 maritime disputes, 25 Maritime Silk Road. See Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Medvedev, Dmitry, 41, 43,116,126, 223 Khabarovsk document, 53 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 151,153,173, 222 Merkel, Angela, 281, 282, 285 Middle East American influence in, 145 as gateway, 147
INDEX great power contest in, 141 GulfWar (1990-1991), 141 Iran-Syria-Hezbollah axis, 145 islamist extremism, 145 U.S. leadership in, 144 Military Military alliance, 13, 62, 89, 96, 105,243,313 Military balance, 62,100-102 Military drills, joint, 63 Military exercises (Peace Mission Program, Joint Sea Naval Exercises), 94 Military reforms, 101 Military ties, 2, 62,155,176, 205 Miller, Alexey, 59, 65 Missile Defense aegis, 25 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 314 international strategic stability, 201 Terminal ffigh Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile defense system, 25 US global missile defense program, 201 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), 198. See also Missile Defense Moscow, 1-14, 25-32, 34,41-45, 47-64, 69-71, 73-79, 81, 82, 87-89, 91-96, 98-101, 103-105, 113-121,125-129,131-134, 136,142-145,149-157,167֊ 169,171,172,174-178,191, 192,197-201, 204-207, 209, 210, 216-227, 244, 248, 249, 251-258, 269, 273-275, 284, 299, 300, 302-311,313-316 ‘looking East’, 12 strategic partnership with the West, 47 329 Multilateralism, 6, 201, 275, 281-284 Multipolar, 6, 21, 24,47, 55, 64,114, 151, 224, 267, 277, 303, 304, 314, 317. See also World order Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World, 304 Myanmar, 47, 56, 91,159 N National Congress of the Communist Party of China. See Party Congress Nationalism, 143, 154,160, 207, 311 NATO-Russia Council, 198, 277 NATO’s Partnership for Peace pro gram, 198 Naval drills in the Baltic Sea, 62 in the East China Sea, 62 in the Mediterranean Sea, 62,143 in the South China Sea, 62 Navy, 45, 71,93,151,169,170,177, 227,274 blue
water navy (of China), 45 New Development Bank (NDB formerly BRICS Development Bank), 119 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), 63 Non-interference, in other countries’ domestic affairs, 150 Non-intervention, 24, !49, !50 Beijing and Moscow traditional principles of, 150 Normalization, 99,154, 225, 244, 245, 300 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air campaign against the Milosevic regime, 48
330 INDEX expansion, 25, 62,197 forces in Afghanistan, 199 military preparedness, 277 southern flank, 144 summits, 277 Northeast Asia, 10, 25, 247 Northern Sea Route (NSR) China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO), 173 Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), 174 Ice-breaker support, 175 Polar Silk Road, 170 Russia’s tariff regime, 173 Sovcomflot Group, 173 North Korea, 53,100,174,199, 218, 225, 226, 254, 277, 278, 280, 281, 305 Pyongyang regime, 306 Novatek, 53, 73, 78,132,176, 180 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), 200 Nuclear weapons China’s nuclear posture, 200 missile gap between China and the US, 201 No First Use Doctrine of China, 200 nuclear deal negotiations (P5 + 1), 151 Russian nuclear deterrence, 201 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 201 О Obama, Barack, 71, 144, 199, 207, 210, 217, 218, 246, 253, 256, 278, 280 neglect of the Sino-Russian relation ship, 218 rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific, 278 OBOR (One Belt One Road). See Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Oil. See Energy Ostpolitik, 269, 277, 285 Overseas Chinese, 23,194 P Party Congress, 23, 304 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 8, 30, 45,51,57, 62,91,97, 99-101,151,157,177, 201, 205, 220, 227, 247, 255, 275, 302, 307, 309 People’s Liberation Army Navy. See PLA Navy People’s Republic of China. See China Perestroika, 197 Pivot, 43, 44, 54, 55, 60, 63, 74, 79, 92, 207, 221, 278-280, 305 Russia’s pivot to Asia, 44 US pivot to Asia, 92 PLA Navy, 151 Polycentric system, 6,12 Power Balance of power, 5,45, 79, 141, 143, 150, 268,303,314 Declining Western power, 114, 304 Hard power, 8, 271 Power gap, 244, 245, 299,
303, 305, 308, 315 Power shift, 246 Soft power, 270, 271,284 Primacy, 5, 8, 70,115,116,191, 218, 275, 313, 314 American primacy, 191 Putin, Vladimir, 1, 4, 7-12, 24-26, 28-30, 32, 43,47, 48, 50, 54, 58,59,61,64,72, 75,81,116, 119,132,136,144,145,152֊ 155,169,177,197-199, 203, 204, 206, 209,210,215-217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 252-255, 274, 275, 281, 300, 301, 303-306
INDEX the Putin regime, 7,11, 79, 253 Putin’s foreign policy, 7 Putin’s recent assertiveness, 203 Q Qian Qichen, 146 Qing Empire, 27, 42 R Reassurance, 5, 22, 303, 304, 307, 316 Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), 118 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Rice, Susan, 149 Rosneft, 31, 43, 46, 52, 53, 71֊73, 78-81,132,175,180 Rudd, Kevin, 279, 287 Russia annexation of Crimea, 31,44, 54, 60, 70, 77,126,144, 254, 275 anxiety over Chinese influence, 9 as arms supplier, 89 arms transfers to China, 205, 226 challenge US hegemony, 21 confrontation with the West, 54, 62, 77 cultural links to Europe, 48 defense posture, 88, 89, 99, 100, 246 dependence on China, 8, 52, 80, 89, 223, 224, 228,306,311 economic recession, 51 energy diversification strategy, 78 energy turn to China, 70 engagement with China, 43, 50, 55, 58, 61, 64, 244 foreign policy of, 33, 47, 64, 305 geoeconomic strategy, 72 lack of strategic interest in China, 49 331 military-industrial complex, 56 military technology, 55 patronizing attitude towards China, 42 pivot to Asia, 44 play second fiddle, 142 policy in the Asia Pacific, 42 policy in Southeast Asia, 222 post-Cold War cooperation with NATO, 198 as power broker, 145, 305 quest for great power, 268, 305 rapprochement with Tokyo, 306 Russian elite, 7, 42, 47-49, 51, 60, 63, 92, 220 Russian government, 43, 54, 55, 60 Russian oligarchs, 49, 59,60 Russian Sinologists, 49 sphere of influence, 133, 273, 307 view of China, 44, 51, 54 Russia-China relationship, 114. See also Sino-Russian relations gradual development of, 48 Russia-China strategic partner ship. See
