Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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West Lafayette, Indiana
Purdue University Press
[2020]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Central European studies
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 277 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781557538918 |
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments List of Acronyms ix xi Introduction Our Position Is Clear 1 Chapter 1 There Can Be No More Discussion, 1948-1956 25 Chapter 2 In Contradiction to Sociopolitical Norms, 1956-1960 49 Chapter 3 The Facts as They Exist, 1960-1962 71 Chapter 4 All Accounts Have Not Yet Been Settled, 1962-1969 95 Chapter 5 We Have Chosen No One but Ourselves, 1969-1972 117 Chapter 6 Simply, It Comes Down to This, 1972-1980 141 Epilogue Fixated for Many Years on This Day, 1980-1991 167 Notes Bibliography Index About the Author 179 237 263 279
Bibliography Archives Australia: National Archives of Australia, Canberra (NAA) National Archives of Australia, Melbourne (NAA-Melbourne) National Archives of Australia, Sydney (NAA-Sydney) Publications Archives, Parliament of Australia, Canberra (PCA-Senate) University of Melbourne Archives, Melbourne (UMA) Germany: Bundesarchiv (Federal Archives), Koblenz (BA) Bundesbeauftragte für die Stasi-Unterlagen (Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives), Berlin (BStU) Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (Political Archives of the Foreign Office), Berlin (PAAA) Serbia: Arhiv Jugoslavije (Archive of Yugoslavia), Belgrade (AJ) Diplomatski arhiv Ministarstva spoljnih poslova Republike Srbije (Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Serbia), Belgrade (DA MSP RS) Croatia: Hrvatski državni arhiv (Croatian National Archives), Zagreb (HDA) United States: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (NARA) Canada: Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa, ON (LAC) United Kingdom: The National Archives, London (TNA)
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Yugoslavia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Index 20. oktobar cinema bombing (Belgrade), 105-7, 109, 127, 128, 141 2nd of June Movement. See Bewegung 2. Juni 9/11, 1, 144 Abdala, Carlos, 152 Abramovič, Ilija, 107 agents provocateurs. See Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti): agents provocateurs and AHD (Australsko hrvatsko društvo), 146 AHNO (Australsko hrvatski narodni odpor), 87, 90 Akcija 10. travnja (Tenth of April Action), 23, 45 Akcija Raduša, 138, 226ո87 Albania, 88, 90 Algeria, 8, 76, 202n25 ALN (Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista), 45, 46 ALP (Australian Labor Party), 148-149, 229—230ո32 Amnesty: 37; Law of 1962 (SFRJ), 65, 68, 198ո88 anarchists, 1, 83, 86, 204ո58 Andabak, Ivan, 133, 224ո64 Andres, Doris (alias). See Coblenz, Brunhilde Andric, Adolf, 225ո77. See also Operacija Feniks Andrić, Ilija, 27 anticolonialism, 1, 8, 76-77, 86, 156, 202ո25 anticommunism: 25, 37, 40, 60, 115, 127, 185ո30, 223ո48, 229ո27; appeal of, 71, 157-58; Australian governmental, 146-147, 149, 150, 228n22, 229n24, 229n27; as common struggle, 7, 28, 29-31, 119; extortion and, 67; Jelič, Branko and, 119, 121-125, 22ІПІ5; liberal democracy and, 87, 174; Pavelič, Ante and, 22, 27, 30-31; political expediency and, 17-18, 87-91, 121-125; Red Scare and, 187n51; Tito-Stalin split and, 28; typologies of communism and, 205n65; Ustašism and, 17-18, 22, 31, 205n68 Anticommunist Legion (Argentina), 30-31 anti-Serbianism: 49, 173-74; anticommunism and, 86, 205n65; semi-émigré radicals and, 91-94, 97, 141-42, 209nn97-98, 227nl; Ustašism and, 17, 22, 41, 71 antiterrorism measures: 9-10, 140, 142-43, 151-52, 162, 165-66, 167-68; in Australia, 145-151;
in fascist Italy, 21; in the FRG, 104, 128,143,145, 153-54, 231n55; in royalist Yugoslavia, 21; in Sweden, 143-145, 228nl3, 228n20; in the United States, 154, 165-66. See also Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti); Udba targeted assassinations Apostol Plemić (alias). See Andrić, Adolf
264 Index Artuković, Andrija, 26 Asančaić, Ivan, 28 ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Organisation): 71, 217n87, 2245n69; anticommunism of, 146-50, 227n8, 229n24, 229n27; attitude towards Croatian emigrants of, 142, 146-51, 227n8, 229n27, 229֊ 30n32; characterization of separatist violence by, 2, 106-7; charter of, 228-29n23; cooperation with the CPF by, 150-151, 229n29; foreign state security services and, 147, 229n28; Murphy, Lionel and, 149151, 230n37; revolutionary ideology and, 229n27; Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security and, 150; Udba and, 116, 147, 229n28 Assassinations (Udba). See Udba targeted assassinations Auschwitz. See Bleiburg: compared to Auschwitz Australia: 1, 2, 115; accommodation of radicals by, 142, 145-151; anticommunism and, 146-50, 227n8, 228n22, 229n24, 229n27; antiterrorism measures in, 145-152, 154, 162, 165, 167-68; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2, 10, 106-7, 145-48, 199n96, 229֊30n32; Croatian organizations in, 28, 40-41, 46, 53, 65, 73, 87, 114, 134, 140, 146, 155; elections (1972) in, 148-49; migration to, 25, 33, 45, 100, 199n96, 229n27; radical training camps in, 67, 100; rivalries among organizations and, 45-46, 51, 53; SFRJ and, 138, 149, 226n85; terrorist attacks in, 104, 118, 126, 134, 140, 141-42, 148-49, 158; Udba activities in, 9, 116, 147, 229n28. See also ASIO Australian Croatian Association. See AHD Australian Labor Party. See ALP Australo-Croatian National Resistance. See AHNO Austria: 26, 36, 105, 107, 133, 222n27; assassination plot against Tito in, 107; border with SFRJ of, 20, 64-65, 136; Križari
and, 29; refugee camps in, 25, 27,40,61, 100. See also Austro-Hungarian Empire; Bleiburg; Polarka military plan Austro-Hungarian Empire, 19, 36 Baader-Meinhof Group. See RAF (Rote Armee Fraktion) Badurina, Joseph, 163 Bakarić, Vladimir, 89, 124, 152, 207n82, 22ІПІ9 Barešić, Miro, 129-130, 138-39, 163֊ 165, 234η 107 Bayo, Alberto, 225-26n77 Bebió, Max, 169-170 Behr, Fritz, 157 Belgium, 65, 101, 104, 126, 154, 235nl6 Benčič, Gino, 107 Bewegung 2. Juni, 153 Bijedić, Džemai, 134, 149 Bilandžić, Stipe, 160-162 bilateral agreements: 114; FRG-SFRJ, 65, 114, 120, 153-54, 160, 198ո89; Sweden-SFRJ, 144; Sweden-Spain, 139; Finland-Soviet Union, 121-22 biological destruction (of the Croats). See genocide (of the Croats) BKA (Bundeskriminalamt), 111, 153 Black Legion. See Crna legija Black September Organization. See Munich Olympics Bleiburg massacre: as absolution for crimes of NDH, 79-80; British role in, 22, 28; compared to Auschwitz, 79; issue of number of victims, 22-23, 79; Križni put (Way of the Cross), 22-23, 78, 79; leadership of the NDH and, 39, 80-81; national reconciliation and, 207n81; Partisans’ involvement in, 84; postwar
Index émigrés assassinated at, 107,169; radicalization and, 7, 80-81, 203n39, 225-26n77; victimhood discourses related to, 7, 16, 23, 78-81, 202n32, 202n34. See also genocide (of the Croats): Bleiburg as an example of Boban, Rafael, 26, 27 Bodenseegruppe, 105, 214n58 Bonn Mehlem Attack. See trade mission attack (Bonn Mehlem) Boock, Peter-Jürgen, 160-161 Bovegno, 20 Brajković, Anđelko, 129-130, 138-39 Brajković, Vic, 169-170 Brandt, Willy, 120 Brekalo, Jozo, 159 Brkič, Križan, 163 Buć, Stjepan, 59,195ո52 Buconjić, Marijan, 159 Bugojno Group. See Operacija Feniks Bulajić, Milan, 155 Bulgaria, 21, 88, 123, 126 Bulltofta skyjacking. See hijacking: of SAS flight 130 Bušić, Bruno, 78, 169, 225n75 Bušić, Julienne (née Eden Schultz), 155-59, 232n72, 232n74 Bušić, Zvonko, 155-159, 169, 232ո74, 232ո79, 234ПІ07 Canada: 25, 53,115,168,186ո45,193ո23; Croatian emigrant rhetoric in, 78,79, 89, 130; Jelič, Branko and, 125,221-22ո25; Serbian terrorism in, 154-55,208n90; Tuđman, Franjo and, 171-72,175 Caritas, 40-41, 66 Carter, Jimmy, 232nn75-76 Castro, Fidel, 136, 225n77 Catholic Church: 28, 35, 96, 100, 115-16, 163, 208n91; Jelič, Branko and, 40-41, 46, 57, 122; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 45, 46; Maček, Vladko and, 40; Pavelič, Ante and, 40, 41, 45, 46; Perón, Juan and, 45; royalist Yugoslavia and, 96, 265 107, 209ո5; SFRJ and, 35, 57, 63, 197ո78, 218nl05. See also Vatican Central Committee of Croatian Associations in Europe. See SOHDE Četniks, 42, 54,91, 111, 113-14 Chernozemski, Vlado, 21 China, 88,121 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): 27, 30, 31, 121, 138, 150; training and
employment of anticommunists by, 194-95Ո45, 223n48, 226n84 Cikoja, Anthony, 163 Ciliga, Ante, 59-60, 195n56, 195-96n58 Coblenz, Brunhilde, 108-9, 216n79 Cold War: as context and milieu, 7, 12, 29, 32, 69, 74, 102, 114; Croatian separatism’s role in, 7, 28-32, 51-52, 74-77, 87-89, 119-126, 201~2nl9, 206n76; détente in, 7, 120-121; Great Power confrontation in, 7-8, 28-32, 74-75, 88-89, 206n77; SFRJ’s role in, 31, 63, 76, 88, 114-116, 120-126, 137, 198n89 Cominform(ists), 28, 124, 185nl8, 197n79, 221n23 Comintern, 34 Committee of Croatian Associations in Australia. See SOHDA Commonwealth Police Force (Australia). See CPF Communist Party of Australia. See CPA Communist Party of Yugoslavia. See KPJ Congo, 8, 76 Coordinating Committee of Croatians (Toronto), 192nl0 CPA (Communist Party of Australia), 146, 228n22 CPF (Commonwealth Police Force [of Australia]): 90, 147-48, 20ІПІ0; cooperation with ASIO by, ISO151, 229n29; raids of separatist organizations by, 75, 83, 169-70; role in Murphy Raid of, 149-50; visit of Bijedić to Australia and, 149
266 Index Crna legija, 26, 129 Croatian Armed Forces. See HOS Croatian Association. See HZ Croatian Benevolent and Cultural Society of New Zealand. See Yugoslav Society Marshall Tito Croatian Catholic Welfare Centre (Sydney), 100 Croatian Crusaders’ Brotherhood. See HKB Croatian Defense Council. See Hrvatsko vijeće obrane Croatian Democratic Committee. See HDO Croatian Democratic Union. See HDZ Croatian Eagle Union. See Hrvatski orlovski savez Croatian Fraternal Union. See HBZ Croatian Liberation Force, 161 Croatian Liberation Movement. See HOP Croatian National Committee. See HNO Croatian National Council. See HNV Croatian National Resistance. See Otpor Croatian National Resistance-Friends of the Drina. See Hrvatski narodni odpor-Prijatelji Drine Croatian National Socialist Party. See HNSS ■Croatian Nationalist Army, 163-65 Croatian Peasant Party. See HSS Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood. See HRB Croatian Rights Republican Youth. See HPRO Croatian Six (Australia), 169-170, 235nl5 Croatian Socialist Guerilla Army, 134 Croatian Society Drina. See Kroatischer Verein Drina e.V. Croatian Spring, 130-134, 136, 172, 224n60 Croatian State-Forming Party. See HDS Croatian Statehood Movement. See HDP Croatian Worker’s Union for Germany. See HRS Crusaders’ Organization. See Križarska organizacija Cuba, 2, 8, 76, 120, 136, 225n77 Cuban Missile Crisis, 120 Čučurović, Sava, 105 Čudić, Vladimir, 233n84 Curie, Mirko, 103, ПО, 216-17ո86 Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 36, 43 Cvitanović, Josip, 108-9, 216ո79 Dabčević-Kučar, Savka, 131-132 Damjanovič, Jozo, 152 Dapčević, Peko, 84 Đapić, Anto,
