Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe: letters and papers of Johann Cornies Volume 2 1836-1842
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Toronto ; Buffalo ; London
University of Toronto Press
2020
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| Schriftenreihe: | Tsarist and Soviet Mennonite studies
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | lxiii, 686 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781487504496 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe |b letters and papers of Johann Cornies |n Volume 2 |p 1836-1842 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Maps IX Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii Translator s Note xix Introduction xxiii PART ONE: Correspondence 1836 3 1837 29 1838 99 1839 151 1840 213 1841 319 1842 447 PART TWO: Johann Comies Archaeological Excavation Reports Editors Introduction 603 Reports 605
Contents Appendix I: Genealogy of Johann Comies Immediate Family 641 Appendix II: List of Correspondents 643 Appendix III: Glossary 647 Appendix IV: Chronology 649 Index 653 viii
Index Abidula Abduroman Oglu (apprentice from Barash), 363, 384,387 acacia, white, 45-6,115,454,496 Achilchosha (Elder), 373 Adrian, Jacob, 403 Adshe, Kurban (First Burkut), 362-3 Adshinir (apprentice at Bulutmik), 360 Agale (apprentice at Bulutmik), 360 agricultural equipment/machinery, 155; chaff cutters, 155,181,234, 597; cultivation implements, 390-1; cultivators, 181; feather grass machine, 135,182; JC s threshing machine for sale, 34; ploughs, 121, 181,490; potato cultivation, 478-9, 483,487,490,496; sheep shears, 119,177; threshing machines, 181, 234,353,597; used by Mennonites, 489-91 Agricultural Society: authority over fullholders, xxxii, xxxiii, liii; to Blumenort Village Office, 148-9; and brick construction, xlvii, xlviii; to church Elders, 41-2; and commercial grain growing, xl; Corrections to “To Establish the Truth [Zur Steuer der Wahrheit], 280-2; creation of, xxiii, xxviii-xxix, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii-xxxiv, xlv; and Directions for Improving Agriculture in the Southern Russian Colonies, 565-6; and election of distrtet chairman, 470-1; Gerhard Enns to, 301; formation of, 3-4, 9, 10-11,12-13; and Gebietsamt, xxxiii-xxxiv; Gnadenfeld Christian School Society to, 106-11; to Goertz /Huebert / Peters / Wieler, 589-90; to Guardianship Committee, 459-60,462-3,543-5, 551,565-6; to Evgeny vonHahn, 565; headquartered at Iushanle estate, xlii; interference in affairs of fullholders, xxxii; and JC on Learned Committee, xli-xlii; JC to Fadeev on, 180-1,183,312; and land allocation/use, xxxviii; mandate, 3-4,10-11; J. Martens to, 294,301; and Mennonite secular vs
religious authority beliefs, liii-liv; to Molochnaia
Index Mennonite District Office, 477-8, 521; obligations of, lv, 429-34; power, compared to Forestry Society, xxxii; Regier as deputy director, xxxiv; Johann Regier to, 299-300; resistance to, xxxiii; to Rosenort Village Office, 473; and secondary schooling, xlvii; and village mayoral elections, 459-60; to village offices, 93,117,147-8; and Warkentin, 557-8 agriculture: four-field crop rotation, xl; Hahn s circular for settlers, 508, 522-3; improvement of peasants through agriculture, 224-5; JC s 1838 report, 151-6; as JC s central concern, xl; Mennonites and, xxvii-xxviii; as model for southern Russia, 183; newspapers, 31,33, 119,145, 168,229,280-2,351,365; productivity of, xl-xli; three-field system, xl; trades and, 597; wages, 155; widening range of income sources in, 233. See also crops; field cultivation; livestock Akkania, 92,95 Akkerman: conditions at, 513-14; Crown Prince s visit to, 81-2; elders, 455; Evdokimov and Pelekh s visit to, 192; Keppen s visit to, xxxiv, 93; lack of supervision in, 513-14; map of, 169,176; Mennonite settlements and existence of, 26; meshet in, 157; as model for Kalmyks, 25; Nogai at, 113; as Nogai model village, 25; Nogai villages based on, 197,312; origins of, 225; police official, 375; sketch of, 186-7 654 Akkuia, 113,197,263 Akurtchenko, Pavel (apprentice from Bolshoi Tokmak), 387 Alahov, Kuatale (Novogrigorievka), 451 Alakaiev, Bigéidé, 275 Aleksanderdorf estate, 380 Alexander, Crown Prince, 54,56, 74-5,76, 77,81-2 Alexander I, Emperor, xxvi Alexander II, Emperor, lvii Alexanderwohl congregation, 461-2 Alexandra, Empress, 76, 77
alfalfa, 236,248 Ali (Nogai), 167,169,457-8,468 Ali Pasha (Nogai), 159,163,195,196, 204,225,270-2,279,296,333 Ali Teklenlatou (Nogai), 419 Aliev, Iusuf (apprentice from Schuiut Dzhuret), 486 Aliev, Iusuf (apprentice from Tiumen), 383 Allakaiev, Bigéid, 254 Altéul, 360; Elder of, 373 Altonau: forest-tree plantations, 181; improvements based on Akkerman, 312 Amorgaseiev, Bilal, 171 Anau (Cherkessian servant), 17 Andreev, Mikhailo, 219-20,247, 272-3,288-9 Andreevskii (Elder), 374 Andreevskii (Perekop Deputy Chief), 387 Andreevskii (supervisor of potato cultivation), 476,483,542-3, 553,584 Androsov, Senovei (apprentice; Astrakhanka), 359-60
Index Astrakhanka, 359-60; cattle plague in, 215; Elder in, 374 Aul, potatoes in, 394,424-5,476, 480-2 Anhalt-Cotta: cattle, 90; sheep from flock, 89,284-9 apple trees/apples, 17,134, 372, 409 apprentices/apprenticeship: about, xliii-xliv; appropriateness of, 384; artisans, 24; dying, 79-80; JC and program, xliii-xliv, 156-8,509; JC s apprentices in 1836,5; Kalmyks as shepherds, 164; peasants as, xliii-xliv; petition to JC, 278-9; and potato cultivation, 358-60, 456,457-8; schooling for, xliii; sent through program to JC, 175, 253-4,256-7,266,267-8,273-5, 284, 320-1, 329,338,358-60, 363-4, 383-4, 387,398,448,486,509,585; in sheep breeding, 5 apricot trees/apricots, 248,372 aprons, 104 archaeological excavations: about, 603-4; by Balzer, 605-9, 625-30; by JC, 609-15,615-21,638-9; JC to Keppen, 131-2,177,179,198,410, 621-2; JC to Steven, 582-3; Keppen and, xxxiv; Keppen to Imperial Academy of Sciences, 622-3; Keppen to JC, 129-30,186,624-5, 639-40; reports, 605-40 artisans village (Neuhalbstadt), xxxvii, xxxix, 23-5, 245,258-9, 296-7,311-12, 328, 346-7, 385, 409. See also trades/crafts ash trees, 154,281, 294 ashes, 30 Askanianova: excavations at, 129-30, 132, 603; newspaper article on, 280-2 Astrakhan Gubemiia, xlii, 62; Fadeev in, xxxi, 7,12,15-16,112,208 Balak, Elder in, 374 Balzer, Heinrich, 603,605-9,625-30; to JC, 347; JC to, 359-60 Baran, Stepan, 237 Barde, Stephen, 230 barley: 1840 harvest, 232; 1840 prices, 219; 1841 harvest, 377; 1842 harvest, 592; foreign seed testing, 305; frost and, 35; Hamala, 299-300, 305, 371; naked, 169; prices, 198, 206,268,553 Bartel,
Jacob, 347 Bartel, Peter, to JC, 92 Barteleish, Koshale, 22 Bartsch (District Chairman in Khortitsa), 6 beech, red, 288 beekeeping, 154 Beheiev, Kalu (First Burkut), 374 Bekballa (apprentice; Nevkush), 359 Beokoni, Eftei, 515 Berbaev, Timir, 79 Berdiansk: barley sales, 592; grain merchants in, xli, 134,342,357; grain prices, 525; Mennonite families living in, 134; merchants, and Nogais, 237-8; Nogais as carters of grain to port, 121,152-3; oat sales, 592; port opening at, xl; rye sales, 592; traffic with, 181; wheat delivered to, 152-3,181; wheat prices, 372; wheat sales, 408,456,553,592; wool market, 510,516 655
Index Berdiansk district/Uezd: forest-tree plantations in, 572; inspection of fullholdings in, 576; inspection of villages in, 572; spacing of hearthsites in, 573 Berdibulatov, Ali, 455-6 Bereslova, potato program in, 535-6 Berestova, peasants deputation from, 508,515 Bergmann, Jacob, JC to, 358-9 Bergthal: forest-tree plantation, 567; JC to administrators, 567, 568; Khortitsa/Molochnaia Mennonites forbidden to possess property in, 568 Bessarabia, proposed settlement of Molochnaia Mennonites in, 484-6 Bewer, David (shepherd at Tashchenak), 98,140 Bible Society, xxv, xlv, 423 bibles. See under Cornies, Johann (JC) Bichkov, Marfa, 274 birch trees, 347-8 Bishkova, Marta, 254 Bitshok, Marfa, 321 Blank (Neuhoffnung), JC to, 88 Bliwernitz, Georg (JC s servant), 5, 128-9,316-17 Block, Wilhelm (Franzthal), 590 blue-dying, 71, 79-80 Blueher, Traugott, xlii, 409,456; to JC, 1836:18; 1837: 32-1, 78; 1838: 132-3; 1841:349-51, 360-1, 377-8, 415-16; JC to, 1836:6; 1837: 31-2, 44-5,49-51,56-7,58-9,71-2,87; 1838:100-1,102-1,118-19,126-7, 135-6,145; 1839:161-2,167-9, 170,173,176-7,178-9,183-4, 193,194-5,200-1,202; 1840:214, 218-19,229,247-8,252-3,255-6, 656 257,313-14; 1841:364-5,368, 370-1,378,402-3; 1842:450,469, 499-500,510,515-16,554-5; Wiebe for JCto, 1838:140-1 Blumenort: Agricultural Society to Village Office, 148-9; butter sales in, 233; forest-tree plantations, 181; JC to Village Office, 294; white poplars for, 577-8 Blumstein: Forestry Society to Village Office, 85; forest-tree plantations, 181 Bodai, 493 Boldt, Dirk (Neukirch), xxx Boldt (brother-in-law), JC to, 87 Bolinskii
(Chernigov district secretary), 425 books. See under Cornies, Johann (JC) Boschke (Karass), JC to, 114 Bradke, Georg von, xli, 264,265,296, 328,347; to JC, 186-7,286-7; JC to, 277,303^, 346 Bradkii, General, JC to, 584-5 brandy, xxv, 540-1 Braun, Abram, 459 Braun, Gerhard, 72-3 Braun, Jacob (Ohrloff), 476 brick construction, xlvii-xviii, 121, 134,182,414,525,557,588 brickmaking/brickworks, 47,121, 182,233,597 Buerkmann, Jacob (Tiege; potato program supervisor), 467 buildings, 148,182, 233, 269, 277, 408,557. See also churches; houses Buletmek: Elder in, 373; secretary, 373 Bultruk (Nogai Elder), 455,522· Bulutmik, 360
Index Burkut, 263,358-9,362-3,449; Kadia Adshi, 374 butter, 31,90-1,182,233,240,311, 372,577,596 Office/Agricultural Society to, 41-2; elections, 552,564; separation of churches from, 501 churches: congregations expressing displeasure/ disobedience against state directives, 461-2; Gnadenfeld, xvii, 107; JC as impinging on congregational authority, xlv; Khortitsa, 501,555; Ohrloff, 39,134,139,235, 562; preachers as examples to others, xxxi-xxxii; regulations regarding acceptance of foreign Mennonites as Russian subjects, 502, 504-5; Steinbach, xvii. See also Mennonite beliefs/ faith; Warkentin affair; and names of individual churches and congregations Circassians, 60,61,131 Claassen, Christian, JC to, 128-9 cloth: factory, xxxix, 163,189-91, 192,193,194,199,202,215-16, 230-1,239,242-3,244,279,325-7, 330,353-4,597; looms/spinning wheels, 93; manufacturing, 349, 361. See also flax; sericulture/silk; wool conifers, 493 Contenius, Samuel, 21 Conteniusfeld, survey of boundaries, 250 Cornies, Aganetha (mother of JC), xxiv Cornies, Agnes (daughter of Heinrich), 172,199 Cornies, Agnes (daughter of JC), 9, 51, 65; health, 31; illness, 199,201; at Iushanle, 135,184; marriage to Wiebe, 127nl2; mentioned, 7; in Sarepta, 7,8,12,16,21,62 cabbages, 305,417 Calianco, Johannes, 33-4,40,49 cameralism, xi-xii Catherine the Great, xi cattle, 7,124; Anhalt-Cotta, 90; breeding, 90,596; demand for, 177,239,408,511,553; feeding, 91; foot/hoof-and-mouth disease, 124, 153,269; milk cows, 302; Nogais and, 456; number for peasants, 400-2; pasturage for, 401-2; plague (Rinderpest), 66,167,188-9,198,
201,202,205,215,221,233,238; prices, 35,153,269; purchases, 101; sales, 158,160-1; at Sarepta, 136-7, 164. See also livestock Chalil Oglu, Erishep (apprentice from Simferopol), 383 Chalit Oglu, Evishep (apprentice from Simferopol), 486 cheeses, 17,31, 90-1,159-60,163, 165,205,221,240, 311,596 Chemashinen, Ilia (hired by JC, from Petropavlovka), 5 Chernigov gubernija, Radishchev Mennonites in, 465 Chemigovka, Elder in, 373—і cherries, 372 Chetverikov, Peter (apprentice at Novovasilievka), 360 chimneys, 29 Chortkov, Ignat Nikiforovich, 47 church Elders, 498-9,505; District Office/Agricultural Society accusations against, 41-2; District 657