Sino-Russian strategic partnership Russia and Iran, 58,143, 144,150, 278 Iran as important partner, 151 relationship with Tehran, 142 relations with Iran, 143 Russia and the Middle East alignment with the Iran-Syrian axis, 149 arms sales to Egypt, 155 arms sales to Middle East, 144, 217 counterbalance American influence in the Middle East, 145 Russia’s prestige in the Middle East, 144 Russian Central Bank, 60
332 INDEX Russian Far East, 8, 10, 29, 32, 43, 55, 56, 78,81,89,94,100,173, 245, 248, 250, 252, 255, 302 Far East development plan, 32 Russia and Syria airbase, 142 bombing raids against the Syrian opposition, 142 military campaigns, 126 military presence, 142, 144 naval base, 142 policy in Syria, 142,143 support to the Assad regime, 145 S Sanctions, 31,44,47, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 75, 77, 78, 87, 93,115,122, 132,149,151,159,175,199, 205, 207, 218, 220, 221, 225, 248, 253-256, 273, 276, 277, 281, 284, 299 Western sanctions against Russia, 44, 75 Saudi Arabia, 31, 32, 72,142,143, 145,147-150,153,154,156, 160, 301 Concerns about American engagement, 154 Diplomatic relations with China, 153,154 View Russia as an anti-Muslim country, 154 Saudi Aramco, 154 Sea lines of communication (SLOC), 148 Sea of Okhotsk, 245 Sea power, 147, 303, 312 Sechin, Igor, 72, 79, 175 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Reduce the SCO to a “paper tiger”, 129 Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) in Tashkent, 118 SCO Counterterrorism Treaty, 118 SCO Development Bank, 26, 54 SCO Peace Mission, 118 Shanghai Five, 27, 28,117. See aho Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Shoigu, Sergei, 155, 219 Shuvalov, Igor, 58, 222 Siberia, 43, 50, 52, 56, 58, 61, 71-75, 77,132, 176, 222 Eastern Siberia, 43, 50, 71 Siberian hydrocarbons, 55 Western Siberia, 50, 74 Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), 10, 26, 32, 58,129,147, 204, 217. See abo Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Silk Road Fund (SRF), 61, 78,131, 176, 180 Sinopec, 61 Sinophobia, 49, 50, 56,130, 302 Sino-Russian energy cooperation, 31, 69, 70, 80 Sino-
Russian relations bilateral exchanges, 27 converging interests, 44, 299 diverging interests, 299 institutionalization of bilateral ties, 12, 221 Joint statement in support of a multipolar world, 24 Joint statement vowing to ‘strengthen global strategic stability’ and to support the principle of non-intervention, 24
INDEX strategic convergence, 244 Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation, 27 Sino-Russian relationship, 2, 3,11, 14, 26, 28, 44,48, 78,143, 218, 256, 300, 301,303,315,316. See also Sino-Russian relations asymmetrical relationship, 33 Sino-Russian strategic partnership, 115,218, 227, 247 Sino-Soviet, 2,15, 27,45,194, 206, 285 Sino-Soviet alliance, 206 Sino-Soviet confrontation, 45 Six party talks, 198 on the nuclearization of the DPRK, 198 on the nuclearization of Iran, 198 Skovorodino-Mohe pipeline, 52. See also Energy South China Sea, 25, 62, 78, 88, 98, 100,104, 205, 217, 222-224, 227, 279 South Korea, 62, 78, 79, 98,168, 172,174, 225, 305 deployments ofTHAAD, 62 Sovereignty, 2, 22, 24, 62,129,149, 156,170,171,174,177, 224, 225, 248, 268, 272, 276 Beijing and Moscow traditional principles of, 150 National sovereignty, 22, 276 State sovereignty, 150, 156 Soviet Union, 26, 27, 47-49, 57, 73, 8!, 117,141,145,150,152, 192,196,197, 222, 244, 245, 250, 268-270, 274, 314, 316 collapse of, 27, 47, 57, 117, 274 support for Egyptian leader Nasser’s pan-Arab nationalism, 143 Stalin, Joseph, 45 333 State sovereignty. See Sovereignty Strait of Hormuz, 148 Strait of Malacca, 71 Strategic chokepoint, 148 Strategic partnership. See Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership Strategic stability, 24, 29, 199, 201, 221. See also Nuclear weapons Strategic thinking, 23, 252, 303 Strategic triangle, 194, 215, 228 Suez Canal, 146,148,155,172,174 Superpower, 4, 42, 50, 94,197, 243, 246, 271,278 Syria Assad regime, 3,145,150,152, 154 Astana talks, 149 Geneva peace talks, 149 Moscow’s
support for Chinese role in Syrian reconstruction, 217 Syrian Uprising, 145 UN Security Council resolutions on, 3, 143 Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), 152 T Taiwan, 71, 92,95, 96, 98, 100,160, 194, 201, 227, 276, 285 Taiwan Strait, 62 Tajikistan, 116,117,119,123,127, 130,131,134 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD). See Missile Defense Terrorism, 94, 95, 98,102,116, 118,145,148,149,155-157, 197-199, 207, 219, 220, 223, 277, 280 Counter-terrorism, 94, 95, 98,102, 120,157 Tillerson, Rex, 280
334 INDEX Timchenko, Gennady, 61 Trade, 7, 8,11,12,16, 27-31, 33,45, 51,53, 54, 57-59, 61,65,70, 73, 80, 81, 87, 88, 92, 94,103, 118,122,124,128,132,135, 146-148,157,172,179,196, 198, 201-204, 216, 219, 222, 245, 270, 275, 276, 280, 283, 284, 301,306,312,313,316 bilateral, 4,11, 27, 31, 61, 147, 216, 301 cross-border trade, 33,45 Transadantic, 47, 268, 269, 271, 272, 278, 280, 283, 284, 288, 310 transadantic relationship, 268, 269, 272, 278, 284, 310 Transneft, 43, 52, 53, 72 Trans-Pacific Partnership (ТРР), 202, 203,280 Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation. See Sino-Russian relations Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 201 Treaty on Open Skies, 198 Trump, Donald and “America first” policies, 202 attempts at a rapprochement with Moscow, 207 doctrine of America First, 268 and Russia-friendly rhetoric, 206 and US global leadership, 202 Turkey acquisition of Russian missile sys tem, 153 and the Assad regime, 149,152 axis of the Excluded with Moscow, 152 dialogue partner of the SCO, 153 NATO membership, 152 pan-Turkish policies, 152, 153 relations with Russia, 133, 142, 143,149,152,153 strategic partnership agreement with China, 153 Turkmenistan, 52, 82,123,131 Turkmen gas, 123 Tusk, Donald, 267, 268, 272, 273, 280, 283 U UC Rusal, 53 Ukraine, 7, 9, 12, 33,44,47, 50, 54, 58, 60-64, 70, 73, 75-78, 87-89, 93,96, 98,99,103,104,114, 115,117, 120, 122,126,129, 131,133,169,175,176,197, 206, 217-219, 249, 253, 254, 256, 267, 273-275, 279, 281, 282, 284, 302, 303, 306 fall of the Victor Yanukovich regime, 54 Russia’s military campaigns in Ukraine
(2014), 126 UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, 169 Russia submitted to the, 169 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 168,171,172, 174,175 Unipolarity, 55,192, 317. See also Balance of power; Hegemony; Primacy; World order United Nations (UN), 6, 34,47,120, 127,143,146, 149-151,159, 168,193, 195,201,271,281, 309 UN Security Council, 3, 6, 47,143, 146,149-151, 281 UN Security Council resolution on Libyan no-fly zone, 150