170 Debray, Régis, 82-83, 204ո54 Department of the Protection of the People (of SFRJ). See Ozna deradicalization, 3, 6, 10, 12, 26, 154. See also Ustaša movement: deradicalization Devčić, Stipe, 210-1ІП20 Deželić, Berislav Đuro, 108, 110, 215n74 DHS (Department of Homeland Security), 3 diaspora (general): definition of, 5-6; political violence and, 1-5, 15, 176-77; politics and, 6, 13 Đilas, Milovan, 78, 172 displaced persons camps. See refugee camps Dizdar, Vladimir, 159 Đogović, Mladen, 152 Dolo, Drago, 126-27, 222ո29 Domančinović, Dinka, 215n73 Domovinski rat, 164-65, 174-75, 224n64 Dovgan, Albert, 95 Draganović, Krunoslav: HDO and, 58-60, 100; HNO and, 39, 56-58, 59, 60; Jelić, Branko and, 39, 56-58, 196n68; Pavelič, Ante and, 26, 56-57, 60, 184ո5; ratlines and, 26-27, 39, 56-57, 184n5, 184n7; return to SFRJ of, 60-61; San Girolamo degli Illirici and, 26, 57; treasury of the NDH and, 57, 184n7, 194n41; Udba and, 60-61,
Index 194ո41; US Army Intelligence and, 57, 194ո41,194—95ո45 Dragoja, Ivan, 233ո84 Drinjanin. See Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” Dworkin, Henry, 157 Erié, Rudolf, 28, 46, 193n21 executions (SFRJ): Australia and, 138, 226ո85; Bilandžić, Stipe (extradition as tantamount to), 161; of Hrkać, Miljenko, 106,128-29; of Jelič, Ivan 105, 214n58; of Jelik, Drago, 107; Križari and, 45; of members of Operacija Feniks, 138, 226ո85; of Pašti, Geza, 108. See also Udba targeted assassinations extortion: 67-68, 138; scheme (1978), 163-166 extradition: dispute between FRG and SFRJ, 160-62; of Pavelič, Ante, 31-32, 46, 54, 193n28 FALN (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional), 2 fascism: countries friendly to, 25-26, 39, 46, 51, 146, 193n28; ideology and, 22, 34, 86, 90-93,182n47, 205֊ 6n68, 206n69, 207nn88-89, 209n99; instrumentalization of, 9, 64, 113-116, 118-19, 131-32, 133, 135, 137, 225n72, 210nl8, 218֊19nl09; opposition to, 22, 34, 60, 113; radical separatists and, 9, 18, 31, 36, 40, 86, 90-93, 175, 205֊6n68 Favik, Tony (alias). See Barešić, Miro Fazlija, Emin, 233n84 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): 2, 163, 165-166 Federal Criminal Police Office (of the FRG). See BKA fifty-fifty myth, 120-121, 220n8 Fighters for Free Croatia, 155-59 Finland solution. See Jelič, Branko: Finland solution of Forgiarini, Mario, 163 267 Fótié, Konstantin, 37 France: 59, 110, 111, 119, 215n75; assassination of King Aleksandar in, 21; hijacking of TWA flight 355 and, 157; terrorist attacks in, 104,152, 154; Udba activities in, 78, 108, 169, 225n75 Franco, Francisco, 26, 44,46, 55,139,164 FRG (Federal
Republic of Germany): antiterrorism measures in, 102, 104-5, 128, 143, 145, 153-54, 160, 212n35, 231n55; banning of Croatian organizations by, 102, 104, 153, 231n55; bilateral agreements with SFRJ of, 65, 114, 120, 153-54, 160, 198n89; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2, 10; cooperation with SFRJ by, 105, 127, 153-154; as destination for migrants, 25, 62, 65, 143; disputes with SFRJ of, 106, 113-115, 160-62, 216n79, 218֊219nl09; extortion scheme (1978) and, 163; non-Croatian terrorism and, 139, 153, 160-161, 179n2, 227nl0, 228n20; occupation of consulate in Chicago of (1978), 161-62; Ostpolitik of, 120; terrorist attacks in, 10, 95-98, 102-104, 106107, 133, 152-153, 158, 209nnl֊2; toleration of separatists by, 9-10, 113-115, 142; Udba activities in, 103-4, 107-112, 125, 127, 135, 216֊ 17n86; Wirtschaftswunder of, 62. See also BKA Frković, Mate, 59, 107, 195n52 Fumić, Miko, 211ո25 Gavrilović, Milan, 37 genocide (of the Croats): 7, 77-78, 80, 93, 98, 156, 158, 198n87, 203n37; Bleiburg as an example of 7, 78-81 George Street bombings (Sydney), 140, 141-142, 148, 151 Gladić, Nado, 100 Gluić, Ivan, 133
268 Index Goli otok, 103, 129 Gorėta, Franjo, 103-104, ПО, 135, 213ո48, 216—17ո86 Gošnjak, Ivan, 89, 207ո82 Grabovac, Mirko, 106, ПО Grand Central Station (New York City), 161 Greece, 33, 64, 65, 84, 88 Greenwood, Ivor, 147-48, 229n29, 229230n32 Hadri, Enver, 235nl6 Hallstein doctrine, 65, 120, 198n89 HBZ (Hrvatska bratska zajednica), 34-35, 186nn44—46, 187ո51, 232ո73 H DO (Hrvatski demokratski odbor), 58-61, 100, 104, 109 HDP (Hrvatski državotvorni pokret), 225n75 HDS (Hrvatska državotvorna stranka), 27, 41, 49, 51-52, 56, 108 HDZ (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica), 172-173 Hefer, Stjepan, 89, 207n82 hijacking: 2, 9, 15, 126; committed by Serbs, 208n90; of a marine vessel, 83-84; of SAS flight 130, 2, 138140, 141-5, 151, 156, 164, 226n91, 226n94;ofTWA flight 355, 14, 155159, 169, 23In68, 231-232nn71-76; Hilfsaktion für die verfolgte Kirche in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa, 96 historical state rights (Croatian), 19, 30, 36, 60 Hitler, Adolf, 18, 21, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38, 51 HKB (Hrvatsko križarsko bratstvo), 81-4, 93-94, 95-98, 102, 203ո45, 204ո48, 210ո7, 218ո 105. See also trade mission attack (Bonn Mehlem) HNO (Hrvatski narodni odbor): 42, 46, 49, 52, 54; banning in the FRG of, 153; clerical elements in the emigration and, 40-41; founding of, 39; intellectuals and, 40, 41, 59, 189n81; political moderation of, 40, 118-119, 196n68, 202n25, 204n47; Soviet Union and, 122, 124, 206n76; splintering of, 56-61 HNSS (Hrvatska nacionalsocijalistička stranka), 59 HNV (Hrvatsko narodno vijeće), 58-59, 195n54 Hofmann, Sieglinde, 160-161 Holocaust (Croatian), 79, 203ո37. See also genocide (of
the Croats) Homeland War (Croatia). See Domovinski rat HOP (Hrvatski oslobodilački pokret): alternatives to 56, 61, 73, 96, 119; Bleiburg and, 80; establishment of, 52; leadership of, 207n82; oath of, 66; popularity of, 53-54, 55, 58, 73, 111, 204n48; structure of, 53; as true successorio the Ustaša, 52, I92n 16 HOS (Hrvatske oružane snage), 27-28, 30-31, 42, 43, 45, 46, 53 H PRO (Hrvatska pravaška republikanska omladina), 38, 41 HRB (Hrvatsko revolucionarno bratstvo): 104, 108, 145, 148, 152; anticolonialism and, 76; assassinations by members of, 84, 102-104, 106, 107, 212ո40; assassinations of members of 108-110, 135, 169, 216n79, 225n75; attitude towards Serbs by, 91-94; discourses of genocide and, 77-78, 80-81; founding of, 73, 100, 203n45; generational conflict and, 73-74, 77, 80-81, 101; ideology of, 86, 87, 90, 205֊6n68; measures taken against, 102, 144, 229n27; political world view of, 74-75, 88, 101, 138, 202n23, 203֊ 204n46, 206n77; position regarding terrorism and political violence of, 81-85, 122, 204n48, 204n55, 210nl8; religion and, 208n91; revolutionary thinking of, 75-76, 81-85, 136; youth and, 74, 81, 97. See also Operacija Feniks; Operation Kangaroo
Index Hrkać, Mi lj enko, 105-6, 127-29, 222ո39 HRS (Hrvatski radnički savez za Njemačku), 53 Hrvatski domobran, 28, 38, 43, 196n68 Hrvatski narodni odpor-Prijatelji Drine, 153 Hrvatski orlovski savez, 96, 107 Hrvatsko kolo, 34 Hrvatsko vijeće obrane, 224n64 HSP (Hrvatska stranka prava), 19-20, 38 HSS (Hrvatska seljačka stranka): in exile, 35-37, 58, 188ո68, 207ո82; interwar, 20, 36, 187nn57—58; wartime, 21, 36 Humo, Avdo, 89,207ո82 Hungary: 3, 20, 99; 1956 Revolution of, 76, 202ո23; domination over Croatia of, 19, 36, 78, 20ІПІ8, 210nl4; as potential ally for Croatian separatists, 88. See also AustroHungarian Empire; Polarka military plan HZ (Hrvatska zajednica). See HBZ Ickstadt, Werner, 161-162 identity (Croatian): 186n38; diasporic discourses surrounding, 77-81, 173-75; language and, 131, 199n96, 223n51; national-myths and, 15-16; pre-war migrants and, 33; religion and, 36, 40-41, 44, 45, 46, 120, 89n84, 208n91; victimhood and, 7-8, 15-16, 23, 77-81, 84, 93, 174, 183n59, 202n34; within the socialist republic of Croatia, 130-31, 223n51 ideology: 139, 165, 219n3; anti-ideology, 18, 86; anti-Serbian, 91-94; class and, 205-6n68; communist, 34, 59, 62-64, 89; development of, 7, 9, 17-76; fascist, 22, 34, 86, 90-93, 182n47, 205-6n68, 206n69, 207nn88֊89, 209n99; flexibility of, 17-18, 86-91, 93-94, 122; HNO and, 40, 46; moralizing, 15, 114; national reconciliation and, 89, 269 173, 207n81; Pavelič, Ante and, 27, 46, 55; radicalization and, 11, 68, 115; religion and, 189n84, 208n91; revolutionary, 229n27; of semiémigré radicals, 17-18, 86-94, 205֊6n68; of SFRJ, 62-64; of Ustaše,
18, 20, 22, 40, 81, 87, 92, 182n47, 189n84, 205-6nn68֊67, 208n91, 222n29 Ilić, Andrija, 43 IMRO (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization). See VMRO Independent State of Croatia. See NDH INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization), 154 Islam, 40, 44, 208n91, 223n48 Italy: 26, 33, 62, 78, 99, 104, 111; border with SFRJ of, 60, 64-65, 99-100; Croatian separatist organizations in, 56-60; NDH and, 21-22, 39; refugee camps in, 25, 27, 40, 61, 100; royalist Yugoslavia and, 20, 21, 129; SFRJ and, 65, 137; Soviet Union and, 59-60; Ustaše and, 20, 21, 44. See also Mussolini, Benito Janka Puszta, 20 Jasenovac: 22, 26; Bleiburg and, 80, 202ո34; Ciliga, Ante and, 59-60, 195-96n58; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 26, 42, 43, 110; Maček, Vladko and, 36; revisionist history of, 80, 195֊96n58, 202n34, 207n81, 215n72 JAT (Jugoslovenski Aero-Transport): 99, 133, 153; bombing of JAT flight 367, 134-135, 141, 225n76 Jelic, Branko: 89, 207ո82, 221֊22ո25; anticolonialism and, 202ո25; attempted abduction of, 107; attempted assassination of, 125; blamelessness for the crimes of the Ustaše and NDH of, 39; Bleiburg and, 39; clerical elements in the
270 Jelié, Branko (continued) emigration and, 40-41; death of, 125; decline of, 56-61, 195n52; Draganović, Krunoslav and, 39, 56-58, 196n68; Finland solution of, 119-126, 206n76, 220nl4; intellectuals and, 40; HNV and, 58-59; HPRO and, 38; Hrvatski domobran and, 38; Križari and, 39; Pavelič, Ante and, 38-41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 55; political moderation of, 38, 40, 43, 119, 196n68, 204n48, 220n4, 22ІПІ5; religion and 40-41, 45; SFRJ portrayals of, 118-19, 219n3; Soviet Union and, 121126, 206n76, 221n21; wartime incarceration of, 39. See also HNO (Hrvatski narodni odbor) Jelié, Ivan (brother of Branko), 214ո54 Jelié, Ivan (train station bombings, Belgrade), 104-105, 214n54, 214n58 Jelik, Drago, 107, 108 Jews, 22, 42, 79, 195-96Ո58, 203n37, 207n81 Jovović, Blagoje, 54 Jurjevič, Marijan, 134, 224-25ո69 Kantonéi, Rudolf, 215n73 Karađorđević, Aleksander. See King Aleksandar Kardelj, Edvard, 130, 22ІПІ9 Kardum, Ante, 103, 106, 127 Kardum, Stanko, 103, 106, 212n40 Kavran, Božidar “Božo”, 23, 45 Kažnjenička Bojna, 224n64 Kelava, Božo, 161-62 King Aleksandar, 20, 21, 32, 55, 99, 118 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. See royalist Yugoslavia Klaić, Emil, 43 Klárié, Andrija, 102-103, 104, 106, 108, 127, 218nl08 Kodžoman, Mile, 161-62 Kokotović, Ilija, 169-170 Kokotović, Joe, 169-170 Index Kolendié, Anton, 123, 126-27, 222ո27 Kosovar Albanians, 160, 216n80, 235nl6 KPJ (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije), 59, 129 Krek, Miha, 37 Križari (Crusaders), 23, 25, 29, 39, 42, 45, 129, 185ո20. See also НКВ Križarska organizacija, 96, 107 Križni put. See Bleiburg: Križni put (Way of the Cross)
