The Greek junta and the international system: a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
Routledge
2020
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| Schriftenreihe: | Cold War history
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 269 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781138344112 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of contributors Abbreviations Foreword viii xii xv JOHN O. IATRIDES 1 Introduction 1 ANTONIS KLAPSIS, CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS, EVANTHIS HATZIVASSILIOU AND EFFIE G. H. PEDALIU PARTI International actors 2 ‘Papandreou Derangement Syndrome’?: the United States and the April 1967 coup 11 13 JAMES E. MILLER 3 Greece in the tapes: Nixon and the junta 27 HARRY PAPASOTIRIOU 4 France and the Greek Colonels 39 MAURICE VAÏSSE 5 Italy and the Greek military regime from the 1967 coup d’état to the fall of the dictatorship 48 ANTONIO VARSORI 6 The Bavarian Greek radio programme for Greek migrants and its impact onGreek-German relations, 1967-74 NIKOS PAPANASTASIOU 58
vi Contents 7 Beyond the bi-polar world: Greece’s relations with China, Israel and Africa, 1967-73 71 DIONYSIOS CHOURCHOULIS, MANOLIS KOUMAS AND ANASTASIOS PANOUTSOPOULOS PART II International institutions and transnational processes 8 A clash of cultures?: The UN, the Council of Europe and the Greek dictators 85 87 EFFIE G. H. PEDALITI 9 Taking a stance: the European Community and the Greek junta 110 EIRINIKARAMOUZI 10 The challenges of modernism: Greece, environmentalism and the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, 1969-79 124 EVANTHIS HATZIVASSILIOU 11 ‘The situation in Greece’: American human rights activism in the wake of the 1967 coup 137 SARAH B. SNYDER 12 The Beckets vs. the Colonels: a study in the micro-evolution of global human rights activism in the ‘long 1960s’ 149 KONSTANTINA MARAGKOU PART III Transitions in Southern Europe: the comparative perspective 165 13 The Colonels’ coup of 1967 and the military takeovers in Turkey in 1960 and 1971 167 MOGENS PELT 14 International dimensions of democratization: revisiting the Spanish case CHARLES POWELL 179
Contents 15 The Cold War and the Portuguese Revolution: three paradigms of an exemplary case study vii 203 MARIO DEL PERO 16 The Greek transition to democracy 215 ANTONIS KLAPSIS 17 Praetorian military regimes: the Greek case 228 CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS Conclusions 245 18 The Colonels’ dictatorship 1967-74: bringing in the international 247 MICHAEL COX Index 255
Index 1968, (the spirit of) 1, 8, 167,253 Abram, Morris B. 90, 92,139,143^1 Acheson, Dean 16 Aegean Islands, 129, 216 Aegean Sea 153, 216 Africa 6, 71-9, 89, 91-2, 203, 204, 230, 249, 251 Afro-Asian Group (see also UN) 91, 95 attitudes to human rights, 90 Aggelis, Odysseas 78 Agnew, Spiro 30-32,44 Ailianos, Constantine 126 AKEL see Rehabilitation Party of the Working People (Cyprus) Albania xvi, 72, 73, 76 Alexandria 75 Algeria 205, 249 Allende, Salvador 53, 206, 234 Alphand, Hervé 42 Alto Adige 96 American Bar Association 93 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 143 American Committee for Democracy and Freedom in Greece 139 American Embassy (Athens) 4,14, 17-24, 23, 128,132,140,172, 198, 248, 251,252 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (US) (AHEPA) 34, 35 Amnesty International (AI) 92-3, 96-8, 100,103, 116, 139,141-3, 150-3, 155, 157 Amnesty International USA Archives (AIUSA) 139,141,143 Andreotti, Giulio 52 Angola, 210 Anschutz, Norbert 18-19 anti-Americanism 4, 8, 17,43, 119, 167, 172, 173, 216, 220, 225, 253 anti-colonial struggle 91, 211 anti-communism 15, 53, 63, 71, 72, 80, 87, 95,170, 172, 210, 238, 252 anti-fascism 48, 50, 53 anti-junta activism see Human rights activism and invasion of Greek Embassy in London 251, 253 anti-modernism 1, 3,4,124, 132 anti-racism 90, 91, 104 anti-totalitarianism 228 anti-Westernism xv, 1, 35, 71, 102, 132, 205, 207, 220, 253 apartheid (see also South Africa) 89, 90, 91, 249 Arafat, Yasser 29 Arbouzis, Dionysios 218 Arias Navarro, Carlos 186, 189, 193, 196-8 Armed Forces Movement, Portugal, (MFA) 207 Asia 33, 89,
91,95 Aslan, Yusuf 167 Atatürk, Kemal 168-9, 171, 174-76 Athens Association Agreement 6, 43, 71, 79,111-13,114-15, 117-119 See also EEC Athens Foreign Press Association 21 Athens Polytechnic Uprising xvii, 59, 66, 219, 240 Atheras, Fani 59 Australia 139 Austria 97 Austria vs Italy (CoE application 788/60) 96 Avcıoğlu, Doğan 169, 171, 173, 177ո5 Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos 218-20
256 Index Aydemir, Talat 171-2 Azores (the) 203, 210 ‘Taiwan in the Atlantic’ 204 Baeyens, Jacques 40-1, 43, 45 Bakoyannis, Pavlos 5, 59-66 Baldwin, Roger 139 Balkans 40, 63, 72-4, 78 Balkan détente 72 Bank of Greece 111, 142 Batur, Muhsin 168 Bavarian Radio (BR) 5, 58-61, 66, 64 Bayh, Birch 142 Beatles (The) 250 Decket, Campbell 155 Becket, Elise 141-2, 155 Becket, James (Jim) 7, 92, 97, 100, 141, 149-52,154-56, 158-60 Becket, Maria 7, 100,149-60, 161n8 Ben Bella, Ahmed 249 Berlin Wall 160 Berlin Blockade 182 Berlinguer, Enrico 206-7 Birkelbach Report 6, 111, 188 Bitsios, Dimitrios 21, 93 ‘black power’ 250 ‘Black September’ 35, 75 Boegner, Jean-Marc 114 Bogner, Gerhard 59, 61, 65 Bonanos, Grigorios 218 Borghese, Junio Valerio 53 Brandt, Willy 62-5,191, 209 Breeze, James 129 Bretton Woods system 2 Brewster, Daniel 18 Briggs, Ellis 14-15 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 65, 156 Brown, George 114, 141 Bruce, David 129 Bulgaria 27, 72 Burger, Jaap 115 Burin des Roziers, Étienne 40 Burley, Anne 150, 152 Butler, William 143 Buttrick, John 140 Caetano, Marcelo 54, 194, 204, 207 Callaghan, James 192 Calvo Sotelo, Leopoldo 198 Calvocoressi, Peter 90, 100 Canada, 128, 139 Cambiotis, Ioannis 44 Camre, Mogens 152 Capotori, Francesco 91 Carey, John 91-2 Cariucci, Frank 204, 207, 210 ‘Carnation Revolution’ 54 Carras, Costas 126 Carras, Lydia 126 Carrero Blanco, Luis 187,195 Carrillo, Santiago 195 Carter, Jimmy 94, 194, 198, 253 Carvalho, Otelo Saraiva de 207 ‘castroism’ 249 Catalonia 185 Central Intelligence Agency, KYP (Greece) 62, 78 Central Intelligence Agency, CIA (US) 13, 249
and Greece 13, 18, 21, 23,49, 52, 219 and Italy 49, 53 and Spain 195 and Turkey 171 Centre Union Party, EK (Greece) 14,15, 17-18,20, 22, 49,219-21 Chant, Douglas 140 Chatzopoulos, Christos 59 Chauvel, Jean-François 42 Chile 55, 94, 144, 149, 204-08,234 China 6, 31, 71-4, 79, 209, 248, 250 and Greece 71-74 Chinese Embassy in Greece 74 and ‘one-China’ policy 72 and Republic of China (ROC) (see also Taiwan) 6,31,71,73, 74 and Pax Americana 248 and the US 31 Kissinger’s visit to China 31 US ‘opening’ to China 6, 31, 248 and the UN recognition of China 73, 75 UNGA Resolution 2758 73 and the USSR 71, 72, 248, 250, 209 Sino-Soviet split 71, 72,250,209 Sino-Soviet border conflict 72 Beijing 31, 72, 74 cultural revolution 250 Christian Democratic Party, DC (Italy) 49, 50, 52, 53, 192, 205, 206, 209 Christian Democratic Union, CDU (Federal Republic of Germany) 63, 191, 193 Christian Social Union, CSU (West Germany) 63, 64, 193 Chrysostomos, Archbishop 237 Ciomp-Iliou, Mary 139
Index civil-military relations 228-230,233 factionalism 233 legitimacy 236 resilience of democratic institutions 232-33, 236 military coups d’état 39, 40, 78, 168, 174, 179, 230-32 military rule 169, 176,233, 234, 235, 238, 239 praetorianism 230, 234 social cohesion 233 Civil Rights Movement (US) 250 Clark, Joe 141 Clis, Elias 129 Cold War 5, 71, 73, 79, 124,176,181-83, 199, 200, 229, 247-48, 250, 253, 289 and human rights 88, 95, 99 103-104, 110,114 colonialism 89, 90, 91, 95 Colonels (see also Greek Military Dictatorship, the Greek Junta and ‘the Regime’) 39, 49, 53, 55, 65, 137, 149, 174 Colson, Chuck 34 Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society (CCMS-NATO) 6, 124-33, 183 and Greece 124-29,132-33 Advanced Health Care Study - Greece 126, 129 Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Monitoring for Architectural Conservation (NATO) 131 Aegean Islands 129 Air Pollution assessment, Greece 125, 129,130, 131 conservation of antiquities 130, 131 Disaster Assistance Project CCMS 125, 126 disposal of dangerous (CCMS) 128, 139 Drinking Water Pilot Study, CCMS 129 Geothermal Energy Study, CCMS 126, 127, 128, 130 Geothermal Research Division, CCMS 129 marine pollution 131 Oil Spill Resolution 125 Common Agricultural Policy, CAP (see also EEC) 119, 116 Congress (US) 137-138,142-144,156,197 Congressional activism 137-8,144 Congressional black caucus 210 257 Congress of the European Movement 188 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (see also Helsinki Final Act) 124, 210 and Basket II124 and Helsinki Final Act 124, 210 Connally, John 34 Consortium of Public
Broadcasters of the Federal Republic of Germany (ARD) 58, 65 Constantine II, King of the Hellenes xv, xvi, 4-5,18,20, 22-4, 32, 39-40, 50, 59, 99, 221 Constantopoulos, Nikos 102 containment 199 Cortina Mauri, Pedro 208 Council of Europe (CoE) 6, 7, 31, 87, 88, 93. 97-104,116, 117, 124, 150, 152, 154,155,156,159,160, 169, 182, 203,239 attitude of the Greek military regime towards the CoE 99-101 Austria vs Italy (application 788/60) 96 the Beckets and the CoE 152-60 Commission of Human Rights 40, 97, 98, 115, 116,154, 156 Consultative Assembly 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 116, 152 Council of Ministers (CM) 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 203 European Court of Human Rights 98, 102 Greek withdrawal 6, 51, 99, 101-03, 116, 154 and Spain 190 Sub-Commission of Human Rights 98, 99, 100 Council of Foreign Ministers (EEC) 6, 112, 118, 188 Cuba 72, 249 Cuban missile crisis 248 Cunhal, Alvaro 206, 207-8,211 Cyprus 3, 8, 78, 96, 98,101, 126, 158, 167,215, 223,241,251 and Constantine Karamanlis 216-19, 224 and French neutrality 39 and Maria Becket 158 and the UN 75, 79, 172 and the US 14-16, 32-33 Enosis xvii, 15, 17 Geneva Conference on Cyprus 216