INDEX UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, 143 United States American hegemony, 300, 308 American primacy, 313 America’s Pacific Century, 278 National Security Strategy, 246, 300 Sino-American relations are deterio rating, 218 US antimissile capabilities, 30 US geopolitical disengagement, 134 US hegemonic system, 23 US֊Japan alliance, 25, 306 US-led global order, 14 US-led international order, 62, 95 US-Soviet partnership, 192 Use of force, 22, 254 US Pacific Command, 315 USSR, 42, 64, 144, 215 Uzbekistan, 82, 116,117,119-121, 123,131 Karshi-Khanabad military base (K2), 121 US forces in Uzbekistan, 120 V Vekselberg, Victor, 59 Vietnam Cam Ranh Bay, 222, 223 Free Trade Agreement with EEU, 223 relations with Russia, 78, 222, 306 Russian arms sales to, 306 submarine base, 222 Vladivostok, 56, 78, 79, 254 APEC summit in 2012, 56 W Warsaw Pact, 197,199, 219, 274 War on Terror, 300 335 Washington, 12,14, 25, 27, 29, 92, 93, 95,120,121,134,151-156, 179,199, 200, 202-204, 206, 207, 209, 217-219, 223-225, 228, 231,253, 256, 257, 267, 280, 283, 284, 288, 300, 304, 305,308,310,315,316 anti-Kremlin sentiment, 207 Western Pacific, 92,103, 226, 303 Western triumphalism, 193 Wilson, Woodrow, 192 World Bank, 124,125,198 World order China’s counter-order institutions, 115,133 Moscow’s counter-hegemonic goals, 13 multipolar world order, 6, 55, 64, 151, 314 New World Order, 4, 6,192,221 non-ideological multipolar world order, 55 polycentric system, 6 Russia’s quest for a multipolar world order, 47 Sino-American bipolar world struc ture, 314 World Trade Organization, 195 World War II,
30,193, 244, 251 X Xi Jinping, 1,15, 22-24, 29, 34, 58, 59,129,142,146,151,155, 196, 203, 204, 208, 209, 216, 221, 280, 301, 304, 312 abandon “keeping a low profile”, 157 “Silk Road Economic Belt”, 129 visit to Tehran 2016, 142
336 INDEX Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, 24, 304 Xinjiang, 26, 50, 74,113,117,120, 121,126,130,148,153, 222 China’s crackdown in 2009, 126 Yeltsin, Boris, 27, 65,197 visit to China in 1999, 47 Z Zhongnanhai, 12, 63 Zimbabwe, 47,159 ZTE, 60 Y Yamal LNG, 13, 32, 53, 61, 73, 77, 78,176,177, 309 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents 1 Introduction Bobo Lo Part I 2 3 1 Grand Strategies The Indispensable Partner: Russia in China’s Grand Strategy Mingjiang Li and Angela Poh 21 Unwanted but Inevitable: Russia’s Deepening Partnership with China Post-Ukraine Alexander Gabuev 41 Part II Bilateral and Regional Developments 4 5 Explaining the Emerging Sino-Russian Energy Partnership Morena Skalamera The Military Dimension in Sino-Russian Relations Paul N. Schwartz 69 87 vii
viii CONTENTS 6 Tending the Eurasian Garden: Russia, China and the Dynamics of Regional Integration and Order Alexander Cooley 113 China, Russia and the Great Power Contest in the Middle East Jo Inge Bekkevold 141 7 8 The Arctic Dimension in Sino-Russian Relations Christopher Weidacher Hsiung and Tom Røseth Part III 9 China, Russia and the World From Global Governance to Global Disorder? Implications for Russia and China Bin Yu 10 Triangularism Old and New: China, Russia, and the United States Stephen Blank 11 167 191 215 The Japan-China-Russia Triangle and Security in North East Asia Bjørn Elias Mikalsen Grønning 243 12 Whom to Call? In Search of a European Policy on Russia and China Robin Allers 267 Part IV The Future of Sino-Russian ‘Strategic Partnership’ 13 Conclusion: Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Century Jo Inge Bekkevold 299 Index 321
Index a Accommodation, 12, 23,119 Afghanistan, 26, 58,114,118,120, 121,125,127,129,131,134, 145,153,199,218 Aigun Treaty (1858), 44 Albright, Madeleine, 199 Alignment, 13, 89,103-105, 149, 205, 219, 220, 243, 252, 257, 314,315 Growing alignment Russia and China, 13,104,105 Alliance, 12-14, 25, 50, 62, 63, 79, 80, 89, 96,105,152,176,192, 205-207, 216, 217, 219-221, 243, 244, 246, 250, 253, 256, 257, 273, 277, 280, 282-284, 287, 306, 313, 314 Military alliance, 13, 62, 89, 96, 105,206, 243,313 Sino-Rnssian alliance, 216, 217, 219, 244, 313 Altai, Altai pipeline, 78 Anti- access/area-denial (A2/AD), 144,176, 226 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 120, 199 strategic stability between the United States and Russia, 199 Arab League, 146,150 Arab Spring, 53,116,127 Arctic, 10. See also Northern Sea Route (NSR) Arctic littoral, 167-169 China as “near-Arctic” state, 167, 170 fiber-optic cable route, 168 Ilulissat Declaration, 168 Kola peninsula, 169,170 polar regions, 171 Polar Silk Road, !70 Russia’s Northern Fleet, 169 United States Geological Survey, 169 Yamal LNG project, 13, 53, 78, 176,177, 309 Arctic Council, 79,167,168,171, 172, 175,176, 309 Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting, 171 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 J. I. Bekkevold and B. Lo (eds.), Sitw-Russian Relations in the 21st Century, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92516-5 321
322 INDEX China as a permanent observer, 167 Armenia, 116,131,132,152 Arms arms embargo, 276 arms sales, 3, 54, 57, 88, 89, 92, 95, 101,103,142, 144,145, 226 arms trade, 51, 88, 92, 94, 103,157 international arms market, 302 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 202, 203 Asian Investment and Infrastructure Bank (AIIB), 114,119, 131, 132, 136,147, 202, 203, 222, 275, 311 Board of Directors, 147 US blocking effort, 203 Asian values, 7 Asia-Pacific, 4,10, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31,41-43,45,49, 78, 79, 207, 219, 225-227, 248, 272, 274, 277-279, 283, 299, 305, 306, 308-310 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 30, 56,198 Assertive, 11,157,171, 267, 280, 311,314,316 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 201,224 Asymmetry, 4, 7, 8,12-14, 64, 80, 115,129,216, 228,299, 303, 304 asymmetries of power, 7 psychological dimension to, 8 Australia, 77, 246, 252, 312, 315 В Balance of power, 5, 45, 79,141,143, 150, 268, 303, 310, 313-315. See also Power Bandwagon, 153 Bank of China, 77 Barroso, Juan Manuel, 270 Beijing, 4-14, 22-32,44,45, 47-55, 57-59, 61-65, 69, 71, 73-80, 82, 87-89, 91-96,100-105,113֊ 115,117-121,123,125-134, 136,143, 145-157,159,167, 169,171, 175,177,179,191, 196,198-207, 210, 217-219, 221-227, 245, 247, 248, 252, 256, 269, 270, 273, 275, 280, 282, 284, 299-316 Belarus, 50,116,127,132 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 10, 26, 58,115,130-133,136,142, 146,147,151,153,156, 170, !73,174, 176, 202-205, 222, 272, 275, 307, 309 China’s connectivity with Europe, the Middle East and South Asia, 132 Chinese investment overcapacity, 130 fill the vacuum left by a vacating United