Index Còrnies, Anganetha (wife of JC), 7,8, 65,82,168,172 Cornies, David (brother of JC), xxiv, 192,370,470; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 230 Cornies, Heinrich (brother of JC), xxiv, xiii, 50,57,309,396֊7; to JC, 1836:14,16; 1837: 54-5; JC to, 1836: 5-6; 1837:46,47,57-8,63,86; 1838:113; 1839:170-1,172-3,185, 192-3,199,203 Cornies, Heinrich (son of Heinrich), 55 Cornies, Johann (JC): achievements, xxiii; as agricultural expert, xli; and Agricultural Society, xxviii-xxix, xxxii, xli-xlii; as Agricultural Society chairman, xxiii, xli-xlii; allies/official patronage for, xxiii-xxiv, xxxv; applications for positions on estates, 115,117,127,347,370; and apprenticeship program, xliii-xliv, 585 (see also under apprentices/ apprenticeship); archaeological excavations, 129-30,131-2, 177,179,186,198,410,582-3, 603-1,609-15, 615-21,638-9; and artisans village, xxxvii, xxxix; and Bible Society, xxv, xlv, 423; and bibles, 31,93,140-1,145, 282-3,405,406,423; books, 31,80, 115,117,120,123,127,168, 242; and brandy monopoly, xxv; and brick construction, xlvii-xlviii; career, xxiv-xxv; community support for, xliv-xlv; crafts/ trades promotion, xxxviii-xxxix; and crop agriculture, xxxvii, xl; Crown Prince Alexander and, 81-2; debtors to (see debtors to JC); and Doukhobors, xxxvii; and education/schools, xxxvii, xlvi; on employees religious practices, 5,157; and Ernst Walther loan from Caltanco, 33-4,40,44r-5,49; experimentation with agricultural methods/crops, xlii; Fadeev s relationship with, xxvi-xxvii, xxxi-xxxii, xxxv, xlii-xliii; financial assistance to Riediger,
405,415,420; and Forestry Society, xxviii-xxxi; and David Friesen, li; and Gebietsamt mayoral elections, xxxv, xxxvi-xxxvii; and Guardianship Committee, xxvii, liv; and Hahn, lv-lvi; and illegal fullholdings sales, xxix-xxx; immigration to Russia, xxiv; involvement in affairs beyond Molochnaia, xlii-xliii; Iushanle ownership granted to, 19-21; Kalmyk steppe journey, 52-3, 54,59-60,68-70; and Kalmyks, xxxvii-xxxviii, xlii, 137; Keppen s relationship with, xxxiv-xxxv; and land at Sarepta, 8-9; as land surveyor, xxv, xxvi; on Learned Committee of Ministry of State Domains, xxxv, xli, xli-xlii, 146, 205; and Margenau conference, li-liii; Wilhelm Martens as partner in brandy monopoly, xxv; on Melitopol District Nogais, 214; and Molokans, xxxvii; and Moravian Brethren at Sarepta, xxxviii, xlii; network of contacts, xxiii; and Nogais, xxxvii; on organization/arrangements of Mennonite villages, xlix, 413-14,
Index 427-46; ownership of leased land on Iushanle estate, xxxii; paying Fast fees/taxes, as guarantor, 454; political victory of in 1842, xxiii; and potato program, xli, xliii; and Privilegium, xxxii-xxxiii; and Radishchev Mennonites, xxxvii; reforms, xxiii, xxix, xxxv, xxxvii-xliv, liii, lvii-lviii; and Regier, xxxiii-xxxiv; religious beliefs, xlvi, liii-liv; report on progress in agriculture and hades, 1842,591-9; respect for, xxv; Russians on sheep farm, 4-5; Sarepta journey, 60-71, 72; Sarepta sheep farm project, xlii-xliii, 25-6, 46, 63,72; Saxony sheep-buying trip, xxvi, xlvi; and second wave of immigrants, xxv; as secretary of School Society, xxvi; and secular vs religious authority, xlv-xlvi; on Settlement Commission, xxv; and sheep, xl; and Sheep Society, xxv-xxvi; sheep-breeding program and, xxiv-xxv; Stavropol visit, 52-3,54,58; and Abraham Toews, xxxiv, xlix; travel to Simferopol, 67n24; vision for Mennonite settlement, xliii; on Warkentin affair, 555-64; Warkentin s relationship with, xxv-xxvi, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xliv-xlvi, xlv, liii-liv, lvi, 561; wealth of, xxv Cornies, Johann (JC), correspondence: on administrative and other arrangements instituted for functioning of Molochnaia Mennonite District in 1841, 427-46; to Balzer, 359-60; Balzer to, 347; Bartel to, 92; to Bergmann, 358-9; to Bergthal administrators, 567,568; to Blueher, 1836: 6; 1837: 31-2,44-5,49-51, 56-7, 58-9, 71-2, 87; 1838:100-1,102-4, 118-19,126-7,135-6,145; 1839: 161-2,167-9,170,173,176-7, 178-9,183-4,193,194-5, 200-1, 202; 1840:214, 218-19,229,247-8, 252-3,255-6,257,313-14; 1841:
364-5,368,370-1,378,402-3; 1842: 450,469,499-500,510,515-16, 554-5; Blueher to, 1836:18; 1837: 32-4, 78; 1838:132-3; 1841: 349-51, 360-1,377-8,415-16; to Blumenort Village Office, 294; to Boldt (brother-in-law), 87; to Boschke (Karass), 114; to Bradke, 277,303-4,346; Bradke to, 186-7, 286-7; to Bradkii, 584-5; church leaders (Ratzlaff/Lange/Schmit [sic]/Wedel/Fast) to, 504-5; to Claassen, 128-9; to Heinrich Cornies, 1836:5-6,16; 1837: 46, 47,57-8,63,86; 1838:113; 1839: 170-1,172-3,185,192-3,199,203; Heinrich Cornies to, 14, 54-5; to Johann Cornies Jr., 7,8-9,11-12, 76-7,215-16; Johann Cornies Jr. to, 50,201,202,203-4; Dellinghausen to, 146; to Doehring, 1837: 65-6, 73, 77-8,79-80; 1838:101-2, 114,124-5,136-8; 1839:158,162, 201-2; 1840: 238-9; Doehring to, 1838:118; to Dueck, 226-7; to Dyck (Muensterberg), 47-8; Gerhard Dyck to, 352-3, 358; to Heinrich Dyck, 51; to Elsingk, 457; to Gerhard Enns, 206-7, 659
Index 351-2; Gerhard Enns to, 354; to David Epp, 43-4, 60-1, 93,406; to Esipov, 280; to Evdokimov, 331-2; to Eydsen, 138; to Fadeev, 1836: 3-4,20-1; 1837: 34-9,52-3,66-70, 74-5, 77,80-2,93-4; 1838:120-3, 133-5,142-3; 1839:163-4,180-3, 191-2; 1840:232-5,245,258-60, 310-13; 1841: 384-5,413-15; 1842: 464-5,512,526-7; Fadeev to, 1836: 9,15-16,18-19,25-6; 1837: 55-6, 59-60; 1839:187,195-6,208; 1840: 296-7; 1841:328,386-7,422-3; 1842: 510,511-12; to Madam Fadeev, 45-6,115; Falk to, 115; to Fast, 461-2,500-1,502-3; to Fein, 241; Fein to, 241,254; to Fletnitzer, 405; to Frank, 40-1; Geyer to, 333; to Gloekler, 474-5; Goertz to, 246, 339; to Goldshad, 144,160-1; to Grunauer, 302-3; to Guardianship Committee, 572,586-7; to Evgeny von Hahn, 470-3,484-6,501-2, 503-4,506-7, 516-18,522-3, 527-8,536-7,541-2,570-2, 573, 576-7,579-80,586; Evgeny von Hahn to, 508; to Peter Hahn, 57, 86,113; Peter Hahn to, 13-14; to Hausknecht, 32; Heese to, 388; to Hekel, 132; to Hommaire (Odessa), 328; Huebert to, 330; to Huebner, 336, 392; to Hutterthal Village Office, 589; information about Iushanle, 588; information about Tashchenak, 587-8; information about the villages, 588; to Inzov, 127-8; Inzov to, 10-11; to Isaac, 285-6; Isaac to, 213; Abram Janzen to, 338-9; to Gustav Janzen, 367; to Kauenhowen, 660 423-4; to Kauli, 248-9; to Keppen, 1837:89-2,96-7; 1838: 99-100, 104-6,112-13,130,132-3; 1839: 177,179-80,188-9,193-4,196-8; 1840:222-4,262-5; 1841:343-7, 365-6,408-10; 1842: 456,491-3, 511,524-5; Keppen to, 1837:95-6; 1838:106,129-30; 1839:185-6, 199; 1844: 624-5,1847: 639-40; Kiselev to, 404-5; to
Christian Klassen, 316-17; Christian Klassen to, 416-17; to Johann Klassen, 230-1,244; Johann Klassen to, 146, 190-1,230,242-3,325-7,353-4; to Kniazevich, 214, 347-8; to Lange (State Counsellor), 111-12; to Lange (Steinbach), 251; Friedrich Wilhelm Lange to, 119; to Wilhelm Lange, 17,405-6; Wilhelm Lange to, 17-18; Loewen to, 104; to Mariupol administrators, 568; to Mariupol Mennonite District Office, 568-70; J. Martens to, 302; to Wilhelm Martens, 125-6, 130-1,266-7; Wilhelm Martens to, 123-4,200; to Wilhelm Martens/ Johann Klassen, 40; to Mathias (Berdiansk), 309-10; to Abram Mathias, 541; Heinrich Mathias to, 207-8; to Phillipp Mathias, 385; Phillipp Mathias to, 381; Matthies to, 278; to Mierau, 539; to Ministry of State Domains, 304-5,493-5; Molochnaia German District Office to, 83; to Molochnaia Mennonite District Office, 1837:34,40,52, 55, 79,80; 1838: 141,143-4; 1840: 224, 227-8,237, 240,249,250,282,285,287,314, 316; 1841: 329,332-3,367, 380-1,
Index 389-90,406,410; 1842:449,464, 473-4,476,477,530,535-6, 540-1,545,546-7,581; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 1836:4,8,16-17; 1837: 80; 1838: 143; 1839:194; 1840: 230, 240,250, 279,282,284-5,315; 1841:417; to Muromtsev, 1837: 75-6,88-9; 1840:213-14,221-2,294; 1841: 330-1, 333-4,336-7, 364,397-8; 1842:448,454,496-7,500,504, 546,548-9; to Heinrich Neufeld, 501,507, 514,539-40,550-1,552; Heinrich Neufeld to, 505,514-15, 541,574; to Peter Neufeld, 285-6; to Neufeldt, 22; to Neumann, 538; Neumann to, 355; D. Neumann to, 407; to Ohrloff Village Office, 454; to Oppenlaender, 477; to Oppenlaender/Blank, 88; to Pauls, 72-3; to Pelekh, 4-5, 499; to Penner, 231-2; Franz Peters to, 139; Johann Peters to, 277-8; to Radishchev Village Administration, 475; Regehr to, 276; Isaac Regier to, 117; to Johann Regier, 15,21-2,53-4,265; Johann Regier to, 115-16,189-90, 260; to David Reimer, 577-8; to Jacob Reimer, 22; Peter Reimer to, 119; Rempel (Altonau) to, 228; Aron Rempel to, 120,246; Riediger to, 416; to Riesen, 283-4; Riesen to, 284; to Rosen, 1840: 237-8,269-75, 278-9,284,288-9, 295-6, 308-9; 1841: 320-2,329, 338,339-40, 341-2,355-7,362-4, 373-6, 381-4, 387,395-5, 398-402, 419-20,421-2,424-6; 1842:448-9, 451-2,455-6,457-9,466-9,476, 478-9,480-3,493,496,497,508-9, 513-14,515,522,523-1,528-9, 532-5,538, 542-3,549-50,552-3, 582,583-4; Rosen to, 1840: 224-6, 300; 1841: 342-3, 348-9,369,390-2, 395-7; 1842: 484,487,518-19, 525,537-8, 551-2,554; Ruekel to, 275-6; Sander to, 322; to Schlatter, 61-2; to Heinrich Schmidt, 235-6; Nicholaus/Nikolaus Schmidt to, 251,257; Peter Schmidt to,
283; to Schroeder, 257-8; to Siemens, 410-13,547-8; to Steven, 1836: 17; 1837: 45,48-9, 71,83; 1839: 156-8,159-60,164-5,166,167, 171-2,175-6,195,196, 204-5; 1840: 219-21,236-7,240,242,243-4,247, 253-5,256-7,265-6,267-9,288, 305-8; 1841: 322-3, 334-5,340, 363-4, 371-2,379,386, 418-19, 420-1; 1842:454-6,476,479, 488-91,509,553-4,572-3,576,577, 582-3,585; Steven to, 1837:46-7; 1839:159,163,169-70,174,205-6; 1841: 327,376-7, 380, 388,402, 407; 1842:447-8,450, 578,580-1; Stobbe to, 362; to Thiessen, 141; to Third Department, 417-18,529; to Tietzmann, 251; Abraham Toews to, 141; to village offices, 566; to Vorontsov, 20; to David Voth, 367; David Voth to, 299, 316; Mrs David Voth to, 176; to Franz Voth, 71; Cornelius Wall to, 117,1840: 246-7; Johann Wall to, 139-40; to Walter (Royal Prussian Consul in Odessa), 138; to J. Warkentin, 498-9; Peter Warkentin to, 85; Wernersdorf Village Office to, 354; Abraham Wiebe to, 368; Abram 661
Index Wiebe to, 283; to Jacob Wiebe, 497-8; to Johann Wiebe, 216-18,249, 252; to Johann Wiebe (Neuteich), 64-5, 84-5,146-7,260-2,289-93,319-20, 403-4; Johann Wiebe (Neuteich) to, 11,423; Peter Wiebe to, 47; Philip Wiebe to Halblaub, 127; David Wiens to, 242; Klaas Wiens to, 293; Wienss to, 286; to Wild, 59; to Wilke, 369-70,505-6, 512-13; Wilmssen to, 83; to Zacharias, 44 Comies, Johann Jr. (JC Jr.), 51,65, 66, 85,125; in Astrakhan, 15,16; Fadeev and, 8,15; health, 31; to JC, 50,201,202, 203-4; JC to, 7, 8-9,11-12, 76-7,215-16; and JC s proposed sheep farm at Sarepta, 25; to Manager at Tashchenak, 51-2; marriage, 368,410,422; in Nogai villages, 362; plan for Akkania Nogai village, 92; in Sarepta, 7,8,12,21,62; surveying/ regulation of hearthsites, 37; at Tashchenak, 135,184,252,410; travel to Prussia, 199,201,202, 203-4, 218,235,252 Cornies, Johann Sr. (father of JC), xxiv Comies, Katherina (sister of JC), xxiv Comies, Peter (brother of JC), xxiv, 6 cotton, 26 cows. See cattle crafts. See trades/crafts Crimea: crown land, 291; establishment of Mennonite villages in, 100,111-12; estates for sale in, 240; forest-tree seeds from, 195,196; gray sheep from, 163; JC on, 77, 78,100; Nicholas I s visit to, xxxiii, 77; noble lands for Prussian Mennonite immigrants, 223-4, 662 231-2; ports in, xl; resettlement of Prussian Mennonite immigrants in, 380 crops, 510; experimentation with, xlii; failures, 35,39,237,286n34, 377,499,511,520,592; garden, 87; insurance proposal, 209-11; new, xxxvii; seen as future by JC, xl; transformation to marketoriented, xxxvii. See also fruit; grain(s);
potatoes dairying/dairy products, 90-1,233, 311,596 dams, 8,36,50,151,181,494,495,521 debtors to JC, 50,224; Braun, 72-3; Gerhard Dyck, 530; Abraham Enns, 329,389; Fein, 254; Isbrand Friesen, 141,143-4; Funk, 545; Peter Hahn, 18,54,57,86,113, 173; Hausknecht, 32; Johann Klassen, 146; Kroeker, 329,389, 406,449,464,477; Lisovtsev, 203; loan petitions to, 13-14,43-4, 176,226-7,241,276,283,338-9, 352-3,358; Mathias (Berdiansk), 309-10; Heinrich Mathias, 207-8; Phillipp Mathias, 381,385; Matthies, 278; Aron Peters, 314, 315,316; Quiring, 287,315, 316; Peter Regier, 410; Reimer, 99; Ruekel, 275-6; Schierling, 314,315; Nicholaus/Nikolaus Schmidt, 251, 257; Schulz, 227-8; Voth, 299,367; Abraham Wiebe, 368; Claas Wiebe, 314,315,316; Johann Wiebe, 423; Wilke, 370 Decembrist Revolt, xxvi, lii Dellinghausen, F., to JC, 146 Demaison, Count, 270,271