258 Index Greek-Cypriots 15, 33 President Johnson’s 1964 letter 14—16, 167 Turkish Cypriots 15 Turkish invasion of Cyprus xvii, 16, 33, 54,128,216,218, 224 Czechoslovakia 23, 33,117, 206 Czemetz, Karl 97 Davos, Ioannis 218 Debré, Michel 45 De Charbonnières, Girard 40 decolonisation 3, 90, 91, 95,157, 181,203, 204 De Gasperi, Alcide 52 De Gaulle, Charles 5, 16, 39, 171, 187 Deligiannis, A. 129 De Lipkowski, Jean 44 De Lorenzo, Giovanni 49 De Margerie, Christian 40-1 Demirel, Süleyman 168-9, 172-3, 175 Democrat Party, DP (Turkey) 170, 173, 176 Democratic Party (US) 17,23, 34,137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 156, 198, 200, 210 democratic transitions 133, 184, 204, 207 historiography of democratic transitions 179-81 ‘wave’theory 183 ‘third wave of democratization’ 4, 181, 183, 185, 187, 194 democratization xv, 32, 65, 87, 101, 110, 114, 115,114 and Greece 215-25 and Portugal 204, 210, 211, 212 and Spain 179,180,181, 183, 184, 185, 187,191-95, 198-200 Denmark 28, 97-100, 128, 139, 153, 160 and CCMS 125, 128, 139 and CoE application against Greece (3321/67) 139,152, 160, 97, 98, 100, 101, 239 and the junta 28, 97-100, 115, 125,128, 139, 153,156, 125, 128, 139 and NATO 28, 125, 128, 114-5, 156 Detente 2, 6 27, 71, 73, 74, 79, 124,157, 203, 204-212, 248 Antiballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) 209 SALT 1209 Deutsche Welle 5, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 156 Dominican Republic 137 Druon, Maurice 45 Durand, Bernard 40-1, 43-4, 46 Dworken, Morton 13 Dylan, Bob 250 Eastern Europe 58, 90, 91, 92, 95,117, 198 ‘Committees for Solidarity with Greek Democrats’ 92 Eastern European Sub-Directorate of the French
Foreign Ministry 43 ‘Iron Curtain’ 159,248 radio stations 58 Soviet bloc 9, 19, 60, 72 Ebert Foundation 7 Ecevit, Bülent 172,175 Economic and Social Council, UN (ECOSOC) 89, 157 Economou-Gouras, Pavlos 72, 75 EDA see United Democratic Left (Greece) Edwards, Don 138, 143 Egypt 27, 35, 72, 76, 79, 169, 235 Egyptian plan to smuggle Soviet missiles into Cyprus 16 Egyptian-brokered ceasefire and Jordanian crisis 330 Exodus of Greeks 79 EK see Centre Union Party (Greece) Eleftheriades, Ioannis 130 El Houni, Monem 78 Ellsworth, Robert 32 Ellsworth, Whitney 155 Engolfopoulos, Konstantinos 101 environmentalism 2,124, 132 Environmental Protection Agency, ERA (US) 132 ERE see National Radical Union Greece Erim, Nihat 33, 168, 171 Espersen, Ole 153, 161 Estado Novo (Portugal) 215, 224 ETA see Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Spain) euro-communism 196,203 European Coal and Steel Community 182 European Commission, EEC 6, 49 and Greek harmonization 113,115 and the Greek junta 6, 49,112-14, 115-19 and Spain 189 European Community (EC) see European Economic Community European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 44, 96, 97, 103, 151, 188
Index European Council, EEC Council of Foreign Ministers, and Greece 110, 112, 113, 114,114, 118, 119 European Council, EEC Council of Foreign Ministers, and Spain 188,189,191 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 98, 102, 194 European Economic Community (EEC) xvii, 1-7, 39,40, 42-43, 49-50, 51, 54-55, 63, 71, 88, 79, 88, 110-13,115-20, 124, 130, 133, 169,175,179-182,187-193, 199, 200, 208, 212, 224-225 and Greek application to join EEC 54, 110, 130, 133 and Portugal 211-12 and Spain 179-182, 187-93,199 and Spanish candidacy 190-91, 195, 199 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 119, 116 Council of Ministers and EEC 112 Democratization and the EEC 181 France and the Greek Coup 40, 42 ‘freezing’ of Association Agreement with Greece 43,71,79. 111-13, 114-15, 117-119 Greece, application to join EEC 110, 130, 133 Greece as an Associate Member 1, 39-43, 49,71,79, 110-14, 118-19, 133,169 European Investment Bank (EIB) 115 European Parliament (EP) 6,110-112, 115, 118, 187, 188 and Greece 6, 110-112, 115,118 and Spain 187, 188, 191 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (Spain) 188, 192, 195 Evensen, Jens 156, 161 Fallaci, Oriana 54, 206 Fanfanı, Amintore 49 fascism xvi, 150, 231, 236, 239 fascism and Greece xvi, 5, 77,119 neo-fascist right (Italy) 5, 52, 53 Faure, Maurice 189 Federal Republic of Germany see Germany Ferretti, Lando 112 Filopoulos, Alexandras 61 259 Findley, Paul 138, 142 Finland, 182 Ford, Gerald 195-97, 209-10 France, 39-46, 128, 131 see also Quay d’Orsay, French Foreign Ministry 40-5 and arms sales to Greece 44-45 and attitudes towards the Greek military regime, 5, 39-41, 42-46
and CCMS 131 and diplomacy 39,42, 44 and foreign and economic relations with Greece 39-46,44-45 and the Mediterranean 39 and Spain 190, 191 and support for Greek EEC Association status 39 and support for Karamanlis 54 French Embassy in Athens 39,40-41 French National Assembly 42 French public opinion 5, 39, 41-42, 44 L 'Express 42 Le Figaro 42 Le Monde 42 L’Observateur 250 Fontainbleu-European Council 191 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FCO (UK) 127 Franco, Francisco 7, 111, 182, 184,186-9, 192-96, 198-9, 215 Franco regime 182 Fraser, Donald M. 137-9, 143-4 Free Democratic Party, FDP (West Germany) 63-64 Frelinghuysen, Peter 32 Friendship and Cooperation Treaty (1976) 197 Fritz, Wilhelm 64 Fuller, Walter 112 Gaddafi, Muammar 27-8, 35, 39, 77-8 Galatsanos, Andreas 218 Galbraith, John Kenneth 140-1 Gambia 78 garrison state 228 Garoufalias, Petros 18, 220 Gavras, Costa 44, 54 Genevoix, Maurice 42 Georgalas, Georgios 72, 78 George II, King of the Hellenes xvi German Democratic Republic (East Germany, GDR) 60
260 Index German Trade Union Confederation (DGB) 60, 193 Germany (West Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, FRG) 98, 99,100, 113, 114,128, 131,139, 156, 157,170,223, 225 Bavarian Radio (BR) 5, 58, 59, 60-61, 66,64 the junta and BR 60-61 Der Spiegel 62, 64 Die Zeit 64 Deutsche Welle 62 Deutschlandfunk 65 arms exports to Greece 65 financial aid to Greece 65 Gastarbeiters 58, 59, 66 German Radio foreign language broadcasts 58 German public opinion 62, 63 Portuguese transition to democracy 211, 212 Spanish transition to democracy 179, 183, 184,190, 191, 192, 193 Westdeutscher Rundfunk 65 Gezmiş, Deniz 167, 174-5 Ghana 249 Ghikas, Solon 218-20 Gibraltar 192, 194 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 5, 46, 192-3 Gizikis, Phaedon 176 Glezos, Manolis 89 Glinne, Ernest 115 Gonçalves, Vasco 210 Gonzalez, Felipe 191, 193,198-9 Goppel, Alfons 64 Grant, Stephanie 153 Great Britain (the UK) xvi, 90, 96, 139 see also United Kingdom Greco-Christian tradition 236 Greece and accession to the EEC 119-120,130, 133 and application for accession to the EEC 118,132 and the Arab-Israeli conflict 71, 74-78 and CIA covert political activities in Greece 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 49 and Civil War xv, 1,14, 31,48, 58, 87, 158,176,238,248,251 and harmonization with the EEC 133, 115 and Israel 74, 76-77 and Libya 78 and neutrality over Yom Kippur War 77 and the PRC 6, 71-72, 73, 74, 79 and Sub-Saharan Africa 71, 78, 79 and Taiwan 74 and Turkey xvii, 8,15, 74, 96, 98,131, 153, 173-176 and withdrawal from NATO 128, 216, 224 conspiracies against Greek democracy xv, 97, 218, 219, 223 Constitution (1952) 216, 238
Constitutional Act 217, 217, 219 Chiefs of Staff 218, 223 Crete 15, 31, 76, 77 gendarmerie, 219 Greek Embassy in China 74 Greek Atomic Energy Commission 127 ‘Greek Case’, CoE 96, 97, 98, 103-04, 116,152-160 and the Cold War 96,98 and France 43-44 and Italy 50-51 and the US 31 applications against Greece by Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden 50 Greek Communist Party (KKE) 48, 219-21 Greek Diaspora in Africa 75, 78, 79 in the US x, 5, 28, 33—44 Greek economy 9,15, 73, 78,113,154 Greek junta i, 1, 3, 5, 7, 49, 59, 61, 62, 63, 72, 88, 111, 138,153,215, 231, 233, 235—41 (see also Greek Military Dictatorship, Greek Colonels, the regime) Greek Mercantile Marine 125 Greek Military Dictatorship i, 1,3, 5, 7, 49, 59,61,62,63,72, 88, 111, 138, 153,215, 231,233, 235-41 and the 1968 constitution 238 and diplomacy 72, 129 and diplomatic isolation xviii, 4, 6, 31, 40, 65, 73, 77, 79, 102, 119, 129, 238 and extra-ordinary court martials 87, 101,217 and the ‘freezing’ of the Athens Association Agreement 43, 71, 79, 111-113, 114-115, 117-119
Index 261 and human rights violations 6, 28, 31, 59, 87-91, 93, 103, 144, 149, 150 and Democratic Defence Trial 101 and Gyáros concentration camp 217 and treatment political prisoners/ detainees 44, 89, 92-93, 100, 101, 103, 112, 116, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 151,217 and ideology 77, 236-41 and the Judiciary xv, 93,101,102, 138, 217 237, 235 and liberalization experiments 19, 40, 41,43, 126, 127, 132,240-1 and martial law xv, xvi, 22, 94, 240 and the monarchy xvi, xvii, 18,19, 21, 40,49, 99,174, 239 the ‘Palace’ and the 1967 coup xvi, 20,175 and the Prometheus Plan xvi, 49, 247 and Referendum 1968 59, 238 and the search for legitimacy 8, 72, 97, 125, 215, 237 and withdrawal from CoE 6, 50, 51, 99, 101-03,116, 154 and the US the US Congress 28, 29, 137-138, 142-144, 156 the US Embassy in Athens 21,23, 24, 140, 141, 144, 251 US foreign policy 13-24, 27-36, 90, 144 US ‘heavy arms embargo’ 117, 142 US military bases 75 Iraklio (Crete) 77 Nea Makri (Attica) 77 Souda Bay (Crete) 76, 77 the US Sixth Fleet 167 the US State Department 19, 22-23, 30,31,128,129,137, 140, 141, 143, 170 Greek neo-fascism 77 Greek Orthodox Patriarchates 75 Greek transition to democracy 4, 6, 7, 120, 128, 132, 133, 215-25 and the Council of State 217, 222 and the Court of Cassation 217 and democratization 220 and the Judiciary/judges, courts, legal system 217 and the monarchy 217, 221, 239 and municipal elections 223,239 and National Radio and TV 220 National Unity Government (Greece) 215-217,219 public opinion 20, 216, 221 Referendum 1974 xvii, 66, 219-22, 224 ‘Republican Constitution 215
restoration of democracy 6, 30, 54, 62, 116, 118,216,217, 223-24 Greene, Hugh 65 Grivas, George 18 Guardian (The) 151 Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ 167, 207, 249 Giirkan, Celil 168 Habash, George 29 Haig, Alexander 198 Haiti 90, 91, 92 Haldeman, Bob 35 Harmel, Pierre 99, 118 Hartke, Vance 142 Hassan II, King of Morocco 197 Hatzinikolaou, Assimakis 59 Hauser, Rita 90 Hays, Wayne L. 144 Heath, Edward 192 Hellenic Tourism Organization 130 Heller, Walter 140 Heyer, Georg Walter 70n40 ‘historical compromise’ (Italy) 54, 206, 208, 209 Hoare, Samuel 91 Hooper, Sir Robin 126-7 Huber, Josef 61 human rights 1, 2, 4, 7, 89-92, 93, 114, 124, 137, 144, 149, 150, 157, 160, 204-205 and the Cold War 95 and the Council of Europe 6, 7, 31, 87, 88, 93, 97-104, 116,117, 124, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 169, 182, 203, 239 and human rights violations and Chile 55, 94, 144,149, 204-208, 234 and Greece 6, 28, 31, 59, 87-91, 93, 103, 144, 149, 150 and political prisoners (Greece) 44, 89, 92,93, 100, 10, 103, 112, 116,137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 151,217 and Haiti 90, 91, 92 and Iran 93 and Portugal 93