Krleža, Miroslav, 89, 207n82 Krnjević, Juraj, 36, 221 ո21 Kroatischer Verein Drina e.V., 153 Krpan, Marko, 152 Krtalić, Josip, HI Kulenović, Džafer-beg, 26,27,44, 108, 110 Kulenovié, Nahid, 96, 108, 109, ПО, 127, 216—17ո86 Kutuzović, Ivan, 105, 214ո58 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido, 21 Kvaternik, Eugen, 19 LaGuardia Airport bombing, 232n79, 234nl07 Lake Constance Group. See Bodenseegruppe League of Communists of Croatia. See SKH League of Communists of Yugoslavia. See SKJ Leko, Vlado, 211ո25 Lemo, Marinko, 130, 138-139 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 29, 30, 86, 205ո62 Liberal Party (of Australia), 146-150, 207n87, 228֊29nn22-23, 229n27, 229-30n32 Lika Uprising. See Velebit Uprising Lisac, Nikola, 138-39 Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks”: 89, 207n82; assassination of, 110-111, 112, 117, 118, 133; break with Pavelič, Ante of, 42-47, 49, 51, 53; clerical elements in the diaspora and, 45, 46; decline of, 55-56, 59, 118; devotion to Pavelič,
Index Ante of, 42; emigration to Spain of, 26; HOS and, 28, 43, 46; Jasenovac and, 26, 41-42, 43; Križari and 42; liquidation of enemies by, 42, 49; religion and, 45. See also Otpor (Hrvatski narodni otpor) Lütgendork, Karl, 137 Maček, Vladko: as alternative to Pavelič, Ante, 35-38; exile politics of, 36-37, 188nn68-69; as head of interwar HSS, 36, 187n58; rejection of offer to lead the NDH by, 21-22, 36; relationship with Pavelič, Ante and the Ustaša of, 36, 187n60; religion and, 40, 45. See also Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 36, 43 Majić, Timothy, 163 Marič, Jure, 20ІПІ0 Maričić, Vid, 109-110 Martinez, David, 215n73 Martinovié, Nikola, 169 maspok. See Croatian Spring Matanić, Petar, 155-59, 232ո74 Matica Hrvatska, 35 Matičević, Ivan, 152, 230n47 Matošie, Duka, 112 McTigue, Terence, 157 Medič, Radomir, 159 Medič, Rafael, 96, 97-98, 102, 212ո35 migration (general): distinction between economic and political, 16-17, 62-63; forced migration and genocide, 78, 198n87; networks of, 66, 197n81, 199n96; political violence and, 2-6, 176-77 Mikulić, Blago, 128, 129, 138-39 Mikulić, Franjo, 233ո84 Miličevič, Nikola, 233n84 Miličevič, Stanislav, 130, 138-39 Miloševič, Slobodan, 172, 173 Milovanovič, Sava, 103-104, 106, 107, 110, 135, 212n43, 213n48 Ministry for State Security (of the GDR). See Stasi 271 Misimović, Vitomir, 169-170 Mohnhaupt, Brigitte, 160-161 Montreal Convention, 139 MPE (Movimiento Peronista de los Extranjeros), 45 Muftié, Mahmut (also Mahmoud), 223ո48 Munich Olympics (1972), 139, 153, 179ո2, 227nl0 Murphy, Lionel: 148-151; raid on ASIO, 149-151, 230n37 Murray, Brian
J., 157-159 Mussolini, Benito, 20, 21, 34, 36, 44, 51, 55, 59 National Croatian Society. See NHZ National Liberation Front. See FLN national reconciliation, 89, 173-174, 202n34, 207n81, 215n72 Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina). See ALN Nazi(s): 18-19, 21, 22; acceptance by radical separatists of, 90; defeat of, 22, 39; extermination camps of, 22, 79; NDH and, 22, 28, 31, 34, 39, 55, 90; racism of, 92; ratlines and, 26-27, 31, 56; Tito’s regime as being, 133; as topic in relations between SFRJ and FRG, 113-115, 218— 219nl09; wartime Yugoslavia and, 51, 129. See also neo-Nazism NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska): anniversary of establishment of, 23, 27, 54, 97, 192nl0; defeat of, 6, 22, 32, 42, 72; establishment of, 8, 21, 39, 41, 51; former leaders in the emigration of, 26-27, 59, 60, 77, 107, 108 195n56, 207n82; genocide and other crimes committed by, 16, 22, 39, 42, 43, 51, 54, 79-80, 188n68; ideology in, 206n69; lack of support by earlier emigrants for, 34-35; land ceded to Italy by, 39, 44; as Nazi puppet state, 90; overview of, 183n58; Pavelič, Ante as leader of,
272 Index N DH (continued) 41, 51; postwar attempts to distance from, 35, 39-40,51,69,77, 119, 189n81, 192n 10; postwar cult of 13, 25; postwar rehabilitation of, 16, 51, 79-80, 173-174, 215n72; role of religion in, 208n91; state treasury of, 184n7 Nekić, Mile, 169-170 neo-Nazism, 18-19 neo-Ustašism, 18-19, 175 New Zealand, 2, 33, 45, 134, 187nn53-54 NHZ (Narodna hrvatska zajednica), 186ո44. See also H BZ Nikolič, Daniel, 163 Nixon, Richard M., 120, 121 non-violence, 3, 14, 43, 78, 81-82, 92, 133, 155 Novakovič, Magdalena, 105 Oblak, Josip, 100, 20ІПІ0, 211ո25 Obradović, Ratko, ПО, 216-17ո86 Odak, Žarko, 105, 214ո58 Omega 7, 2 Operacija Feniks: 136-138, 183nl, 225n77, 226ո79, 226п87; Australian government’s reaction to, 138, 147; CIA involvement in, 226n83; George Street bombings and, 140; Soviet involvement in, 137, 226n83; SFRJ response to, 136-137, 138,169, 226n85 Operacija Gvardijan, 23, 129 Operation Guardian. See Operacija Gvardijan Operation Kangaroo: 99-102, 183nl, 211n22, 211n25, 226n86; Operacija Feniks and, 126, 137-138; SFRJ response to, 108; trade mission attack and, 101, 102, 104 Operation Phoenix. See Operacija Feniks Orlović, Branko, 100 Orthodox Church, 40, 120, 208ո91 Otpor (Hrvatski narodni otpor): 49, 144, 153, 160; as alternative to Pavelič and Jelič, 46, 54, 61, 119; American branch of, 46, 165-66, 168, 193ո21, 234nIll; decline of, 55-56; founding of, 46; political position of, 46-47, 81, 89, 98-99, 204n48 Ozna (Odjeljenje za zaštitu naroda), 107, 129, 181 ոՅՕ, 203ո37, 223ո49 Pacta Conventa, 75, 201 n 18 Palme, Olaf, 234η 107 Papac, Ilija, 233ո84
Paraguay, 139, 152, 163-64 Pašalič, Božo, 105, 214ո58 Pašti, Geza, 108, 20ІПІ0, 215ո75 Pavelič, Ante: 49, 96, 146, 193ո21; ALN and, 45; assassination of King Aleksandar and, 21; Bleiburg and, 80; Bosnia and, 40, 43-44, 45; Croatian government in exile and, 27; death of, 54-55, 56, 58, 207n82; Draganović, Krunoslav and, 56-57, 60; emigration to Argentina of, 26-27, 184n5; establishment of the Ustaša movement and, 20, 52, 183n54, 192nl0; extradition request by SFRJ of, 31-32, 46, 54,193n28; Franco, Francisco and, 55; generational conflict and, 18-19, 46, 61, 72-73, 86; geographic isolation of, 38, 46; Great Powers and, 28-31, 32; HDS and, 27, 51-51, 56; Hitler, Adolf and, 22; HOP and, 52-54, 56, 192nl6, 204n48, 207n82; HOS and, 27-28, 30-31, 53; interwar terrorism and, 8, 20-21, 99, 140; Jelič, Branko and, 38-41, 118, 119, 189n81; Korean War and, 30-31; leadership of NDH and, 21-22; Lorković-Vokić plot and, 27; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 41-47, 49, 110, 118; Maček, Vladko and, 35-36; Mussolini, Benito and, 20, 22, 44; Perón, Juan and, 26, 30, 45,46, 193n28; postwar cult of, 25, 50-51; pre-World War II Croatian emigrants and, 32-35; religion and, 40,45; Soviet Union and, 28-29;
Index Stojadinović, Milan, meeting with, 43-45; VMRO and, 20; World War III and, 29-30 Pejačević, Marko, 27 Penavić, Ante, 105-6 Perän, Miroslav, 96 Perčec, Gustav, 32 Perčić, Franjo, 95, 102, 210nl4, 212n35 Perié, Stijepo, 26 Perkovič, Krešimir, 211ո25 Perón, Juan, 26, ЗО, 32, 44, 45, 46, 185ո27, 193ո28 Peronist Movement for Foreigners. See MPE Perovič, Pavle, 153 Pešut, Frane, 155-59, 232ո74 Petrič, Damir, 233n84 Petrič, Jakša, 159 PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army), 9, 118 Pirker, Pero, 131-132 PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 9, 118, 153 Podrug, Branko, 211ո25 poglavnik. See Ante Pavelič political violence. See terrorism Popovič, Momčilo, 95, 102, 210nl4 propaganda of the deed, 83-84, 86, 127, 156 Protulipac, Ivan, 107 Prpič, Mate, 152, 230n47 Prskalo, Rudolf, 138-39 Pšeničnik, Srećko, 43 Puerto Rican Armed Forces of National Liberation. See FALN Radas, Mirko, 133 Radić, Stjepan, 20, 36, 187ոո57֊58 radicalization: 99, 104, 106, 148, 162; accommodation of, 9-10, 113-115, 142, 145-151; cold war political landscape and, 7, 12, 74-77, 87—89, 119-126, 201֊2nl9, 206n76; factional competition and, 6, 26, 5061-69, 71-72, 98, 107, 116, 165; 273 generational conflict and, 6-8, 11, 18-19, 68-69, 71-81, 86, 94; ideology and, 11, 17-18, 68, 86-94, 115, 205֊6n68, 229n27; institutional pressure and, 10, 40-41, 61-69, 71-72, 97; landscapes of violence and, 7-9, 117-18; migration and, 2-6, 20, 177; of only a minority, 10, 71, 158; personal insecurity and, 68; state actors and, 9-10, 112-116, 117-18, 126, 214n69, 219nl; youth and, 6-8, 46-47, 64-65, 73-74, 97-98,199n96 RAF
(Rote Armee Fraktion), 9, 153, 160-161, 227nl0, 228ո20, Ranković, Aleksandar. 84, 130, 223n49 ratlines: 26-27, 39, 56-57, 184ո5, 184ո7; Western intelligence and, 31, 186ո32, 194—95ո45 Ravensburggruppe. See Bodenseegruppe Reagan, Ronald, 192nl0 Rebrina, Tomislav, 138-39 refugee camps, 25, 27, 65-66, 68, 100,199n96 Relief for the Persecuted Church in Central and Eastern Europe. See Hilfsaktion für die verfolgte Kirche in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa religion. See under Catholic Church; HRB (Hrvatsko revolucionarno bratstvo); identity (Croatian); ideology; Jelič, Branko; Luburić, Vj ekoslav “Maks”; Maček, Vladko; NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska); Orthodox Church; Pavelič, Ante; Vatican reparations (FRG to SFRJ), 114-115 revolutionary vanguard, 84-86, 102, 127, 136, 149, 167, 205n62, RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) Act, 165 Rogić, Dara, 102-103 Rolović, Vladimir, 129-130, 131, 138, 139, 143, 164, 224ո57
274 Index Roma, 22,42, 207ո81 Rover, Srećko, 28, 45-46, 51, 192nll royalist Yugoslavia, 8, 19-21, 28, 35-37, 43,51,59,99, 186ո38 Rudela, Mario, 163 Rukavina, Mile, 96, 109-110 Šakić, Dinko, 26 San Girolamo degli Illirici. See Draganović, Krunoslav: San Girolamo degli Illirici and Säpo (Säkerhetspolisen), 143-144, 227ո6, 227ո8 Šarac, Dane, 105, 106, 214η 58 SDB (Služba državne bezbednosti), 181n30 Secret Revolutionary Ustaša Formations. See TRUP Secret Ustaša Movement. See TUP Security Service (of Sweden). See Säpo semi-émigrés: anti-Serbianism of, 91-94, 97, 141-42, 209nn97֊98, 227nl; attempted recruitment by older émigrés of, 11, 61-62, 64-69, 71-72; definition of term, 16-17; demographic profile of, 6, 7, 64-65; economic origins of, 62-63; generational conflict and, 6-8, 11, 18-19, 61, 68-69, 71-81, 86, 94, 101; ideology of, 17-18, 86-94, 205-6n68; political origins of, 62-64; strategic thinking of, 7-12, 31, 73-77, 81-93, 98-9, 117-25, 138, 140-43, 155-56, 176, 204n54, 225n77; Senić, Josip, 103, 104, 135 Senja, Jan, 137, 226ո81 Serbian terrorism, 154-155, 208ո90 Ševo, Stjepan, 169, 225ո75 Ševo, Tatjana, 169, 225ո75 SFRJ (Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija): anniversary of establishment of, 95, 126; Australia and, 138, 149; breakup of, 2, 12—13, 173-75, 195~96n58, 236n26; Catholic Church and, 35, 57, 63, 197n78, 218nl05; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2; Cold War politics and, 31, 63, 76, 88, 114-116, 120-126, 137, 198n89; courting of emigrants by, 35; economics of, 62-63; extradition of Pavelič, Ante and, 31-32, 46, 54,193n28; fear of Soviet