Index Denser (re Anhalt-Cotter rams), 248-9 Didkin, Evdokia, 274 Directions for Improving Agriculture in the Southern Russian Colonies, 565-6 District Chairman: importance of position, xxxv-xxxvi; and peasant reform, xxxv-xxxvi District Chairman elections: 1837-38, xxxv-xxxvii, xliv, 1,122-3,127-8, 133,142-3; 1841-42, xliv, xlix-liii, liv-lvii, 426,459-63,470-1,557-60; death of Regier in 1842, lvi; Friesen as 1841-42 candidate, 1, li, 459,460; in Fuerstenwerder, 517; Hahn and, lii, liv, lv-lvii; Johannes Neufeld as interim deputy mayor, lvi; Neufeld as replacement for Abraham Toews, 459; Penner as 1841-42 candidate, 1, li, Hi, 426, 459,463; Regier in 1838 election, xxxvi-xxxvii, 122-3,127-8,142-3; Regier in 1841 election, xlv, 1; Regier s death and, lvi; Regier s reappointment and, xxxvi-xxxvii, 122-3,127-8,142-3; Peter Toews as candidate in 1841-42, xlix, 1-lii, liv, lvi; Abraham Toews in, xxxvi-xxxvii, lvi, 122-3,127-8, 142-3,463,471,478; Warkentin and, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlix, 1-liv Dneprov Uezd: peasant use of crown lands in, 348; peasants horses in, 369, 399-400; potato cultivation in, 394 Doberan wool exhibition, 332-3 Doehring, Daniel, xliii, 191,193,195, 219; to JC, 1838:118; JC to, 1837: 65-6,73,77-8, 79-80,1838:101-2, 114,124-5,136-8; 1839:158,162, 201-2; 1840: 238-9 Dohamanov, Salaka, 321 Dohmambetov, Permandet, 274 Dosm, Permambet, 266 Dosmainbestov, Pirmambet, 253-4 Doukhobors, xxxvii, 328; building for Novovasilievka school, 452; conversion to Russian Orthodox religion, 331,334, 337; exile of, 330-1,333-4, 335-6; horses, 170, 172,369; mill at Tambovka,
309, 315; and Molokans, 493, 523; move to Transcaucasus, 523; proposed mill construction at Tambovka, 293; water mill at Tambovka, 322 Driedger, Gerhard, 148-9 Driedger, Gerhard (Second Deputy Mayor), xxxvi droughts: 1837: 35; 1839:191,193, 195,198; 1840:268,269, 281-2; 1841:372,409, 414, 418; 1842: 450,466,510,511,550,592; Great Drought of 1833-34, xxviii, xxix, xxxix, xl, xli Dschanaidin (apprentice), 267-8,275 Dshunugsov, Abitalip, 256,275 Dshuret, Shugut (apprentice in Shuiut Dzhuret), 359 Dudkina, Evdokia, 254, 321 Dueck, Gerhard, JC to, 226-7 Dueck, Johann, 50 Dyck (Deputy Mayor), 48 Dyck, Aron, 111 Dyck, Gerhard (Ohrloff), 473,530 Dyck, Gerhard, to JC, 352-3,358 Dyck, Heinrich (West Prussia), 16; JC to, 51 Dyck, Jacob (Khortitsa church Elder), 1,501, 503,555,561-2 663
Index Dyck, Johann, 16-17 Dyck (Muensterberg), JC to, 47-8 Epp, Clas (Prangenau), 8 Epp, David, 203; JC to, 43-4,60-1, 93,406; Wiebe to, 282-3 Esipov: JC to, 280; sketches of dwellings/agricultural buildings, 277 esparcet, 576,578 Esten (judge), 583 Evdokimenko (Deputy Director of Guardianship Committee), 182,187 Evdokimov (Chief Curator), 142 Evdokimov (State Counsellor), 141, 191-2,311,414; JC to, 331-2 Evdokimov, General, 74 Eydsen, Cornelius, 136,137,158; JC to, 138 Ediger, Peter (Lindenau; potato program supervisor), 467 Edinokhta, 263,359,362-3; meshet in, 157; potato cultivation in, 359; tree planting in, 271-2 education, 155-6,159 Efimenko (former assessor), 363 Efimenko, Stepan (apprentice from Chernigovka), 253,274 Efremov, Vasily (apprentice from Aleksandrovskoe), 585 Egaitamgale, 360 Ekaterinoslav: Fadeev in, xxvi; orchard in, 134; sheep, 103; wool market, 58, 66,71-2,131, 351 Elders. See church Elders elms, 493,544,545 Elsingk (Counsellor in Taganrog), 335,466 Elsingk (Taganrog), JC to, 457 Engelhard, Georg, 200 Enns, Abraham (Neukirch; debtor to JC), 329, 389 Enns, Gerhard (Altonau), lii-liv, 13, 74, 355,418,582; to Agricultural Society, 301; to Fast, 461-2; to JC, 354; JC to, 206-7,351-2; to Warkentin, 498-9 Enns, Peter (Altonau), 418 environmental data: atmospheric temperatures, 235-6; barometer for, 365,409-10,456,493; case of meteorological instruments for, 257-8,264,314,343; temperature in wells, 223; temperatures, 421; water tables in wells, 420-1,488-9; weather, 223,327 Fadeev, Andrei Michaelovich, 5,13; and 1838 elections, xxxvi-xxvii; and
afforestation program, xxvii; and Agricultural Society, xxviii-xxix, xxxi; ambitiousness of, xxvi; in Astrakhan, xxxi, xxxii, 7,12,112,208; as Chief Curator for Kalmyks, 7; Cornies and, xxxi-xxxii; death of daughter, 511-12,526; as Deputy Civilian Government of Saratov, 384; and Guardianship Committee, xxvi-xxvii; to JC, 1836: 9,15-16, 18-19,20-1,25-6; 1837:55-6, 59-60; 1839:187,195-6,208; 1840: 245,296-7; 1841: 328,386-7,422-3; 1842:510,511-12; and JC Jr., 8,15; JC on, 112; JC to, 1836: 3-4; 1837: 34-9,52-3, 66-70, 74-5, 77,80-2, 93-4; 1838:120-3,133-5,142-3; 1839:163-4,180-3,191-2; 1840: 232-5,258-60,310-13; 1841:384-5, 413-15; 1842:464-5,512,526-7; 664
Index JC to accompany across Kalymk steppe to Sarepta, 54,57,58,59-60; JC s relationship with, xxvi-xxvii, xxxv, xlii-xliii; and Kalmyk Chief Curator, 7; and Keppen, 52-3; Odessa estate, 187,245; in Ohrloff, 11-12; responsibilities, 53-4; in Saratov, 106,112,115,120,208, 229,232,245,296,384; in Sarepta, 21; survey of peasant conditions, xlii; at Tashchenak estate, 512; travel to Sarepta region, 55; and tree-planting regulations for fullholdings, xxix-xxx; Warkentin vs, xxvi-xxvii, xxviii Fadeev, Emilie (daughter of AF), 314, 511-12,526 Fadeev, Madam (wife of AF), 125, 526-7; JC to, 45-6,115 Falk, Heinrich, to JC, 115 Fast (teacher in Schoensee), 38 Fast, Bernhard, lii; and 1838 elections, xxxvi, 123; apology to Warkentin, 498; District Office/ Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 504-5; JC to, 500-1,502-3; JC/Enns/Martens to, 461-2; and Nicholas I s visit, xxxiii, 75-6; and Warkentin affair, lii-liv, 503,518,558 Fast, Cornelius, 16-17 Fast, Jacob (Landskrone; previous mayor), 460 Fast, Johann (Berdiansk), 454 Fast, Maria, 129 Fast, Regina (JC s servant), 5,129 feather grass, 89,130,135,182 Fedorovka (new village for Semenovka settlers), 295-6,300 Fein (agent for purchasing wool), 364,504 Fein, Friedrich, to JC, 241,254 Fein, purchase of ewes from, 88-9 fences, 29, 525 fertilization, 151,181,544-5,592 field cultivation, 310-11, 324; advancement of, 234,259; as becoming primary basis of agriculture, 408; employment in, 182; expansion of, 181,592; fourfield management system, 36,117, 151,544-5; on fullholdings, 148; increase in, 151; livestock breeding profits vs, 134; Nogais
and, 153; potatoes and, 593; sheep-breeding remuneration vs, 121; top-soil, 593. See also agriculture; crops Fifth Department, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xiii, xliii, lvii. See also Ministry of State Domains fires: in Akkuia, 197-8; insurance, 96, 99-100; Klassen s cloth factory, 189-91,192,193,194,199,202; Nogais and, 533; in Sparrau, 194 First-Kahash, 263 Flaming, Peter (Aleksanderthal), Neumann to, 566-7 flax: 1839 harvest, 198; 1840 harvest, 233,268; Agricultural Society and increase of cultivation, 36,152; cultivation of, 593; drought and, 268; employment of spinners/ weavers, 597; expansion of cultivation, 181,593; fullholders obligations regarding cultivation of, 148; and linen, 593,597 Fletnitzer (Pastor; Odessa), 420; JC to, 405 flour, 268 fodder: dams and supply of, 151-2; mixed with wool, 200-1,255; plant 665
Index cultivation, 358,499; potatoes for, 304; shortages, 153,166,167,168, 181,229,499; winter, 206 food: prices, 350; shortages, 313, 350 foot/hoof-and-mouth disease, 136 Forestry Society: adherence to tree planting requirements, xxix-xxxi; and Agricultural Society formation, xxviii-xxix; to Blumstein Village Office, 85; and cottagers, xxxix; creation of, xxvii; and first eighteen plantations, 36-7; and formation of Agricultural Society, 3-4,10; inspection of settlement, xxix; to Inzov, 12-13; JC and, xxviii-xxxi; to J. Martens, 519-20; to Jacob Martens (Tiegerweide), 520; to Molochnaia Mennonite District Office, 228; power of Agricultural Society, compared to, xxxii; Regier invited to attend meetings, xxix; tree-planting regulations, xxixxxxi; to village offices, 26-7,42-3, 97-8,116-17,323-5,519,520-1 forest-tree plantations, 352,567; Alipasha and, 225; deepploughing, 36; increased plantings in, 594-5; in Iushanle, 100,134; numbers of trees, 234; nurseries, 91; plantings in, 97-8; progress of, 181; requirements for fullholders, 148; snowless winter and, 153, 154; tree planting in, 234 forest trees: best-thriving, 92; frost and, 134; fullholder planting, 26-7; rare, from Circassians, 131; seeds, 37, 91,195, 196,204,551 Frank, Wilhelm (Odessa), 227; JC to, 40-1 666 Franke, Wilhelm (Gnadenfeld Elder), Hi Franz (teacher in Gnadenfeld), 38,285 Friesen, David (Halbstadt), 1, li, 459,460 Friesen, Gerhard, 51 Friesen, Isbrand, 141,143-4 Friesen, Peter, 9 Friesen, Thomas (village mayor; Landskrone), 460 fruit, 16,198,404,409,511; dried, 370-1,377. See also specific fruits fruit
trees: Forestry Society on, 323-5; increased cultivation of, 593-4; on Iushanle estate, 269-70; marketing of, 594; Molokan plans for nursery, 272-3; numbers of, 593; nurseries, 288-9, 593; planting, 37,233-4,325; requirements for fullholders, 148; snowless winter and, 153-4; wild, 520-1. See also orchards Fuerstenwerder: election for district chairman, 517; Thun as village mayor, 517-18,531,539 fullholdings: Agricultural Society authority over, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxviii; buildings on, 148; Forestry Society tree-planting regulations for, xxix-xxxi; half-holdings, xxxviii, 147-9; management/ ownership criteria, 147-9; potato cultivation and purchase of, xli; sales/transfers, xxix-xxxi, xxxviii, 147-9; shared, xxxviii, 437-8 Funk, Paul (Sparrau), 545 Garwasser, Johann (in JC s service), 5 Geyer, Tobias, to JC, 333
Index Gloekler (District Chairman, Molochnaia German District), JC to, 474-5 Gnadenfeld, 39; Christian School Society, to Agricultural Society, 106-11; church, xvii, 107; congregation, 461-2; school, xlvi-xlvii, 106-11,121,138,155-6, 285; survey of boundaries, 250 Gnadenheim congregation, 575 Goertz, Johann, to JC, 246,339 Goertz, Peter (Wernersdorf), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Goerz, Heinrich, xxx, xlv Goldshad, JC to, 144,160-1 Golubov, Mikhailo, 382 grain(s): Berdiansk port opening and growing of, xl; commercial growing, xl; foreign seed testing, 299-300, 305; frost and, 35; harvest of 1837, 66; harvest of 1838, 130,133; harvest of 1839, 152-3,176,177; harvest of 1840, 268; harvest of 1842, 524-5, 529; improvement in quality of, 342-3; on Kalmyk steppes, 70; Nogais and, 345-6,409, 525; peasants and, 356-7; prices, 198, 201, 202, 206, 218-19, 239, 268, 361, 377, 525; for Radishchev Hutterite community, 566; state of trade, 239; summer, 91; trading in Berdiansk, 134; winter, 35, 91, 198, 248; wool prices vs growing of, 75 grass(es), 176,177,248,259; livestock population decrease and, 545; rain and, 133; seed, 246; snowless winter and, 152; steppe, 344-5, 545,592; timothy, 242 Grossweide, election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463 Grunauer, Pastor (Sarepta), JC to, 302-3 Guardianship Committee, 187, 231; and 1838 mayoral election, xxxvi-xxxvii; and 1841 election, li; Agricultural Society to, 459-60, 462-3,543-5,551,565-6; blocking Toews s/Penner s appointments, li; cessation of, 404; decline of, xxxi, xxxii, xxxv; dissolution of, xlviii-xlix; and election of district
chairman, 470-1; Fadeev and, xxvi-xxvii; Fadeev s transfer from, 180; and fruit-tree cultivation, 324-5; and future of cloth factory, 244; Hausknecht and, 62; impact of reshuffling of personnel on Molochnaia, lvii; interest in settlements, 21; JC and, xxvii; JC to, 572,586-7; Ministry of State Domains absorption of, xxiii, xli, liv; to Pelekh, 19-20, 460 Gubka, Variami (apprentice), 364,383 Gurshenko, Martin, 40 Hahn, Elena Andreevna von (Peter s wife; Fadeev s daughter), 86, 511-12,526 Hahn, Evgeny von: Agricultural Society to, 565; to church Elders, 530-1; and District Chairman elections, Hi; and Guardianship Committee, 1, liv; to JC, 508; JC to, 470-3,484-6, 501-2,503-4,506-7, 516-18,522-3,527-8,536-7,541-2, 570-2, 573,576-7,579-80,586; Molochnaia visit, lvi; ordering new mayoral elections, liv-lvii; 667