262 Index and Spain 188,194, 205 and the Ш 89-96 and politicization of human rights 91,95 and international protection 7, 88-90, 137, 144, 149, 159 human rights activism 1, 3, 2, 4, 7, 89-92, 93,137-144, 149, 150, 157, 159, 158, 160 American human rights activism 137-44 and American Bar Association 93 and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 143 and American Committee for Democracy and Freedom in Greece 139 and Amnesty International USA Archives (AIUSA) 139, 141, 143 and Andreas Papandreou 140-1 and Boston ad hoc Committee for Freedom in Greece 139 and California Committee for Democracy in Greece 139 and Congressional human rights activism 137-8,142—4· and Inter-American Federation for Democracy in Greece 139 and International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen Union 139 and Minnesotans for Democracy and Freedom in Greece 139 silent ‘March in Mourning’ 139 non-govemmental human rights activism 138-140, 142-44 See also Amnesty International and the Beckets 92, 97,100, 141, 149-160, 168 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) 89, 90, 93, 102, 143, 157 transnational activism 1-4, 6, 7, 137, 138, 142,144, 144, 149, 150, 152, 153,154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 189, 195 Humphrey, John 90-1, 143 Hurwicz, Leo 140 Hussein, King of Jordan 29 Iberian Peninsula 195 and EEC enlargement 190, 191 Idris I, King of Libya 77 İnan, Hüseyin 167 Ingles, José D. 93 İnönü, Ismet 16, 33,167, 171-2, 175-6, 177ո5 Inter-American Federation for Democracy in Greece 139 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) 89, 90, 93, 102, 143, 157 International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial
Discrimination 89 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 89 International Labour Organisation (ILO) 93, 182, 89-90 International League for the Rights of Man (ILRM) 139,157 International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen Union 139 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 183 Ioannides, Dimitrios 31,41, 79,127-8, 175, 218-19, 222, 240 Ioannidis, Nikos 59 Iran 91, 93, 94,157 Israel 71 Greek neutrality 75 Greek Israeli relations 77, 79 Italian Social Movement (MSI) 53,112 Italy and the Greek application to the EEC 50 and the Greek Case in the CoE 50-1 and the Greek Case at the UN 91 and the Mediterranean 48, 51 and the UK 50 Carabinieri 49 ‘Forest Rangers’ 53 ‘historical compromise’ 54, 206, 208, 209 Italian Communist Party (PCI) 49, 59, 53, 54, 206, 209 Italian Foreign Ministry xi, 50, 51 Italian intelligence agencies 49, 52 Italian Left 5, 49-54 Italian Military Secret Service (SIFAR) 49, 52 Italian public opinion 5, 49, 51, 53, 54 Italian Right 49-52 Italian Socialist Party (PSI) 49 L 'Esspresso 49 neo-fascism 5, 52-3 Piazza Fontana bombing 52 Solo Plan 49 ‘strategy of tension’ 5, 51-2 tensions with Greece 50 terrorism 51-2 ‘The Years of Lead’ (gli anni di piombo) 51 Ivory Coast 78
Index Japan 74, 128, 229 Jerusalem 75 Johnson, Lyndon B. 15-16, 23^1, 26n30, 33-4, 93,117,137, 139-41, 143, 167, 172, 248 Jones, Lewis Jr. 170 Jones, Sir Elwyn 143 Jordan 29-30, 53 Joxe, Louis 39 Juan Carlos, King of Spain 186, 189, 193, 195, 197, 198; Prince of Spain 192, 195-6 Justice Party (JP, Turkey) 170, 172-5 Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis 20,100-1 Karagiorgas, Sakis 102, 153 Karamanlis, Constantine xv, xvii, 8, 14-15, 41-2, 46, 54, 59,110,118,128, 132-3,215-16,218-25 Karayiannis, Dionysios 73 Katapodis, Nikos 74 Katzenbach, Nicholas 140 Kay sen, Carl 140 Kennan, George 249 Kennedy, Edward (Ted) 142, 210 Kennedy, John F. 34-5 King, Martin Luther 250 Kissinger, Henry 24nl, 29-31, 35, 52-3, 76, 142,195-8, 203-12 Kohl, Helmut 191 Kokkas, Panos 14 Köksal, Osman 169 Korea 159, 194 Korean War 182, 228 Korey, William 94 Korovessis, Pericles 152-3 Kosygin, Alexei 248 Kranidiotis, Nikos 218 Kubisch, Jack 128 Läbib, Nahmud 235 Labouisse, Henry 15 Ladas, Ioannis 77-8, 219, 222 Laird, Melvin ЗО Lambrakis, Grigoris 44 Lambrias, Panagiotis (Takis) 101, 216 Latin America 149, 205,230, 236, 249 Lebanon, 76 Le Monde 42 Lennon,John 252 Leone, Giovanni 50, 209 L ’Espresso 49 Levi Sandri, Lionello 112 Lewis Schmidt, G. 173 263 Li Xiannian 74 Liatis, Alexis 75-6, 88 Libya 6, 27, 28, 35, 39, 71, 76-80 and anti-communist subversion tactics 78 and British bases in Libya 28 and Greece 78 Liljegren, Henrik 149 Liliích, Richard В. 89 Limbourg, Peter 64 Limas, George 140 Lisbon 40, 126, 195, 203, 205, 210 Liu Zhenhua 73 London 44, 50, 91, 125, 127, 221, 250, 251,253 London School of Economics (LSE)
250, 251 Lord, Winston 76 Loren, Sophia 48 Luns, Joseph 99 Luxembourg 128 Lyons, Paul 141 Macmillan, Harold 251 Madanoğlu, Cemal 169,171-3 Makarezos, Nikolaos 42-3, 45, 53, 74, 100, 219, 222 Makarios III, Archbishop xvii, 16, 33, 215 Mangakis, George-Alexandras 102 Mansfield, Mike 211 Mansholt, Sicco 118 Mao Zedong 72, 250 Marceau, Marc 42 Markezinis, Spyros 76, 126-7, 132, 175, 239, 240 Markopouliotis, Vassilios 43-4 Marreco, Antony 92, 151 Marshall Plan (ERP) 34, 35, ПО, 182 Martin, Graham 52-3 Martinez Baez, Antonio 93 Martino, Edoardo 49, 112 Matthöfer, Hans 62 Maury, Jack 18, 21 Mavras, George 216, 219 Maxwell Fyfe, Sir David 103 McGovern, George 33-5 McNamara, Robert 247-8 Mediterranean region 27, 48, 51, 63, 99, 117 and detente 27 and French interests 39 and Italy 48, 51 and the ‘Mediterranean Commonwealth’ 78
264 Index and the US 78 Eastern Mediterranean 30, 33, 35, 74, 75, 194 Soviet naval presence in the Mediterranean 5, 33, 34, 114, 117 Menderes, Adnan 170, 173-4, 176, 235 Metzger, Ludwig 115 Mexico 93, 128 MFA see Armed Forces Movement Miceli, Vito 52 Michalopoulos, Constantine 78 Middle East 23, 29, 30, 34, 39, 71 74, 75, 77, 79, 117, 156,167, 194, 230, 236, 249 and Greece 74-77 Ministry for the Environment (Greece) 127, 130 Mitsotakis, Constantine 14, 59, 66, 101 Mitterand, François 190-2 Mobutu, Sese Soko 79 modernization 7, 14, 45, 49, 133,183, 185, 190, 229, 236 Moro, Aldo 49-51, 209 Morocco 93,197 the ‘Green March’ 197 Rabat 197 withdrawal of Spanish troops 197 Moscow 172, 195, 196, 203, 209, 148 and Spain 195, 196, 203 Moynihan, Daniel P. 250 MSI see Italian Social Movement Munim, Abdul 235 Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) 209 Mylonas, George 153 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 71, 78, 235-6 Nasserism 41, 71, 72, 249 National Council of Regional Planning and Environment (Greece) 130 National Renaissance (Greece) 238 National Radical Union Party (ERE, Greece), 17, 20-22 Neimi, Pietro 50 Netherlands (the) 28, 32,40, 50, 89, 97, 100,125, 128, 239 and the CCMS 125, 128 and CoE application 3344/67 40, 50, 89, 97 and the Greek dictatorship 40, 28, 32, 118, 125, 128 and Spain 40, 196 New Democracy (Nea Democraţia) xvii, 54, 66, 219-22,224 New Left 250 New Turkish Party 170,175 New York Review ofBooks 155 New York Times 144, 155,206 New Zealand 126,128 Newman, Frank 93-4,141,157 NGOs (non-governmental organisations) see human rights activism Nguema, Macias 160 Nikolakopoulou (Torossi),
Eleni 59 Nikolaou, Kostas 61, 70n40 Nixon, Richard 5-6,24,24nl, 27-36, 36n2, 52,74,102,117,124,137, 142-4, 195,211, 250,253 Nkrumah, Kwame 249 Non-Aligned Movement 250 non-state actors 3, 137,149, 187, 193 Nordic countries (see also individual country names) 98,160 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 18, 39,48, 51, 92, 124, 210,212 CCMS (see under CCMS) Harmel Report 118, 248 Greek withdrawal 128, 216, 224 North Atlantic Council (NAC) 125 Science Committee 124,130 Science for Stability 130 Southern Flank 77,102 Norway 28, 32, 50, 239,114, 125, 126, 139, 156, 239 and CCMS 125, 126 and CoE application vs Greece 3342/67 97, 98, 100, 101, 115 Notaras, Gerassimos 155 oil 34,194 oil crisis 184 oil shock 2, 184,190, 194 OPEC oil embargo 39 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 124 Organisation for European Economic Development (OEEC) 182-3 Ortona, Egidio 51 Ostpolitik 209 Owens, John 252 Pablo, Michel see Michalis Raptis Pajettaonce, Gian Carlo 206
Index Palestinian Organisations 29, 75 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 29 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 29 Palme, Olof 205 Panagoulis, Alexandras 54, 143 Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK, Greece) xvii, 220, 221 Papadopoulos, George 27-8, 30-3, 35, 41,43-4, 54,71,76-8, 94, 102, 126-7, 143, 219, 222, 237, 239-40 Papaligouras, Panayis 101 Papandreou, Andreas xv, xvii, 1, 4,13-24, 32, 50, 59, 93, 101, 137,139-42, 144, 220,251-3 and US activism 137, 140-141 and President Lyndon B. Johnson 139, 140 Papandreou, George xv, 14-23, 24nl, 25nl6,26n21, 49, 68nl5 Papandreou, Margaret 25nl6, 140-1 Pappas, Tom 30, 35 Partido Socialista (PS, Portugal) see Socialist Party Paris 73, 131, 157, 190 PASOK see Panhellenic Socialist Movement Pattakos, Stylianos 22,30,72,75-8,219,222 Paul, King of the Hellenes 15 Pax Americana 248 Pell, Claiborne 139,141 Pentagon (US) 156, 182 People’s Republic of China (PRC) see China Peres, Simon 75 Perón, Juan 236 Pesmazoglou, Ioannis 111, 118, 142 Petrogiannis, Kostas 59 Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 193 Pinochet, Augusto 53, 94, 204, 208 Pipinelis, Panagiotis 51, 72, 99,101, 154 Plevris, Constantine 77-8 Politiken 156 Pompidou, Georges 5, 40, 44-5, 192 Portugal 203-12 and the Cold War 203-12 and colonial wars 249 and détente 208-11 and human rights violations 93, 157 and neutralism 206-7 and Salazarism 205, 207 265 and the Soviet Union 203-6,208 and the US 203-212 and West Germany 211-2 ‘Carnation Revolution’ 54 Constitutional Assembly 207 ‘democratization-cum-europeanization’ 211 ‘euro-socialist way’ 205 ‘Hot Summer’ 212,
205-6 ‘Taiwan in the Atlantic’ 204 transition to democracy 203,204-12 US military bases in the Azores 210 ‘vaccination theory’ 208 Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) 203, 205-8,210-1 Portuguese revolution 203-12 and Spain 194, 195 praetorianism 230, 234, see also civilmilitary relations Pramateftakis, Charalambos 59 Public-Broadcasting Institution (WDR, West Germany) 58 Public Power Corporation (PPC, Greece) 127-9 Popular Democratic Party (PPD, Portugal) 207 Quay d’Orsay French Foreign Ministry 40-5 Questiaux, Nicole 93 racism 89, 90, 91, 104 Rallis, George 101, 130 Raptis, Michails 153 Reagan, Ronald 13, 198,253 Red Cross 103,156 ‘The Regime’ xvii, 5, 6, 30, 61, 71, 72, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 73, 74, 77, 87, 88, 98, 99,100, 101, 102, 112,116, 117, 137, 138, 154, 156, 169, 175, 236, 23741, 248, see also Colonels, the Greek Military Dictatorship, the Greek Junta Rehabilitation Party of the Working People (AKEL, Cyprus) 33 Republic of China (ROC) see Taiwan Republican Party (US), 200, 43 Reuther, Victor 139 Rey, Jean 115 Rhodesia 249, 251, see also Southern Rhodesia Richardson, Elliot 29