invasion and, 120-125; FRG and, 65, 113-15, 120, 153-54, 160-62, 198n89, 218֊219nl09; ideology of, 62-64; as imperialist country, 8, 76-77, 86, 156, 202n25; Italy and, 65, 137; migration from, 6, 11, 16, 25-26, 33, 40-41, 62-65, 71-72, 197-98nn81֊82, 199n96; PLO and, 153; self-management and, 63, 171, 196֊97n72; Sweden and, 144; terrorist attacks in: 2, 99-102, 104-107,132-34, 136-138, 152, 183nl, 225n77, 226n79, 226n87; unemployment in, 62-63, 196n69; United States and, 32, 34, 206n74, 2I8nn 107-8. See also Amnesty: Law of 1962; executions (SFRJ); Tito, Josip Broz; Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti); Udba targeted assassinations Šimac, Zvonko, 163 Šimundić, Marijan, 103, 108-9, 216n79 Sinđelić, Vladimir, 168 Sindičić, Vinko, 225n75 SKH (Savez komunista Hrvatske), 124, 131-133, 152, 17!, 207n82, 219n3 SKJ (Savez komunista Jugoslavije), 109, 124, 131, 132 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. See SFRJ SOHDA (Središnji odbor hrvatskih družtava Australije), 53 SOHDE (Središnji odbor hrvatskih družtava Evrope), 53 Soviet Union: 12, 34, 59-60, 126, 147; Cold War politics and, 28-29, 31,88, 121-22, 147, 222ո27;
Index cooperation with Croats by, 28-29, 31, 76, 87, 90-91,120-26, 137, 206n76, 22Խ21; Eastern Bloc and, 63,137, 147,196-7, 72; invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 120-23; Polarka military plan and, 137, 226n84; World War II and, 22, 28. See also Tito-Stalin split Spain: 25, 128; Civil War of; 44, 84, 225n77; hijacking of SAS flight 130 and, 139, 145, 164; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 26 ,46, 110, 112; Pavelič, Ante and, 55. See also Franco, Francisco Spry, Charles, 146 Stalin, Joseph, 29, 30, 59, 120. See also Tito-Stalin split Stanič, Ilija, ПО, 217ո89 Starčević, Ante, 19, 208ո91 Stasi (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit), 151, 161, 167-168 State Security Administration (of SFRJ). See Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti) State Security Service (of SFRJ). See SDB Statue of Liberty, 168 Štedul, Nikola, 225n75 Štempihar, Mira, 129-130 Stijačič, Radovan, 106-7, 112 Stojadinovič, Milan. See Pavelič, Ante: Stojadinovič, Milan, meeting with Stojanov, Ante, 130, 138-39 Stojič, Rade, 211n25 Stranka prava, 19 Striskovitch, Frank, 163 Stroessner, Alfredo, 54 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj, 208ո91 Subašić, Josip, 44-45 Sweden: 2, 65 118, 165, 172; antiterrorism measures in, 143145, 151-2, 154, 162, 165, 167-68, 226n91, 226n94, 227n8, 228nl3, 228n20; assassination of Olaf Palme 275 in, 234nl07; emigration to, 102, 129, 144, 145; inattention to Croatian radicals by, 130, 143, 227n8; terrorist attacks in, 12, 128-130, 134, 138140, 141-3, 159, 164. See also Säpo Tapšanji, Dražen, 211ո25 Teroristi (film), 219ոՅ Territorial Defense. See TO terrorism (general): age of, 1, 8-9; counterterrorism and,
9-10, 174; definition of, 13-15; escalation of, 9, 117-18, 126, 140-43, 219nl; historiography and, 1-2, 4-5, 13, 15, 175-76; history of, 1-2, 204n58; instrumentalization of, 3; migration and, 1-5, 177; as minority problem, 10, 71-72; moral dimensions of, 15, 140-41; passive support for, 71, 158; perpetrators of, 1-5; psychological dysfunction and, 10-11; revolutionary strategy and, 81-86, 93, 118-19, 170-71, 205n62; state responses to, 117; unprecedented nature of, 1-2 Tito, Josip Broz: 84, 89, 91, 95, 104, 130,136, 146, 187ո54, 225ո72; assassination of emigrants and, 112; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2; courting by the West of, 32, 34, 206n74; courting of emigrants by, 35, 37, 188n68; Croatian spring and, 130133; cult of personality of, 213n53; death of, 120, 167-69, 235n4; planned assassination of, 106, 110; Titoism, 30, 44, 84. See also SFRJ; Tito-Stalin split Tito-Stalin split, 28-29, 31,185nl8,197n79 TO (Teritorijalna obrana), 136-137, 138 Tolič, Ilija, 100, 201nl0, 211n25 Tolj, Krešimir, 109-110 Topić, Vladimir, 153, 160 trade mission attack (Bonn Mehlem): 95-98, 209n2; FRG response to, 102, 128, 143, 160, 212n35; impact of,
276 Index trade mission attack (continued) 107, 117, 142; Operation Kangaroo and, 101, 102, 104; SFRJ response to, 108; strategic thinking behind; 98, 99; transnational dimension of, 106 train station bombings (Belgrade), 104-7, 109, 141 transnationalism, 1, 2, 5, 20, 98-99, 107, 152, 176-77 Tripalo, Miko, 89, 131-132, 207n82 Trotsky, Leon, 59 TRUP (Tajne revolucionarne ustaške postrojbe), 66, 81-84, 93-94, 109, 203n45, 204ո48 Tuđman, Franjo, 171-173, 175, 195֊ 96n58, 207ո81, 215ո72 TUP (Tajni ustaški pokret), 96-97 Turina, Oskar, 27 Turk, Franjo, 103 UAH (Ujedinjeni američki Hrvati), 193n21 Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti): 23, 45, 105, 106, 127, 128, 203n37; abductions by, 60, 107, 108, 169, 215ո75, 217ո91; agents provocateurs and, 9, 61, 115-116, 147, 169-70; ASIO and, 142, 147; infiltration of separatist groups by, 9, 44-45, 147, 169-70; informants and agents for, 61, 103, 153, 164-65, 217n89, 222n27; leadership of 129, 130, 223n49; placement of agents in embassies by, 103-104, 115, 212n43; usage of term, 181 ոՅՕ, 227n6. See also Udba targeted assassinations Udba targeted assassinations: 9, 103-4, 107—112, 116, 117, 126-27, 168-170, 196n60, 214n70, 2I4-15nn70-74; attribution of blame for, 110-112, 21415n71, 216֊17n86, 217n92, 217n97, 225n75, 227n5, 234nl07; Beretta 7.65mm, use of 103, 109, 111, 135; Bilandžić, Stipe, 161; Bušić, Bruno, 78, 169, 225n75; failed attempts, 107, 108, 110, 125,169, 217n91; in the immediate postwar period, 107-108, 215n 73; Jelié, Branko, 125; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks”, 110; non-Croats, 110, 216ո80, 216—17ո86,235ո16; Pavelič, Ante, 54;
question of number killed, 110-11, 168-69, 215n72; recruitment for, 103-4,213n48, 216֊ 17n86; as reprisal for the killing of SFRJ officials, 108-9; in response to Operacija Feniks, 169, 225ո75; in response to Operation Kangaroo, 108; in response to the trade mission attack, 108; in response to the train station and 20. Oktobar cinema bombings, 109-110; Rolović, Vladimir’s role in, 129; Senić, Josip, 103,104,135; Šimundić, Marijan, 108-9, 216ո79 UHNj (Ujedinjeni Hrvati Njemačke), 53, 96, 105, 109, 193n21 United American Croats. See UAH United Croats of West Germany. See UHNj United Nations, 31, 159-161. See also Yugoslav Mission to the United Nations United States: 2, 3, 38, 115-16, 22122n25; antiterrorism measures in, 154, 165-66, 167-68; appeal to history of, 14-15, 156, 158,232n75; Argentina and, 32; Army of, 26, 57, 152, 160; civil liberties and, 162-63; classification of Croatian separatists by, 2; Cold War politics and, 28-29, 32, 88, 120-22, 206n74; Croatian separatist organizations in, 46, 53, 154, 155, 161, 163, 165-66, 193n21, 193n23; loss of faith in, 74-75; migration to, 25, 32-33, 36; politics of prewar migrants in, 33-35, 186n45, 186n47, 187n51; relations with SFRJ of, 32, 34, 206n74, 218nnl07-8; Serbian terrorism in, 154-55, 208n90; SFRJ courting of emigrants in, 35; terrorist attacks
Index in, 154-165, 168, 232ո79, 233ո82; Udba activities in, 9. See also CIA (Central Intelligence Agency); FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) UNS (Ustaška nadzorna služba), 41-42, 107 Uremović, Marko, 105, 214n58 Ursa, Hrvoje, 109 Ustaša Defense. See Ustaša obrana Ustaša movement: Axis Powers and, 20, 21-22, 26, 28, 31, 34, 35, 38, 51-52, 56; Bleiburg and 22-23, 39, 80; deradicalization of, 6, 11, 25-26, 38, 49-50, 55, 61, 73-74, 77, 98; in exile, 6, 26-32, 35, 36; genocide and other crimes committed during World War II by, 22, 38-39, 41-42, 183nn58֊59, 184n7, 207n81, 215n72, 219n3; Great Powers and, 28-31, 39, 51-52, 74-77, 119; ideology of, 18, 20, 22, 40, 81, 86-87, 92, 182n47, 189n84, 205֊ 6nn68-67, 206n69208n91, 222n29; intelligentsia and, 39, 41, 189n81; interwar terrorism of, 8, 11, 20-21, 50, 99, 140, 183n55, 210-1 ln20; interwar training camps of, 20; legacy of, 13, 17, 50-52, 95, 99, 127, 129, 140; as movement, 52, 183n54; oath of, 66; opposition by younger emigrants to, 6, 17,18, 68-69, 71-81, 86, 90; origins of, 18-20; postwar emigration of, 25-27, 56; prewar migrants and, 34-35, 38, 186n48, 187n54; radicalization of, 20; rank and file of, 41, 42, 46; revival and rehabilitation in 1990s of, 12, 13, 173-75, 207n81, 215n72; SFRJ instrumentalization of, 113-116, 124, 131-32; Soviet Union and, 28-29, 122-23, 185n20; VMRO and, 20, 21. See also NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska); neo-Ustašism; Ustašism Ustaša obrana, 42 277 Ustaša Surveillance Service. See UNS Ustašism, 6, 13, 17, 18-19, 22, 43, 46, 132, 176 Uzelac, Đuro, 152 Varoš, Miroslav, 56-61, 100, 196n66,
196n68 Vatican, 26, 57, 60, 186ո32 Velebit Uprising, 21, 99, 101, 210nl9 Virkez, Vico (alias). See Misimović, Vitomir Vlašić, Slobodan, 155-59, 232ո74 VMRO (Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija), 20, 21 von Puttkamer, Jesco, 160 Vrančić, Vjekoslav, 26, 27, 28-29, 43, 89, 207n82 Vrhovec, Josip, 219n3 Vučeković, Momčilo, 152 Vučinić, Milan, 230ո47 Vujičević, Ivan, 128, 129, 138-39, 222ո39 Vukić, Ante, 96 Vuletich, Eduardo, 44 Vulović, Vesna, 134-35, 225ո72 Wagner, Rolf Clemens, 160-161 Warsaw Pact: 147; invasion of Czechoslovakia by, 120-22, 137; Polarka Military Plan of, 137, 226n84 Way of the Cross. See Bleiburg: Križni put (Way of the Cross) Whitlam, Gough, 10, 148-149, 150 World War III, 29-30, 75, 88, 206n77 Yugoslav Air Transport. See JAT (Jugoslovenski Aero-Transport) Yugoslav Mission to the United Nations, 154, 155, 159-60, 162 Yugoslav Society Marshall Tito, 187n53 Yugoslavia. See royalist Yugoslavia; SFRJ Zdovc, Edvin, 153 Zdrilić, Stanko, 211n25 Znaor, Ante, 111 Zvirotić, Tony, 169-170
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Contents Acknowledgments List of Acronyms ix xi Introduction Our Position Is Clear 1 Chapter 1 There Can Be No More Discussion, 1948-1956 25 Chapter 2 In Contradiction to Sociopolitical Norms, 1956-1960 49 Chapter 3 The Facts as They Exist, 1960-1962 71 Chapter 4 All Accounts Have Not Yet Been Settled, 1962-1969 95 Chapter 5 We Have Chosen No One but Ourselves, 1969-1972 117 Chapter 6 Simply, It Comes Down to This, 1972-1980 141 Epilogue Fixated for Many Years on This Day, 1980-1991 167 Notes Bibliography Index About the Author 179 237 263 279
Bibliography Archives Australia: National Archives of Australia, Canberra (NAA) National Archives of Australia, Melbourne (NAA-Melbourne) National Archives of Australia, Sydney (NAA-Sydney) Publications Archives, Parliament of Australia, Canberra (PCA-Senate) University of Melbourne Archives, Melbourne (UMA) Germany: Bundesarchiv (Federal Archives), Koblenz (BA) Bundesbeauftragte für die Stasi-Unterlagen (Office of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives), Berlin (BStU) Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (Political Archives of the Foreign Office), Berlin (PAAA) Serbia: Arhiv Jugoslavije (Archive of Yugoslavia), Belgrade (AJ) Diplomatski arhiv Ministarstva spoljnih poslova Republike Srbije (Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Serbia), Belgrade (DA MSP RS) Croatia: Hrvatski državni arhiv (Croatian National Archives), Zagreb (HDA) United States: National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (NARA) Canada: Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa, ON (LAC) United Kingdom: The National Archives, London (TNA)
