International humanitarian law:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge ; New York, NY ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
2020
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxxiii, 351 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781108727716 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Table of Cases Tables of Treaties, Legislation and Other Instruments List of Abbreviations page xv xvii xix xxii xxvii Introduction 1 Historical Development of InternationalHumanitarian Law 1 Introduction 4 4 2 Henri Dunant and the Battle of Solferino 5 3 The 1864 Geneva Convention 6 4 The Lieber Code 1863 7 5 The 1868 St Petersburg Declaration 8 6 The 1868 Additional Articles, 1874 Brussels Declaration, 1880 Oxford Manual 9 7 The 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions 10 8 The 1949 Geneva Conventions a Common Article 3 14 16 9 The 1977 Additional Protocols a Additional Protocol I, Wars of National Liberation, and Guerrilla Fighters b Additional Protocol II 16 17 18 10 Other IHL Instruments 19 11 The Development of International Criminal Law: the ICTY and ICTR, the ICC, and the Hybrid and Ad Hoc Courts and Tribunals a The International Criminal Court 19 21
vi Contents b The Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda c Hybrid and Ad Hoc Courts and Tribunals 12 Conclusion 2 The Contemporary Legal Basis of International Humanitarian Law and Its Fundamental Principles 1 Introduction 2 The Law of Armed Conflict: Purpose, Concepts, Scope, Application a The Separation of Jus Ad Bellum and Jus In Bello b Hague Law and Geneva Law c Terminology: Wars vs Armed Conflicts, Law of Armed Conflict vs International Humanitarian Law d Scope and Application of the Law of Armed Conflict 3 23 25 28 30 30 30 31 33 33 35 3 Sources of the Law of Armed Conflict a Treaties i The Treaty Law Distinction Between International and Non-International Armed Conflict b Custom c Other Sources:Soft Law 37 38 38 4 The Fundamental Principles of the Law of Armed Conflict a The Principle of Distinction i The Principle of Discrimination (Prohibition on Indiscriminate Attacks) b The Principle of Military Necessity c The Principle of Proportionality d The Prohibition on Causing Unnecessary Suffering and Superfluous Injury e The Principle of Neutrality f The Principle of Humanity 42 43 45 5 Conclusion 51 Types of Armed Conflicts 1 Introduction 54 54 2 International Armed Conflicts a Common Article 2 Armed Conflicts i ‘War’ vs ‘Armed Conflict’ 55 55 55 39 41 45 46 47 48 49
Contents ii What Is an ‘Armed Conflict’? iii Occupation b Wars of National Liberation 56 58 58 3 Non-International Armed Conflicts a Common Article 3 Armed Conflicts i Intensity and Organisation ii Geographical Field of Application iii The Shortcomings of Common Article 3 b Additional Protocol II Armed Conflicts i Material Field of Application 62 64 67 70 71 71 72 4 Internationalised and ‘Transnational’ Armed Conflicts a Internationalised Armed Conflicts i Military Intervention by a Foreign State in a NIAC A The Conflict Becomes an International Armed Conflict, Regardless of Which Side the Foreign State Supports В If the Foreign State Supports the Territorial State, the Conflict Remains Non-International C If the Foreign State Supports the Armed Group the Conflict Between the Foreign State and the Territorial State Is International; That Between the Armed Group and the Territorial State Remains Non-International D If the Foreign State Supports the Armed Group, the Whole Conflict Becomes International ii One of the Parties Is Acting on Behalf of a Foreign State A The Nicaragua Test: Effective Control В The Tadic Test: Overall Control b ‘Transnational’ Armed Conflicts i Conflict Between State A and Armed Group X Based in State A, Fighting in State A ii Conflict Between State A and Armed Group X Based in State B, Fighting in State A iii Conflict Between State A and Armed Group X, Fighting in A Spills Across Border into State В iv Conflict Between State A and Armed Group X Based in Neighbouring State B, Fighting in В Only V Conflict Between State A and Armed Group X Based in
State C (and Elsewhere), Fighting in Various States c ‘De-Internationalised’ Armed Conflicts 76 77 77 78 91 5 Conclusion 92 79 79 79 80 80 82 84 84 85 86 88 88 vii
viii ] Contents 4 Individual Status in Armed Conflict: Combatants, Non-Combatants, Direct Participation in Hostilities, Prisoners of War and Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict 1 Introduction 96 2 Combatant Status: Criteria, Privileges and Responsibilities a Early Rules on Combatant Status: the US Civil War to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 97 98 96 3 The Current Law Regarding Combatant Status a Members of the Armed Forces b Partisan and Resistance Fighters i Being Commanded by a Person Responsible for Their Subordinates ii Having a Fixed Distinctive Sign iii Carrying Arms Openly iv Obeying the Laws of War c National Liberation and Guerrilla Fighters under Protocol I d Levée en Masse e Participants in Non-International Armed Conflicts 101 101 101 102 104 105 4 Non-Combatants Entitled to P0W Status and Treatment 105 5 Irregulars in Hostilities Not Entitled to Combatant Status a Spies b Mercenaries c ‘Unlawful’Combatants d Private Military and Security Contractors e Civilians Taking Direct Part in Hostilities 106 106 108 110 114 119 6 Prisoner of War Status a Determining P0W Status b Treatment of POWs i Rights of POWs ii Rules on Conditions of Captivity iii Rules on Penal and Disciplinary Proceedings iv Obligations for Detaining Authorities Regarding Transmission of Information, Monitoring by Protecting Powers and the ICRC, and Repatriation of POWs 123 123 124 124 126 127 127 7 Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts 128 8 Conclusion 132 98 99 99 100