Index and Warkentin affair, xlix, lvi, 500-1,558-9, 561-3; Warkentin presenting case to, lii, liv, lv, 560 Hahn, Peter, 18, 54,86,127,173; to JC, 13-14; JC to, 57,86,113 Halblaub (applicant for gardening position at Iushanle), Wiebe for JC to, 127 Halbstadt: artisans village at, 23-5; school, xlvi Hamm, David, 474 harmala seed, 327,457,466 Hausknecht, Caspar Adrian, 62; JC to, 32 hay, 184; dams and, 36,151,181; harvest of 1837,66; harvest of 1838,133; harvest of 1839,176,177, 188,195; harvest of 1840,259,268; harvest of 1841,372,414; harvest of 1842,511,592; prices, 206; quality, 268; in Sarepta area, 63,72; as sheep fodder, 89-90; shortages, 130,195; snowless winter and, 152; watering of meadows and, 494-5,521 hedges, 36,154 Heese, Heinrich (teacher), 285-6, 351-2,354,355; to JC, 388 Hekel (Neuhoffnungsthal), JC to, 132 Helena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess, 397,403,415 Heubuden, forest-tree plantation, 567 Hiebert, Elisabeth, 9 Hiebert, H., 9 Hofer, Johann (Hutterite), 521 Hofer, Paul (Radishchev), 586-7 Hoffnungsthal, 65 Holtfreter, Pastor, Wiebe for JC to, 140 668 Hommaire de Hell, Xavier, 195; JC to, 328 Horn, Widow, 566-7 horses: breeding, 311,399-400,595-6; demand for, 239,408,511,553; Doukhobor, 172; draft, 596; and glanders, 153; harnesses, 355-6, 484; peasants and, 369,399-400; prices, 153,269; purchases for Steven, 163,169-70,171,172,174; stray, 52,55, 79,241,284-5 houses: brick, 121; construction, 438-9; fire-proof, 597; Nogais and, 409,419,447; obligations of building cottager, 453; prices of Russian peasant, 418-19; for Radishchev Hutterite community at Tashchenak,
536-7; Radishchev Hutterite community situation, 580; tiled roofs, 447,525,588; whitewashing of, 30 Huebert, Abraham (supervisor of potato cultivation), 421-2,424-5, 451,476,480-2,549-50 Huebert, David, to JC, 330 Huebert, Elisabeth (Landskrone), and daughter, 589-90 Huebert, Heinrich (Landskrone), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Huebner (Assessor in Tavrida Bureau for State Domains): JC to, 336; and JC s debt to Steven, 335 Huebner (on Tatar apprentice from Feodosia), 398 Huebner, JC to, 392 Hutterites, Radishchev community: condition of, 464-5; Elders and mayors for, 586-7; and Hutterthal, 580; JC on resettlement of, 472-3;
Index Molochnaia grain to, 566; permission for resettlement, 475; proposed move to Melitopol, 464-5; proposed move to Tashchenak, 39,119, 527-8; resettlement in Molochnaia, xxxvii, 579-80; situation of houses, 580; at Tashchenak, 536-7,546-7 Hutterthal, 580,586,589 157; experimentation with new crops at, xli, xlii; Forestry Society headquartered on, xxvii; foresttree plantings, 100; fruit trees on, 269-70; as headquarters of Agricultural Society, xlii; horses on, 52,55,284-5; improvements to, 588; JC s ownership of leased land, xxxii; Keppen s visit to, xxxiv; leased by JC, 125; plantations, 95,134; sheep at, 215; sheep sales, 59,132 Iaremenko, Ianos (hired by JC, from Grigorievka), 5 Ignatov, Semen (apprentice at Astrakhanka), 359-60 Ignatov, Semen (Novospaskoe), 492-3 inheritance, 395,396,434-7 Inzov, Ivan Nikitich: and 1838 elections, xxxvii; age/health of, liv, 227; and creation of Agricultural Society, xxiii, xxxii; and Crown Prince Alexander s visit, 81-2; Forestry Society to, 12-13; and Guardianship Committee, xxiii, liv, 21,180; Hahn as assistant to, 422,470nl7; to JC, 10-11; JC to, 127-8; and JC s ownership of Iushanle land, xxxi, xxxii; in Molochnaia, 74; and Pelekh, 584; in Prishib, 141,142; and Warkentin affair, xxxvii Irsmambet (Nogai, Edinokhta), 217 Isaac, Abraham: to JC, 213; JC to, 285-6 Isaac, Peter, 213 Isaak (apprentice at Egaitamgale), 360 Isnar (on improvement of steppes), 543-5 Iushanle estate: Agnes Cornies at, 184; brick construction at, xlvii; employees religious practices, Jantzen, Jacob (Schoensee), 354 Janz, Cornelius (Lichtenau), 453 Janzen,
Abram, to JC, 338-9 Janzen, Gustav, JC to, 367 Kalenitchenko, Paul Andreevich, 468 Kalil (apprentice; Burkut), 359 Kalmykov, Ilarion, ЗЗІпІЗ, 334,337 Kalmyks, 55,137,164; Akkerman as model village for, 25-6; Fadeev as Chief Curator for, 7; Fadeev as guardian of, xxxi; Fadeev on, 15-16; JC on, 62,63,64-5; JC s proposed Sarepta sheep farm and, 67; JC s survey travels among, xlii, 52-3,54, 68-70; Pallas on, 120; reform of, xxxvii-xxxviii Karakas, 100,111-12 Karass, 61, 72,125,131,200,291 Karlanlov (Nogai apprentice), 254 Kartabov, Nigara, 275 Kauenhowen, Heinrich, JC to, 423-4 Kauli, JC to, 248-9 Keldakalko, Dshuma, 21-2 Keldaliev, Kutlale, 267, 275, 320-1 Keppen, Karya Ivanovich, 454-5,456 669
Index Keppen, Peter, xxxiv-xxxv, 53nll, 74, 77,80,88,257; and archaeological excavations, xxxiv, 582-3,621-2, 624-5,630-8,639-40; and Fadeev, 53-4; and Fadeev s transfer to Saratov, 120; to Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1843:622-3; to JC, 1837: 95-6; 1838:106,129-30; 1839:185-6,199; 1844: 624-5; 1847: 639-40; JC and, xxxiv-xxxv; JC to, 1837: 89-92,96-7,99-100; 1838:104-6,112-13,130,132-3; 1839:177,179-80,188-9,193-4, 196-8; 1840: 222-4,262-5; 1841: 343-7,365-6,408-10; 1842:456, 491-3,511,524-5; and proposed craftsmen s village at Halbstadt, 328; and proposed immigration of Prussian Mennonites, 260-3; responsibilities, 53-4; visit to Molochnaia, 53,56, 93-4 Khirgiz: apprentices, 363; land for Mennonite immigrants, 410-11, 414,422 Khortitsa: church, 501,555; Dyck and District Office, 556; Dyck and Society for Plantings, 556; envy of Molochnaia community, 555; Mennonite settlement, 380; Mennonites wishing to resettle from, 568,571; mulberry plantation, 134; sheep raising in, 233; state of grain/hay crops, 525; wool sales in, 6 Kiselev, Pavel Dmitrievich, xxviii, xxxix, 261,369,391,408,413-14, 465; to JC, 404-5; visit to Iushanle, xlix; visit to Molochnaia, 384-5, 386,390-1 Kisildingoglu, 263,419,449,493 670 Kisliar, 39,407 Klassen, Abram (Grossweide), 459 Klassen, Christian: to JC, 416-17; JC to, 316-17 Klassen, Cornelius, 51 Klassen, Franz, 460 Klassen, Jacob (Tashchenak), 7 Klassen, Johann (cloth manufacturer), 33,39; factory, xxxix, 189-91,192,193, 194,199, 202,215-16,230-1,239,242-3, 244,279,325-7,330,3534 597; to JC, 146,190-1,230,242-3,325-7, 353-4; JC to, 40,230-1,244;
to Regier, 190-1 Klassen, Johann (Ohrloff), 517 Klassen, Johann (Warkentin s nephew; Muensterberg mayor), xlviii, 1, lii, 297-9,502,506,558, 559,560-1 Klassen, Johann (Prussian Mennonite), application for permission to remain in Molochnaia, 466 Kleinharr, Elias (Hutterthal), daughter, 589 Klug, Charlotte Sophie (Polenius), 138 Klug, Christian, 138 Kniazevich, JC to, 214,347-8 Kochuben, Count, 160,161 Kolmombet Utei-oglu (apprentice from Koitshi), 363 Kolosov (District Chief), 337,457 Kolosov (judge), 271 Kolosov (Regional Captain), 4-5 Kondshegale watermill, 396-7 Kopani, Elder in, 374 Kosiak (apprentice at Shekle), 360 Krausse, Friedrich, 5
Index larch seeds, 7,104,119,145 Large Flemish Congregation (Warkentin congregation), xlv; beliefs, 556-7; division of, lvii, 506,517,563-4,577; election of Elders, 541-2,550-1; removal of Warkentin, 539-40; and temporal authority, 556-7; Warkentin as leader of, xxv Learned Committee, Ministry of State Domains. See under Ministry of State Domains Levashev, Eftei (Novospaskoe), 492-3 library, 156,598. See also books Lichtenau, building cottager houses in, 453 Lichtenau congregation: election of Elder for, 514,517,5394.0, 541,542,550-1,564,565,576-7; formation of, 506,507,517; members joining, 574-5; second Elder for, 515; and state directives, 461-2 Liebenau, election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463 lime, 182,233 Lindenau, forest-tree plantations, 181,520 linen, 593, 597 linseed, 166 Lisovtsev (debtor to JC), 203 livestock: apprentices and, 157; barn feeding, 235; crop agriculture vs, xl; decreasing size of herds, 545; demand for, 525; drought and thinness of, 198; fodder, 35; hoofand-mouth disease, 136; illnesses, 153; kept by state peasants, 349-50; Nogais and, 409; peasants Kroeker, Martin (Margenau), 329, 389,406,449,464,477 Kulpedin Umer Oglu (Tatar apprentice from Feodosia), 383, 384,387,486 Kurmash (apprentice at Shuiut Dzhuret), 359 Kurtámét Dshanibek-Ogli (Nogai), 371 Kusitskin, Pavel (apprentice at Novovasilievka), 360 Ladekopp: Crown Prince in, 81; forest-tree plantations, 181 Lamchenko,Teodor (Novogrigorievka), 451 Lananenko, Cornei, 5-6 Lananenko, Prokop (shepherd), 5-6, 55,170-1,172,185 landlessness, xxvii, xxix, xxxviii-xxxix, xiii, xlvii Landskrone, 234;
election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463; as new village, 182; survey of boundaries, 250 Lange (Steinbach), 216; JC to, 251 Lange, Benjamin, 111 Lange, F. (West Prussia), 203 Lange, Friederike Henriette (Klug), 138 Lange, Friedrich Wilhelm (teacher/ church Elder; Gnadenfeld), xlvi, 110,138,502n39, 517; to JC, 119 Lange, W., to JC, 504-5 Lange, Wilhelm (teacher/church Elder; Gnadenfeld), xlvi, 75-6, 110,123,265; District Office/ Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 17-18; JC to, 17,405-6; and Warkentin affair, xxxiii, xxxvi Lange (State Counsellor), JC to, 111-12 671
Index and grain vs, 357; removal/burial of carcasses (carrion), 30. See also cattle; horses; sheep Loewen, Abram (Blumstein), 521 Loewen, Jakob, 242 Loewen, Peter, to JC, 104 looms/spinning wheels, numbers of, 93 lucerne, 499,578 Luinov, Tulesh (Nogai from Second Burkut), 457 Lushchin, Mr (sheep seller), 168 madder, 516, 577 Maloi (Chernigov district chairman), 425-6 Maloi, Luka, 249 Malokmak, Elder in, 374 Makarenko, Omelko (hired by JC, from Grigorievka), 5 manuring, 580-1,592 maple, white, 294 maps, 139-40,166,169,176,204,239 Marchenko (Tokmak district chairman), 336 Margenau: conference, li-liii; potatoes in, 535 Margenau congregation: election of Elder for, 514,540,577; formation of, 506,507,517 Marhulu (Akkerman), 104 Maria Mikhailovna, Grand Duchess, 397,415 Mariupol: Colonist District, 5; forest-tree seeds for, 551; grain harvests, 525; improvement of fullholdings, 568-72; inspection of fullholdings in, 576; inspection of villages in Mennonite District, 568-72; JC to administrators, 568; 672 JC to Mennonite District Office, 568-70; Khortitsa Mennonites settling in, 571; Mennonite District Office secretary, 571-2; plantings in, 568-72; repeal of purchases by Khortitsa/Molochnaia Mennonites in, 570; water levels, 448,489 Marmont, Auguste Frédéric, 120-1, 133 marriages: of children, Mennonite faith and, 312-13; engagements in Hutterthal, 589; permission for, 549 Martens, Gerhard (d. 1838), 135 Martens, H., 423 Martens, J.: to Agricultural Society, 294,301; to JC, 302 Martens, Jacob (of Ohrloff church congregation), lii-liv; to Fast, 461-2; to Warkentin, 498-9 Martens,
Jacob (Tiegerweide), Forestry Society to, 519-20 Martens, Wilhelm, 13,14, 33,141; and Carlsbad, 245; Fadeev and, 16, 187,195,208,245,297; health of, 39,183,192,312; hypochondria, 39,53,82, 235; to JC, 123-4,200; JC as partner in brandy monopoly, xxv; JC to, 40,125-6,130-1,266-7; Justina Willms stepdaughter of, 368n29; at Piatigorsk, 122,142, 195,235,260; sale of businesses, 312; and Walther s promissory note, 44-5 Matashev, Kuscp, 22 Mathias, Abram, JC to, 541 Mathias, Carl, 249 Mathias, Heinrich, to JC, 207-8 Mathias, Phillipp: to JC, 381; JC to, 385
Index Mathias (Berdiansk; debtor to JC), JC to, 309-10 Matthies, Johann, to JC, 278 medicines, cost of, 450 Meglarip Boday (Nogai), 147 Meglemambet (Nogai from Agilchosha), 147 Melitopol, 39; apprentices in potato program, 456; Great Russians in, 492; JC on Nogais of, 214; peasants horses in, 369,399-400; potato cultivation in, 394; potato program in, 466-7,552-3; Radishchev Mennonites to be moved to, 464-5 Mengli, Baiboro (Nogai from Susukan), 335 Mennonite beliefs/faith: and brick construction, xlvii-xviii; marriage of children, 312-13; prosperity of Molochnaia Mennonites and, 555; punishment of brothers in, xlviii, lii, 297-9; and secular vs religious authority, xlv-xlviii, 1, li-lii, liii-liv, 461-2; and Warkentin affair, xlv-xlvi; Warkentin congregation and, 562; Warkentin s beliefs vs, 556. See also churches Mennonites: acceptance as Russian subjects, 502,504-5; advantages of, 94; agriculturalism of, xxvii-xxviii; as agriculturalists, xxiv; community obligations, 395, 396; compilation of rules governing administration, 386; conditions in Tavrida guberniia settlements, 186; conservative, xxv; customs, 105; establishment of colony near Sarepta, xiii; establishment of villages, 111-12,438-9; health, 414; inheritance procedures/rules, 395,434-7; Keppen, and desire for administrative changes, 94; land division among fullholdings, 396; Nicholas I s praise for, 404-5; obligations for settlement on unsettled crown lands, 438-42,525; Privilegium for, xxiv, xxvii-xxviii, xxxii-xxxiii, xxxvi, xlix, 1, lv-lvi, lviii; proposed settlement in Bessarabia, 484-6; resettlement in