266 Index Richter, Heinz 60, 68η 15 Robbins Report on Higher Education (UK) 251 Rockefeller Foundation 14, 249 Rockwell, Stuart 22 Rogers, William 28, 30, 33, 101, 192 Rolling Stones (The) 250, 252 Romania 33 Roosevelt, Eleanor 104 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 34, 252 Rosenthal, Benjamin 138 Roufogalis, Michael 219,222 Rousseas, Stephen 140-1 Roussos, Stavros 119 Rumor, Mariano 50, 52 Rusk, Dean 21 Sá Carneiro, Francisco de 207 Sachs, Hans-Georg 114 Sackmann, Franz 63 Sadat, Anwar 235 Salazar, António de Oliveira 194 Salisbury, Harrison 155 Salvatores, Gabriele 48 Scandinavian countries (see also under individual country names) 29, 33, 40, 43,51,97, 150, 156, 158 Scarascia Mugnozza, Carlo 117 Scheel, Walter 63-4,193 Schmidt, Helmut 191,196, 208 Schmidt, Poul 160 Schumann, Maurice 43 Schwartz, James 141 Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques 42 Shishakly, Adib 235 Siegmann, W. E. 116 Silkin, Samuel 116 Sisco, Joseph 51, 143 Sino-American relations 31, 79 Sino-Soviet split 71, 72 Smirnov, Sergei 93 Soames, Sir Christopher 118 Soares, Mario 195,204—5, 207 Social Democratic Party (SPD, West Germany) 62, 63, 65, 191, 193 Social Democratic Party (Sweden) 158 Socialist Party (PS, Portugal) 204,207,212 Solo Plan 49 Somoza, Anastasio 252 Sonnenfeldt, Helmut 204 Sorensen, Max 102 South Africa 91-2,249 apartheid 89-91,249 Southeast Asia 23, 91,205,230,249 Southern Europe 3, 4, 6, 39, 54, 65,133, 120,203,204, 205,210,211, 230, 236 democratic transitions 165-228 Southern Flank, 51, 77, see also NATO Southern Rhodesia 95 Soviet Bloc 9, 19,60, 72 Soviet Union 27, 51, 72,73, 203, 211, 209, 229, see also
USSR and détente 208-12 and Greece 78 and the Mediterranean 78, 114,117 and Portugal 195, 203, 211, 209, 229 and Spain 194 and the UN 90-3, 95 Spain and Catholic Church 179,185-8 and Civil War 181-182,185,192 and diplomatic isolation 179-82 and the EEC 182-3, 187 and Francoisin 181-5 and IMF 183 and NATO 194-9 and the US 179, 182-3, 188,192, 194-9 Basque Country 185-6,188 democratic conditionality 180,186, 190 democratic constitution 181, 183-5, 187, 191-5, 198-200 democratization 181, 183-5, 187, 191-5, 198-200 democracy through convergence 199 EEC preferential agreement 188 ‘elite agent school’ 179 ETA 188, 192, 195 external consent and EEC 181 liberalization 179-80, 187-90, 195 Madrid Agreement (1953) 182 Madrid Agreement renewals 196, 199 restoration of democracy 183 Second Republic 181, 185, 199 stabilization plan 183, 187 transition to democracy 180, 188-99 US bases 7, 182-3, 194, 196 US Congress 197,200 Spanish economy 7, 183, 188 Spanish Communist Party (PCE) 195, 197-8 and legalization debate in Spain 197 and Moscow 196 and the US 196-99
Index Spanish coup d’etat (1981) 198 Spanish Federation of Employers’ Organization 193 Spanish referendum on NATO membership (1986) 199 Spanish Sahara 197 Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) 190, 193, 195 Spinelli, Altiero 118 Stabler, Wells 196,198 Starakis, Jean 42 Stasinopoulos, Michael 222 Stathopoulos, Kostas 59 Stearns, Monteagle 14, 24nl, 25nl5, 26n30 Stelzle, Walter 65 Stephanopoulos, Stephanos 60,113 Stewart, Sir Michael 101-2 Stockholm 124, 154, 158 Strasbourg 44, 100, 116, 152-4, 156, 189 Strauss, Franz Josef 63 Suez Canal 194, 249 Suarez, Adolfo, 180,186,189-90, 197-8 Sunday Times (The) 101 Sweden 50, 97, 98, 101, 115, 139, 157, 239 Syria 27, 30, 35,76, 169, 176, 235 Tağmaç, Memduh 169, 174 Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) 72-4 Talbot, Phillips 19-23, 26n21, 28, 71, 76, 141 Tanzania 91-2 Tasca, Henry 28, 30, 35, 36n70, 52, 78 Teitgen, Pierre Henri 102 terrorism 75, 88,159 air piracy 29 El Al hijacking (Athens) 75 urban guerilla groups 167 Theodorakis, Mikis 42, 139,142 Theodoropoulos, Byron 129-30 Thornberry, Cedric 151 Third World 2, 71-3, 79, 95, 250 Times (The) 119 Toker, Metin 177n5 Tolley, Howard Jr. 96 torture xv, 6, 7, 28, 71, 87, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 116,138,139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 151, 154, 157, 159, 160 tourism 154, 188 267 Trade Unions 52, 60, 62, 157,180, 188, 191, 200, 217, 237 Treaty of Rome (1957) 111, 115, 182,182, 187 Treholt, Arne 152-3 Trintignant, Jean-Louis 54 Truman Doctrine 1, 33-5 Tsakonas, Dimitrios 80 Tsatsaronis, Kostas 62, 64, 69n34 Tsatsos, Constantine 224 Türkeş, Alparslan, 169-70 Turkey xvii, 7,
15,16,28,33-4, 58, 78, 98, 101,128-31,167-77, 194, 215-16, 234-5, 248 and the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department (INR) 170, 172 andKemalism 168-9, 171, 174-6 and Russophobia Turkey, 172 Constitution 171 coups 174,167 27 May coup 167, 169, 173, 175-6 ‘the coup by memorandum’ 7, 168 elections 170, 172, 174-6 invasion of Cyprus 16, 33, 54, 128, 216, 218, 224 National Security Council 172 Parliament 168, 173, 175 Turkish Labour Party (TLP) 173 U Thant 88-9, 93, 249 Uganda 160 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, United Nations, UN) 88 Union General de Trabajadores (UGT, Spain) 193 Union Militar Democrática (UMD, Spain) 194, 197 United Kingdom (Great Britain) 90, 98, 119 British bases in Libya 28 British Cabinet 51 British Labour Party 50 British Naval Mission 78 Department of the Environment 127 Foreign and Commonwealth Office 90, 127 House of Commons 101 and human rights at the UN 90-100 United Democratic Left (EDA, Greece) 14-18, 20-1, 220-1
268 Index United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 130,131,157,182 United Nations (UN) 88-96, 104, 157 and Cyprus 16 International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination 89 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 89 UN Charter 88, 90, 92, 94, 157 UN Commission of Human Rights 88-96, 137 ‘self denial’ clause 89, 93 Resolution 728F 89, 157 and Great Britain 9, 92 and Greece 91-2, 95 and US and UN 92 UN Division of Human Rights 143 UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 89 Resolution 1235 and Greece 89, 90, 93 Resolution 1503 and Greece 93, 94, 157 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 89,103 UNGA ‘Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’ 104 UN Secretary General 88-90, 94,249 UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (SC) 89 and Great Britain 91-2 and Greece 89-91, 95, 157 and US 91-2 and UN 91-2 and Special Working Group of Experts 91 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (UDHR, United Nations, UN) 88, 90, 95 United States (USA) 138, 228, 250, 252-3 303 Committee (US Inter-Agency Committee on Covert Operations) 19, 21-3 and the Mediterranean 78, 114, 117 and fear of neutralism 6,19, 75, 203-4, 208, 212, 221 and Spain 179, 182-3,188, 192, 194-9 and the UN 92 military bases in Greece 75, 76, 77 military bases in Spain 7, 182, 183, 194, 196 military bases in the Azores 210 US Congress 137-8, 141-4, 156, 197 House of Representatives 138, 143 US Embassy in Athens 13,17,
21, 23-4, 140-1, 144, 251 US foreign policy 13-24, 27-36, 90, 144,181-2,194-9, 253, 203-12 US ‘heavy arms embargo’ 142 and resumption of shipments 2, 28-30,117 US military assistance to Greece 231 US national security 34,117, 144 US National Security Council 39,171 US ‘opening’ to China 31,79 US public opinion 141 US Sixth Fleet 167 US State Department 19, 22-3, 30-1, 128-9,137,140-1, 143, 170 Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department (INR) 170, 172 Policy Planning Staff 76 US Senate 28, 114, 197 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Soviet Union) 9, 19, 21, 23, 27, 33-5, 51, 60, 72-4, 77-8, 90-1,93, 95, 114, 117, 167, 172, 203-6,208,209-12, 229, 247-8,250 Committees for Solidarity with Greek Democrats 92 Soviet missiles 16 Van Boven, Theo 89 Van der Stoel, Max 98,100,116, 152 Vatican 186 Episcopal Conference (Spain) 185 Second Vatican Council 185-6 Velos 54 Vicente Enrique y Tarancón, Cardinal 185-6 Vietnam 49 South Vietnam 91 Vietnam War 23, 49, 137,156, 167, 249 Vlachou, Eleni 100 von Cube, Walter 61,64, 70n40
Index 269 Vöth, Reinhold 61, 70n40 Voumas, George 139 Waldheim, Kurt 94 Waldron-Ramsey, ‘Waldo’ Emerson 91 Wallace, Henry 34-5 Wallenreiter, Christian 61 Warren, Fletcher 170 Washington xvii, 14-16, 21—4, 32, 44, 49, 53, 139,143,155, 172, 182-3, 193, 195, 197-8, 204-5, 207, 209, 247-8, 251 Watergate 35 ‘wave theory’ 179, 183 ‘third wave of democratization’ 4, 183, 185, 187, 194 Welles, Summer 252 Western Bloc xv, 2-3, 8, 22, 27, 43, 35, 65, 71-4, 78, 95, 102, 133, 160, 189, 199-200, 205, 216, 225, 229, 232, 236 Western Alliance 3, 22, 34, 88,139,172, 248-9 Western Europe xviii, 5, 7-8, 51, 73, 76, 79, 88, 96-7, 103^1, 132, 142, 155-6, 182, 189,196,199-200, 203-8, 210-12, 216, 225, 228 White House 35, 137, 140, 142-3,156 Wilson, Harold 101,192, 251 ‘winds of change’ speech 251 Woodhouse, Christopher ‘Monty’ 119, 127 Xanthopoulos-Palamas, Christos 72-4, 76 Yom Kippur War 51, 76,194 Yugoslavia 58, 72, 205 Z (film by Costa Gavras) 44, 54 Zaire 79 Zhou Enlai 74 Zoitakis, George 41 Zorlu, Fatin 235 Zotiades, George B. 92 Zurich Agreement (1959) 33 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München v z |
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Contents List of contributors Abbreviations Foreword viii xii xv JOHN O. IATRIDES 1 Introduction 1 ANTONIS KLAPSIS, CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS, EVANTHIS HATZIVASSILIOU AND EFFIE G. H. PEDALIU PARTI International actors 2 ‘Papandreou Derangement Syndrome’?: the United States and the April 1967 coup 11 13 JAMES E. MILLER 3 Greece in the tapes: Nixon and the junta 27 HARRY PAPASOTIRIOU 4 France and the Greek Colonels 39 MAURICE VAÏSSE 5 Italy and the Greek military regime from the 1967 coup d’état to the fall of the dictatorship 48 ANTONIO VARSORI 6 The Bavarian Greek radio programme for Greek migrants and its impact onGreek-German relations, 1967-74 NIKOS PAPANASTASIOU 58