Contents [ 5 6 Protection of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked 1 Introduction Ί 35 135 2 The Origins of the Protection of the Hors de Combat in Armed Conflict 135 3 The Rules Regarding Respect for and Care of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked a In International Armed Conflicts b In Non-International Armed Conflicts 136 4 Provisions on the Dead and Missing 141 5 Medical Personnel and the Protection of Medical Goods and Objects, Including Hospitals, Ambulances and Hospital Ships a Medical and Religious Personnel b Medical Goods and Objects, Including Hospitals, Ambulances and Hospital Ships 143 6 The Protective Emblems: the Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Crystal a Background to the Adoption of the Emblems: the Red Cross b The Red Crescent c The Red Shield of David d The Red Crystal e Substance of the International Law on the Distinctive Emblems 147 147 149 151 153 154 7 Conclusion 155 The Law of Occupation and the Protection of Civilians 1 Introduction 159 159 2 General Protections forCivilians 160 3 The Historical Developmentand Philosophical Underpinnings of the Modern Law of Occupation 162 4 Occupation, Protected Persons and Persons Deprived of Their Liberty a When Is Territory Occupied? b End of Occupation c Administration of Occupied Territory d Rules on Protected Persons and Persons Deprived of Their Liberty i Protected Persons 164 136 139 143 145 164 165 166 168 168 ix
Contents 7 A Rules Applying to All Protected Persons 170 В Rules Applying to Enemy Aliens 171 C Rules Applying to Occupied Territory 172 ii Persons Deprived of Their Liberty e Problems Regarding Long-Term Occupation 173 174 5 Rules on the Treatment of Civilians in Non-international Armed Conflicts 179 6 Conclusion 181 Targeting 185 1 Introduction 185 2 The Philosophical Underpinnings of the Law of Targeting 186 3 The Basic Rule: Article 48 of Additional Protocol I 187 4 Military Objects and Objectives a Objects’and Objectives’ i A Side Note: Are People Lawful Military Objectives? b Nature, Location, Purpose, Use i Nature ii Location iii Purpose iv Use c Destruction, Capture or Neutralisation d Circumstances Ruling at the Time e Definite Military Advantage 188 189 189 190 190 190 191 191 191 192 193 5 Additional Rules on Targeting Military Objectives a Indiscriminate Attacks b Proportionality c Precautions in Attack and Defence i Precautions in Attack ii Precautions in Defence 194 194 196 197 198 200 6 Specific Rules on Targeting Certain Types of Objects a Cultural Property b The Environment c Medical Facilities d Works and Installations Containing Dangerous Forces e Objects Necessary for the Survival of the Civilian Population f Civil Defence, Non-Defended Localitiesand Demilitarised Zones 201 201 206 208 208 210 211
Contents 8 7 Dual-Use Objects: a New Category in the Law of Targeting? 213 8 A Note on the Law of Targeting in Non-International Armed Conflicts 214 9 Conclusion 216 Means and Methods of Warfare 223 1 Introduction 223 2 The General Rules: the Prohibitions on Causing Unnecessary Suffering and Superfluous Injury, and on Indiscriminate Means and Methods 223 3 The Obligation to Assess the Legality of New Means and Methods of Warfare 227 4 Specifically Prohibited Weapons and Restricted Weapons a Explosive and Dum-Dum Bullets b Mines and Booby-Traps i Booby-Traps ii Landmines c Incendiary Weapons d Non-Detectable Fragments e Blinding Laser Weapons f Explosive Remnants of War g Cluster Munitions h Chemical Weapons and Poison i Biological and Bacteriological Weapons 228 228 229 230 231 234 234 235 236 236 238 240 5 Prohibited Methods of Warfare a Orders of‘No Quarter’ b Perfidy c Siege Warfare and Starvation of Civilians d Pillage e Other Rules Relating to Methods of Warfare i Belligerent Reprisals ii Mercenaries iii Parachutists in Distress iv Espionage 241 241 242 243 245 246 246 248 248 248 6 Means and Methods of Warfare of Indeterminate or Contested Status a Depleted Uranium 249 250
xii Contents b c d e f 9 White Phosphorus Nuclear Weapons Cyber Warfare Targeted Killing andDrone Warfare Autonomous Weapons 251 253 257 260 264 7 Conclusion 266 Implementation, Enforcement and Accountability 1 Introduction 270 270 2 Common Article 1: the Obligation to Ensure Respect 270 3 Measures to Be Taken in Peacetime a Dissemination to the Armed Forces b Dissemination to Civil Society c Implementation into Domestic Legislation 273 273 274 275 4 Role of the Protecting Powers and the International Committee of the Red Cross 275 5 The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 279 6 Accountability through International Criminal Law a Individual Responsibility for Violations of the Laws of Armed Conflict i War Crimes and Grave Breaches ii Violations of the Law of Armed Conflict Not Amounting to Grave Breaches iii Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide b Command Responsibility 280 280 281 282 283 284 7 The International Criminal Court, the International Tribunals and the Hybrid and Internationalised Courts 287 8 Reparations for Violations of the Law of Armed Conflict 289 9 The Role of the United Nations and International and Non-Governmental Organisations 290 10 Implementation, Enforcement and Accountability in Non-International Armed Conflicts a What Law Applies? b To Whom Does the (NIAC)Law Apply? c Implementation, Enforcementand Accountability i Dissemination 292 293 294 298 299
Contents [ —--------------------- ii Special Agreements iii Unilateral Undertakings or Commitments iv Accountability through International Criminal Law 10 299 300 301 11 Conclusion 301 Conclusions 306 Bibliography Index 308 332 xiii |
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