Crimea, 380; as role model, xliv, liii, lv-lvi; Russian nationalism and, xii; second wave of immigrants, xxv; settlement in Vitebsk/Mogilev guberniias, 525; settlements as daughter colonies, xlii; settlements in Crimea, 100; settlements in Tatar land, 105-6; successive waves of immigration, xii. See also Prussian Mennonites Menz (Sarepta community director), 58, 67 Mierau, Peter, JC to, 539 Mikhailovka: Elder in, 374; potato program in, 532-3 Miliutin, Nikolai Alekseevich, 95 milk, 90-1,137,161; sheep, 238 millet, 205,234, 377, 529,553 Ministry of State Domains, 174, 175,224; colonial settlements under, 106; consequences of creation, lvii; creation of, xxviii; Domains Bureau, 413; as eclipsing Guardianship Committee, xii; Guardianship Committee absorbed into, xxiii, liv; JC to, 304-5,493-5; Keppen and, xxxiv; 673
Index Learned Committee, xxxiv, xxxv, xli, xiii, 146,205; Mennonite affairs placed mider, xlviii-xlix; origins of, xxviii; Third Department, xli, 159,186,206-7,332,447,520-1; Third Department, JC to, 417-18,529 Mitzkevich (district supervisor), 424,468 Molochnaia: about region, xxiv; agricultural management to be introduced among peasants, 395; community obligations, 395,396; compilation of rules governing administration, 386; constitution, xlix, 413-14; death rate, 379; health in, 379, 403,414; inheritance procedures/ rules, 395,434-7; JC s description of organization/arrangements of villages, 413-14,427-46; list of foreigners not approved yet for census, 590-1; prosperity of, 555; river, 448,488-9; state of villages in, 384-5 Molochnaia German District Office, to JC, 83 Molochnaia Mennonite District: audit of community accounts, 547; duty credits for community work, 442-6; eagerness of villages to improve fullholdings, 579; elections of village mayors, 426, 459-60,462-3; founding of new settlements, 438-42; health in, 591; JC on administrative and other arrangements for functioning of, 427-46; JC s dispute with district chiefs, 457-8; JC s dispute with village chiefs, 467,468; as oasis 674 on the steppe, xxiv, xxviii; report of progress in agriculture and trades, 1842,591-9; tree planting by, xxvii Molochnaia Mennonite District Office: Agricultural Society to, 477-8,521; to church Elders, 41-2; to David Cornies, 230; Forestry Society to, 228; Guardianship Committee to, 19-20; to JC, 1836: 4,8,16-17; 1837: 80; 1838:143; 1839:194; 1840: 230,240,250,279, 282,284-5,315;
1841:329-30,417; JC to, 1837: 34,40,52,55,79,80; 1838:141,143-4; 1840: 224,227-8, 237,240,249,250,282,285,287, 314; 1841:329,332-3,367,380-1, 389-90,406,410; 1842:449,464, 473-4,476,477,530,535-6, 540-1, 545,546-7,581; obligations of, 427-9; to Ohrloff School Society, 300-1; to Pelekh, 23-5; Pelekh to, 297-9,426; to village offices, 29-30, 42-3; Warkentin vs improvements introduced by, 556; to Dirk Wiens, 241. See also District Chairmen elections; Warkentin affair Molokans, xxxvii, 328; Doukhobors and, 493,523; and fruit trees, 219-20,247,272-3; move to Georgia/Lenkoran, 492-3, 523-4; in Novovasilievka, 451-2; and nurseries, 219-20,247, 272-3; petition, 130; rumours of banishment, 523-4; tree planting, 288-9 money shortage, 33,364-5,414,511 moral education, xlvi, 38,155,597-8 Moravian Brethren, xxxviii, xlii-xliii, 25-6,160,302
Index Mordvinovka estate, trestle windmill, 389-90 Muensterberg, 38; forest-tree plantations, 181; former mayor Klassen, 297-9; punishment of Klassen, xlviii mulberry trees, 16,36,37,116,134, 166,272,280-1,449,576,578,581, 582,594 Munsale (Elder), 455 Muntau, forest-tree plantations, 181 Muromtsev (Tavrida civil governor), 77; JC to, 1837: 75-6,88-9; 1840: 213-14,221-2,294; 1841: 330-1, 333-4, 336-7,364,397-8; 1842:448, 454,496-7,500,504,546, 548-9 Mursa, Aligere (Edinokhta), 362-3 Mursa, Bati (Shokai), 362-3 Musledin (Nogai), 533 Mustapoi District, potato program in, 549-50 mustard, 71 Neufeld, Peter (Blumenort; debtor to JC), 294 Neufeldt (Muensterberg mayor), 50; JC to, 22 Neufeldt, Gerhard (Rudnerweide), 228 Neufeldt, Johann (neighbour of JC), 310 Neufeldt, Johann (proposed acting district deputy), 471 Neufeldt, Peter, 351 Neuhalbstadt, xxxix, 296-7,311-12, 328, 346-7, 385, 409 Neuhoffnung, church congregation split, 477,492 Neumann, D. (Kisliar), to JC, 407 Neumann, Jacob: to JC, 355; undertaking of, 567 Neumann, Jacob (Aleksanderthal), 566-7 Neumann, Jacob (Muensterberg), 418 Neumann, JC to, 538 Neumann, Peter, to Unrau/Flaming, 566-7 Nevkush, 359; Elder in, 373 newspapers, 31, 33, 55,119,145,156, 168,202,229,280-2,351,365, 598 Nicholas I, Emperor, xxvi, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxvi, 54, 67,76-7, 286n34,404-5 Nickel, Claas (Sparrau), 460 Nikolaiev settlement, 125 Nikolaievka area, 422 Nizhni Novgorod market, 78,377 Nogais, xxiv, xxxvii, 18-19,65, 112-13,252,409; at Akuiu, 113; apprentices, 256-7,267,275,279, 284,320-1, 363; as carters, xli, 152-3,167,169,175-6,457;
case investigations, 583; and cattle, 456; delivery of horses, 171, Neufeld (re wool sales), 58,183-4 Neufeld, Heinrich (preacher in former Large Flemish Congregation), xlv, li, liv, 503,506, 516-17,565; to JC, 505,514-15, 541,574; JC to, 501,507, 514, 539-40,550-1,552 Neufeld, J. (Lichtfelde), 92 Neufeld, Johann, li, 266 Neufeld, Johann (Halbstadt), 459, 463,478 Neufeld, Johann (Halbstadt mayor), 82 Neufeld, Johann (Liebenau village mayor), 460 Neufeld, Johann (teacher), 172-3 Neufeld, Johannes, lvi 675
Index 174; desired move to Caucasus, 522,533-4; enlightenment of, 405; excavations on land, 186; field cultivation by, 153; fruit exchanged for millet with, 234; and grain, 345-6,409,525; and harmala seed, 327,335; houses, 409,419,447; JC on Melitopol District, 214; Kalenitchenko plundering, 468; Kalmyks compared to, 62; and Kondshegale watermill, 396; lack of mills in district, 308-9; and livestock breeding, 409; Ministry of State Domains and improvement of economic situation, 225; and orchards, 497; and police commissar s oppression, 467; and potatoes, 468, 533; and seed-wheat from Wiens, 339-40; and sheep, 21-2,84,87, 96-7,147,153,166, 167,173,179-80,185,186,197, 217-18,219; and sheep bloating (Raende), 543, 551-2; transport of wagon, 167,169,175-6; tree planting, 196,270-2; villages, 92, 100,263-4,346,362-3,374,409, 419,447,493,497; and wheat, 237-8; and wool, 87,119,126,135, 145,173. See also Akkerman; and names of individual persons Nogaisk, 39 Norlubai (apprentice at Altéul), 360 Novoaleksandrov, 39 Novoaleksandrovka, 382,467; post office at, 72,73, 75 Novovasilievka, 247,288-9,360, 382, 451-2; Elder in, 374; orchards in, 219-20,523 Nubka, Variarmi, 329,338 676 nurseries, 154,593; tree, 37,91,134, 154,204-5,219-20,234,247,269,271 oats, 510; 1840 harvest, 232; 1841 harvest, 377; 1842 harvest, 592; potato, 529; prices, 198,205,206, 219,268,525,553 Odessa: Fadeev in, xxxi; wool market, 176,365,500,510,516 Ohrloff: church, 39,139,235,562; congregation, 461-2; Comies family fullholding in, xxiv; foresttree plantations, 181; JC to Village Office, 454; schools, xlvi,
38,155, 157,285-6,301 Ohrloff School Society, Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 300-1 oil radish, 11,259-60,268,331-2, 417,452-3,593 oil-producing plants, 259-60 Old Flemish Congregation, lii, liv Olga, Grand Duchess, 77 Olsheretovataia, Elder in, 374 Oppenlaender (Neuhoffnung), 492; JC to, 88,477 Oraskakaiev, Kuti (apprentice at Shekle), 360 orchards, 16,36,134; advantages of, 323-4; development in Molochnaia, 281,323-5; in Ekaterinoslav, 134; Molokans establishing in Novovasilievka, 219-20,288-9,523; Nogais and, 497; progress of, 181; requirements for fullholders, 148; setting trenches in, 37; starlings and, 116; at Tashchenak, 505-6,512. See aho fruit trees Orekhov, 39,467,468,480; Grigoretii Agricultural School, 484; potato cultivation in, 394-5,458
Index orphans, 4; administration/ administrators, 143,434,589-90. See also inheritance Ortchininov (surveyor), 250 Oshobai (Nogai from lower Burkut), 22 Ottoman Empire, xi Ovsanikova, Evdokia (apprentice from Dneprov Uezd), 364 23-5; Molochnaia visit, 191-2; and punishment of Johann Klassen, xlviii Pelz, David (Rosenthal), 98 Penner (District chairman from Einlage), 38-9 Penner, David, 9 Penner, Jacob (former Khortitsa mayor), 1, li, lii, lvi, 81,426, 459,463 Penner, Jacob (Muensterberg), 82 Penner, Jacob (Prangenau), 8 Penner, Johann (Pastwa), 417; JC to, 231-2 Penner, Wilhelm (Mariupol Mennonite District Office), 571-2 Peters, Aron (Ruekenau; debtor to JC), 314,315, 316 Peters, Franz, to JC, 139 Peters, Johann (Gnadenheim), to JC, 277-8 Peters, Johann (Landskrone), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Petershagen, forest-tree plantations, 181 Piatigorsk, 82,122,124,142,192,195, 200,235,245,260 pietism, xxv, xlvi, xlvii; quietism vs, xlv pine seed, 161 plums, 79; Hungarian, 409; Zwetschke, 372 poplars, 577-8; Lombardy, 496 Popov, Dimitry, 51-2 Pordenau Congregation, 503, 506,507,575; election of Elder for, 541,542,550-1,565,576-7; establishment of, 514 post offices, 72, 73, 75 potato program, 405-6,584; apprentices in, 358-60,456, Paluliakh (Bolinskii s assistant), 425 Pastwa: snow damage in, 215 Pauls, David, JC to, 72-3 Pauls, Jacob (Rudnerweide), 541 peaches, 372 pear trees/pears, 134,372,520-1 peasants: as apprentices, xliii-xliv; German colonists as models for, xi-xii; and horses, 369, 399-400; house prices, 418-19; improvement of conditions, 224-5,362-3,365-6,376,409; JC
on, xxxvi; Mennonite agricultural management to be introduced among, 395; Ministry of State Domains and, 224-5; Nicholas I and, xxviii; number of cattle for, 400-2; potato cultivation, 482-3; and potato program, 371-2, 393-5, 458,532-3,542-3; reform of, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv-xxxvi, lvii-lviii; villages, 376,395 Pelekh, Khariton Trokhimovich, xlix, 16-17, 21,182,230,250, 300,512; and 1841-42 elections, liv-lv, 459,462; Guardianship Committee to, 19-20,460; JC on service of, 584-5; JC to, 4-5,499; to Molochnaia Mennonite District Office, 297-9,426; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 677
Index Prokop (shepherd). See Lananenko, Prokop (shepherd) Prussian Mennonites: attitudes regarding Russia, 218; living on entailed estates, 223-4,260; proposed immigration to Russia, 223-4,231-2,260-3,289-93, 319-20, 343-4,366,410-13,414, 422,525,538, 547-8; purchase of land, 366 Pushkarov, Mikhailo, 214 457-8; district chairmen/Elders and, 542-3; Great Drought and, xli; introduction of, 286n34; JC on introduction of, 286-7; JC s leadership in, 341-2; JC s reports on, 305-8,321-2, 358-60,373, 393-5,419-20,532-3,549-50, 552-3; Nogais and, 468; peasants and, 358-60,371-2,393-5,482-3, 535-6; supervisors for Melitopol area, 466-7; supervisors positions in, 339,347,421-2,451 potatoes: 1838 harvest, 151,181; 1839 harvest, 188,198; 1840 harvest, 232-3,268; 1842 harvest, 511; cultivation of, 301-2, 303-4; diggers, 391-2; drought and, 198, 268; and fodder, 152; four-field management system and, 36; fullholders obligations regarding cultivation of, 148; harvesting, 592-3; hoes, 483,534; JC and, xliii; for livestock fodder, 304; mounders/markers, 478-9,483, 487,490,496; mounding ploughs, 528-9; Nogais and, 533; ploughs, 391-2,487,518-19,534,537-8; price for markers/lifters, 402; rotting, in Aul, 424-5,476,480-2; sales, 482-3; seed, 321-2,354; transportation, 519; weighing/ measuring of, 322-3 Potshobut, Anton, 389 Prilepka, Khariton (apprentice from Novo-Grigorievka), 363 printing press, 265 Prishib, wool washing facilities, 504 Privilegium/privileges, xxiv, xxvii-xxviii, xxxii-xxxiii, xxxvi, xlix, 1, lv-lvi, lviii, 67ո24 Quiring, Heinrich (Conteniusfeld), 287, 315,316 Radishchev
Hutterite community. See Hutterites, Radishchev community Rakhmanov, General, 8-9 Rakhmanova, Ekaterina Apollonovna (Dneprov district), 546 Ramosan (Shilchodsha Elder), 522 rapeseed, 11,417 Ratzlaff, Benjamin (church Elder; Rudnerweide), xxxvi, 123, 502n39, 518; District Office/Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 504-5 reading association/society, 156,598 Regehr, R., to JC, 276 Regier, Isaac, to JC, 117 Regier, Johann (District Chairman), 95, 187; and 1838 election, xxxvi-xxxvii, 122-3,127-8, 142-3; and Agricultural Society, xxxiii-xxxiv, 4,10,13,41,547; to Agricultural Society, 299-300; attendance at Forestry Society meetings, xxix; death of, lvi, 477-8,558; health of, 53,182; and JC, xxxiv; to JC, 115-16,189-90, 678