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Index 20. oktobar cinema bombing (Belgrade), 105-7, 109, 127, 128, 141 2nd of June Movement. See Bewegung 2. Juni 9/11, 1, 144 Abdala, Carlos, 152 Abramovič, Ilija, 107 agents provocateurs. See Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti): agents provocateurs and AHD (Australsko hrvatsko društvo), 146 AHNO (Australsko hrvatski narodni odpor), 87, 90 Akcija 10. travnja (Tenth of April Action), 23, 45 Akcija Raduša, 138, 226ո87 Albania, 88, 90 Algeria, 8, 76, 202n25 ALN (Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista), 45, 46 ALP (Australian Labor Party), 148-149, 229—230ո32 Amnesty: 37; Law of 1962 (SFRJ), 65, 68, 198ո88 anarchists, 1, 83, 86, 204ո58 Andabak, Ivan, 133, 224ո64 Andres, Doris (alias). See Coblenz, Brunhilde Andric, Adolf, 225ո77. See also Operacija Feniks Andrić, Ilija, 27 anticolonialism, 1, 8, 76-77, 86, 156, 202ո25 anticommunism: 25, 37, 40, 60, 115, 127, 185ո30, 223ո48, 229ո27; appeal of, 71, 157-58; Australian governmental, 146-147, 149, 150, 228n22, 229n24, 229n27; as common struggle, 7, 28, 29-31, 119; extortion and, 67; Jelič, Branko and, 119, 121-125, 22ІПІ5; liberal democracy and, 87, 174; Pavelič, Ante and, 22, 27, 30-31; political expediency and, 17-18, 87-91, 121-125; Red Scare and, 187n51; Tito-Stalin split and, 28; typologies of communism and, 205n65; Ustašism and, 17-18, 22, 31, 205n68 Anticommunist Legion (Argentina), 30-31 anti-Serbianism: 49, 173-74; anticommunism and, 86, 205n65; semi-émigré radicals and, 91-94, 97, 141-42, 209nn97-98, 227nl; Ustašism and, 17, 22, 41, 71 antiterrorism measures: 9-10, 140, 142-43, 151-52, 162, 165-66, 167-68; in Australia, 145-151;
in fascist Italy, 21; in the FRG, 104, 128,143,145, 153-54, 231n55; in royalist Yugoslavia, 21; in Sweden, 143-145, 228nl3, 228n20; in the United States, 154, 165-66. See also Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti); Udba targeted assassinations Apostol Plemić (alias). See Andrić, Adolf
264 Index Artuković, Andrija, 26 Asančaić, Ivan, 28 ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Organisation): 71, 217n87, 2245n69; anticommunism of, 146-50, 227n8, 229n24, 229n27; attitude towards Croatian emigrants of, 142, 146-51, 227n8, 229n27, 229֊ 30n32; characterization of separatist violence by, 2, 106-7; charter of, 228-29n23; cooperation with the CPF by, 150-151, 229n29; foreign state security services and, 147, 229n28; Murphy, Lionel and, 149151, 230n37; revolutionary ideology and, 229n27; Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security and, 150; Udba and, 116, 147, 229n28 Assassinations (Udba). See Udba targeted assassinations Auschwitz. See Bleiburg: compared to Auschwitz Australia: 1, 2, 115; accommodation of radicals by, 142, 145-151; anticommunism and, 146-50, 227n8, 228n22, 229n24, 229n27; antiterrorism measures in, 145-152, 154, 162, 165, 167-68; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2, 10, 106-7, 145-48, 199n96, 229֊30n32; Croatian organizations in, 28, 40-41, 46, 53, 65, 73, 87, 114, 134, 140, 146, 155; elections (1972) in, 148-49; migration to, 25, 33, 45, 100, 199n96, 229n27; radical training camps in, 67, 100; rivalries among organizations and, 45-46, 51, 53; SFRJ and, 138, 149, 226n85; terrorist attacks in, 104, 118, 126, 134, 140, 141-42, 148-49, 158; Udba activities in, 9, 116, 147, 229n28. See also ASIO Australian Croatian Association. See AHD Australian Labor Party. See ALP Australo-Croatian National Resistance. See AHNO Austria: 26, 36, 105, 107, 133, 222n27; assassination plot against Tito in, 107; border with SFRJ of, 20, 64-65, 136; Križari
and, 29; refugee camps in, 25, 27,40,61, 100. See also Austro-Hungarian Empire; Bleiburg; Polarka military plan Austro-Hungarian Empire, 19, 36 Baader-Meinhof Group. See RAF (Rote Armee Fraktion) Badurina, Joseph, 163 Bakarić, Vladimir, 89, 124, 152, 207n82, 22ІПІ9 Barešić, Miro, 129-130, 138-39, 163֊ 165, 234η 107 Bayo, Alberto, 225-26n77 Bebió, Max, 169-170 Behr, Fritz, 157 Belgium, 65, 101, 104, 126, 154, 235nl6 Benčič, Gino, 107 Bewegung 2. Juni, 153 Bijedić, Džemai, 134, 149 Bilandžić, Stipe, 160-162 bilateral agreements: 114; FRG-SFRJ, 65, 114, 120, 153-54, 160, 198ո89; Sweden-SFRJ, 144; Sweden-Spain, 139; Finland-Soviet Union, 121-22 biological destruction (of the Croats). See genocide (of the Croats) BKA (Bundeskriminalamt), 111, 153 Black Legion. See Crna legija Black September Organization. See Munich Olympics Bleiburg massacre: as absolution for crimes of NDH, 79-80; British role in, 22, 28; compared to Auschwitz, 79; issue of number of victims, 22-23, 79; Križni put (Way of the Cross), 22-23, 78, 79; leadership of the NDH and, 39, 80-81; national reconciliation and, 207n81; Partisans’ involvement in, 84; postwar
Index émigrés assassinated at, 107,169; radicalization and, 7, 80-81, 203n39, 225-26n77; victimhood discourses related to, 7, 16, 23, 78-81, 202n32, 202n34. See also genocide (of the Croats): Bleiburg as an example of Boban, Rafael, 26, 27 Bodenseegruppe, 105, 214n58 Bonn Mehlem Attack. See trade mission attack (Bonn Mehlem) Boock, Peter-Jürgen, 160-161 Bovegno, 20 Brajković, Anđelko, 129-130, 138-39 Brajković, Vic, 169-170 Brandt, Willy, 120 Brekalo, Jozo, 159 Brkič, Križan, 163 Buć, Stjepan, 59,195ո52 Buconjić, Marijan, 159 Bugojno Group. See Operacija Feniks Bulajić, Milan, 155 Bulgaria, 21, 88, 123, 126 Bulltofta skyjacking. See hijacking: of SAS flight 130 Bušić, Bruno, 78, 169, 225n75 Bušić, Julienne (née Eden Schultz), 155-59, 232n72, 232n74 Bušić, Zvonko, 155-159, 169, 232ո74, 232ո79, 234ПІ07 Canada: 25, 53,115,168,186ո45,193ո23; Croatian emigrant rhetoric in, 78,79, 89, 130; Jelič, Branko and, 125,221-22ո25; Serbian terrorism in, 154-55,208n90; Tuđman, Franjo and, 171-72,175 Caritas, 40-41, 66 Carter, Jimmy, 232nn75-76 Castro, Fidel, 136, 225n77 Catholic Church: 28, 35, 96, 100, 115-16, 163, 208n91; Jelič, Branko and, 40-41, 46, 57, 122; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 45, 46; Maček, Vladko and, 40; Pavelič, Ante and, 40, 41, 45, 46; Perón, Juan and, 45; royalist Yugoslavia and, 96, 265 107, 209ո5; SFRJ and, 35, 57, 63, 197ո78, 218nl05. See also Vatican Central Committee of Croatian Associations in Europe. See SOHDE Četniks, 42, 54,91, 111, 113-14 Chernozemski, Vlado, 21 China, 88,121 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): 27, 30, 31, 121, 138, 150; training and
employment of anticommunists by, 194-95Ո45, 223n48, 226n84 Cikoja, Anthony, 163 Ciliga, Ante, 59-60, 195n56, 195-96n58 Coblenz, Brunhilde, 108-9, 216n79 Cold War: as context and milieu, 7, 12, 29, 32, 69, 74, 102, 114; Croatian separatism’s role in, 7, 28-32, 51-52, 74-77, 87-89, 119-126, 201~2nl9, 206n76; détente in, 7, 120-121; Great Power confrontation in, 7-8, 28-32, 74-75, 88-89, 206n77; SFRJ’s role in, 31, 63, 76, 88, 114-116, 120-126, 137, 198n89 Cominform(ists), 28, 124, 185nl8, 197n79, 221n23 Comintern, 34 Committee of Croatian Associations in Australia. See SOHDA Commonwealth Police Force (Australia). See CPF Communist Party of Australia. See CPA Communist Party of Yugoslavia. See KPJ Congo, 8, 76 Coordinating Committee of Croatians (Toronto), 192nl0 CPA (Communist Party of Australia), 146, 228n22 CPF (Commonwealth Police Force [of Australia]): 90, 147-48, 20ІПІ0; cooperation with ASIO by, ISO151, 229n29; raids of separatist organizations by, 75, 83, 169-70; role in Murphy Raid of, 149-50; visit of Bijedić to Australia and, 149
266 Index Crna legija, 26, 129 Croatian Armed Forces. See HOS Croatian Association. See HZ Croatian Benevolent and Cultural Society of New Zealand. See Yugoslav Society Marshall Tito Croatian Catholic Welfare Centre (Sydney), 100 Croatian Crusaders’ Brotherhood. See HKB Croatian Defense Council. See Hrvatsko vijeće obrane Croatian Democratic Committee. See HDO Croatian Democratic Union. See HDZ Croatian Eagle Union. See Hrvatski orlovski savez Croatian Fraternal Union. See HBZ Croatian Liberation Force, 161 Croatian Liberation Movement. See HOP Croatian National Committee. See HNO Croatian National Council. See HNV Croatian National Resistance. See Otpor Croatian National Resistance-Friends of the Drina. See Hrvatski narodni odpor-Prijatelji Drine Croatian National Socialist Party. See HNSS ■Croatian Nationalist Army, 163-65 Croatian Peasant Party. See HSS Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood. See HRB Croatian Rights Republican Youth. See HPRO Croatian Six (Australia), 169-170, 235nl5 Croatian Socialist Guerilla Army, 134 Croatian Society Drina. See Kroatischer Verein Drina e.V. Croatian Spring, 130-134, 136, 172, 224n60 Croatian State-Forming Party. See HDS Croatian Statehood Movement. See HDP Croatian Worker’s Union for Germany. See HRS Crusaders’ Organization. See Križarska organizacija Cuba, 2, 8, 76, 120, 136, 225n77 Cuban Missile Crisis, 120 Čučurović, Sava, 105 Čudić, Vladimir, 233n84 Curie, Mirko, 103, ПО, 216-17ո86 Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 36, 43 Cvitanović, Josip, 108-9, 216ո79 Dabčević-Kučar, Savka, 131-132 Damjanovič, Jozo, 152 Dapčević, Peko, 84 Đapić, Anto,
170 Debray, Régis, 82-83, 204ո54 Department of the Protection of the People (of SFRJ). See Ozna deradicalization, 3, 6, 10, 12, 26, 154. See also Ustaša movement: deradicalization Devčić, Stipe, 210-1ІП20 Deželić, Berislav Đuro, 108, 110, 215n74 DHS (Department of Homeland Security), 3 diaspora (general): definition of, 5-6; political violence and, 1-5, 15, 176-77; politics and, 6, 13 Đilas, Milovan, 78, 172 displaced persons camps. See refugee camps Dizdar, Vladimir, 159 Đogović, Mladen, 152 Dolo, Drago, 126-27, 222ո29 Domančinović, Dinka, 215n73 Domovinski rat, 164-65, 174-75, 224n64 Dovgan, Albert, 95 Draganović, Krunoslav: HDO and, 58-60, 100; HNO and, 39, 56-58, 59, 60; Jelić, Branko and, 39, 56-58, 196n68; Pavelič, Ante and, 26, 56-57, 60, 184ո5; ratlines and, 26-27, 39, 56-57, 184n5, 184n7; return to SFRJ of, 60-61; San Girolamo degli Illirici and, 26, 57; treasury of the NDH and, 57, 184n7, 194n41; Udba and, 60-61,
Index 194ո41; US Army Intelligence and, 57, 194ո41,194—95ո45 Dragoja, Ivan, 233ո84 Drinjanin. See Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” Dworkin, Henry, 157 Erié, Rudolf, 28, 46, 193n21 executions (SFRJ): Australia and, 138, 226ո85; Bilandžić, Stipe (extradition as tantamount to), 161; of Hrkać, Miljenko, 106,128-29; of Jelič, Ivan 105, 214n58; of Jelik, Drago, 107; Križari and, 45; of members of Operacija Feniks, 138, 226ո85; of Pašti, Geza, 108. See also Udba targeted assassinations extortion: 67-68, 138; scheme (1978), 163-166 extradition: dispute between FRG and SFRJ, 160-62; of Pavelič, Ante, 31-32, 46, 54, 193n28 FALN (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional), 2 fascism: countries friendly to, 25-26, 39, 46, 51, 146, 193n28; ideology and, 22, 34, 86, 90-93,182n47, 205֊ 6n68, 206n69, 207nn88-89, 209n99; instrumentalization of, 9, 64, 113-116, 118-19, 131-32, 133, 135, 137, 225n72, 210nl8, 218֊19nl09; opposition to, 22, 34, 60, 113; radical separatists and, 9, 18, 31, 36, 40, 86, 90-93, 175, 205֊6n68 Favik, Tony (alias). See Barešić, Miro Fazlija, Emin, 233n84 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): 2, 163, 165-166 Federal Criminal Police Office (of the FRG). See BKA fifty-fifty myth, 120-121, 220n8 Fighters for Free Croatia, 155-59 Finland solution. See Jelič, Branko: Finland solution of Forgiarini, Mario, 163 267 Fótié, Konstantin, 37 France: 59, 110, 111, 119, 215n75; assassination of King Aleksandar in, 21; hijacking of TWA flight 355 and, 157; terrorist attacks in, 104,152, 154; Udba activities in, 78, 108, 169, 225n75 Franco, Francisco, 26, 44,46, 55,139,164 FRG (Federal