vi Contents 7 Beyond the bi-polar world: Greece’s relations with China, Israel and Africa, 1967-73 71 DIONYSIOS CHOURCHOULIS, MANOLIS KOUMAS AND ANASTASIOS PANOUTSOPOULOS PART II International institutions and transnational processes 8 A clash of cultures?: The UN, the Council of Europe and the Greek dictators 85 87 EFFIE G. H. PEDALITI 9 Taking a stance: the European Community and the Greek junta 110 EIRINIKARAMOUZI 10 The challenges of modernism: Greece, environmentalism and the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, 1969-79 124 EVANTHIS HATZIVASSILIOU 11 ‘The situation in Greece’: American human rights activism in the wake of the 1967 coup 137 SARAH B. SNYDER 12 The Beckets vs. the Colonels: a study in the micro-evolution of global human rights activism in the ‘long 1960s’ 149 KONSTANTINA MARAGKOU PART III Transitions in Southern Europe: the comparative perspective 165 13 The Colonels’ coup of 1967 and the military takeovers in Turkey in 1960 and 1971 167 MOGENS PELT 14 International dimensions of democratization: revisiting the Spanish case CHARLES POWELL 179
Contents 15 The Cold War and the Portuguese Revolution: three paradigms of an exemplary case study vii 203 MARIO DEL PERO 16 The Greek transition to democracy 215 ANTONIS KLAPSIS 17 Praetorian military regimes: the Greek case 228 CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS Conclusions 245 18 The Colonels’ dictatorship 1967-74: bringing in the international 247 MICHAEL COX Index 255
Index 1968, (the spirit of) 1, 8, 167,253 Abram, Morris B. 90, 92,139,143^1 Acheson, Dean 16 Aegean Islands, 129, 216 Aegean Sea 153, 216 Africa 6, 71-9, 89, 91-2, 203, 204, 230, 249, 251 Afro-Asian Group (see also UN) 91, 95 attitudes to human rights, 90 Aggelis, Odysseas 78 Agnew, Spiro 30-32,44 Ailianos, Constantine 126 AKEL see Rehabilitation Party of the Working People (Cyprus) Albania xvi, 72, 73, 76 Alexandria 75 Algeria 205, 249 Allende, Salvador 53, 206, 234 Alphand, Hervé 42 Alto Adige 96 American Bar Association 93 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 143 American Committee for Democracy and Freedom in Greece 139 American Embassy (Athens) 4,14, 17-24, 23, 128,132,140,172, 198, 248, 251,252 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (US) (AHEPA) 34, 35 Amnesty International (AI) 92-3, 96-8, 100,103, 116, 139,141-3, 150-3, 155, 157 Amnesty International USA Archives (AIUSA) 139,141,143 Andreotti, Giulio 52 Angola, 210 Anschutz, Norbert 18-19 anti-Americanism 4, 8, 17,43, 119, 167, 172, 173, 216, 220, 225, 253 anti-colonial struggle 91, 211 anti-communism 15, 53, 63, 71, 72, 80, 87, 95,170, 172, 210, 238, 252 anti-fascism 48, 50, 53 anti-junta activism see Human rights activism and invasion of Greek Embassy in London 251, 253 anti-modernism 1, 3,4,124, 132 anti-racism 90, 91, 104 anti-totalitarianism 228 anti-Westernism xv, 1, 35, 71, 102, 132, 205, 207, 220, 253 apartheid (see also South Africa) 89, 90, 91, 249 Arafat, Yasser 29 Arbouzis, Dionysios 218 Arias Navarro, Carlos 186, 189, 193, 196-8 Armed Forces Movement, Portugal, (MFA) 207 Asia 33, 89,
91,95 Aslan, Yusuf 167 Atatürk, Kemal 168-9, 171, 174-76 Athens Association Agreement 6, 43, 71, 79,111-13,114-15, 117-119 See also EEC Athens Foreign Press Association 21 Athens Polytechnic Uprising xvii, 59, 66, 219, 240 Atheras, Fani 59 Australia 139 Austria 97 Austria vs Italy (CoE application 788/60) 96 Avcıoğlu, Doğan 169, 171, 173, 177ո5 Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos 218-20
256 Index Aydemir, Talat 171-2 Azores (the) 203, 210 ‘Taiwan in the Atlantic’ 204 Baeyens, Jacques 40-1, 43, 45 Bakoyannis, Pavlos 5, 59-66 Baldwin, Roger 139 Balkans 40, 63, 72-4, 78 Balkan détente 72 Bank of Greece 111, 142 Batur, Muhsin 168 Bavarian Radio (BR) 5, 58-61, 66, 64 Bayh, Birch 142 Beatles (The) 250 Decket, Campbell 155 Becket, Elise 141-2, 155 Becket, James (Jim) 7, 92, 97, 100, 141, 149-52,154-56, 158-60 Becket, Maria 7, 100,149-60, 161n8 Ben Bella, Ahmed 249 Berlin Wall 160 Berlin Blockade 182 Berlinguer, Enrico 206-7 Birkelbach Report 6, 111, 188 Bitsios, Dimitrios 21, 93 ‘black power’ 250 ‘Black September’ 35, 75 Boegner, Jean-Marc 114 Bogner, Gerhard 59, 61, 65 Bonanos, Grigorios 218 Borghese, Junio Valerio 53 Brandt, Willy 62-5,191, 209 Breeze, James 129 Bretton Woods system 2 Brewster, Daniel 18 Briggs, Ellis 14-15 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 65, 156 Brown, George 114, 141 Bruce, David 129 Bulgaria 27, 72 Burger, Jaap 115 Burin des Roziers, Étienne 40 Burley, Anne 150, 152 Butler, William 143 Buttrick, John 140 Caetano, Marcelo 54, 194, 204, 207 Callaghan, James 192 Calvo Sotelo, Leopoldo 198 Calvocoressi, Peter 90, 100 Canada, 128, 139 Cambiotis, Ioannis 44 Camre, Mogens 152 Capotori, Francesco 91 Carey, John 91-2 Cariucci, Frank 204, 207, 210 ‘Carnation Revolution’ 54 Carras, Costas 126 Carras, Lydia 126 Carrero Blanco, Luis 187,195 Carrillo, Santiago 195 Carter, Jimmy 94, 194, 198, 253 Carvalho, Otelo Saraiva de 207 ‘castroism’ 249 Catalonia 185 Central Intelligence Agency, KYP (Greece) 62, 78 Central Intelligence Agency, CIA (US) 13, 249
and Greece 13, 18, 21, 23,49, 52, 219 and Italy 49, 53 and Spain 195 and Turkey 171 Centre Union Party, EK (Greece) 14,15, 17-18,20, 22, 49,219-21 Chant, Douglas 140 Chatzopoulos, Christos 59 Chauvel, Jean-François 42 Chile 55, 94, 144, 149, 204-08,234 China 6, 31, 71-4, 79, 209, 248, 250 and Greece 71-74 Chinese Embassy in Greece 74 and ‘one-China’ policy 72 and Republic of China (ROC) (see also Taiwan) 6,31,71,73, 74 and Pax Americana 248 and the US 31 Kissinger’s visit to China 31 US ‘opening’ to China 6, 31, 248 and the UN recognition of China 73, 75 UNGA Resolution 2758 73 and the USSR 71, 72, 248, 250, 209 Sino-Soviet split 71, 72,250,209 Sino-Soviet border conflict 72 Beijing 31, 72, 74 cultural revolution 250 Christian Democratic Party, DC (Italy) 49, 50, 52, 53, 192, 205, 206, 209 Christian Democratic Union, CDU (Federal Republic of Germany) 63, 191, 193 Christian Social Union, CSU (West Germany) 63, 64, 193 Chrysostomos, Archbishop 237 Ciomp-Iliou, Mary 139
Index civil-military relations 228-230,233 factionalism 233 legitimacy 236 resilience of democratic institutions 232-33, 236 military coups d’état 39, 40, 78, 168, 174, 179, 230-32 military rule 169, 176,233, 234, 235, 238, 239 praetorianism 230, 234 social cohesion 233 Civil Rights Movement (US) 250 Clark, Joe 141 Clis, Elias 129 Cold War 5, 71, 73, 79, 124,176,181-83, 199, 200, 229, 247-48, 250, 253, 289 and human rights 88, 95, 99 103-104, 110,114 colonialism 89, 90, 91, 95 Colonels (see also Greek Military Dictatorship, the Greek Junta and ‘the Regime’) 39, 49, 53, 55, 65, 137, 149, 174 Colson, Chuck 34 Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society (CCMS-NATO) 6, 124-33, 183 and Greece 124-29,132-33 Advanced Health Care Study - Greece 126, 129 Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Monitoring for Architectural Conservation (NATO) 131 Aegean Islands 129 Air Pollution assessment, Greece 125, 129,130, 131 conservation of antiquities 130, 131 Disaster Assistance Project CCMS 125, 126 disposal of dangerous (CCMS) 128, 139 Drinking Water Pilot Study, CCMS 129 Geothermal Energy Study, CCMS 126, 127, 128, 130 Geothermal Research Division, CCMS 129 marine pollution 131 Oil Spill Resolution 125 Common Agricultural Policy, CAP (see also EEC) 119, 116 Congress (US) 137-138,142-144,156,197 Congressional activism 137-8,144 Congressional black caucus 210 257 Congress of the European Movement 188 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (see also Helsinki Final Act) 124, 210 and Basket II124 and Helsinki Final Act 124, 210 Connally, John 34 Consortium of Public
Broadcasters of the Federal Republic of Germany (ARD) 58, 65 Constantine II, King of the Hellenes xv, xvi, 4-5,18,20, 22-4, 32, 39-40, 50, 59, 99, 221 Constantopoulos, Nikos 102 containment 199 Cortina Mauri, Pedro 208 Council of Europe (CoE) 6, 7, 31, 87, 88, 93. 97-104,116, 117, 124, 150, 152, 154,155,156,159,160, 169, 182, 203,239 attitude of the Greek military regime towards the CoE 99-101 Austria vs Italy (application 788/60) 96 the Beckets and the CoE 152-60 Commission of Human Rights 40, 97, 98, 115, 116,154, 156 Consultative Assembly 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 116, 152 Council of Ministers (CM) 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 203 European Court of Human Rights 98, 102 Greek withdrawal 6, 51, 99, 101-03, 116, 154 and Spain 190 Sub-Commission of Human Rights 98, 99, 100 Council of Foreign Ministers (EEC) 6, 112, 118, 188 Cuba 72, 249 Cuban missile crisis 248 Cunhal, Alvaro 206, 207-8,211 Cyprus 3, 8, 78, 96, 98,101, 126, 158, 167,215, 223,241,251 and Constantine Karamanlis 216-19, 224 and French neutrality 39 and Maria Becket 158 and the UN 75, 79, 172 and the US 14-16, 32-33 Enosis xvii, 15, 17 Geneva Conference on Cyprus 216
258 Index Greek-Cypriots 15, 33 President Johnson’s 1964 letter 14—16, 167 Turkish Cypriots 15 Turkish invasion of Cyprus xvii, 16, 33, 54,128,216,218, 224 Czechoslovakia 23, 33,117, 206 Czemetz, Karl 97 Davos, Ioannis 218 Debré, Michel 45 De Charbonnières, Girard 40 decolonisation 3, 90, 91, 95,157, 181,203, 204 De Gasperi, Alcide 52 De Gaulle, Charles 5, 16, 39, 171, 187 Deligiannis, A. 129 De Lipkowski, Jean 44 De Lorenzo, Giovanni 49 De Margerie, Christian 40-1 Demirel, Süleyman 168-9, 172-3, 175 Democrat Party, DP (Turkey) 170, 173, 176 Democratic Party (US) 17,23, 34,137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 156, 198, 200, 210 democratic transitions 133, 184, 204, 207 historiography of democratic transitions 179-81 ‘wave’theory 183 ‘third wave of democratization’ 4, 181, 183, 185, 187, 194 democratization xv, 32, 65, 87, 101, 110, 114, 115,114 and Greece 215-25 and Portugal 204, 210, 211, 212 and Spain 179,180,181, 183, 184, 185, 187,191-95, 198-200 Denmark 28, 97-100, 128, 139, 153, 160 and CCMS 125, 128, 139 and CoE application against Greece (3321/67) 139,152, 160, 97, 98, 100, 101, 239 and the junta 28, 97-100, 115, 125,128, 139, 153,156, 125, 128, 139 and NATO 28, 125, 128, 114-5, 156 Detente 2, 6 27, 71, 73, 74, 79, 124,157, 203, 204-212, 248 Antiballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) 209 SALT 1209 Deutsche Welle 5, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 156 Dominican Republic 137 Druon, Maurice 45 Durand, Bernard 40-1, 43-4, 46 Dworken, Morton 13 Dylan, Bob 250 Eastern Europe 58, 90, 91, 92, 95,117, 198 ‘Committees for Solidarity with Greek Democrats’ 92 Eastern European Sub-Directorate of the French