Index 339—40,341-2, 355-7, 362-4, 373-6, 381-4,387, 393-5,398-402,419-20, 421-2,424-6; 1842: 448-9,451-2, 1842: 455-6,457-9,466-9,476, 478-9,480-3,493,496,497,508-9, 513-14,515,522, 523-4,528-9, 532-5,538, 542-3,549-50,552-3, 582,583-4 Rosenort Village Office, Agricultural Society to, 473 Roshkii (Karass), 131 Rostov, potato ploughs for, 519, 528-9,534, 537-8 Rudnerweide: congregation, 461-2, 563; snow damage in, 215 Rudolfe, Jonathan, 193 rue, 160,163 Ruekel (debtor), to JC, 275-6 rye: 1839 prices, 201; 1840 harvest, 268,311; 1840 prices, 218; 1842 harvest, 454,592; demand for, 35; ergot in, 188; harvest of 1842, 511; lack of snow cover and, 152; prices, 198, 205,268,372,553; for Radishchev community, 528; for Radishchev Hutterite community, 566; summer, 529; winter, 91,288, 547,580 260; JC to, 15, 21-2,53-4,265; as JC s candidate in 1837 elections, xliv; Johann Klassen to, 190-1; in Odessa, 38,39; and royal visits, 76,82; terminal illness, and 1841 elections, 1 Regier, Peter (debtor to JC; Fuerstenau), 410 Reimer (publican in Muensterberg), 47-8 Reimer, David, JC to, 577-8 Reimer, J. Heinrich, 99 Reimer, Jacob, 166,288,553; JC to, 22 Reimer, Jacob (Ladekopp), 389-90 Reimer, Johann, 8 Reimer, Peter, 49; to JC, 119 Rempel, Abraham (Gnadenfeld), 106 Rempel, Aron, 111; to JC, 120,246 Rempel, Johann (Gnadenfeld), 549 Rempel (Altonau; debtor), to JC, 228 Riediger, Martin, 405; to JC, 416; Wiebe [for J. Comies] HTH to, 420 Riesen, Elisabeth, 549 Riesen, Isbrand van, 98; to JC, 284; JC to, 283^4 Romen wool market, 351,510; in 1837,58; 1837 prices, 35,71-2, 75; in 1838,131,133; in
1839,153; 1839 prices, 177,184; 1840 prices, 311; 1841 prices, 403; in 1842,516; 1842 prices, 525; preference for, 58, 253,256 Rosen, Fedor F., xlviii-xlix, 207, 264, 343, 345-6,378,406,413,524, 548, 629; to JC, 1840: 224-6, 300; 1841: 342-3, 348-9,369,390-2, 395-7; 1842:484,487,518-19,525, 537-8,551-2, 554; JC to, 1840: 237-8, 269-75,278-9,284,288-9, 295-6, 308-9; 1841: 320-2,329, 338, Sander, Johannes, to JC, 322 Sarepta: Agnes Cornies in, 7,8, 16, 21,62; cattle in, 136-7,164; economic situation, 193,195; establishment of Mennonite colony near, xlii; Fadeev in, 15,21, 55, 229; JC Jr in, 7, 8,12,21,62; JC on, 62, 63; JC s proposed sheep farm at, xlii-xliii, 25-6,46,58, 72; JC s visit to, xlii-xliii, 58,60-71, 72; JC s wish to purchase land at, 679
Index 8-9; Moravian Brethren at, xxxviii, xlii-xliii, 25-6,160,302; sheep at, xlii-xliii, 25-6,58,63,66-7, 72, 78, 102-4,136-7,164,219 Sarepta Trading Company (Moscow). See Soerensen, G.A., Company Schellenberg, David, 249 Schierling, Gerhard (Fuerstenwerder; debtor to JC), 314, 315 Schlatter, Daniel, JC to, 61-2 Schmidt, Heinrich, JC to, 235-6 Schmidt, Johann (Ruekenau), 417 Schmidt, Nicholaus, to JC, 251,257 Schmidt, E, sending wool to Blueher, 126 Schmidt, Peter, 119 Schmidt, Peter (church Elder), 518; to JC, 504-5 Schmidt, Peter (Steinbach), 56-7, 82,167 Schmidt, Peter (West Prussia), 203 Schmidt, Peter, to JC, 283 Schmit (Elder; Waldheim), 514 Schoenau, forest-tree plantations, 181 Schoenfeld, forest-tree plantation, 567 Schoenthal, forest-tree plantation, 567 schools, 38,62,105,155-6,234, 597-8; apprentices/apprenticeship program and, xliii; Christian School Association/Society, xxv, xlv, 213; District, 156; drawing taught in, 166; Gnadenfeld, xlvi-xlvii, 106-11,121,138, 155-6,285; Halbstadt, xlvi; JC and, xxxvii; Novovasilievka, 451-2; Ohrloff, xlvi, 155,157, 285-6,301; promissory notes for capital borrowed for construction 680 of, 213; secondary, xlvi-xlvii, 38, 388; Steinbach, xvii, xlvi, 107,108, 109-10,120,216; teachers, xlvi, xlvii, 38,121,138,234,285-6, ЗОЇ, 351-2,354,355, 388,405,597-8 Schottland, 452 Schroeder (State Counsellor), 257, 264,409; JCto, 257-8 Schroeder, David, 266 Schulz, Johann (Sparrau), 227-8 Secret Committee on Peasant Affairs, xxviii Sefer (apprentice; Nevkush), 359 Seidamet (apprentice; Edinokhta), 359 Selensheka, Vierka, 286 Semenovka,
263-4,295-6,300 sericulture/silk, 51,100-1,167,214, 378,595; 1840 yield, 259,264; 1841 yield, 372; and diligence in families, 595; earnings from, 595; expansion of, 595; factory at Halbstadt, 450; interest in, 16, 134,154,234,239,248, 259,264, 340,408-9,465-6; leaflet about teaching of, 244; mulberry foliage volume and size of industry, 154; Nogais and, 272; numbers of vines, 37; prices, 388,415; progress in, 181; quality of, 214, 379, 388,450; reeling machines, 134,407,418; status in 1840, 280-1; Steven s questions regarding, 407; To Establish the Truth on, 280-1 Serse (apprentice; Burkut), 359 setting trenches, 37,85,519-20 Settlement Commission, xxv Shamenov, Salzakai, 284 Shanshekle (apprentice at Egaitamgale), 360
Index Shicherov (Fatei Zhikharev; Doukhobor leader), 330-1,334, 335,337 Shilchodsha, 522 Shishko (inspector), 379,450,578 Shkurchenko, Pavel (apprentice from Gross Tokmak), 383 Shkurko, Pavel (Tokmak), 572-3 Shuiut Dzhuret, 359,419 Shumkov, Sergei, 278-9 Siemens, Peter, 404; JC to, 410-13, 547-8 Simferopol, 67 Slepushkin (Bureau of State Domains), 171,185 Sliposhkin (adjutant to Evdokimov), 74 Sobotorov, Bilot, 51-2 Society for Fruit-Tree Cultivation, 324-5,594 Soerensen, G.A., Company, 45,145 Soerenson, H.H.G.A. See Soerensen, G.A., Company Solopa, Jacob (apprentice from Vasilkov), 585 Sommerfeld, Johann Leonard (Alexanderwohl), 98 Sommerfeldt (re Anhalt-Cotter rams), 248-9 Sparrau: election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463; fire in, 194; survey of boundaries, 250 Sparwasser (employee at Kisliar), 407 Sparwasser, Johann (Karlsruhe), 98 Sprung, Johann, 216 Sprunk, Johann, 147 starlings, 116 Statfeiev, Schuit Panfer (Doukhobor from Troiide), 330 Steel, Thomas, 200 sheep, 102; Anhalt-Cotta flock, 89, 284-49; in Askania, 90-1; bams, 90; bloating (Raende), 97,179-80, 543,551-2; breeding, xxiv-xxv, 5, 58.66-7, 72, 78,89-90, 96-7,102, 111-12,125,137,162,182,234,595, 596; care, and quality of wool, 229; condition of, 201; deaths/ losses, 89, 90,118,147,153,163, 165,166,167,169,170,177,182, 217,219,229,237,311; decrease in breeding/raising, 247-8,311, 510; decrease in size, 596; demand for, 198,239,269, 372,408,511; establishment of farms, 73; feather grass and, 89,130,135; foot-andmouth disease, 153; gray, 163-4; at Iushanle, 215; JC s Saxony buying trip, xxvi; in Khortitsa, 233;
lambing, 162,238,247,252; leech infestation, 198; liver rot, 205,217; milk, 238; Nogais and, 21-2,84,87, 147,153,166,167,173,179-80,185, 186,197,217-18,219; numbers of, 118,596; plague, 153,185,186,197; prices, 35,48-9,73,87,131,153, 404,553; purchases, 88-9,216-17; sales, 59,131,132,144,158,161, 538-9; at Sarepta, xlii-xliii, 25-6,58, 63.66-7,72,102-4,136-7,164,219; shearing, 125,175,177; shears, 119; skins, 173,313; at Tashchenak, 142, 215; at JC s Tashchenak estate, 83; unapproved butchering, 104; Zigay (Wallachian), 168. See also wool Sheep Society, xxv-xxvi Shekle, 360; Elder in, 373 Shelemechina, Matrona (apprentice from Dneprov Uezd), 364 Shevchenko, Grigorii, 515 681
Index Steinbach: church, xvii; schools, xvii, xlvi, 107,108,109-10,120,216 Stepanenko, Paul, 329 steppe wort, 137,158 Steven, Christian, xli, 74-5,137,145, 158,187,195,392,411,414,457, 622; to JC, 1837:46-7; 1839:159, 163,169-70,174,205-6; 1841: 327, 376-7,380,388,402,407; 1842: 447-8,450,578,580-1; JC to, 1836: 17; 1837:45,48-9,71,83; 1839: 156-8,159-60,164-5,166,167, 171-2,175-6,195,196,204-5; 1840: 219-21,236-7,240,242,243-4,247, 253-5,256-7,265-6,267-9,288, 305-8; 1841: 322-3,334-5,340, 363-4, 371-2,379,386,418-19, 420-1; 1842: 454-5,465-6,476,479, 486,488-91,509,553-4,572-3,576, 577,582-3,585 Stobbe, Elisabeth (wife of Peter Stobbe), 98 Stobbe, Jacob (Prussian Mennonite), application for permission to remain in Molochnaia, 466 Stobbe, Peter (Schardau), 98 Stobbe, Peter (Tashchenak), to JC, 362 Stoialov, Anani (Molokan leader), 247,382,452 Stolypin (Privy Counsellor), 389 stone-pine cones, 7 Sudermann, Abram, 315 Sudermann, Jacob, 283 Sudermann, Johann, 228 sugar beets, 11,246 Sukhoi, Ignat Nikitin, 515-16 Suzhundukov, Mambet, 171 Taganrog, 65,448 Tambovka, 293,309,315,322 682 Tangat (Nogai from Akkerman), 22 Tashchenak, 423—4; cattle plague in, 215; community sheep farm, 142; Radishchev Hutterite community move to, 39,527-8,536-7,546-7; tavern in, 117 Tashchenak (JC s estate), 47; brick construction at, xlvii, 134; employees religious practices, 157; Fadeev at, 512; garden, 370; gardener at, 505-6,512-13; improvements to, 587-8; JC Jr at, 184,215-16,252,410; JC s plans for, 134; land tax, 194; Molokans to mow grass at, 51-2; orchards at, 505-6,512; Riesen as manager,
283-4; sheep at, 83,215; vines/ vineyard, 288 taverns, 47-8,117 taxes: land, 194,240,282; paid by state peasants, 349-50; souls vs land as basis of, 395,396 Tenbaiev, Menglitalip, 449 Tenbaiev, Timit, 237 Tesmann, Jacob, 284-5 Thauarea (apprentice), 448 Thiessen, Jacob, 143; JC to, 141 Thun, Dierk/Dirk (Fuerstenwerder Village mayor), 1, lvii, 517-18,531, 539,559,561,564 Tichonenko, Kusma (Voronenko), 40 Tietzmann, Franz, 129-30,132,249; excavations at Askanianova, 603; JC to, 251 Tilachenko, Ivan (apprentice from Rogatchik), 383 tiles, 139,182,233,447,525,588,597 Tiumen, prince, 291 Tjahrt, Jacob (Rudnerweide), 507 tobacco, 239,296,593
Index 202; vandalism to, 407. See also forest trees; fruit trees; and names of specific trees Tulesgov, Diusenbe, 279 Tuleshev, Dusembe, 321 Tuike (apprentice at Altéul), 360 Tushchevskii (surveyor), 250 Tverdokhlebov (police inspector), 282 Toews, Abraham/Abram (Deputy Chairman/Mayor), xxxiv, xxxvi-xxxvii, li, lvi, 29,47-8, 122-3,127-8,142-3,459,463,471, 478; to JC, 141 Toews, Gerhard (coachman), 98 Toews, Heinrich (Pordenau Elder), 575,576-7 Toews, N. (Pordenau), 565 Toews, Peter (Ladekopp), 39 Toews, Peter (Tiege), xlix, 1-liii, liv, lvi, 426,459,531, 557-8 Tokatleiv, Baigater, 513-14 Tokmak: church, 157; Elder in, 374; snow damage in, 215 Tokutliev, Begitir (Akkerman), 455 Tomigsov, Adshigelde, 256 Tomishrov, Adchigelde, 275 trades/crafts, 597; cottage sites in villages, xxxix; JC s promotion of, xxxxviii-xxxix; new, 311; professional tradesmen, 597; promotion of, xxxviii-xxxix; Society for the Advancement of Crafts/Trades, 192,252; vigour of, 313; wages for class, 598-9. See also artisans village (Neuhalbstadt) trees, 281; expansion of plantations, 408; forestry societies and planting of, xxvii; grafting, 114,118,162; in Isnar s steppe improvement plan, 544,545; C. Klassen s request to JC for remuneration of plantation services, 416-17; for Lichtenau cottager houses, 453; Molokans planting, 247; Nogai planting, 196,270-2; nurseries, 247; planting, 204,238-9,246; planting in Novovasilievka, 289; planting/growing, 104-5; seeds, Ulkonbeskekle, potato program in, 532-3 Ulrich, Karl, 5 Ulrich, W„ 5 Umursok Kibash-oglu (apprentice from Mustapoi), 363 Unekibeshul, Elder in,
373 Unrau, Daniel (Aleksanderthal), Neumann to, 566-7 villages: adherence to Forestry Society requirements, xxxi; beauty of, 596-7; cottage sites for tradesmen, xxxix; establishment of, 438; JC s description of organization/arrangements of, 413-14,427-46; mayoral elections, xliv, 426,459-60,462-3; Mennonite establishment of, 111-12,438-42; Nogais and, 409,419,447,493, 497; orderliness, 38; quality of buildings, 39 vines/vineyards, 16,45,46-7,155, 163,164,288,377,404 Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Count, 21, 62,76-7,103,163,221, 342; JC to, 20 Voroshchev, Kardon, 382 Voroshchev, Larion, 219-20,247, 272-3,288-9 Voth, David: to JC, 299,316; JC to, 367 683