Republic of Germany): antiterrorism measures in, 102, 104-5, 128, 143, 145, 153-54, 160, 212n35, 231n55; banning of Croatian organizations by, 102, 104, 153, 231n55; bilateral agreements with SFRJ of, 65, 114, 120, 153-54, 160, 198n89; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2, 10; cooperation with SFRJ by, 105, 127, 153-154; as destination for migrants, 25, 62, 65, 143; disputes with SFRJ of, 106, 113-115, 160-62, 216n79, 218֊219nl09; extortion scheme (1978) and, 163; non-Croatian terrorism and, 139, 153, 160-161, 179n2, 227nl0, 228n20; occupation of consulate in Chicago of (1978), 161-62; Ostpolitik of, 120; terrorist attacks in, 10, 95-98, 102-104, 106107, 133, 152-153, 158, 209nnl֊2; toleration of separatists by, 9-10, 113-115, 142; Udba activities in, 103-4, 107-112, 125, 127, 135, 216֊ 17n86; Wirtschaftswunder of, 62. See also BKA Frković, Mate, 59, 107, 195n52 Fumić, Miko, 211ո25 Gavrilović, Milan, 37 genocide (of the Croats): 7, 77-78, 80, 93, 98, 156, 158, 198n87, 203n37; Bleiburg as an example of 7, 78-81 George Street bombings (Sydney), 140, 141-142, 148, 151 Gladić, Nado, 100 Gluić, Ivan, 133
268 Index Goli otok, 103, 129 Gorėta, Franjo, 103-104, ПО, 135, 213ո48, 216—17ո86 Gošnjak, Ivan, 89, 207ո82 Grabovac, Mirko, 106, ПО Grand Central Station (New York City), 161 Greece, 33, 64, 65, 84, 88 Greenwood, Ivor, 147-48, 229n29, 229230n32 Hadri, Enver, 235nl6 Hallstein doctrine, 65, 120, 198n89 HBZ (Hrvatska bratska zajednica), 34-35, 186nn44—46, 187ո51, 232ո73 H DO (Hrvatski demokratski odbor), 58-61, 100, 104, 109 HDP (Hrvatski državotvorni pokret), 225n75 HDS (Hrvatska državotvorna stranka), 27, 41, 49, 51-52, 56, 108 HDZ (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica), 172-173 Hefer, Stjepan, 89, 207n82 hijacking: 2, 9, 15, 126; committed by Serbs, 208n90; of a marine vessel, 83-84; of SAS flight 130, 2, 138140, 141-5, 151, 156, 164, 226n91, 226n94;ofTWA flight 355, 14, 155159, 169, 23In68, 231-232nn71-76; Hilfsaktion für die verfolgte Kirche in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa, 96 historical state rights (Croatian), 19, 30, 36, 60 Hitler, Adolf, 18, 21, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38, 51 HKB (Hrvatsko križarsko bratstvo), 81-4, 93-94, 95-98, 102, 203ո45, 204ո48, 210ո7, 218ո 105. See also trade mission attack (Bonn Mehlem) HNO (Hrvatski narodni odbor): 42, 46, 49, 52, 54; banning in the FRG of, 153; clerical elements in the emigration and, 40-41; founding of, 39; intellectuals and, 40, 41, 59, 189n81; political moderation of, 40, 118-119, 196n68, 202n25, 204n47; Soviet Union and, 122, 124, 206n76; splintering of, 56-61 HNSS (Hrvatska nacionalsocijalistička stranka), 59 HNV (Hrvatsko narodno vijeće), 58-59, 195n54 Hofmann, Sieglinde, 160-161 Holocaust (Croatian), 79, 203ո37. See also genocide (of
the Croats) Homeland War (Croatia). See Domovinski rat HOP (Hrvatski oslobodilački pokret): alternatives to 56, 61, 73, 96, 119; Bleiburg and, 80; establishment of, 52; leadership of, 207n82; oath of, 66; popularity of, 53-54, 55, 58, 73, 111, 204n48; structure of, 53; as true successorio the Ustaša, 52, I92n 16 HOS (Hrvatske oružane snage), 27-28, 30-31, 42, 43, 45, 46, 53 H PRO (Hrvatska pravaška republikanska omladina), 38, 41 HRB (Hrvatsko revolucionarno bratstvo): 104, 108, 145, 148, 152; anticolonialism and, 76; assassinations by members of, 84, 102-104, 106, 107, 212ո40; assassinations of members of 108-110, 135, 169, 216n79, 225n75; attitude towards Serbs by, 91-94; discourses of genocide and, 77-78, 80-81; founding of, 73, 100, 203n45; generational conflict and, 73-74, 77, 80-81, 101; ideology of, 86, 87, 90, 205֊6n68; measures taken against, 102, 144, 229n27; political world view of, 74-75, 88, 101, 138, 202n23, 203֊ 204n46, 206n77; position regarding terrorism and political violence of, 81-85, 122, 204n48, 204n55, 210nl8; religion and, 208n91; revolutionary thinking of, 75-76, 81-85, 136; youth and, 74, 81, 97. See also Operacija Feniks; Operation Kangaroo
Index Hrkać, Mi lj enko, 105-6, 127-29, 222ո39 HRS (Hrvatski radnički savez za Njemačku), 53 Hrvatski domobran, 28, 38, 43, 196n68 Hrvatski narodni odpor-Prijatelji Drine, 153 Hrvatski orlovski savez, 96, 107 Hrvatsko kolo, 34 Hrvatsko vijeće obrane, 224n64 HSP (Hrvatska stranka prava), 19-20, 38 HSS (Hrvatska seljačka stranka): in exile, 35-37, 58, 188ո68, 207ո82; interwar, 20, 36, 187nn57—58; wartime, 21, 36 Humo, Avdo, 89,207ո82 Hungary: 3, 20, 99; 1956 Revolution of, 76, 202ո23; domination over Croatia of, 19, 36, 78, 20ІПІ8, 210nl4; as potential ally for Croatian separatists, 88. See also AustroHungarian Empire; Polarka military plan HZ (Hrvatska zajednica). See HBZ Ickstadt, Werner, 161-162 identity (Croatian): 186n38; diasporic discourses surrounding, 77-81, 173-75; language and, 131, 199n96, 223n51; national-myths and, 15-16; pre-war migrants and, 33; religion and, 36, 40-41, 44, 45, 46, 120, 89n84, 208n91; victimhood and, 7-8, 15-16, 23, 77-81, 84, 93, 174, 183n59, 202n34; within the socialist republic of Croatia, 130-31, 223n51 ideology: 139, 165, 219n3; anti-ideology, 18, 86; anti-Serbian, 91-94; class and, 205-6n68; communist, 34, 59, 62-64, 89; development of, 7, 9, 17-76; fascist, 22, 34, 86, 90-93, 182n47, 205-6n68, 206n69, 207nn88֊89, 209n99; flexibility of, 17-18, 86-91, 93-94, 122; HNO and, 40, 46; moralizing, 15, 114; national reconciliation and, 89, 269 173, 207n81; Pavelič, Ante and, 27, 46, 55; radicalization and, 11, 68, 115; religion and, 189n84, 208n91; revolutionary, 229n27; of semiémigré radicals, 17-18, 86-94, 205֊6n68; of SFRJ, 62-64; of Ustaše,
18, 20, 22, 40, 81, 87, 92, 182n47, 189n84, 205-6nn68֊67, 208n91, 222n29 Ilić, Andrija, 43 IMRO (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization). See VMRO Independent State of Croatia. See NDH INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization), 154 Islam, 40, 44, 208n91, 223n48 Italy: 26, 33, 62, 78, 99, 104, 111; border with SFRJ of, 60, 64-65, 99-100; Croatian separatist organizations in, 56-60; NDH and, 21-22, 39; refugee camps in, 25, 27, 40, 61, 100; royalist Yugoslavia and, 20, 21, 129; SFRJ and, 65, 137; Soviet Union and, 59-60; Ustaše and, 20, 21, 44. See also Mussolini, Benito Janka Puszta, 20 Jasenovac: 22, 26; Bleiburg and, 80, 202ո34; Ciliga, Ante and, 59-60, 195-96n58; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 26, 42, 43, 110; Maček, Vladko and, 36; revisionist history of, 80, 195֊96n58, 202n34, 207n81, 215n72 JAT (Jugoslovenski Aero-Transport): 99, 133, 153; bombing of JAT flight 367, 134-135, 141, 225n76 Jelic, Branko: 89, 207ո82, 221֊22ո25; anticolonialism and, 202ո25; attempted abduction of, 107; attempted assassination of, 125; blamelessness for the crimes of the Ustaše and NDH of, 39; Bleiburg and, 39; clerical elements in the
270 Jelié, Branko (continued) emigration and, 40-41; death of, 125; decline of, 56-61, 195n52; Draganović, Krunoslav and, 39, 56-58, 196n68; Finland solution of, 119-126, 206n76, 220nl4; intellectuals and, 40; HNV and, 58-59; HPRO and, 38; Hrvatski domobran and, 38; Križari and, 39; Pavelič, Ante and, 38-41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 55; political moderation of, 38, 40, 43, 119, 196n68, 204n48, 220n4, 22ІПІ5; religion and 40-41, 45; SFRJ portrayals of, 118-19, 219n3; Soviet Union and, 121126, 206n76, 221n21; wartime incarceration of, 39. See also HNO (Hrvatski narodni odbor) Jelié, Ivan (brother of Branko), 214ո54 Jelié, Ivan (train station bombings, Belgrade), 104-105, 214n54, 214n58 Jelik, Drago, 107, 108 Jews, 22, 42, 79, 195-96Ո58, 203n37, 207n81 Jovović, Blagoje, 54 Jurjevič, Marijan, 134, 224-25ո69 Kantonéi, Rudolf, 215n73 Karađorđević, Aleksander. See King Aleksandar Kardelj, Edvard, 130, 22ІПІ9 Kardum, Ante, 103, 106, 127 Kardum, Stanko, 103, 106, 212n40 Kavran, Božidar “Božo”, 23, 45 Kažnjenička Bojna, 224n64 Kelava, Božo, 161-62 King Aleksandar, 20, 21, 32, 55, 99, 118 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. See royalist Yugoslavia Klaić, Emil, 43 Klárié, Andrija, 102-103, 104, 106, 108, 127, 218nl08 Kodžoman, Mile, 161-62 Kokotović, Ilija, 169-170 Kokotović, Joe, 169-170 Index Kolendié, Anton, 123, 126-27, 222ո27 Kosovar Albanians, 160, 216n80, 235nl6 KPJ (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije), 59, 129 Krek, Miha, 37 Križari (Crusaders), 23, 25, 29, 39, 42, 45, 129, 185ո20. See also НКВ Križarska organizacija, 96, 107 Križni put. See Bleiburg: Križni put (Way of the Cross)
Krleža, Miroslav, 89, 207n82 Krnjević, Juraj, 36, 221 ո21 Kroatischer Verein Drina e.V., 153 Krpan, Marko, 152 Krtalić, Josip, HI Kulenović, Džafer-beg, 26,27,44, 108, 110 Kulenovié, Nahid, 96, 108, 109, ПО, 127, 216—17ո86 Kutuzović, Ivan, 105, 214ո58 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido, 21 Kvaternik, Eugen, 19 LaGuardia Airport bombing, 232n79, 234nl07 Lake Constance Group. See Bodenseegruppe League of Communists of Croatia. See SKH League of Communists of Yugoslavia. See SKJ Leko, Vlado, 211ո25 Lemo, Marinko, 130, 138-139 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 29, 30, 86, 205ո62 Liberal Party (of Australia), 146-150, 207n87, 228֊29nn22-23, 229n27, 229-30n32 Lika Uprising. See Velebit Uprising Lisac, Nikola, 138-39 Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks”: 89, 207n82; assassination of, 110-111, 112, 117, 118, 133; break with Pavelič, Ante of, 42-47, 49, 51, 53; clerical elements in the diaspora and, 45, 46; decline of, 55-56, 59, 118; devotion to Pavelič,
Index Ante of, 42; emigration to Spain of, 26; HOS and, 28, 43, 46; Jasenovac and, 26, 41-42, 43; Križari and 42; liquidation of enemies by, 42, 49; religion and, 45. See also Otpor (Hrvatski narodni otpor) Lütgendork, Karl, 137 Maček, Vladko: as alternative to Pavelič, Ante, 35-38; exile politics of, 36-37, 188nn68-69; as head of interwar HSS, 36, 187n58; rejection of offer to lead the NDH by, 21-22, 36; relationship with Pavelič, Ante and the Ustaša of, 36, 187n60; religion and, 40, 45. See also Cvetković-Maček Agreement, 36, 43 Majić, Timothy, 163 Marič, Jure, 20ІПІ0 Maričić, Vid, 109-110 Martinez, David, 215n73 Martinovié, Nikola, 169 maspok. See Croatian Spring Matanić, Petar, 155-59, 232ո74 Matica Hrvatska, 35 Matičević, Ivan, 152, 230n47 Matošie, Duka, 112 McTigue, Terence, 157 Medič, Radomir, 159 Medič, Rafael, 96, 97-98, 102, 212ո35 migration (general): distinction between economic and political, 16-17, 62-63; forced migration and genocide, 78, 198n87; networks of, 66, 197n81, 199n96; political violence and, 2-6, 176-77 Mikulić, Blago, 128, 129, 138-39 Mikulić, Franjo, 233ո84 Miličevič, Nikola, 233n84 Miličevič, Stanislav, 130, 138-39 Miloševič, Slobodan, 172, 173 Milovanovič, Sava, 103-104, 106, 107, 110, 135, 212n43, 213n48 Ministry for State Security (of the GDR). See Stasi 271 Misimović, Vitomir, 169-170 Mohnhaupt, Brigitte, 160-161 Montreal Convention, 139 MPE (Movimiento Peronista de los Extranjeros), 45 Muftié, Mahmut (also Mahmoud), 223ո48 Munich Olympics (1972), 139, 153, 179ո2, 227nl0 Murphy, Lionel: 148-151; raid on ASIO, 149-151, 230n37 Murray, Brian