States, 130 Biological Weapons Convention, 200 Bipolarity, 142,193, 268, 314. See ako World order Revolving around the United States and China, 142 Sino-American bipolar world struc ture, 314 Border, 5, 28, 32, 33,42,44,45, 48,56, 65,71,81,88,99,100, 102,104,117,120,121,124, 130-132,134,152, 300, 302, 307,313 border agreement, 45 border stability, 48 delimitation, 45 Bosnian war, 193 Bretton-Woods institutions, 53 BRICS, 4, 6,23,53,119
INDEX BRICS Development Bank. See New Development Bank Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 142 Bush, George H.W., 192, 208 C Canada, 147,168,171,172, 273, 312 source of oil, 147 Capitalism, 193 Caspian Sea, 58 Caucasus, 120, 126,145,153 Central Asia Asymmetry of capabilities, 115 Beijing’s regional economic hegemony, 119 China as public goods provider, 121,129 China’s promotion of regional integration, 117 Division of labor, 57, 58,113,133, 307 Fears of a Maidan-style uprising, 131 Growing Sinophobia, 130 Multivector foreign policies, 115 Regional integration, 114,117, 123,125,131 re-Islamization, 154 Russia as privileged caretaker, 113 Strategic interaction of Russia and China, 114 US disengagement, 115 Central Asia-China gas pipetine (CAGP), 123,130 Chechnya, 47,48, 99,126,154,197 Chemical Weapons Convention, 200 China Arctic Policy, 170 arms sales, 51, 54, 56, 57, 88-95, 100,101,151,155,217,222, 226, 227, 247, 302, 306 323 building a prosperous and strong modern country, 23 capabilities as a global player, 44 challenge US hegemony, 12, 21 countering Soviet expansionism, 146 defense budget, 246 Defense White Paper, 148, 200 diversification of oil and gas imports, 70 diversification strategy, 147 economic growth, 22,49, 307 foreign policy of, 5-8, 23, 33,47, 48, 63,64, 70,74,117,119, 125,147,152,157, 218, 228, 256, 257, 268, 269, 278,280, 283,299, 304-306 grand strategy, 12, 22, 23, 278, 300,311 maritime claims, 246 maritime power, 45 missile defence capabilities, 30 Northeast Area revitalisation pro gramme, 32 North-Eastern region, 28 Peaceful development, 23 policy of reassurance,
303, 304 regime stability, 23 resisting U.S. unilateralism, 146 rise of Chinese power, 51 Russia as indispensable partner, 312 Russia’s strategic significance to China, 24 seaborne trade, 146 Second island chain strategy, 226 sensitive to Russian concerns, 26, 304, 309 strategic intentions towards Russia, 50 strategic rear, 7, 99, 252 trade with Africa, 9, 147, 148 trade with Europe, 148
324 INDEX “three evils” of “terrorism, separa tism and extremism, 118,148 China Development Bank, 52, 61,176 China and Iran, 144, 151 Chinese warships to Iran, 151 relations with Iran, 143 China and the Middle East Arab Policy Paper, 142,146 geo-economic engagement in, 143, 308 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy operation, 143 increased footprint in, 142 legacy in the Middle East, 146 muslim borderlands, 148 naval repair facility in Djibouti, 143 relations with Egypt, 146 source of crude oil, 142, 147 China model, 7, 194, 311 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), 31,46, 50, 52, 53, 58, 71,72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 123,173, 175,176,180 China and Saudi Arabia, 72, 154, 301 providing Saudi Arabia with missile systems, 154 relations with Saudi Arabia, 150 China threat, 31, 33, 57, 217, 252, 303 China and Turkey, 153 relations with Turkey, 133 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), 136,195 Chinese Defense White Paper, 200 Clinton, Hillary, 121, 278, 287 Cold War, 5, 21, 22, 24, 26, 42,45, 49, 54, 87, 89, 99, 141-144, 146,150,152,154,155,157, 192-194,198, 206, 207, 244247, 250, 251, 269, 270, 274, 300,304, 306,313,314,316 post-Cold War era, 5, 300 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 96,114, 116,117, 119,121,127,131 Collective Rapid Reaction Forces, 116 combating terrorism and transna tional threats, 116 Color revolutions, 47,48,120,121, 126,145, 219, 302 in the post-Soviet space, 48 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 117,124 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 198, 201. See also Missile Defense; Nuclear weapons Comprehensive partnership of strategic
cooperation (between China and Russia), 205 Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 269 Congagement, 313, 317 Containment, 25, 223, 244, 312-315 US containment strategy, 244, 312, 314, 315 Counterbalance, 79,126,145, 246, 252, 303, 314 Counterintelligence, 116 Crimea, 3, 7,11, 31, 44, 54, 57, 60, 61,63,70, 77,126,131,144, 149, 250, 253, 254, 268, 275, 299 Russian annexation of, 11 Cultural Revolution, 197 Cybersecurity, 116 cyber capabilities, 276 D Defense cooperation, 47, 88, 89, 103-105, 222 Defense industry, 51, 91, 93, 308
INDEX Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), 198. See also North Korea Deng Xiaoping, 34, 47,49, 304 dictum of “keep a low profile, hide your capabilities”, 304 Deripaska, Oleg, 53 Détente, 269, 275, 277 Diaoyu/Senkaku islands, 25. See also maritime disputes East Asia, 7,11, 25, 29, !30, 142, 217, 220, 221, 246, 250, 257, 281, 305 East Asia Summit, 278 East China Sea, 62, 78, 246-248, 250, 254 East Siberia Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, 52, 71. See also Energy Economic compatibility, 44,46, 48, 248, 251 Economic cooperation, 24, 33, 46, 53,117,123, 152,155,157, 177, 255, 301 Economic growth, 22, 49, 307 market-led economic growth, 22 Egypt, 56, 91,142,143,145-148, 154-156,158 balance its great power relationships, 155 pillar of Chinese engagement in the Middle East, 155 Embargo, 91, 276, 287 Energy, 2-4, 8-13, 28, 30, 31, 46, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60, 69-73, 74-82, 87,116,122,123,132,146, 147,154,159,168,169-172, 175-178, 176,196, 216, 217, 222,223, 224, 227, 248, 249, 252, 258, 276, 300, 301, 305, 309. See also Sino-Russian energy cooperation 325 Crude oil, 154, 301 East Siberia-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, 71 EU-Russia gas relations, 73 Exxon-Rosneft joint LNG project, 78 Gas pipeline, 50, 52 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 32 National Oil and Gas Companies, 70 Power of Siberia pipeline, 58, 72, 77,132 Sakhalin-1 project, 78 Sino-Russian energy relationship, 78, 301 Yamal LNG, 13 Eurasia, 4, 5, 8,10, П, 15, 26,44, 114,115,117,120,121,126, 129-133,145, 147, 151,153, 157, 204, 217, 218, 229, 308, 316 instability in the heart of Eurasia, 11 Russia-China relationship in, 114