Foreign Ministry 43 ‘Iron Curtain’ 159,248 radio stations 58 Soviet bloc 9, 19, 60, 72 Ebert Foundation 7 Ecevit, Bülent 172,175 Economic and Social Council, UN (ECOSOC) 89, 157 Economou-Gouras, Pavlos 72, 75 EDA see United Democratic Left (Greece) Edwards, Don 138, 143 Egypt 27, 35, 72, 76, 79, 169, 235 Egyptian plan to smuggle Soviet missiles into Cyprus 16 Egyptian-brokered ceasefire and Jordanian crisis 330 Exodus of Greeks 79 EK see Centre Union Party (Greece) Eleftheriades, Ioannis 130 El Houni, Monem 78 Ellsworth, Robert 32 Ellsworth, Whitney 155 Engolfopoulos, Konstantinos 101 environmentalism 2,124, 132 Environmental Protection Agency, ERA (US) 132 ERE see National Radical Union Greece Erim, Nihat 33, 168, 171 Espersen, Ole 153, 161 Estado Novo (Portugal) 215, 224 ETA see Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Spain) euro-communism 196,203 European Coal and Steel Community 182 European Commission, EEC 6, 49 and Greek harmonization 113,115 and the Greek junta 6, 49,112-14, 115-19 and Spain 189 European Community (EC) see European Economic Community European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 44, 96, 97, 103, 151, 188
Index European Council, EEC Council of Foreign Ministers, and Greece 110, 112, 113, 114,114, 118, 119 European Council, EEC Council of Foreign Ministers, and Spain 188,189,191 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 98, 102, 194 European Economic Community (EEC) xvii, 1-7, 39,40, 42-43, 49-50, 51, 54-55, 63, 71, 88, 79, 88, 110-13,115-20, 124, 130, 133, 169,175,179-182,187-193, 199, 200, 208, 212, 224-225 and Greek application to join EEC 54, 110, 130, 133 and Portugal 211-12 and Spain 179-182, 187-93,199 and Spanish candidacy 190-91, 195, 199 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 119, 116 Council of Ministers and EEC 112 Democratization and the EEC 181 France and the Greek Coup 40, 42 ‘freezing’ of Association Agreement with Greece 43,71,79. 111-13, 114-15, 117-119 Greece, application to join EEC 110, 130, 133 Greece as an Associate Member 1, 39-43, 49,71,79, 110-14, 118-19, 133,169 European Investment Bank (EIB) 115 European Parliament (EP) 6,110-112, 115, 118, 187, 188 and Greece 6, 110-112, 115,118 and Spain 187, 188, 191 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (Spain) 188, 192, 195 Evensen, Jens 156, 161 Fallaci, Oriana 54, 206 Fanfanı, Amintore 49 fascism xvi, 150, 231, 236, 239 fascism and Greece xvi, 5, 77,119 neo-fascist right (Italy) 5, 52, 53 Faure, Maurice 189 Federal Republic of Germany see Germany Ferretti, Lando 112 Filopoulos, Alexandras 61 259 Findley, Paul 138, 142 Finland, 182 Ford, Gerald 195-97, 209-10 France, 39-46, 128, 131 see also Quay d’Orsay, French Foreign Ministry 40-5 and arms sales to Greece 44-45 and attitudes towards the Greek military regime, 5, 39-41, 42-46
and CCMS 131 and diplomacy 39,42, 44 and foreign and economic relations with Greece 39-46,44-45 and the Mediterranean 39 and Spain 190, 191 and support for Greek EEC Association status 39 and support for Karamanlis 54 French Embassy in Athens 39,40-41 French National Assembly 42 French public opinion 5, 39, 41-42, 44 L 'Express 42 Le Figaro 42 Le Monde 42 L’Observateur 250 Fontainbleu-European Council 191 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FCO (UK) 127 Franco, Francisco 7, 111, 182, 184,186-9, 192-96, 198-9, 215 Franco regime 182 Fraser, Donald M. 137-9, 143-4 Free Democratic Party, FDP (West Germany) 63-64 Frelinghuysen, Peter 32 Friendship and Cooperation Treaty (1976) 197 Fritz, Wilhelm 64 Fuller, Walter 112 Gaddafi, Muammar 27-8, 35, 39, 77-8 Galatsanos, Andreas 218 Galbraith, John Kenneth 140-1 Gambia 78 garrison state 228 Garoufalias, Petros 18, 220 Gavras, Costa 44, 54 Genevoix, Maurice 42 Georgalas, Georgios 72, 78 George II, King of the Hellenes xvi German Democratic Republic (East Germany, GDR) 60
260 Index German Trade Union Confederation (DGB) 60, 193 Germany (West Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, FRG) 98, 99,100, 113, 114,128, 131,139, 156, 157,170,223, 225 Bavarian Radio (BR) 5, 58, 59, 60-61, 66,64 the junta and BR 60-61 Der Spiegel 62, 64 Die Zeit 64 Deutsche Welle 62 Deutschlandfunk 65 arms exports to Greece 65 financial aid to Greece 65 Gastarbeiters 58, 59, 66 German Radio foreign language broadcasts 58 German public opinion 62, 63 Portuguese transition to democracy 211, 212 Spanish transition to democracy 179, 183, 184,190, 191, 192, 193 Westdeutscher Rundfunk 65 Gezmiş, Deniz 167, 174-5 Ghana 249 Ghikas, Solon 218-20 Gibraltar 192, 194 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 5, 46, 192-3 Gizikis, Phaedon 176 Glezos, Manolis 89 Glinne, Ernest 115 Gonçalves, Vasco 210 Gonzalez, Felipe 191, 193,198-9 Goppel, Alfons 64 Grant, Stephanie 153 Great Britain (the UK) xvi, 90, 96, 139 see also United Kingdom Greco-Christian tradition 236 Greece and accession to the EEC 119-120,130, 133 and application for accession to the EEC 118,132 and the Arab-Israeli conflict 71, 74-78 and CIA covert political activities in Greece 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 49 and Civil War xv, 1,14, 31,48, 58, 87, 158,176,238,248,251 and harmonization with the EEC 133, 115 and Israel 74, 76-77 and Libya 78 and neutrality over Yom Kippur War 77 and the PRC 6, 71-72, 73, 74, 79 and Sub-Saharan Africa 71, 78, 79 and Taiwan 74 and Turkey xvii, 8,15, 74, 96, 98,131, 153, 173-176 and withdrawal from NATO 128, 216, 224 conspiracies against Greek democracy xv, 97, 218, 219, 223 Constitution (1952) 216, 238
Constitutional Act 217, 217, 219 Chiefs of Staff 218, 223 Crete 15, 31, 76, 77 gendarmerie, 219 Greek Embassy in China 74 Greek Atomic Energy Commission 127 ‘Greek Case’, CoE 96, 97, 98, 103-04, 116,152-160 and the Cold War 96,98 and France 43-44 and Italy 50-51 and the US 31 applications against Greece by Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden 50 Greek Communist Party (KKE) 48, 219-21 Greek Diaspora in Africa 75, 78, 79 in the US x, 5, 28, 33—44 Greek economy 9,15, 73, 78,113,154 Greek junta i, 1, 3, 5, 7, 49, 59, 61, 62, 63, 72, 88, 111, 138,153,215, 231, 233, 235—41 (see also Greek Military Dictatorship, Greek Colonels, the regime) Greek Mercantile Marine 125 Greek Military Dictatorship i, 1,3, 5, 7, 49, 59,61,62,63,72, 88, 111, 138, 153,215, 231,233, 235-41 and the 1968 constitution 238 and diplomacy 72, 129 and diplomatic isolation xviii, 4, 6, 31, 40, 65, 73, 77, 79, 102, 119, 129, 238 and extra-ordinary court martials 87, 101,217 and the ‘freezing’ of the Athens Association Agreement 43, 71, 79, 111-113, 114-115, 117-119
Index 261 and human rights violations 6, 28, 31, 59, 87-91, 93, 103, 144, 149, 150 and Democratic Defence Trial 101 and Gyáros concentration camp 217 and treatment political prisoners/ detainees 44, 89, 92-93, 100, 101, 103, 112, 116, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 151,217 and ideology 77, 236-41 and the Judiciary xv, 93,101,102, 138, 217 237, 235 and liberalization experiments 19, 40, 41,43, 126, 127, 132,240-1 and martial law xv, xvi, 22, 94, 240 and the monarchy xvi, xvii, 18,19, 21, 40,49, 99,174, 239 the ‘Palace’ and the 1967 coup xvi, 20,175 and the Prometheus Plan xvi, 49, 247 and Referendum 1968 59, 238 and the search for legitimacy 8, 72, 97, 125, 215, 237 and withdrawal from CoE 6, 50, 51, 99, 101-03,116, 154 and the US the US Congress 28, 29, 137-138, 142-144, 156 the US Embassy in Athens 21,23, 24, 140, 141, 144, 251 US foreign policy 13-24, 27-36, 90, 144 US ‘heavy arms embargo’ 117, 142 US military bases 75 Iraklio (Crete) 77 Nea Makri (Attica) 77 Souda Bay (Crete) 76, 77 the US Sixth Fleet 167 the US State Department 19, 22-23, 30,31,128,129,137, 140, 141, 143, 170 Greek neo-fascism 77 Greek Orthodox Patriarchates 75 Greek transition to democracy 4, 6, 7, 120, 128, 132, 133, 215-25 and the Council of State 217, 222 and the Court of Cassation 217 and democratization 220 and the Judiciary/judges, courts, legal system 217 and the monarchy 217, 221, 239 and municipal elections 223,239 and National Radio and TV 220 National Unity Government (Greece) 215-217,219 public opinion 20, 216, 221 Referendum 1974 xvii, 66, 219-22, 224 ‘Republican Constitution 215
restoration of democracy 6, 30, 54, 62, 116, 118,216,217, 223-24 Greene, Hugh 65 Grivas, George 18 Guardian (The) 151 Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ 167, 207, 249 Giirkan, Celil 168 Habash, George 29 Haig, Alexander 198 Haiti 90, 91, 92 Haldeman, Bob 35 Harmel, Pierre 99, 118 Hartke, Vance 142 Hassan II, King of Morocco 197 Hatzinikolaou, Assimakis 59 Hauser, Rita 90 Hays, Wayne L. 144 Heath, Edward 192 Hellenic Tourism Organization 130 Heller, Walter 140 Heyer, Georg Walter 70n40 ‘historical compromise’ (Italy) 54, 206, 208, 209 Hoare, Samuel 91 Hooper, Sir Robin 126-7 Huber, Josef 61 human rights 1, 2, 4, 7, 89-92, 93, 114, 124, 137, 144, 149, 150, 157, 160, 204-205 and the Cold War 95 and the Council of Europe 6, 7, 31, 87, 88, 93, 97-104, 116,117, 124, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 169, 182, 203, 239 and human rights violations and Chile 55, 94, 144,149, 204-208, 234 and Greece 6, 28, 31, 59, 87-91, 93, 103, 144, 149, 150 and political prisoners (Greece) 44, 89, 92,93, 100, 10, 103, 112, 116,137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 151,217 and Haiti 90, 91, 92 and Iran 93 and Portugal 93
262 Index and Spain 188,194, 205 and the Ш 89-96 and politicization of human rights 91,95 and international protection 7, 88-90, 137, 144, 149, 159 human rights activism 1, 3, 2, 4, 7, 89-92, 93,137-144, 149, 150, 157, 159, 158, 160 American human rights activism 137-44 and American Bar Association 93 and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 143 and American Committee for Democracy and Freedom in Greece 139 and Amnesty International USA Archives (AIUSA) 139, 141, 143 and Andreas Papandreou 140-1 and Boston ad hoc Committee for Freedom in Greece 139 and California Committee for Democracy in Greece 139 and Congressional human rights activism 137-8,142—4· and Inter-American Federation for Democracy in Greece 139 and International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen Union 139 and Minnesotans for Democracy and Freedom in Greece 139 silent ‘March in Mourning’ 139 non-govemmental human rights activism 138-140, 142-44 See also Amnesty International and the Beckets 92, 97,100, 141, 149-160, 168 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) 89, 90, 93, 102, 143, 157 transnational activism 1-4, 6, 7, 137, 138, 142,144, 144, 149, 150, 152, 153,154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 189, 195 Humphrey, John 90-1, 143 Hurwicz, Leo 140 Hussein, King of Jordan 29 Iberian Peninsula 195 and EEC enlargement 190, 191 Idris I, King of Libya 77 İnan, Hüseyin 167 Ingles, José D. 93 İnönü, Ismet 16, 33,167, 171-2, 175-6, 177ո5 Inter-American Federation for Democracy in Greece 139 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) 89, 90, 93, 102, 143, 157 International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial
Discrimination 89 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 89 International Labour Organisation (ILO) 93, 182, 89-90 International League for the Rights of Man (ILRM) 139,157 International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen Union 139 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 183 Ioannides, Dimitrios 31,41, 79,127-8, 175, 218-19, 222, 240 Ioannidis, Nikos 59 Iran 91, 93, 94,157 Israel 71 Greek neutrality 75 Greek Israeli relations 77, 79 Italian Social Movement (MSI) 53,112 Italy and the Greek application to the EEC 50 and the Greek Case in the CoE 50-1 and the Greek Case at the UN 91 and the Mediterranean 48, 51 and the UK 50 Carabinieri 49 ‘Forest Rangers’ 53 ‘historical compromise’ 54, 206, 208, 209 Italian Communist Party (PCI) 49, 59, 53, 54, 206, 209 Italian Foreign Ministry xi, 50, 51 Italian intelligence agencies 49, 52 Italian Left 5, 49-54 Italian Military Secret Service (SIFAR) 49, 52 Italian public opinion 5, 49, 51, 53, 54 Italian Right 49-52 Italian Socialist Party (PSI) 49 L 'Esspresso 49 neo-fascism 5, 52-3 Piazza Fontana bombing 52 Solo Plan 49 ‘strategy of tension’ 5, 51-2 tensions with Greece 50 terrorism 51-2 ‘The Years of Lead’ (gli anni di piombo) 51 Ivory Coast 78
Index Japan 74, 128, 229 Jerusalem 75 Johnson, Lyndon B. 15-16, 23^1, 26n30, 33-4, 93,117,137, 139-41, 143, 167, 172, 248 Jones, Lewis Jr. 170 Jones, Sir Elwyn 143 Jordan 29-30, 53 Joxe, Louis 39 Juan Carlos, King of Spain 186, 189, 193, 195, 197, 198; Prince of Spain 192, 195-6 Justice Party (JP, Turkey) 170, 172-5 Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis 20,100-1 Karagiorgas, Sakis 102, 153 Karamanlis, Constantine xv, xvii, 8, 14-15, 41-2, 46, 54, 59,110,118,128, 132-3,215-16,218-25 Karayiannis, Dionysios 73 Katapodis, Nikos 74 Katzenbach, Nicholas 140 Kay sen, Carl 140 Kennan, George 249 Kennedy, Edward (Ted) 142, 210 Kennedy, John F. 34-5 King, Martin Luther 250 Kissinger, Henry 24nl, 29-31, 35, 52-3, 76, 142,195-8, 203-12 Kohl, Helmut 191 Kokkas, Panos 14 Köksal, Osman 169 Korea 159, 194 Korean War 182, 228 Korey, William 94 Korovessis, Pericles 152-3 Kosygin, Alexei 248 Kranidiotis, Nikos 218 Kubisch, Jack 128 Läbib, Nahmud 235 Labouisse, Henry 15 Ladas, Ioannis 77-8, 219, 222 Laird, Melvin ЗО Lambrakis, Grigoris 44 Lambrias, Panagiotis (Takis) 101, 216 Latin America 149, 205,230, 236, 249 Lebanon, 76 Le Monde 42 Lennon,John 252 Leone, Giovanni 50, 209 L ’Espresso 49 Levi Sandri, Lionello 112 Lewis Schmidt, G. 173 263 Li Xiannian 74 Liatis, Alexis 75-6, 88 Libya 6, 27, 28, 35, 39, 71, 76-80 and anti-communist subversion tactics 78 and British bases in Libya 28 and Greece 78 Liljegren, Henrik 149 Liliích, Richard В. 89 Limbourg, Peter 64 Limas, George 140 Lisbon 40, 126, 195, 203, 205, 210 Liu Zhenhua 73 London 44, 50, 91, 125, 127, 221, 250, 251,253 London School of Economics (LSE)
250, 251 Lord, Winston 76 Loren, Sophia 48 Luns, Joseph 99 Luxembourg 128 Lyons, Paul 141 Macmillan, Harold 251 Madanoğlu, Cemal 169,171-3 Makarezos, Nikolaos 42-3, 45, 53, 74, 100, 219, 222 Makarios III, Archbishop xvii, 16, 33, 215 Mangakis, George-Alexandras 102 Mansfield, Mike 211 Mansholt, Sicco 118 Mao Zedong 72, 250 Marceau, Marc 42 Markezinis, Spyros 76, 126-7, 132, 175, 239, 240 Markopouliotis, Vassilios 43-4 Marreco, Antony 92, 151 Marshall Plan (ERP) 34, 35, ПО, 182 Martin, Graham 52-3 Martinez Baez, Antonio 93 Martino, Edoardo 49, 112 Matthöfer, Hans 62 Maury, Jack 18, 21 Mavras, George 216, 219 Maxwell Fyfe, Sir David 103 McGovern, George 33-5 McNamara, Robert 247-8 Mediterranean region 27, 48, 51, 63, 99, 117 and detente 27 and French interests 39 and Italy 48, 51 and the ‘Mediterranean Commonwealth’ 78
264 Index and the US 78 Eastern Mediterranean 30, 33, 35, 74, 75, 194 Soviet naval presence in the Mediterranean 5, 33, 34, 114, 117 Menderes, Adnan 170, 173-4, 176, 235 Metzger, Ludwig 115 Mexico 93, 128 MFA see Armed Forces Movement Miceli, Vito 52 Michalopoulos, Constantine 78 Middle East 23, 29, 30, 34, 39, 71 74, 75, 77, 79, 117, 156,167, 194, 230, 236, 249 and Greece 74-77 Ministry for the Environment (Greece) 127, 130 Mitsotakis, Constantine 14, 59, 66, 101 Mitterand, François 190-2 Mobutu, Sese Soko 79 modernization 7, 14, 45, 49, 133,183, 185, 190, 229, 236 Moro, Aldo 49-51, 209 Morocco 93,197 the ‘Green March’ 197 Rabat 197 withdrawal of Spanish troops 197 Moscow 172, 195, 196, 203, 209, 148 and Spain 195, 196, 203 Moynihan, Daniel P. 250 MSI see Italian Social Movement Munim, Abdul 235 Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) 209 Mylonas, George 153 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 71, 78, 235-6 Nasserism 41, 71, 72, 249 National Council of Regional Planning and Environment (Greece) 130 National Renaissance (Greece) 238 National Radical Union Party (ERE, Greece), 17, 20-22 Neimi, Pietro 50 Netherlands (the) 28, 32,40, 50, 89, 97, 100,125, 128, 239 and the CCMS 125, 128 and CoE application 3344/67 40, 50, 89, 97 and the Greek dictatorship 40, 28, 32, 118, 125, 128 and Spain 40, 196 New Democracy (Nea Democraţia) xvii, 54, 66, 219-22,224 New Left 250 New Turkish Party 170,175 New York Review ofBooks 155 New York Times 144, 155,206 New Zealand 126,128 Newman, Frank 93-4,141,157 NGOs (non-governmental organisations) see human rights activism Nguema, Macias 160 Nikolakopoulou (Torossi),
Eleni 59 Nikolaou, Kostas 61, 70n40 Nixon, Richard 5-6,24,24nl, 27-36, 36n2, 52,74,102,117,124,137, 142-4, 195,211, 250,253 Nkrumah, Kwame 249 Non-Aligned Movement 250 non-state actors 3, 137,149, 187, 193 Nordic countries (see also individual country names) 98,160 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 18, 39,48, 51, 92, 124, 210,212 CCMS (see under CCMS) Harmel Report 118, 248 Greek withdrawal 128, 216, 224 North Atlantic Council (NAC) 125 Science Committee 124,130 Science for Stability 130 Southern Flank 77,102 Norway 28, 32, 50, 239,114, 125, 126, 139, 156, 239 and CCMS 125, 126 and CoE application vs Greece 3342/67 97, 98, 100, 101, 115 Notaras, Gerassimos 155 oil 34,194 oil crisis 184 oil shock 2, 184,190, 194 OPEC oil embargo 39 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 124 Organisation for European Economic Development (OEEC) 182-3 Ortona, Egidio 51 Ostpolitik 209 Owens, John 252 Pablo, Michel see Michalis Raptis Pajettaonce, Gian Carlo 206
Index Palestinian Organisations 29, 75 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 29 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 29 Palme, Olof 205 Panagoulis, Alexandras 54, 143 Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK, Greece) xvii, 220, 221 Papadopoulos, George 27-8, 30-3, 35, 41,43-4, 54,71,76-8, 94, 102, 126-7, 143, 219, 222, 237, 239-40 Papaligouras, Panayis 101 Papandreou, Andreas xv, xvii, 1, 4,13-24, 32, 50, 59, 93, 101, 137,139-42, 144, 220,251-3 and US activism 137, 140-141 and President Lyndon B. Johnson 139, 140 Papandreou, George xv, 14-23, 24nl, 25nl6,26n21, 49, 68nl5 Papandreou, Margaret 25nl6, 140-1 Pappas, Tom 30, 35 Partido Socialista (PS, Portugal) see Socialist Party Paris 73, 131, 157, 190 PASOK see Panhellenic Socialist Movement Pattakos, Stylianos 22,30,72,75-8,219,222 Paul, King of the Hellenes 15 Pax Americana 248 Pell, Claiborne 139,141 Pentagon (US) 156, 182 People’s Republic of China (PRC) see China Peres, Simon 75 Perón, Juan 236 Pesmazoglou, Ioannis 111, 118, 142 Petrogiannis, Kostas 59 Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 193 Pinochet, Augusto 53, 94, 204, 208 Pipinelis, Panagiotis 51, 72, 99,101, 154 Plevris, Constantine 77-8 Politiken 156 Pompidou, Georges 5, 40, 44-5, 192 Portugal 203-12 and the Cold War 203-12 and colonial wars 249 and détente 208-11 and human rights violations 93, 157 and neutralism 206-7 and Salazarism 205, 207 265 and the Soviet Union 203-6,208 and the US 203-212 and West Germany 211-2 ‘Carnation Revolution’ 54 Constitutional Assembly 207 ‘democratization-cum-europeanization’ 211 ‘euro-socialist way’ 205 ‘Hot Summer’ 212,
205-6 ‘Taiwan in the Atlantic’ 204 transition to democracy 203,204-12 US military bases in the Azores 210 ‘vaccination theory’ 208 Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) 203, 205-8,210-1 Portuguese revolution 203-12 and Spain 194, 195 praetorianism 230, 234, see also civilmilitary relations Pramateftakis, Charalambos 59 Public-Broadcasting Institution (WDR, West Germany) 58 Public Power Corporation (PPC, Greece) 127-9 Popular Democratic Party (PPD, Portugal) 207 Quay d’Orsay French Foreign Ministry 40-5 Questiaux, Nicole 93 racism 89, 90, 91, 104 Rallis, George 101, 130 Raptis, Michails 153 Reagan, Ronald 13, 198,253 Red Cross 103,156 ‘The Regime’ xvii, 5, 6, 30, 61, 71, 72, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 73, 74, 77, 87, 88, 98, 99,100, 101, 102, 112,116, 117, 137, 138, 154, 156, 169, 175, 236, 23741, 248, see also Colonels, the Greek Military Dictatorship, the Greek Junta Rehabilitation Party of the Working People (AKEL, Cyprus) 33 Republic of China (ROC) see Taiwan Republican Party (US), 200, 43 Reuther, Victor 139 Rey, Jean 115 Rhodesia 249, 251, see also Southern Rhodesia Richardson, Elliot 29
266 Index Richter, Heinz 60, 68η 15 Robbins Report on Higher Education (UK) 251 Rockefeller Foundation 14, 249 Rockwell, Stuart 22 Rogers, William 28, 30, 33, 101, 192 Rolling Stones (The) 250, 252 Romania 33 Roosevelt, Eleanor 104 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 34, 252 Rosenthal, Benjamin 138 Roufogalis, Michael 219,222 Rousseas, Stephen 140-1 Roussos, Stavros 119 Rumor, Mariano 50, 52 Rusk, Dean 21 Sá Carneiro, Francisco de 207 Sachs, Hans-Georg 114 Sackmann, Franz 63 Sadat, Anwar 235 Salazar, António de Oliveira 194 Salisbury, Harrison 155 Salvatores, Gabriele 48 Scandinavian countries (see also under individual country names) 29, 33, 40, 43,51,97, 150, 156, 158 Scarascia Mugnozza, Carlo 117 Scheel, Walter 63-4,193 Schmidt, Helmut 191,196, 208 Schmidt, Poul 160 Schumann, Maurice 43 Schwartz, James 141 Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques 42 Shishakly, Adib 235 Siegmann, W. E. 116 Silkin, Samuel 116 Sisco, Joseph 51, 143 Sino-American relations 31, 79 Sino-Soviet split 71, 72 Smirnov, Sergei 93 Soames, Sir Christopher 118 Soares, Mario 195,204—5, 207 Social Democratic Party (SPD, West Germany) 62, 63, 65, 191, 193 Social Democratic Party (Sweden) 158 Socialist Party (PS, Portugal) 204,207,212 Solo Plan 49 Somoza, Anastasio 252 Sonnenfeldt, Helmut 204 Sorensen, Max 102 South Africa 91-2,249 apartheid 89-91,249 Southeast Asia 23, 91,205,230,249 Southern Europe 3, 4, 6, 39, 54, 65,133, 120,203,204, 205,210,211, 230, 236 democratic transitions 165-228 Southern Flank, 51, 77, see also NATO Southern Rhodesia 95 Soviet Bloc 9, 19,60, 72 Soviet Union 27, 51, 72,73, 203, 211, 209, 229, see also