J., 157-159 Mussolini, Benito, 20, 21, 34, 36, 44, 51, 55, 59 National Croatian Society. See NHZ National Liberation Front. See FLN national reconciliation, 89, 173-174, 202n34, 207n81, 215n72 Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina). See ALN Nazi(s): 18-19, 21, 22; acceptance by radical separatists of, 90; defeat of, 22, 39; extermination camps of, 22, 79; NDH and, 22, 28, 31, 34, 39, 55, 90; racism of, 92; ratlines and, 26-27, 31, 56; Tito’s regime as being, 133; as topic in relations between SFRJ and FRG, 113-115, 218— 219nl09; wartime Yugoslavia and, 51, 129. See also neo-Nazism NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska): anniversary of establishment of, 23, 27, 54, 97, 192nl0; defeat of, 6, 22, 32, 42, 72; establishment of, 8, 21, 39, 41, 51; former leaders in the emigration of, 26-27, 59, 60, 77, 107, 108 195n56, 207n82; genocide and other crimes committed by, 16, 22, 39, 42, 43, 51, 54, 79-80, 188n68; ideology in, 206n69; lack of support by earlier emigrants for, 34-35; land ceded to Italy by, 39, 44; as Nazi puppet state, 90; overview of, 183n58; Pavelič, Ante as leader of,
272 Index N DH (continued) 41, 51; postwar attempts to distance from, 35, 39-40,51,69,77, 119, 189n81, 192n 10; postwar cult of 13, 25; postwar rehabilitation of, 16, 51, 79-80, 173-174, 215n72; role of religion in, 208n91; state treasury of, 184n7 Nekić, Mile, 169-170 neo-Nazism, 18-19 neo-Ustašism, 18-19, 175 New Zealand, 2, 33, 45, 134, 187nn53-54 NHZ (Narodna hrvatska zajednica), 186ո44. See also H BZ Nikolič, Daniel, 163 Nixon, Richard M., 120, 121 non-violence, 3, 14, 43, 78, 81-82, 92, 133, 155 Novakovič, Magdalena, 105 Oblak, Josip, 100, 20ІПІ0, 211ո25 Obradović, Ratko, ПО, 216-17ո86 Odak, Žarko, 105, 214ո58 Omega 7, 2 Operacija Feniks: 136-138, 183nl, 225n77, 226ո79, 226п87; Australian government’s reaction to, 138, 147; CIA involvement in, 226n83; George Street bombings and, 140; Soviet involvement in, 137, 226n83; SFRJ response to, 136-137, 138,169, 226n85 Operacija Gvardijan, 23, 129 Operation Guardian. See Operacija Gvardijan Operation Kangaroo: 99-102, 183nl, 211n22, 211n25, 226n86; Operacija Feniks and, 126, 137-138; SFRJ response to, 108; trade mission attack and, 101, 102, 104 Operation Phoenix. See Operacija Feniks Orlović, Branko, 100 Orthodox Church, 40, 120, 208ո91 Otpor (Hrvatski narodni otpor): 49, 144, 153, 160; as alternative to Pavelič and Jelič, 46, 54, 61, 119; American branch of, 46, 165-66, 168, 193ո21, 234nIll; decline of, 55-56; founding of, 46; political position of, 46-47, 81, 89, 98-99, 204n48 Ozna (Odjeljenje za zaštitu naroda), 107, 129, 181 ոՅՕ, 203ո37, 223ո49 Pacta Conventa, 75, 201 n 18 Palme, Olaf, 234η 107 Papac, Ilija, 233ո84
Paraguay, 139, 152, 163-64 Pašalič, Božo, 105, 214ո58 Pašti, Geza, 108, 20ІПІ0, 215ո75 Pavelič, Ante: 49, 96, 146, 193ո21; ALN and, 45; assassination of King Aleksandar and, 21; Bleiburg and, 80; Bosnia and, 40, 43-44, 45; Croatian government in exile and, 27; death of, 54-55, 56, 58, 207n82; Draganović, Krunoslav and, 56-57, 60; emigration to Argentina of, 26-27, 184n5; establishment of the Ustaša movement and, 20, 52, 183n54, 192nl0; extradition request by SFRJ of, 31-32, 46, 54,193n28; Franco, Francisco and, 55; generational conflict and, 18-19, 46, 61, 72-73, 86; geographic isolation of, 38, 46; Great Powers and, 28-31, 32; HDS and, 27, 51-51, 56; Hitler, Adolf and, 22; HOP and, 52-54, 56, 192nl6, 204n48, 207n82; HOS and, 27-28, 30-31, 53; interwar terrorism and, 8, 20-21, 99, 140; Jelič, Branko and, 38-41, 118, 119, 189n81; Korean War and, 30-31; leadership of NDH and, 21-22; Lorković-Vokić plot and, 27; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 41-47, 49, 110, 118; Maček, Vladko and, 35-36; Mussolini, Benito and, 20, 22, 44; Perón, Juan and, 26, 30, 45,46, 193n28; postwar cult of, 25, 50-51; pre-World War II Croatian emigrants and, 32-35; religion and, 40,45; Soviet Union and, 28-29;
Index Stojadinović, Milan, meeting with, 43-45; VMRO and, 20; World War III and, 29-30 Pejačević, Marko, 27 Penavić, Ante, 105-6 Perän, Miroslav, 96 Perčec, Gustav, 32 Perčić, Franjo, 95, 102, 210nl4, 212n35 Perié, Stijepo, 26 Perkovič, Krešimir, 211ո25 Perón, Juan, 26, ЗО, 32, 44, 45, 46, 185ո27, 193ո28 Peronist Movement for Foreigners. See MPE Perovič, Pavle, 153 Pešut, Frane, 155-59, 232ո74 Petrič, Damir, 233n84 Petrič, Jakša, 159 PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army), 9, 118 Pirker, Pero, 131-132 PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 9, 118, 153 Podrug, Branko, 211ո25 poglavnik. See Ante Pavelič political violence. See terrorism Popovič, Momčilo, 95, 102, 210nl4 propaganda of the deed, 83-84, 86, 127, 156 Protulipac, Ivan, 107 Prpič, Mate, 152, 230n47 Prskalo, Rudolf, 138-39 Pšeničnik, Srećko, 43 Puerto Rican Armed Forces of National Liberation. See FALN Radas, Mirko, 133 Radić, Stjepan, 20, 36, 187ոո57֊58 radicalization: 99, 104, 106, 148, 162; accommodation of, 9-10, 113-115, 142, 145-151; cold war political landscape and, 7, 12, 74-77, 87—89, 119-126, 201֊2nl9, 206n76; factional competition and, 6, 26, 5061-69, 71-72, 98, 107, 116, 165; 273 generational conflict and, 6-8, 11, 18-19, 68-69, 71-81, 86, 94; ideology and, 11, 17-18, 68, 86-94, 115, 205֊6n68, 229n27; institutional pressure and, 10, 40-41, 61-69, 71-72, 97; landscapes of violence and, 7-9, 117-18; migration and, 2-6, 20, 177; of only a minority, 10, 71, 158; personal insecurity and, 68; state actors and, 9-10, 112-116, 117-18, 126, 214n69, 219nl; youth and, 6-8, 46-47, 64-65, 73-74, 97-98,199n96 RAF
(Rote Armee Fraktion), 9, 153, 160-161, 227nl0, 228ո20, Ranković, Aleksandar. 84, 130, 223n49 ratlines: 26-27, 39, 56-57, 184ո5, 184ո7; Western intelligence and, 31, 186ո32, 194—95ո45 Ravensburggruppe. See Bodenseegruppe Reagan, Ronald, 192nl0 Rebrina, Tomislav, 138-39 refugee camps, 25, 27, 65-66, 68, 100,199n96 Relief for the Persecuted Church in Central and Eastern Europe. See Hilfsaktion für die verfolgte Kirche in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa religion. See under Catholic Church; HRB (Hrvatsko revolucionarno bratstvo); identity (Croatian); ideology; Jelič, Branko; Luburić, Vj ekoslav “Maks”; Maček, Vladko; NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska); Orthodox Church; Pavelič, Ante; Vatican reparations (FRG to SFRJ), 114-115 revolutionary vanguard, 84-86, 102, 127, 136, 149, 167, 205n62, RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) Act, 165 Rogić, Dara, 102-103 Rolović, Vladimir, 129-130, 131, 138, 139, 143, 164, 224ո57
274 Index Roma, 22,42, 207ո81 Rover, Srećko, 28, 45-46, 51, 192nll royalist Yugoslavia, 8, 19-21, 28, 35-37, 43,51,59,99, 186ո38 Rudela, Mario, 163 Rukavina, Mile, 96, 109-110 Šakić, Dinko, 26 San Girolamo degli Illirici. See Draganović, Krunoslav: San Girolamo degli Illirici and Säpo (Säkerhetspolisen), 143-144, 227ո6, 227ո8 Šarac, Dane, 105, 106, 214η 58 SDB (Služba državne bezbednosti), 181n30 Secret Revolutionary Ustaša Formations. See TRUP Secret Ustaša Movement. See TUP Security Service (of Sweden). See Säpo semi-émigrés: anti-Serbianism of, 91-94, 97, 141-42, 209nn97֊98, 227nl; attempted recruitment by older émigrés of, 11, 61-62, 64-69, 71-72; definition of term, 16-17; demographic profile of, 6, 7, 64-65; economic origins of, 62-63; generational conflict and, 6-8, 11, 18-19, 61, 68-69, 71-81, 86, 94, 101; ideology of, 17-18, 86-94, 205-6n68; political origins of, 62-64; strategic thinking of, 7-12, 31, 73-77, 81-93, 98-9, 117-25, 138, 140-43, 155-56, 176, 204n54, 225n77; Senić, Josip, 103, 104, 135 Senja, Jan, 137, 226ո81 Serbian terrorism, 154-155, 208ո90 Ševo, Stjepan, 169, 225ո75 Ševo, Tatjana, 169, 225ո75 SFRJ (Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija): anniversary of establishment of, 95, 126; Australia and, 138, 149; breakup of, 2, 12—13, 173-75, 195~96n58, 236n26; Catholic Church and, 35, 57, 63, 197n78, 218nl05; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2; Cold War politics and, 31, 63, 76, 88, 114-116, 120-126, 137, 198n89; courting of emigrants by, 35; economics of, 62-63; extradition of Pavelič, Ante and, 31-32, 46, 54,193n28; fear of Soviet
invasion and, 120-125; FRG and, 65, 113-15, 120, 153-54, 160-62, 198n89, 218֊219nl09; ideology of, 62-64; as imperialist country, 8, 76-77, 86, 156, 202n25; Italy and, 65, 137; migration from, 6, 11, 16, 25-26, 33, 40-41, 62-65, 71-72, 197-98nn81֊82, 199n96; PLO and, 153; self-management and, 63, 171, 196֊97n72; Sweden and, 144; terrorist attacks in: 2, 99-102, 104-107,132-34, 136-138, 152, 183nl, 225n77, 226n79, 226n87; unemployment in, 62-63, 196n69; United States and, 32, 34, 206n74, 2I8nn 107-8. See also Amnesty: Law of 1962; executions (SFRJ); Tito, Josip Broz; Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti); Udba targeted assassinations Šimac, Zvonko, 163 Šimundić, Marijan, 103, 108-9, 216n79 Sinđelić, Vladimir, 168 Sindičić, Vinko, 225n75 SKH (Savez komunista Hrvatske), 124, 131-133, 152, 17!, 207n82, 219n3 SKJ (Savez komunista Jugoslavije), 109, 124, 131, 132 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. See SFRJ SOHDA (Središnji odbor hrvatskih družtava Australije), 53 SOHDE (Središnji odbor hrvatskih družtava Evrope), 53 Soviet Union: 12, 34, 59-60, 126, 147; Cold War politics and, 28-29, 31,88, 121-22, 147, 222ո27;
Index cooperation with Croats by, 28-29, 31, 76, 87, 90-91,120-26, 137, 206n76, 22Խ21; Eastern Bloc and, 63,137, 147,196-7, 72; invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 120-23; Polarka military plan and, 137, 226n84; World War II and, 22, 28. See also Tito-Stalin split Spain: 25, 128; Civil War of; 44, 84, 225n77; hijacking of SAS flight 130 and, 139, 145, 164; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks” and, 26 ,46, 110, 112; Pavelič, Ante and, 55. See also Franco, Francisco Spry, Charles, 146 Stalin, Joseph, 29, 30, 59, 120. See also Tito-Stalin split Stanič, Ilija, ПО, 217ո89 Starčević, Ante, 19, 208ո91 Stasi (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit), 151, 161, 167-168 State Security Administration (of SFRJ). See Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti) State Security Service (of SFRJ). See SDB Statue of Liberty, 168 Štedul, Nikola, 225n75 Štempihar, Mira, 129-130 Stijačič, Radovan, 106-7, 112 Stojadinovič, Milan. See Pavelič, Ante: Stojadinovič, Milan, meeting with Stojanov, Ante, 130, 138-39 Stojič, Rade, 211n25 Stranka prava, 19 Striskovitch, Frank, 163 Stroessner, Alfredo, 54 Strossmayer, Josip Juraj, 208ո91 Subašić, Josip, 44-45 Sweden: 2, 65 118, 165, 172; antiterrorism measures in, 143145, 151-2, 154, 162, 165, 167-68, 226n91, 226n94, 227n8, 228nl3, 228n20; assassination of Olaf Palme 275 in, 234nl07; emigration to, 102, 129, 144, 145; inattention to Croatian radicals by, 130, 143, 227n8; terrorist attacks in, 12, 128-130, 134, 138140, 141-3, 159, 164. See also Säpo Tapšanji, Dražen, 211ո25 Teroristi (film), 219ոՅ Territorial Defense. See TO terrorism (general): age of, 1, 8-9; counterterrorism and,