Index and Gnadenfeld school, xlvi-xvii; Hahn and, lii, liv, lv, 500-2,503, 531, 539-40,558, 561-2,563; JC/ Enns/Martens to, 498-9; JC s relationship with, xxv-xxvi, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xliv, xliv-xlvi, xlv, liii-liv, lvi, 561; and Klassen s punishment, 560-1; as leader of Large Flemish Congregation, xxv; and Margenau conference, li-liii; and Privilegium, xxxii; and Regier /Abraham Toews as district chairmen, 128; and Peter Toews, xlix, 557-8 Warkentin, Peter, to JC, 85 Warkentin affair, xxiii, xliv-lvii, 506,555-65; 1838 elections and, 122-3,127-8,133,142-3; 1841-42 elections and, 426,459-63,530-1; apology to Warkentin, 498-9; Hahn and, xlix, 500-2,539-40, 561-2; replacement for Regier and, 470-1,477-8 Warkentin congregation. See Large Flemish Congregation (Warkentin congregation) water levels, 420-1,448; in Molochnaia River, 488-9; of wells, 474-5,479,488,491-2 watermills: Doukhobor, at Tambovka, 293,308-9,315; H. Comies and, 396-7; Kondshegale, 396-7; lack in Nogai district, 308-9; at Tambovka, 322 Wedel, Peter (church Elder), xxxvi, Hi, 123,502n39,518; District Office/Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 504-5 wells: measurement of condition of, 474-5; thermometers, 410,511, Voth, Mrs. David, to JC, 176 Voth, Franz (Einlage), JC to, 71 Voth, Tobias (teacher in Steinbach), 38,62 wagons, 125,167,169,175-6,221, 448,479,496 Waldheim, 39; survey of boundaries, 250 Waldner, Christian (Radishchev), 586-7 Walinskii (Bolinskii s assistant), 425 Wall, Cornelius, to JC, 117, 246-7 Wall, Gerhard, 8 Wall, Johann (son of Johann), 140 Wall, Johann, to JC, 139-40 Walther, Ernst
(Kostheim), 33,40, 44-5,49 Walther, Tobias, 521 Warkentin (son-in-law of P. Enns), 9 Warkentin, Dirk (Petershagen; elected Elder of Lichtenau congregation), 565,574-5,576-7 Warkentin, Jacob (Elder), 506, 542,577; and 1838 District Chairmen elections, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvi-xxxvii, 128; and 1841-42 District Chairmen elections, xlix, 1-liv, 557-60; Agricultural Society and, xxxiii, liii-liv, 557-8; apology to, 498-9; beliefs, 556; and brick construction, xlvii-xviii; deposition as Elder, 500, 531, 539-40; and Dyck (Khortitsa Elder), 503,555-6; as Elder of Lichtenau congregation, 517, 564; exclusion from delegation meeting Nicholas I, xxxiii; Fadeev vs, xxvi-xxvii, xxviii; and Gebietsamt, xxvii, xxix, xxxiii; 684
Index Wieler, Heinrich (Landskrone), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Wiens, Claas (Kremenchuk), 315 Wiens, David, to JC, 242 Wiens, Dirk, 146-7; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 241 Wiens, Heinrich (Gnadenheim Eider), 514,515,517,575,577 Wiens, Jacob, 84 Wiens, Jacob (Conteniusfeld; potato program supervisor), 467 Wiens, Johann (Conteniusfeld), 339-40 Wiens, Klaas, to JC, 293 Wiens, Peter, 293 Wiens, T. (Altonau), 423-4 Wienss, Cornelius, to JC, 286 Wild (district chairman), JC to, 59 Wilke, August (gardener), 5, 98,134; JC to, 369-70,505-6,512-13 Willms, Justina (later Cornies), 368n29 Wilmssen, Gerhard (Tashchenak Estate), to JC, 83 windmills, 389-90,530 Witte, Iulii (agronomist), 264 Woelke, David (Sparrau village mayor), 460 Wollmann, Andreas (Radishchev), 586-7 wool: demand for, 50-1, 78,131, 313-14,365; fleeces to be sent to Doberan wool exhibition, 332-3; fodder mixed with, 200-1, 255; loss of, 90,118,170,178-9; markets, 58,153,177,184, 253, 256,311, 361, 365,516; Nogais and, 87,119,126,135,145,173; Odessa market, 510; purchases by JC for Blueher, 6,50,58,127, 524; water tables in, 420-1,448, 479,488,491-2 Werner (District Chairman), 142 Wernersdorf Village Office, to JC, 354 wheat: 1840 harvest, 232; 1842 harvest, 592; Amaut/Amautka, 152, 342; in Berdiansk market, 152-3,181,456,553; blight, 356; blood-(red), 342; drought and, 65-6; foreign seed testing, 305; growing of, 356-7; Hirka, 152; Nogais and, 237-8,339-40; sales, 87,133,592; summer, 152; Tatar Kisil, 169; Whittington, 206-7,294, 299-300, 304-5,418; winter, 91,294 wheat prices: in 1838,121,130; in
1839,198,201,205,206; in 1840, 218,239,268,288,311; in 1841, 368, 372,408; in 1842,553 Wiebe, Abraham/ Abram (Rudnerweide), 13,134,454; as Berdiansk merchant, xli, 454; to JC, 283, 368 Wiebe, Claas, 582 Wiebe, Claas (Muensterberg), 418 Wiebe, Claas (Tiege, debtor to JC), 314,315, 316 Wiebe, H. (Pastwa), 9 Wiebe, Jacob, 84,147; JC to, 497-8 Wiebe, Johann (friend of JC), xiii Wiebe, Johann (Neuteich, W. Prussia), 49,203,242; to JC, 11, 423; JC to, 64-5,84-5,146-7, 260-2,289-93, 319-20,403-4 Wiebe, Johann, JC to, 216-18,249, 252 Wiebe, Peter (Conteniusfeld), to JC, 47 Wiebe, Philip [for JC]: to Blueher, 140-1; to David Epp, 282-3; to Holtfreter, 140; to Riediger, 420 685
Index 168,176,183-4,193,255-6, 350-1, 378,499-500,516; quality, xxvi, 89,90,103,126,132,135,168,173, 184,229,596; quantity, xxxix, 153, 229, 248; reduced production, 596; storage, 313-14,415,510; trade, 33,118, 350; transport to Moscow, 246-7; washed vs unwashed, 126, 132,135,178,255,469,500,504, 510,511. See also sheep; and names of individual markets wool prices: in 1837,48-9,58,66,71-2, 75,85,87; in 1838,118,121,131, 133-4; in 1839,173,176,182,184; in 1840,248,252-3,255-6,269,311, 313-14; in 1841,349-50,370,372, 377.379.402-3,414,415; in 1842, 450,500,510,511,516,525,596 wool sales: in 1837,31,33,35,48-9, 56-7,87; in 1838,6,18,118,121, 126,133ЧІ, 145,147; in 1839,167, 177,178; in 1840,229,313-14; in 1841.402- 3,415; in 1842,515-16, 525,554-5 Wüst, Eduard, xlvi Zacharias, Wilhelm, JC to, 44 Zid (Burkut), 104 686 ^ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J
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Contents List of Maps IX Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii Translator's Note xix Introduction xxiii PART ONE: Correspondence 1836 3 1837 29 1838 99 1839 151 1840 213 1841 319 1842 447 PART TWO: Johann Comies' Archaeological Excavation Reports Editors' Introduction 603 Reports 605
Contents Appendix I: Genealogy of Johann Comies' Immediate Family 641 Appendix II: List of Correspondents 643 Appendix III: Glossary 647 Appendix IV: Chronology 649 Index 653 viii
Index Abidula Abduroman Oglu (apprentice from Barash), 363, 384,387 acacia, white, 45-6,115,454,496 Achilchosha (Elder), 373 Adrian, Jacob, 403 Adshe, Kurban (First Burkut), 362-3 Adshinir (apprentice at Bulutmik), 360 Agale (apprentice at Bulutmik), 360 agricultural equipment/machinery, 155; chaff cutters, 155,181,234, 597; cultivation implements, 390-1; cultivators, 181; feather grass machine, 135,182; JC's threshing machine for sale, 34; ploughs, 121, 181,490; potato cultivation, 478-9, 483,487,490,496; sheep shears, 119,177; threshing machines, 181, 234,353,597; used by Mennonites, 489-91 Agricultural Society: authority over fullholders, xxxii, xxxiii, liii; to Blumenort Village Office, 148-9; and brick construction, xlvii, xlviii; to church Elders, 41-2; and commercial grain growing, xl; Corrections to “To Establish the Truth" [Zur Steuer der Wahrheit], 280-2; creation of, xxiii, xxviii-xxix, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii-xxxiv, xlv; and "Directions for Improving Agriculture in the Southern Russian Colonies," 565-6; and election of distrtet chairman, 470-1; Gerhard Enns to, 301; formation of, 3-4, 9, 10-11,12-13; and Gebietsamt, xxxiii-xxxiv; Gnadenfeld Christian School Society to, 106-11; to Goertz /Huebert / Peters / Wieler, 589-90; to Guardianship Committee, 459-60,462-3,543-5, 551,565-6; to Evgeny vonHahn, 565; headquartered at Iushanle estate, xlii; interference in affairs of fullholders, xxxii; and JC on Learned Committee, xli-xlii; JC to Fadeev on, 180-1,183,312; and land allocation/use, xxxviii; mandate, 3-4,10-11; J. Martens to, 294,301; and Mennonite secular vs
religious authority beliefs, liii-liv; to Molochnaia
Index Mennonite District Office, 477-8, 521; obligations of, lv, 429-34; power, compared to Forestry Society, xxxii; Regier as deputy director, xxxiv; Johann Regier to, 299-300; resistance to, xxxiii; to Rosenort Village Office, 473; and secondary schooling, xlvii; and village mayoral elections, 459-60; to village offices, 93,117,147-8; and Warkentin, 557-8 agriculture: four-field crop rotation, xl; Hahn's circular for settlers, 508, 522-3; improvement of peasants through agriculture, 224-5; JC's 1838 report, 151-6; as JC's central concern, xl; Mennonites and, xxvii-xxviii; as model for southern Russia, 183; newspapers, 31,33, 119,145, 168,229,280-2,351,365; productivity of, xl-xli; three-field system, xl; trades and, 597; wages, 155; widening range of income sources in, 233. See also crops; field cultivation; livestock Akkania, 92,95 Akkerman: conditions at, 513-14; Crown Prince's visit to, 81-2; elders, 455; Evdokimov and Pelekh's visit to, 192; Keppen's visit to, xxxiv, 93; lack of supervision in, 513-14; map of, 169,176; Mennonite settlements and existence of, 26; meshet in, 157; as model for Kalmyks, 25; Nogai at, 113; as Nogai model village, 25; Nogai villages based on, 197,312; origins of, 225; police official, 375; sketch of, 186-7 654 Akkuia, 113,197,263 Akurtchenko, Pavel (apprentice from Bolshoi Tokmak), 387 Alahov, Kuatale (Novogrigorievka), 451 Alakaiev, Bigéidé, 275 Aleksanderdorf estate, 380 Alexander, Crown Prince, 54,56, 74-5,76, 77,81-2 Alexander I, Emperor, xxvi Alexander II, Emperor, lvii Alexanderwohl congregation, 461-2 Alexandra, Empress, 76, 77
alfalfa, 236,248 Ali (Nogai), 167,169,457-8,468 Ali Pasha (Nogai), 159,163,195,196, 204,225,270-2,279,296,333 Ali Teklenlatou (Nogai), 419 Aliev, Iusuf (apprentice from Schuiut Dzhuret), 486 Aliev, Iusuf (apprentice from Tiumen), 383 Allakaiev, Bigéid, 254 Altéul, 360; Elder of, 373 Altonau: forest-tree plantations, 181; improvements based on Akkerman, 312 Amorgaseiev, Bilal, 171 Anau (Cherkessian servant), 17 Andreev, Mikhailo, 219-20,247, 272-3,288-9 Andreevskii (Elder), 374 Andreevskii (Perekop Deputy Chief), 387 Andreevskii (supervisor of potato cultivation), 476,483,542-3, 553,584 Androsov, Senovei (apprentice; Astrakhanka), 359-60
Index Astrakhanka, 359-60; cattle plague in, 215; Elder in, 374 Aul, potatoes in, 394,424-5,476, 480-2 Anhalt-Cotta: cattle, 90; sheep from flock, 89,284-9 apple trees/apples, 17,134, 372, 409 apprentices/apprenticeship: about, xliii-xliv; appropriateness of, 384; artisans, 24; dying, 79-80; JC and program, xliii-xliv, 156-8,509; JC's apprentices in 1836,5; Kalmyks as shepherds, 164; peasants as, xliii-xliv; petition to JC, 278-9; and potato cultivation, 358-60, 456,457-8; schooling for, xliii; sent through program to JC, 175, 253-4,256-7,266,267-8,273-5, 284, 320-1, 329,338,358-60, 363-4, 383-4, 387,398,448,486,509,585; in sheep breeding, 5 apricot trees/apricots, 248,372 aprons, 104 archaeological excavations: about, 603-4; by Balzer, 605-9, 625-30; by JC, 609-15,615-21,638-9; JC to Keppen, 131-2,177,179,198,410, 621-2; JC to Steven, 582-3; Keppen and, xxxiv; Keppen to Imperial Academy of Sciences, 622-3; Keppen to JC, 129-30,186,624-5, 639-40; reports, 605-40 artisans' village (Neuhalbstadt), xxxvii, xxxix, 23-5, 245,258-9, 296-7,311-12, 328, 346-7, 385, 409. See also trades/crafts ash trees, 154,281, 294 ashes, 30 Askanianova: excavations at, 129-30, 132, 603; newspaper article on, 280-2 Astrakhan Gubemiia, xlii, 62; Fadeev in, xxxi, 7,12,15-16,112,208 Balak, Elder in, 374 Balzer, Heinrich, 603,605-9,625-30; to JC, 347; JC to, 359-60 Baran, Stepan, 237 Barde, Stephen, 230 barley: 1840 harvest, 232; 1840 prices, 219; 1841 harvest, 377; 1842 harvest, 592; foreign seed testing, 305; frost and, 35; Hamala, 299-300, 305, 371; "naked," 169; prices, 198, 206,268,553 Bartel,
Jacob, 347 Bartel, Peter, to JC, 92 Barteleish, Koshale, 22 Bartsch (District Chairman in Khortitsa), 6 beech, red, 288 beekeeping, 154 Beheiev, Kalu (First Burkut), 374 Bekballa (apprentice; Nevkush), 359 Beokoni, Eftei, 515 Berbaev, Timir, 79 Berdiansk: barley sales, 592; grain merchants in, xli, 134,342,357; grain prices, 525; Mennonite families living in, 134; merchants, and Nogais, 237-8; Nogais as carters of grain to port, 121,152-3; oat sales, 592; port opening at, xl; rye sales, 592; traffic with, 181; wheat delivered to, 152-3,181; wheat prices, 372; wheat sales, 408,456,553,592; wool market, 510,516 655