USSR and détente 208-12 and Greece 78 and the Mediterranean 78, 114,117 and Portugal 195, 203, 211, 209, 229 and Spain 194 and the UN 90-3, 95 Spain and Catholic Church 179,185-8 and Civil War 181-182,185,192 and diplomatic isolation 179-82 and the EEC 182-3, 187 and Francoisin 181-5 and IMF 183 and NATO 194-9 and the US 179, 182-3, 188,192, 194-9 Basque Country 185-6,188 democratic conditionality 180,186, 190 democratic constitution 181, 183-5, 187, 191-5, 198-200 democratization 181, 183-5, 187, 191-5, 198-200 democracy through convergence 199 EEC preferential agreement 188 ‘elite agent school’ 179 ETA 188, 192, 195 external consent and EEC 181 liberalization 179-80, 187-90, 195 Madrid Agreement (1953) 182 Madrid Agreement renewals 196, 199 restoration of democracy 183 Second Republic 181, 185, 199 stabilization plan 183, 187 transition to democracy 180, 188-99 US bases 7, 182-3, 194, 196 US Congress 197,200 Spanish economy 7, 183, 188 Spanish Communist Party (PCE) 195, 197-8 and legalization debate in Spain 197 and Moscow 196 and the US 196-99
Index Spanish coup d’etat (1981) 198 Spanish Federation of Employers’ Organization 193 Spanish referendum on NATO membership (1986) 199 Spanish Sahara 197 Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) 190, 193, 195 Spinelli, Altiero 118 Stabler, Wells 196,198 Starakis, Jean 42 Stasinopoulos, Michael 222 Stathopoulos, Kostas 59 Stearns, Monteagle 14, 24nl, 25nl5, 26n30 Stelzle, Walter 65 Stephanopoulos, Stephanos 60,113 Stewart, Sir Michael 101-2 Stockholm 124, 154, 158 Strasbourg 44, 100, 116, 152-4, 156, 189 Strauss, Franz Josef 63 Suez Canal 194, 249 Suarez, Adolfo, 180,186,189-90, 197-8 Sunday Times (The) 101 Sweden 50, 97, 98, 101, 115, 139, 157, 239 Syria 27, 30, 35,76, 169, 176, 235 Tağmaç, Memduh 169, 174 Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) 72-4 Talbot, Phillips 19-23, 26n21, 28, 71, 76, 141 Tanzania 91-2 Tasca, Henry 28, 30, 35, 36n70, 52, 78 Teitgen, Pierre Henri 102 terrorism 75, 88,159 air piracy 29 El Al hijacking (Athens) 75 urban guerilla groups 167 Theodorakis, Mikis 42, 139,142 Theodoropoulos, Byron 129-30 Thornberry, Cedric 151 Third World 2, 71-3, 79, 95, 250 Times (The) 119 Toker, Metin 177n5 Tolley, Howard Jr. 96 torture xv, 6, 7, 28, 71, 87, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 116,138,139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 151, 154, 157, 159, 160 tourism 154, 188 267 Trade Unions 52, 60, 62, 157,180, 188, 191, 200, 217, 237 Treaty of Rome (1957) 111, 115, 182,182, 187 Treholt, Arne 152-3 Trintignant, Jean-Louis 54 Truman Doctrine 1, 33-5 Tsakonas, Dimitrios 80 Tsatsaronis, Kostas 62, 64, 69n34 Tsatsos, Constantine 224 Türkeş, Alparslan, 169-70 Turkey xvii, 7,
15,16,28,33-4, 58, 78, 98, 101,128-31,167-77, 194, 215-16, 234-5, 248 and the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department (INR) 170, 172 andKemalism 168-9, 171, 174-6 and Russophobia Turkey, 172 Constitution 171 coups 174,167 27 May coup 167, 169, 173, 175-6 ‘the coup by memorandum’ 7, 168 elections 170, 172, 174-6 invasion of Cyprus 16, 33, 54, 128, 216, 218, 224 National Security Council 172 Parliament 168, 173, 175 Turkish Labour Party (TLP) 173 U Thant 88-9, 93, 249 Uganda 160 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, United Nations, UN) 88 Union General de Trabajadores (UGT, Spain) 193 Union Militar Democrática (UMD, Spain) 194, 197 United Kingdom (Great Britain) 90, 98, 119 British bases in Libya 28 British Cabinet 51 British Labour Party 50 British Naval Mission 78 Department of the Environment 127 Foreign and Commonwealth Office 90, 127 House of Commons 101 and human rights at the UN 90-100 United Democratic Left (EDA, Greece) 14-18, 20-1, 220-1
268 Index United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 130,131,157,182 United Nations (UN) 88-96, 104, 157 and Cyprus 16 International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination 89 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 89 UN Charter 88, 90, 92, 94, 157 UN Commission of Human Rights 88-96, 137 ‘self denial’ clause 89, 93 Resolution 728F 89, 157 and Great Britain 9, 92 and Greece 91-2, 95 and US and UN 92 UN Division of Human Rights 143 UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 89 Resolution 1235 and Greece 89, 90, 93 Resolution 1503 and Greece 93, 94, 157 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 89,103 UNGA ‘Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’ 104 UN Secretary General 88-90, 94,249 UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (SC) 89 and Great Britain 91-2 and Greece 89-91, 95, 157 and US 91-2 and UN 91-2 and Special Working Group of Experts 91 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (UDHR, United Nations, UN) 88, 90, 95 United States (USA) 138, 228, 250, 252-3 303 Committee (US Inter-Agency Committee on Covert Operations) 19, 21-3 and the Mediterranean 78, 114, 117 and fear of neutralism 6,19, 75, 203-4, 208, 212, 221 and Spain 179, 182-3,188, 192, 194-9 and the UN 92 military bases in Greece 75, 76, 77 military bases in Spain 7, 182, 183, 194, 196 military bases in the Azores 210 US Congress 137-8, 141-4, 156, 197 House of Representatives 138, 143 US Embassy in Athens 13,17,
21, 23-4, 140-1, 144, 251 US foreign policy 13-24, 27-36, 90, 144,181-2,194-9, 253, 203-12 US ‘heavy arms embargo’ 142 and resumption of shipments 2, 28-30,117 US military assistance to Greece 231 US national security 34,117, 144 US National Security Council 39,171 US ‘opening’ to China 31,79 US public opinion 141 US Sixth Fleet 167 US State Department 19, 22-3, 30-1, 128-9,137,140-1, 143, 170 Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department (INR) 170, 172 Policy Planning Staff 76 US Senate 28, 114, 197 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Soviet Union) 9, 19, 21, 23, 27, 33-5, 51, 60, 72-4, 77-8, 90-1,93, 95, 114, 117, 167, 172, 203-6,208,209-12, 229, 247-8,250 Committees for Solidarity with Greek Democrats 92 Soviet missiles 16 Van Boven, Theo 89 Van der Stoel, Max 98,100,116, 152 Vatican 186 Episcopal Conference (Spain) 185 Second Vatican Council 185-6 Velos 54 Vicente Enrique y Tarancón, Cardinal 185-6 Vietnam 49 South Vietnam 91 Vietnam War 23, 49, 137,156, 167, 249 Vlachou, Eleni 100 von Cube, Walter 61,64, 70n40
Index 269 Vöth, Reinhold 61, 70n40 Voumas, George 139 Waldheim, Kurt 94 Waldron-Ramsey, ‘Waldo’ Emerson 91 Wallace, Henry 34-5 Wallenreiter, Christian 61 Warren, Fletcher 170 Washington xvii, 14-16, 21—4, 32, 44, 49, 53, 139,143,155, 172, 182-3, 193, 195, 197-8, 204-5, 207, 209, 247-8, 251 Watergate 35 ‘wave theory’ 179, 183 ‘third wave of democratization’ 4, 183, 185, 187, 194 Welles, Summer 252 Western Bloc xv, 2-3, 8, 22, 27, 43, 35, 65, 71-4, 78, 95, 102, 133, 160, 189, 199-200, 205, 216, 225, 229, 232, 236 Western Alliance 3, 22, 34, 88,139,172, 248-9 Western Europe xviii, 5, 7-8, 51, 73, 76, 79, 88, 96-7, 103^1, 132, 142, 155-6, 182, 189,196,199-200, 203-8, 210-12, 216, 225, 228 White House 35, 137, 140, 142-3,156 Wilson, Harold 101,192, 251 ‘winds of change’ speech 251 Woodhouse, Christopher ‘Monty’ 119, 127 Xanthopoulos-Palamas, Christos 72-4, 76 Yom Kippur War 51, 76,194 Yugoslavia 58, 72, 205 Z (film by Costa Gavras) 44, 54 Zaire 79 Zhou Enlai 74 Zoitakis, George 41 Zorlu, Fatin 235 Zotiades, George B. 92 Zurich Agreement (1959) 33 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München v z |
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cold War history |
| spelling | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 edited by Antonis Klapsis, Constantine Arvanitopoulos, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and Effie G. H. Pedaliu London Routledge 2020 xviii, 269 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cold War history Geschichte 1967-1974 gnd rswk-swf Junta (DE-588)4533644-1 gnd rswk-swf Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Dictators / Europe, Southern / History / 20th century Cold War Greece / History / Coup d'état, 1967 (December 13) Greece / Politics and government / 1967-1974 Greece / Foreign relations / 1967-1974 (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 s Junta (DE-588)4533644-1 s Geschichte 1967-1974 z DE-604 Klapsis, Antonis (DE-588)1150180277 edt Arbanitopulos, Kōnstantinos 1960- (DE-588)102410818X edt Chatzēbasileiu, Euanthēs 1966- (DE-588)122498429 edt Pedaliu, Effie G. H. 1959- (DE-588)1043232079 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-429-43869-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032092569&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032092569&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 Junta (DE-588)4533644-1 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4533644-1 (DE-588)4046584-6 (DE-588)4022047-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 |
| title_auth | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 |
| title_exact_search | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 |
| title_full | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 edited by Antonis Klapsis, Constantine Arvanitopoulos, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and Effie G. H. Pedaliu |
| title_fullStr | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 edited by Antonis Klapsis, Constantine Arvanitopoulos, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and Effie G. H. Pedaliu |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 edited by Antonis Klapsis, Constantine Arvanitopoulos, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and Effie G. H. Pedaliu |
| title_short | The Greek junta and the international system |
| title_sort | the greek junta and the international system a case study of southern european dictatorships 1967 74 |
| title_sub | a case study of southern european dictatorships, 1967-74 |
| topic | Junta (DE-588)4533644-1 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Junta Politisches System Griechenland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032092569&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032092569&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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