9-10, 174; definition of, 13-15; escalation of, 9, 117-18, 126, 140-43, 219nl; historiography and, 1-2, 4-5, 13, 15, 175-76; history of, 1-2, 204n58; instrumentalization of, 3; migration and, 1-5, 177; as minority problem, 10, 71-72; moral dimensions of, 15, 140-41; passive support for, 71, 158; perpetrators of, 1-5; psychological dysfunction and, 10-11; revolutionary strategy and, 81-86, 93, 118-19, 170-71, 205n62; state responses to, 117; unprecedented nature of, 1-2 Tito, Josip Broz: 84, 89, 91, 95, 104, 130,136, 146, 187ո54, 225ո72; assassination of emigrants and, 112; characterization of Croatian terrorism by, 2; courting by the West of, 32, 34, 206n74; courting of emigrants by, 35, 37, 188n68; Croatian spring and, 130133; cult of personality of, 213n53; death of, 120, 167-69, 235n4; planned assassination of, 106, 110; Titoism, 30, 44, 84. See also SFRJ; Tito-Stalin split Tito-Stalin split, 28-29, 31,185nl8,197n79 TO (Teritorijalna obrana), 136-137, 138 Tolič, Ilija, 100, 201nl0, 211n25 Tolj, Krešimir, 109-110 Topić, Vladimir, 153, 160 trade mission attack (Bonn Mehlem): 95-98, 209n2; FRG response to, 102, 128, 143, 160, 212n35; impact of,
276 Index trade mission attack (continued) 107, 117, 142; Operation Kangaroo and, 101, 102, 104; SFRJ response to, 108; strategic thinking behind; 98, 99; transnational dimension of, 106 train station bombings (Belgrade), 104-7, 109, 141 transnationalism, 1, 2, 5, 20, 98-99, 107, 152, 176-77 Tripalo, Miko, 89, 131-132, 207n82 Trotsky, Leon, 59 TRUP (Tajne revolucionarne ustaške postrojbe), 66, 81-84, 93-94, 109, 203n45, 204ո48 Tuđman, Franjo, 171-173, 175, 195֊ 96n58, 207ո81, 215ո72 TUP (Tajni ustaški pokret), 96-97 Turina, Oskar, 27 Turk, Franjo, 103 UAH (Ujedinjeni američki Hrvati), 193n21 Udba (Uprava državne bezbednosti): 23, 45, 105, 106, 127, 128, 203n37; abductions by, 60, 107, 108, 169, 215ո75, 217ո91; agents provocateurs and, 9, 61, 115-116, 147, 169-70; ASIO and, 142, 147; infiltration of separatist groups by, 9, 44-45, 147, 169-70; informants and agents for, 61, 103, 153, 164-65, 217n89, 222n27; leadership of 129, 130, 223n49; placement of agents in embassies by, 103-104, 115, 212n43; usage of term, 181 ոՅՕ, 227n6. See also Udba targeted assassinations Udba targeted assassinations: 9, 103-4, 107—112, 116, 117, 126-27, 168-170, 196n60, 214n70, 2I4-15nn70-74; attribution of blame for, 110-112, 21415n71, 216֊17n86, 217n92, 217n97, 225n75, 227n5, 234nl07; Beretta 7.65mm, use of 103, 109, 111, 135; Bilandžić, Stipe, 161; Bušić, Bruno, 78, 169, 225n75; failed attempts, 107, 108, 110, 125,169, 217n91; in the immediate postwar period, 107-108, 215n 73; Jelié, Branko, 125; Luburić, Vjekoslav “Maks”, 110; non-Croats, 110, 216ո80, 216—17ո86,235ո16; Pavelič, Ante, 54;
question of number killed, 110-11, 168-69, 215n72; recruitment for, 103-4,213n48, 216֊ 17n86; as reprisal for the killing of SFRJ officials, 108-9; in response to Operacija Feniks, 169, 225ո75; in response to Operation Kangaroo, 108; in response to the trade mission attack, 108; in response to the train station and 20. Oktobar cinema bombings, 109-110; Rolović, Vladimir’s role in, 129; Senić, Josip, 103,104,135; Šimundić, Marijan, 108-9, 216ո79 UHNj (Ujedinjeni Hrvati Njemačke), 53, 96, 105, 109, 193n21 United American Croats. See UAH United Croats of West Germany. See UHNj United Nations, 31, 159-161. See also Yugoslav Mission to the United Nations United States: 2, 3, 38, 115-16, 22122n25; antiterrorism measures in, 154, 165-66, 167-68; appeal to history of, 14-15, 156, 158,232n75; Argentina and, 32; Army of, 26, 57, 152, 160; civil liberties and, 162-63; classification of Croatian separatists by, 2; Cold War politics and, 28-29, 32, 88, 120-22, 206n74; Croatian separatist organizations in, 46, 53, 154, 155, 161, 163, 165-66, 193n21, 193n23; loss of faith in, 74-75; migration to, 25, 32-33, 36; politics of prewar migrants in, 33-35, 186n45, 186n47, 187n51; relations with SFRJ of, 32, 34, 206n74, 218nnl07-8; Serbian terrorism in, 154-55, 208n90; SFRJ courting of emigrants in, 35; terrorist attacks
Index in, 154-165, 168, 232ո79, 233ո82; Udba activities in, 9. See also CIA (Central Intelligence Agency); FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) UNS (Ustaška nadzorna služba), 41-42, 107 Uremović, Marko, 105, 214n58 Ursa, Hrvoje, 109 Ustaša Defense. See Ustaša obrana Ustaša movement: Axis Powers and, 20, 21-22, 26, 28, 31, 34, 35, 38, 51-52, 56; Bleiburg and 22-23, 39, 80; deradicalization of, 6, 11, 25-26, 38, 49-50, 55, 61, 73-74, 77, 98; in exile, 6, 26-32, 35, 36; genocide and other crimes committed during World War II by, 22, 38-39, 41-42, 183nn58֊59, 184n7, 207n81, 215n72, 219n3; Great Powers and, 28-31, 39, 51-52, 74-77, 119; ideology of, 18, 20, 22, 40, 81, 86-87, 92, 182n47, 189n84, 205֊ 6nn68-67, 206n69208n91, 222n29; intelligentsia and, 39, 41, 189n81; interwar terrorism of, 8, 11, 20-21, 50, 99, 140, 183n55, 210-1 ln20; interwar training camps of, 20; legacy of, 13, 17, 50-52, 95, 99, 127, 129, 140; as movement, 52, 183n54; oath of, 66; opposition by younger emigrants to, 6, 17,18, 68-69, 71-81, 86, 90; origins of, 18-20; postwar emigration of, 25-27, 56; prewar migrants and, 34-35, 38, 186n48, 187n54; radicalization of, 20; rank and file of, 41, 42, 46; revival and rehabilitation in 1990s of, 12, 13, 173-75, 207n81, 215n72; SFRJ instrumentalization of, 113-116, 124, 131-32; Soviet Union and, 28-29, 122-23, 185n20; VMRO and, 20, 21. See also NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska); neo-Ustašism; Ustašism Ustaša obrana, 42 277 Ustaša Surveillance Service. See UNS Ustašism, 6, 13, 17, 18-19, 22, 43, 46, 132, 176 Uzelac, Đuro, 152 Varoš, Miroslav, 56-61, 100, 196n66,
196n68 Vatican, 26, 57, 60, 186ո32 Velebit Uprising, 21, 99, 101, 210nl9 Virkez, Vico (alias). See Misimović, Vitomir Vlašić, Slobodan, 155-59, 232ո74 VMRO (Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija), 20, 21 von Puttkamer, Jesco, 160 Vrančić, Vjekoslav, 26, 27, 28-29, 43, 89, 207n82 Vrhovec, Josip, 219n3 Vučeković, Momčilo, 152 Vučinić, Milan, 230ո47 Vujičević, Ivan, 128, 129, 138-39, 222ո39 Vukić, Ante, 96 Vuletich, Eduardo, 44 Vulović, Vesna, 134-35, 225ո72 Wagner, Rolf Clemens, 160-161 Warsaw Pact: 147; invasion of Czechoslovakia by, 120-22, 137; Polarka Military Plan of, 137, 226n84 Way of the Cross. See Bleiburg: Križni put (Way of the Cross) Whitlam, Gough, 10, 148-149, 150 World War III, 29-30, 75, 88, 206n77 Yugoslav Air Transport. See JAT (Jugoslovenski Aero-Transport) Yugoslav Mission to the United Nations, 154, 155, 159-60, 162 Yugoslav Society Marshall Tito, 187n53 Yugoslavia. See royalist Yugoslavia; SFRJ Zdovc, Edvin, 153 Zdrilić, Stanko, 211n25 Znaor, Ante, 111 Zvirotić, Tony, 169-170 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Tokić, Mate Nikola 1973- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1164978187 |
| author_facet | Tokić, Mate Nikola 1973- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tokić, Mate Nikola 1973- |
| author_variant | m n t mn mnt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046701313 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8240 MG 91096 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1164618901 (DE-599)BVBBV046701313 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1948-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1948-1991 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046701313 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:28:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:51:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781557538918 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032111857 |
| oclc_num | 1164618901 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xiv, 277 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200708 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Purdue University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Central European studies |
| spelling | Tokić, Mate Nikola 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1164978187 aut Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War Mate Nikola Tokić West Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Press [2020] © 2020 xiv, 277 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Central European studies Geschichte 1948-1991 gnd rswk-swf Diaspora Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)1188375210 gnd rswk-swf Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd rswk-swf Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd rswk-swf Radicalism / Croation / History / 20th century Political violence / Croatia / History / 20th century Terrorism / Croatia / History / 20th century Nationalism / Croatia / History / 20th century Croatia / History / Autonomy and independence movements Croatia / Politics and government / 1945-1990 Autonomy and independence movements Nationalism Political violence Politics and government Radicalism Terrorism Croatia 1900-1999 History Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 s Diaspora Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)1188375210 s Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 s Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 s Geschichte 1948-1991 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-55753-892-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-55753-893-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032111857&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032111857&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032111857&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Tokić, Mate Nikola 1973- Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War Diaspora Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)1188375210 gnd Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1188375210 (DE-588)4054573-8 (DE-588)4059534-1 (DE-588)4033244-5 |
| title | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War |
| title_auth | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War |
| title_exact_search | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War |
| title_full | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War Mate Nikola Tokić |
| title_fullStr | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War Mate Nikola Tokić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War Mate Nikola Tokić |
| title_short | Croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the Cold War |
| title_sort | croatian radical separatism and diaspora terrorism during the cold war |
| topic | Diaspora Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)1188375210 gnd Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Diaspora Sozialwissenschaften Separatismus Terrorismus Kroaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032111857&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032111857&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032111857&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tokicmatenikola croatianradicalseparatismanddiasporaterrorismduringthecoldwar |