US military presence in, 120 Eurasian Development Bank, 128 Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), 116 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 10,11,26, 32,54, 58,114,116, 117,132,133,204, 223 Russian efforts to advance the EEU, 132 Euro-Atlantic security structure, 274 Europe Dependency on Russian natural gas, 50 engaging with China, 276 Europe-China relations, 274 the ‘invisible superpower’, 271 Russia as a threat, 273 European Union (EU), 7, 24, 42, 50, 51, 53, 59, 60, 64, 70, 73, 75-77,116,117,149, !52, 171,172,197, 207, 267, 268, 270-276, 278, 281-284, 286
326 INDEX EU enlargement, 197, 274 EU Global Strategy, 273 EU-Rnssia gas relations, 73 F Financial crisis, 11,42, 50, 54, 63, 71, 122,123, 128,195, 268, 299, 301, 304, 307, 312 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 51, 60, 61, 77, 245 Chinese FDI into Russia, 51, 60 Free Trade Agreement (FTA), 26, 223 Fu Ying, 21 G Gazprom, 50, 58, 59, 72-77, 79-82, 175,176 Geoeconomic strategy, 72, !43, 251 Geopolitics, 2,43, 69 geopolitical, 2 Russia’s geopolitical options, 8 Georgia, 47, 62, 99,101,116,120, 126,152,176, 274, 302 Georgian breakaway territories, 126, 127 Russia’s military campaigns in Georgia, 126 War in 2008, 62 Geostrategic partnership, 13,134 Germany, 53, 59, 60, 72, 203, 269, 275,276, 281,284, 285,312 German-Chinese relations, 282 Glasnost, 197 Global disorder, 191 Global governance, 2, 62,191-193, 195-197,199,310. See also Liberal order; World order China’s approach to, 194 China’s interest in economic gov ernance, 192 Russia’s emphasis on global security governance, 192 Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT), 198 Goldman Sachs, 53 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 194,197 Grand strategy, 12, 22-24, 278, 300, 311 Great power, 142. See also Hegemony; Power; World order Great power contest, 141,143, 155 Great power diplomacy, 22 Great power rivalry, 146,155, 270, 277, 279, 281,300, 309 Great power triangle, 13,142,157, 308 Second ranked great powers, 314 Group of Seven (G-7), 312 Group of Twenty (G-20), 51,196, 198 Group of Two (G-2), 304, 317 Guam, 277 Gulf of Aden, 143,148 H Hagel, Chuck, 218, 229 Hedging, 14, 23, 89,103, 207, 228, 317 Hegemony, 24, 29, 33, 55, 62, 64,
142, 218, 314. See ako Great power; Power; World order American hegemony, 62, 64, 300, 308 Historical memories, 27 Hong Kong, 43, 53,194, 276 Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 53 Huawei, 60 Hu Jintao, 126, 155
INDEX Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), 148 Hussein, Saddam, 150, 154 Hybrid operation, 57 I Imperial overstretch, 311, 316 India, 23, 53, 63, 78, 79, 92,117, 129,131,156,168,171,224, 246, 273, 303, 306-308, 314, 315 Indian Ocean, 71, 98,147, 148, 172, 279, 307, 309, 315 Indian Ocean Region, 148, 309 Indo-Pacific, 280, 300, 308, 312, 315, 317 Indo-Pacific strategy, 280, 315 Indo-Pacific theatre, 308, 312, 315 Initial Public Offering (IPO), 43, 53, 154,160 Inter continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 201. See also Missile Defense; Nuclear weapons Intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM), 154. See also Missile Defense; Nuclear weapons International Monetary Fund (IMF), 122, 148, 197, 202, 257, 303, 312 International order, 9,14, 24, 29, 33, 62, 87, 95,114,116,191,192, 205, 207, 210, 278, 284, 310, 311. See also Global governance; Liberal order; World order Interventionism, 6,129,145,193, 207, 312 Iran Iran negotiations/P5+l, 281 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 151 nuclear program, 151 327 the role of China in Iran’s nuclear program, 151 Iran-Iraq War (1980-88), 150 Iraq, 31, 47, 48, 120, 145, 147, 150, 152,154,158, 207, 271, 278, 280 U.S. invasion of, 48,150,154 ISIS, 218 Islamic State (IS), 15,145, 148,152, 193, 280 Ivanov, Sergey, 66,199 J Jackson-Vanik amendment, 64 Japan aegis ashore, 25, 62 alliance commitments, 246 containing communism, 244 counterbalance China, 246, 252 dialogue with Moscow, 254 disputed waters, 247 East China Sea island dispute, 248 energy cooperation with Moscow, 249 geopolitical exposure to China and Russia, 243
military posture, 244 National Security Strategy, 246, 249 neo-nationalist currents, 247 normalizing relations with China, 245 Northern Territories, 224, 251, 306 Prime Minister Abe, 225, 247, 306 Prime Minister Tanaka, 245 response to the China challenge, 246 Russia’s military posture in the Far East, 251 security challenge of China’s rise, 244
328 INDEX security dialogue with Russia, 252 Senkaku (Diaoyu) islands, 25, 224 Sino-Russian rapprochement, 249, 250 South Kurile (Northern Territories), 224 strategic outreach to Russia, 251, 253 the U.S. alliance, 246, 253 the U.S. security umbrella, 246 Japan Air Self-Defence Forces (JASDF), 245, 251, 255 Japan Ground Self-Defence Forces (JGSDF), 245 Japan Maritime Self-Defence Forces (JMSDF), 245 Japan Self-Defence Forces (JSDF), 251 Jiang Zemin, 24, 27,47,155 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 151. See also Iran К Kagan, Robert, 208, 271, 285 Karimov, Islam, 121, 136 Karzai, Hamid, 127 Kazakhstan, 11,16, 31, 52, 82,116, 117,119,123,126,130-132, 204 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 46, 81 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 150 Khrushchev, Nikita, 143 Kissinger, Henry, 269, 270, 279, 285 Korean War, 244 Kosovo War, 193 Kremlin, 4, 6,10,12, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54-57, 63, 64, 66, 72, 76, 80, 87, 92-94, 98, 101-104,120,150,156, 178, 199, 207, 217, 258, 281, 287 Kyrgyzstan, 57,116,117,120,121, 123,124,127,130-132,135, 302 Beijing’s response to the Kyrgyz Tulip revolution, 121 US forces in, 120 L League of Nations, 192 Lehman Brothers, collapse of, 42 Lenin, Vladimir, 152,196 Liberal order global liberal order, 191,192 liberal internationalism, 5 liberal international order, 114,191, 192, 205, 207 liberal rules-based international order, 14, 284 Western liberal international order, 192 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 32, 173. See also Energy London, 42,43, 49, 55 M Madison, James, 196, 207, 208 Mao Zedong, 244 maritime disputes, 25 Maritime Silk Road. See Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Medvedev, Dmitry, 41, 43,116,126, 223 Khabarovsk document, 53 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 151,153,173, 222 Merkel, Angela, 281, 282, 285 Middle East American influence in, 145 as gateway, 147
INDEX great power contest in, 141 GulfWar (1990-1991), 141 Iran-Syria-Hezbollah axis, 145 islamist extremism, 145 U.S. leadership in, 144 Military Military alliance, 13, 62, 89, 96, 105,243,313 Military balance, 62,100-102 Military drills, joint, 63 Military exercises (Peace Mission Program, Joint Sea Naval Exercises), 94 Military reforms, 101 Military ties, 2, 62,155,176, 205 Miller, Alexey, 59, 65 Missile Defense aegis, 25 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 314 international strategic stability, 201 Terminal ffigh Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile defense system, 25 US global missile defense program, 201 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), 198. See also Missile Defense Moscow, 1-14, 25-32, 34,41-45, 47-64, 69-71, 73-79, 81, 82, 87-89, 91-96, 98-101, 103-105, 113-121,125-129,131-134, 136,142-145,149-157,167֊ 169,171,172,174-178,191, 192,197-201, 204-207, 209, 210, 216-227, 244, 248, 249, 251-258, 269, 273-275, 284, 299, 300, 302-311,313-316 ‘looking East’, 12 strategic partnership with the West, 47 329 Multilateralism, 6, 201, 275, 281-284 Multipolar, 6, 21, 24,47, 55, 64,114, 151, 224, 267, 277, 303, 304, 314, 317. See also World order Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World, 304 Myanmar, 47, 56, 91,159 N National Congress of the Communist Party of China. See Party Congress Nationalism, 143, 154,160, 207, 311 NATO-Russia Council, 198, 277 NATO’s Partnership for Peace pro gram, 198 Naval drills in the Baltic Sea, 62 in the East China Sea, 62 in the Mediterranean Sea, 62,143 in the South China Sea, 62 Navy, 45, 71,93,151,169,170,177, 227,274 blue
water navy (of China), 45 New Development Bank (NDB formerly BRICS Development Bank), 119 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), 63 Non-interference, in other countries’ domestic affairs, 150 Non-intervention, 24, !49, !50 Beijing and Moscow traditional principles of, 150 Normalization, 99,154, 225, 244, 245, 300 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air campaign against the Milosevic regime, 48
330 INDEX expansion, 25, 62,197 forces in Afghanistan, 199 military preparedness, 277 southern flank, 144 summits, 277 Northeast Asia, 10, 25, 247 Northern Sea Route (NSR) China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO), 173 Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), 174 Ice-breaker support, 175 Polar Silk Road, 170 Russia’s tariff regime, 173 Sovcomflot Group, 173 North Korea, 53,100,174,199, 218, 225, 226, 254, 277, 278, 280, 281, 305 Pyongyang regime, 306 Novatek, 53, 73, 78,132,176, 180 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), 200 Nuclear weapons China’s nuclear posture, 200 missile gap between China and the US, 201 No First Use Doctrine of China, 200 nuclear deal negotiations (P5 + 1), 151 Russian nuclear deterrence, 201 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 201 О Obama, Barack, 71, 144, 199, 207, 210, 217, 218, 246, 253, 256, 278, 280 neglect of the Sino-Russian relation ship, 218 rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific, 278 OBOR (One Belt One Road). See Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Oil. See Energy Ostpolitik, 269, 277, 285 Overseas Chinese, 23,194 P Party Congress, 23, 304 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 8, 30, 45,51,57, 62,91,97, 99-101,151,157,177, 201, 205, 220, 227, 247, 255, 275, 302, 307, 309 People’s Liberation Army Navy. See PLA Navy People’s Republic of China. See China Perestroika, 197 Pivot, 43, 44, 54, 55, 60, 63, 74, 79, 92, 207, 221, 278-280, 305 Russia’s pivot to Asia, 44 US pivot to Asia, 92 PLA Navy, 151 Polycentric system, 6,12 Power Balance of power, 5,45, 79, 141, 143, 150, 268,303,314 Declining Western power, 114, 304 Hard power, 8, 271 Power gap, 244, 245, 299,
303, 305, 308, 315 Power shift, 246 Soft power, 270, 271,284 Primacy, 5, 8, 70,115,116,191, 218, 275, 313, 314 American primacy, 191 Putin, Vladimir, 1, 4, 7-12, 24-26, 28-30, 32, 43,47, 48, 50, 54, 58,59,61,64,72, 75,81,116, 119,132,136,144,145,152֊ 155,169,177,197-199, 203, 204, 206, 209,210,215-217, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 252-255, 274, 275, 281, 300, 301, 303-306
INDEX the Putin regime, 7,11, 79, 253 Putin’s foreign policy, 7 Putin’s recent assertiveness, 203 Q Qian Qichen, 146 Qing Empire, 27, 42 R Reassurance, 5, 22, 303, 304, 307, 316 Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), 118 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Rice, Susan, 149 Rosneft, 31, 43, 46, 52, 53, 71֊73, 78-81,132,175,180 Rudd, Kevin, 279, 287 Russia annexation of Crimea, 31,44, 54, 60, 70, 77,126,144, 254, 275 anxiety over Chinese influence, 9 as arms supplier, 89 arms transfers to China, 205, 226 challenge US hegemony, 21 confrontation with the West, 54, 62, 77 cultural links to Europe, 48 defense posture, 88, 89, 99, 100, 246 dependence on China, 8, 52, 80, 89, 223, 224, 228,306,311 economic recession, 51 energy diversification strategy, 78 energy turn to China, 70 engagement with China, 43, 50, 55, 58, 61, 64, 244 foreign policy of, 33, 47, 64, 305 geoeconomic strategy, 72 lack of strategic interest in China, 49 331 military-industrial complex, 56 military technology, 55 patronizing attitude towards China, 42 pivot to Asia, 44 play second fiddle, 142 policy in the Asia Pacific, 42 policy in Southeast Asia, 222 post-Cold War cooperation with NATO, 198 as power broker, 145, 305 quest for great power, 268, 305 rapprochement with Tokyo, 306 Russian elite, 7, 42, 47-49, 51, 60, 63, 92, 220 Russian government, 43, 54, 55, 60 Russian oligarchs, 49, 59,60 Russian Sinologists, 49 sphere of influence, 133, 273, 307 view of China, 44, 51, 54 Russia-China relationship, 114. See also Sino-Russian relations gradual development of, 48 Russia-China strategic partner ship. See
Sino-Russian strategic partnership Russia and Iran, 58,143, 144,150, 278 Iran as important partner, 151 relationship with Tehran, 142 relations with Iran, 143 Russia and the Middle East alignment with the Iran-Syrian axis, 149 arms sales to Egypt, 155 arms sales to Middle East, 144, 217 counterbalance American influence in the Middle East, 145 Russia’s prestige in the Middle East, 144 Russian Central Bank, 60
332 INDEX Russian Far East, 8, 10, 29, 32, 43, 55, 56, 78,81,89,94,100,173, 245, 248, 250, 252, 255, 302 Far East development plan, 32 Russia and Syria airbase, 142 bombing raids against the Syrian opposition, 142 military campaigns, 126 military presence, 142, 144 naval base, 142 policy in Syria, 142,143 support to the Assad regime, 145 S Sanctions, 31,44,47, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 75, 77, 78, 87, 93,115,122, 132,149,151,159,175,199, 205, 207, 218, 220, 221, 225, 248, 253-256, 273, 276, 277, 281, 284, 299 Western sanctions against Russia, 44, 75 Saudi Arabia, 31, 32, 72,142,143, 145,147-150,153,154,156, 160, 301 Concerns about American engagement, 154 Diplomatic relations with China, 153,154 View Russia as an anti-Muslim country, 154 Saudi Aramco, 154 Sea lines of communication (SLOC), 148 Sea of Okhotsk, 245 Sea power, 147, 303, 312 Sechin, Igor, 72, 79, 175 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Reduce the SCO to a “paper tiger”, 129 Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) in Tashkent, 118 SCO Counterterrorism Treaty, 118 SCO Development Bank, 26, 54 SCO Peace Mission, 118 Shanghai Five, 27, 28,117. See aho Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Shoigu, Sergei, 155, 219 Shuvalov, Igor, 58, 222 Siberia, 43, 50, 52, 56, 58, 61, 71-75, 77,132, 176, 222 Eastern Siberia, 43, 50, 71 Siberian hydrocarbons, 55 Western Siberia, 50, 74 Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), 10, 26, 32, 58,129,147, 204, 217. See abo Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Silk Road Fund (SRF), 61, 78,131, 176, 180 Sinopec, 61 Sinophobia, 49, 50, 56,130, 302 Sino-Russian energy cooperation, 31, 69, 70, 80 Sino-
Russian relations bilateral exchanges, 27 converging interests, 44, 299 diverging interests, 299 institutionalization of bilateral ties, 12, 221 Joint statement in support of a multipolar world, 24 Joint statement vowing to ‘strengthen global strategic stability’ and to support the principle of non-intervention, 24
INDEX strategic convergence, 244 Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation, 27 Sino-Russian relationship, 2, 3,11, 14, 26, 28, 44,48, 78,143, 218, 256, 300, 301,303,315,316. See also Sino-Russian relations asymmetrical relationship, 33 Sino-Russian strategic partnership, 115,218, 227, 247 Sino-Soviet, 2,15, 27,45,194, 206, 285 Sino-Soviet alliance, 206 Sino-Soviet confrontation, 45 Six party talks, 198 on the nuclearization of the DPRK, 198 on the nuclearization of Iran, 198 Skovorodino-Mohe pipeline, 52. See also Energy South China Sea, 25, 62, 78, 88, 98, 100,104, 205, 217, 222-224, 227, 279 South Korea, 62, 78, 79, 98,168, 172,174, 225, 305 deployments ofTHAAD, 62 Sovereignty, 2, 22, 24, 62,129,149, 156,170,171,174,177, 224, 225, 248, 268, 272, 276 Beijing and Moscow traditional principles of, 150 National sovereignty, 22, 276 State sovereignty, 150, 156 Soviet Union, 26, 27, 47-49, 57, 73, 8!, 117,141,145,150,152, 192,196,197, 222, 244, 245, 250, 268-270, 274, 314, 316 collapse of, 27, 47, 57, 117, 274 support for Egyptian leader Nasser’s pan-Arab nationalism, 143 Stalin, Joseph, 45 333 State sovereignty. See Sovereignty Strait of Hormuz, 148 Strait of Malacca, 71 Strategic chokepoint, 148 Strategic partnership. See Sino-Russian Strategic Partnership Strategic stability, 24, 29, 199, 201, 221. See also Nuclear weapons Strategic thinking, 23, 252, 303 Strategic triangle, 194, 215, 228 Suez Canal, 146,148,155,172,174 Superpower, 4, 42, 50, 94,197, 243, 246, 271,278 Syria Assad regime, 3,145,150,152, 154 Astana talks, 149 Geneva peace talks, 149 Moscow’s
support for Chinese role in Syrian reconstruction, 217 Syrian Uprising, 145 UN Security Council resolutions on, 3, 143 Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), 152 T Taiwan, 71, 92,95, 96, 98, 100,160, 194, 201, 227, 276, 285 Taiwan Strait, 62 Tajikistan, 116,117,119,123,127, 130,131,134 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD). See Missile Defense Terrorism, 94, 95, 98,102,116, 118,145,148,149,155-157, 197-199, 207, 219, 220, 223, 277, 280 Counter-terrorism, 94, 95, 98,102, 120,157 Tillerson, Rex, 280
334 INDEX Timchenko, Gennady, 61 Trade, 7, 8,11,12,16, 27-31, 33,45, 51,53, 54, 57-59, 61,65,70, 73, 80, 81, 87, 88, 92, 94,103, 118,122,124,128,132,135, 146-148,157,172,179,196, 198, 201-204, 216, 219, 222, 245, 270, 275, 276, 280, 283, 284, 301,306,312,313,316 bilateral, 4,11, 27, 31, 61, 147, 216, 301 cross-border trade, 33,45 Transadantic, 47, 268, 269, 271, 272, 278, 280, 283, 284, 288, 310 transadantic relationship, 268, 269, 272, 278, 284, 310 Transneft, 43, 52, 53, 72 Trans-Pacific Partnership (ТРР), 202, 203,280 Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation. See Sino-Russian relations Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 201 Treaty on Open Skies, 198 Trump, Donald and “America first” policies, 202 attempts at a rapprochement with Moscow, 207 doctrine of America First, 268 and Russia-friendly rhetoric, 206 and US global leadership, 202 Turkey acquisition of Russian missile sys tem, 153 and the Assad regime, 149,152 axis of the Excluded with Moscow, 152 dialogue partner of the SCO, 153 NATO membership, 152 pan-Turkish policies, 152, 153 relations with Russia, 133, 142, 143,149,152,153 strategic partnership agreement with China, 153 Turkmenistan, 52, 82,123,131 Turkmen gas, 123 Tusk, Donald, 267, 268, 272, 273, 280, 283 U UC Rusal, 53 Ukraine, 7, 9, 12, 33,44,47, 50, 54, 58, 60-64, 70, 73, 75-78, 87-89, 93,96, 98,99,103,104,114, 115,117, 120, 122,126,129, 131,133,169,175,176,197, 206, 217-219, 249, 253, 254, 256, 267, 273-275, 279, 281, 282, 284, 302, 303, 306 fall of the Victor Yanukovich regime, 54 Russia’s military campaigns in Ukraine
(2014), 126 UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, 169 Russia submitted to the, 169 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 168,171,172, 174,175 Unipolarity, 55,192, 317. See also Balance of power; Hegemony; Primacy; World order United Nations (UN), 6, 34,47,120, 127,143,146, 149-151,159, 168,193, 195,201,271,281, 309 UN Security Council, 3, 6, 47,143, 146,149-151, 281 UN Security Council resolution on Libyan no-fly zone, 150
INDEX UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, 143 United States American hegemony, 300, 308 American primacy, 313 America’s Pacific Century, 278 National Security Strategy, 246, 300 Sino-American relations are deterio rating, 218 US antimissile capabilities, 30 US geopolitical disengagement, 134 US hegemonic system, 23 US֊Japan alliance, 25, 306 US-led global order, 14 US-led international order, 62, 95 US-Soviet partnership, 192 Use of force, 22, 254 US Pacific Command, 315 USSR, 42, 64, 144, 215 Uzbekistan, 82, 116,117,119-121, 123,131 Karshi-Khanabad military base (K2), 121 US forces in Uzbekistan, 120 V Vekselberg, Victor, 59 Vietnam Cam Ranh Bay, 222, 223 Free Trade Agreement with EEU, 223 relations with Russia, 78, 222, 306 Russian arms sales to, 306 submarine base, 222 Vladivostok, 56, 78, 79, 254 APEC summit in 2012, 56 W Warsaw Pact, 197,199, 219, 274 War on Terror, 300 335 Washington, 12,14, 25, 27, 29, 92, 93, 95,120,121,134,151-156, 179,199, 200, 202-204, 206, 207, 209, 217-219, 223-225, 228, 231,253, 256, 257, 267, 280, 283, 284, 288, 300, 304, 305,308,310,315,316 anti-Kremlin sentiment, 207 Western Pacific, 92,103, 226, 303 Western triumphalism, 193 Wilson, Woodrow, 192 World Bank, 124,125,198 World order China’s counter-order institutions, 115,133 Moscow’s counter-hegemonic goals, 13 multipolar world order, 6, 55, 64, 151, 314 New World Order, 4, 6,192,221 non-ideological multipolar world order, 55 polycentric system, 6 Russia’s quest for a multipolar world order, 47 Sino-American bipolar world struc ture, 314 World Trade Organization, 195 World War II,
30,193, 244, 251 X Xi Jinping, 1,15, 22-24, 29, 34, 58, 59,129,142,146,151,155, 196, 203, 204, 208, 209, 216, 221, 280, 301, 304, 312 abandon “keeping a low profile”, 157 “Silk Road Economic Belt”, 129 visit to Tehran 2016, 142
336 INDEX Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, 24, 304 Xinjiang, 26, 50, 74,113,117,120, 121,126,130,148,153, 222 China’s crackdown in 2009, 126 Yeltsin, Boris, 27, 65,197 visit to China in 1999, 47 Z Zhongnanhai, 12, 63 Zimbabwe, 47,159 ZTE, 60 Y Yamal LNG, 13, 32, 53, 61, 73, 77, 78,176,177, 309 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author_corporate | New Perspectives on Sino-Russian Relations (Veranstaltung) Oslo |
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| author_facet | Bekkevold, Jo Inge 1968- Lo, Bobo 1959- New Perspectives on Sino-Russian Relations (Veranstaltung) Oslo |
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| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2014 Oslo gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2014 Oslo |
| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV046725990 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:35:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:52:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1212520289 |
| isbn | 9783319925158 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032136128 |
| oclc_num | 1164641424 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xix, 336 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200708 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | palgrave macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | New Perspectives on Sino-Russian Relations (Veranstaltung) 2014 Oslo Verfasser (DE-588)1212520289 aut Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century Jo Inge Bekkevold, Bobo Lo (editors) Sino-Russian relations in the twenty-first century Cham, Switzerland palgrave macmillan [2019] © 2019 xix, 336 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Foreign Policy International Relations Theory Diplomacy Russian and Post-Soviet Politics Asian Politics International relations Russia-Politics and government Asia-Politics and government Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2014 Oslo gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 s DE-604 Bekkevold, Jo Inge 1968- (DE-588)171688686 edt Lo, Bobo 1959- (DE-588)136778704 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-319-92516-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032136128&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032136128&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century Foreign Policy International Relations Theory Diplomacy Russian and Post-Soviet Politics Asian Politics International relations Russia-Politics and government Asia-Politics and government Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068297-3 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century |
| title_alt | Sino-Russian relations in the twenty-first century |
| title_auth | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century |
| title_exact_search | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century |
| title_full | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century Jo Inge Bekkevold, Bobo Lo (editors) |
| title_fullStr | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century Jo Inge Bekkevold, Bobo Lo (editors) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century Jo Inge Bekkevold, Bobo Lo (editors) |
| title_short | Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century |
| title_sort | sino russian relations in the 21st century |
| topic | Foreign Policy International Relations Theory Diplomacy Russian and Post-Soviet Politics Asian Politics International relations Russia-Politics and government Asia-Politics and government Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Foreign Policy International Relations Theory Diplomacy Russian and Post-Soviet Politics Asian Politics International relations Russia-Politics and government Asia-Politics and government Wirtschaftsbeziehungen Außenpolitik China Russland Konferenzschrift 2014 Oslo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032136128&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032136128&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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