Index Berdiansk district/Uezd: forest-tree plantations in, 572; inspection of fullholdings in, 576; inspection of villages in, 572; spacing of hearthsites in, 573 Berdibulatov, Ali, 455-6 Bereslova, potato program in, 535-6 Berestova, peasants' deputation from, 508,515 Bergmann, Jacob, JC to, 358-9 Bergthal: forest-tree plantation, 567; JC to administrators, 567, 568; Khortitsa/Molochnaia Mennonites forbidden to possess property in, 568 Bessarabia, proposed settlement of Molochnaia Mennonites in, 484-6 Bewer, David (shepherd at Tashchenak), 98,140 Bible Society, xxv, xlv, 423 bibles. See under Cornies, Johann (JC) Bichkov, Marfa, 274 birch trees, 347-8 Bishkova, Marta, 254 Bitshok, Marfa, 321 Blank (Neuhoffnung), JC to, 88 Bliwernitz, Georg (JC's servant), 5, 128-9,316-17 Block, Wilhelm (Franzthal), 590 blue-dying, 71, 79-80 Blueher, Traugott, xlii, 409,456; to JC, 1836:18; 1837: 32-1, 78; 1838: 132-3; 1841:349-51, 360-1, 377-8, 415-16; JC to, 1836:6; 1837: 31-2, 44-5,49-51,56-7,58-9,71-2,87; 1838:100-1,102-1,118-19,126-7, 135-6,145; 1839:161-2,167-9, 170,173,176-7,178-9,183-4, 193,194-5,200-1,202; 1840:214, 218-19,229,247-8,252-3,255-6, 656 257,313-14; 1841:364-5,368, 370-1,378,402-3; 1842:450,469, 499-500,510,515-16,554-5; Wiebe for JCto, 1838:140-1 Blumenort: Agricultural Society to Village Office, 148-9; butter sales in, 233; forest-tree plantations, 181; JC to Village Office, 294; white poplars for, 577-8 Blumstein: Forestry Society to Village Office, 85; forest-tree plantations, 181 Bodai, 493 Boldt, Dirk (Neukirch), xxx Boldt (brother-in-law), JC to, 87 Bolinskii
(Chernigov district secretary), 425 books. See under Cornies, Johann (JC) Boschke (Karass), JC to, 114 Bradke, Georg von, xli, 264,265,296, 328,347; to JC, 186-7,286-7; JC to, 277,303^, 346 Bradkii, General, JC to, 584-5 brandy, xxv, 540-1 Braun, Abram, 459 Braun, Gerhard, 72-3 Braun, Jacob (Ohrloff), 476 brick construction, xlvii-xviii, 121, 134,182,414,525,557,588 brickmaking/brickworks, 47,121, 182,233,597 Buerkmann, Jacob (Tiege; potato program supervisor), 467 buildings, 148,182, 233, 269, 277, 408,557. See also churches; houses Buletmek: Elder in, 373; secretary, 373 Bultruk (Nogai Elder), 455,522· Bulutmik, 360
Index Burkut, 263,358-9,362-3,449; Kadia Adshi, 374 butter, 31,90-1,182,233,240,311, 372,577,596 Office/Agricultural Society to, 41-2; elections, 552,564; separation of churches from, 501 churches: congregations expressing displeasure/ disobedience against state directives, 461-2; Gnadenfeld, xvii, 107; JC as impinging on congregational authority, xlv; Khortitsa, 501,555; Ohrloff, 39,134,139,235, 562; preachers as examples to others, xxxi-xxxii; regulations regarding acceptance of foreign Mennonites as Russian subjects, 502, 504-5; Steinbach, xvii. See also Mennonite beliefs/ faith; Warkentin affair; and names of individual churches and congregations Circassians, 60,61,131 Claassen, Christian, JC to, 128-9 cloth: factory, xxxix, 163,189-91, 192,193,194,199,202,215-16, 230-1,239,242-3,244,279,325-7, 330,353-4,597; looms/spinning wheels, 93; manufacturing, 349, 361. See also flax; sericulture/silk; wool conifers, 493 Contenius, Samuel, 21 Conteniusfeld, survey of boundaries, 250 Cornies, Aganetha (mother of JC), xxiv Cornies, Agnes (daughter of Heinrich), 172,199 Cornies, Agnes (daughter of JC), 9, 51, 65; health, 31; illness, 199,201; at Iushanle, 135,184; marriage to Wiebe, 127nl2; mentioned, 7; in Sarepta, 7,8,12,16,21,62 cabbages, 305,417 Calianco, Johannes, 33-4,40,49 cameralism, xi-xii Catherine the Great, xi cattle, 7,124; Anhalt-Cotta, 90; breeding, 90,596; demand for, 177,239,408,511,553; feeding, 91; foot/hoof-and-mouth disease, 124, 153,269; milk cows, 302; Nogais and, 456; number for peasants, 400-2; pasturage for, 401-2; plague (Rinderpest), 66,167,188-9,198,
201,202,205,215,221,233,238; prices, 35,153,269; purchases, 101; sales, 158,160-1; at Sarepta, 136-7, 164. See also livestock Chalil Oglu, Erishep (apprentice from Simferopol), 383 Chalit Oglu, Evishep (apprentice from Simferopol), 486 cheeses, 17,31, 90-1,159-60,163, 165,205,221,240, 311,596 Chemashinen, Ilia (hired by JC, from Petropavlovka), 5 Chernigov gubernija, Radishchev Mennonites in, 465 Chemigovka, Elder in, 373—і cherries, 372 Chetverikov, Peter (apprentice at Novovasilievka), 360 chimneys, 29 Chortkov, Ignat Nikiforovich, 47 church Elders, 498-9,505; District Office/Agricultural Society accusations against, 41-2; District 657
Index Còrnies, Anganetha (wife of JC), 7,8, 65,82,168,172 Cornies, David (brother of JC), xxiv, 192,370,470; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 230 Cornies, Heinrich (brother of JC), xxiv, xiii, 50,57,309,396֊7; to JC, 1836:14,16; 1837: 54-5; JC to, 1836: 5-6; 1837:46,47,57-8,63,86; 1838:113; 1839:170-1,172-3,185, 192-3,199,203 Cornies, Heinrich (son of Heinrich), 55 Cornies, Johann (JC): achievements, xxiii; as agricultural expert, xli; and Agricultural Society, xxviii-xxix, xxxii, xli-xlii; as Agricultural Society chairman, xxiii, xli-xlii; allies/official patronage for, xxiii-xxiv, xxxv; applications for positions on estates, 115,117,127,347,370; and apprenticeship program, xliii-xliv, 585 (see also under apprentices/ apprenticeship); archaeological excavations, 129-30,131-2, 177,179,186,198,410,582-3, 603-1,609-15, 615-21,638-9; and artisans' village, xxxvii, xxxix; and Bible Society, xxv, xlv, 423; and bibles, 31,93,140-1,145, 282-3,405,406,423; books, 31,80, 115,117,120,123,127,168, 242; and brandy monopoly, xxv; and brick construction, xlvii-xlviii; career, xxiv-xxv; community support for, xliv-xlv; crafts/ trades promotion, xxxviii-xxxix; and crop agriculture, xxxvii, xl; Crown Prince Alexander and, 81-2; debtors to (see debtors to JC); and Doukhobors, xxxvii; and education/schools, xxxvii, xlvi; on employees' religious practices, 5,157; and Ernst Walther loan from Caltanco, 33-4,40,44r-5,49; experimentation with agricultural methods/crops, xlii; Fadeev's relationship with, xxvi-xxvii, xxxi-xxxii, xxxv, xlii-xliii; financial assistance to Riediger,
405,415,420; and Forestry Society, xxviii-xxxi; and David Friesen, li; and Gebietsamt mayoral elections, xxxv, xxxvi-xxxvii; and Guardianship Committee, xxvii, liv; and Hahn, lv-lvi; and illegal fullholdings sales, xxix-xxx; immigration to Russia, xxiv; involvement in affairs beyond Molochnaia, xlii-xliii; Iushanle ownership granted to, 19-21; Kalmyk steppe journey, 52-3, 54,59-60,68-70; and Kalmyks, xxxvii-xxxviii, xlii, 137; Keppen's relationship with, xxxiv-xxxv; and land at Sarepta, 8-9; as land surveyor, xxv, xxvi; on Learned Committee of Ministry of State Domains, xxxv, xli, xli-xlii, 146, 205; and Margenau conference, li-liii; Wilhelm Martens as partner in brandy monopoly, xxv; on Melitopol District Nogais, 214; and Molokans, xxxvii; and Moravian Brethren at Sarepta, xxxviii, xlii; network of contacts, xxiii; and Nogais, xxxvii; on organization/arrangements of Mennonite villages, xlix, 413-14,
Index 427-46; ownership of leased land on Iushanle estate, xxxii; paying Fast' fees/taxes, as guarantor, 454; political victory of in 1842, xxiii; and potato program, xli, xliii; and Privilegium, xxxii-xxxiii; and Radishchev Mennonites, xxxvii; reforms, xxiii, xxix, xxxv, xxxvii-xliv, liii, lvii-lviii; and Regier, xxxiii-xxxiv; religious beliefs, xlvi, liii-liv; report on progress in agriculture and hades, 1842,591-9; respect for, xxv; Russians on sheep farm, 4-5; Sarepta journey, 60-71, 72; Sarepta sheep farm project, xlii-xliii, 25-6, 46, 63,72; Saxony sheep-buying trip, xxvi, xlvi; and second wave of immigrants, xxv; as secretary of School Society, xxvi; and secular vs religious authority, xlv-xlvi; on Settlement Commission, xxv; and sheep, xl; and Sheep Society, xxv-xxvi; sheep-breeding program and, xxiv-xxv; Stavropol visit, 52-3,54,58; and Abraham Toews, xxxiv, xlix; travel to Simferopol, 67n24; vision for Mennonite settlement, xliii; on Warkentin affair, 555-64; Warkentin's relationship with, xxv-xxvi, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xliv-xlvi, xlv, liii-liv, lvi, 561; wealth of, xxv Cornies, Johann (JC), correspondence: on administrative and other arrangements instituted for functioning of Molochnaia Mennonite District in 1841, 427-46; to Balzer, 359-60; Balzer to, 347; Bartel to, 92; to Bergmann, 358-9; to Bergthal administrators, 567,568; to Blueher, 1836: 6; 1837: 31-2,44-5,49-51, 56-7, 58-9, 71-2, 87; 1838:100-1,102-4, 118-19,126-7,135-6,145; 1839: 161-2,167-9,170,173,176-7, 178-9,183-4,193,194-5, 200-1, 202; 1840:214, 218-19,229,247-8, 252-3,255-6,257,313-14; 1841:
364-5,368,370-1,378,402-3; 1842: 450,469,499-500,510,515-16, 554-5; Blueher to, 1836:18; 1837: 32-4, 78; 1838:132-3; 1841: 349-51, 360-1,377-8,415-16; to Blumenort Village Office, 294; to Boldt (brother-in-law), 87; to Boschke (Karass), 114; to Bradke, 277,303-4,346; Bradke to, 186-7, 286-7; to Bradkii, 584-5; church leaders (Ratzlaff/Lange/Schmit [sic]/Wedel/Fast) to, 504-5; to Claassen, 128-9; to Heinrich Cornies, 1836:5-6,16; 1837: 46, 47,57-8,63,86; 1838:113; 1839: 170-1,172-3,185,192-3,199,203; Heinrich Cornies to, 14, 54-5; to Johann Cornies Jr., 7,8-9,11-12, 76-7,215-16; Johann Cornies Jr. to, 50,201,202,203-4; Dellinghausen to, 146; to Doehring, 1837: 65-6, 73, 77-8,79-80; 1838:101-2, 114,124-5,136-8; 1839:158,162, 201-2; 1840: 238-9; Doehring to, 1838:118; to Dueck, 226-7; to Dyck (Muensterberg), 47-8; Gerhard Dyck to, 352-3, 358; to Heinrich Dyck, 51; to Elsingk, 457; to Gerhard Enns, 206-7, 659
Index 351-2; Gerhard Enns to, 354; to David Epp, 43-4, 60-1, 93,406; to Esipov, 280; to Evdokimov, 331-2; to Eydsen, 138; to Fadeev, 1836: 3-4,20-1; 1837: 34-9,52-3,66-70, 74-5, 77,80-2,93-4; 1838:120-3, 133-5,142-3; 1839:163-4,180-3, 191-2; 1840:232-5,245,258-60, 310-13; 1841: 384-5,413-15; 1842: 464-5,512,526-7; Fadeev to, 1836: 9,15-16,18-19,25-6; 1837: 55-6, 59-60; 1839:187,195-6,208; 1840: 296-7; 1841:328,386-7,422-3; 1842: 510,511-12; to Madam Fadeev, 45-6,115; Falk to, 115; to Fast, 461-2,500-1,502-3; to Fein, 241; Fein to, 241,254; to Fletnitzer, 405; to Frank, 40-1; Geyer to, 333; to Gloekler, 474-5; Goertz to, 246, 339; to Goldshad, 144,160-1; to Grunauer, 302-3; to Guardianship Committee, 572,586-7; to Evgeny von Hahn, 470-3,484-6,501-2, 503-4,506-7, 516-18,522-3, 527-8,536-7,541-2,570-2, 573, 576-7,579-80,586; Evgeny von Hahn to, 508; to Peter Hahn, 57, 86,113; Peter Hahn to, 13-14; to Hausknecht, 32; Heese to, 388; to Hekel, 132; to Hommaire (Odessa), 328; Huebert to, 330; to Huebner, 336, 392; to Hutterthal Village Office, 589; information about Iushanle, 588; information about Tashchenak, 587-8; information about the villages, 588; to Inzov, 127-8; Inzov to, 10-11; to Isaac, 285-6; Isaac to, 213; Abram Janzen to, 338-9; to Gustav Janzen, 367; to Kauenhowen, 660 423-4; to Kauli, 248-9; to Keppen, 1837:89-2,96-7; 1838: 99-100, 104-6,112-13,130,132-3; 1839: 177,179-80,188-9,193-4,196-8; 1840:222-4,262-5; 1841:343-7, 365-6,408-10; 1842: 456,491-3, 511,524-5; Keppen to, 1837:95-6; 1838:106,129-30; 1839:185-6, 199; 1844: 624-5,1847: 639-40; Kiselev to, 404-5; to
Christian Klassen, 316-17; Christian Klassen to, 416-17; to Johann Klassen, 230-1,244; Johann Klassen to, 146, 190-1,230,242-3,325-7,353-4; to Kniazevich, 214, 347-8; to Lange (State Counsellor), 111-12; to Lange (Steinbach), 251; Friedrich Wilhelm Lange to, 119; to Wilhelm Lange, 17,405-6; Wilhelm Lange to, 17-18; Loewen to, 104; to Mariupol administrators, 568; to Mariupol Mennonite District Office, 568-70; J. Martens to, 302; to Wilhelm Martens, 125-6, 130-1,266-7; Wilhelm Martens to, 123-4,200; to Wilhelm Martens/ Johann Klassen, 40; to Mathias (Berdiansk), 309-10; to Abram Mathias, 541; Heinrich Mathias to, 207-8; to Phillipp Mathias, 385; Phillipp Mathias to, 381; Matthies to, 278; to Mierau, 539; to Ministry of State Domains, 304-5,493-5; Molochnaia German District Office to, 83; to Molochnaia Mennonite District Office, 1837:34,40,52, 55, 79,80; 1838: 141,143-4; 1840: 224, 227-8,237, 240,249,250,282,285,287,314, 316; 1841: 329,332-3,367, 380-1,
Index 389-90,406,410; 1842:449,464, 473-4,476,477,530,535-6, 540-1,545,546-7,581; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 1836:4,8,16-17; 1837: 80; 1838: 143; 1839:194; 1840: 230, 240,250, 279,282,284-5,315; 1841:417; to Muromtsev, 1837: 75-6,88-9; 1840:213-14,221-2,294; 1841: 330-1, 333-4,336-7, 364,397-8; 1842:448,454,496-7,500,504, 546,548-9; to Heinrich Neufeld, 501,507, 514,539-40,550-1,552; Heinrich Neufeld to, 505,514-15, 541,574; to Peter Neufeld, 285-6; to Neufeldt, 22; to Neumann, 538; Neumann to, 355; D. Neumann to, 407; to Ohrloff Village Office, 454; to Oppenlaender, 477; to Oppenlaender/Blank, 88; to Pauls, 72-3; to Pelekh, 4-5, 499; to Penner, 231-2; Franz Peters to, 139; Johann Peters to, 277-8; to Radishchev Village Administration, 475; Regehr to, 276; Isaac Regier to, 117; to Johann Regier, 15,21-2,53-4,265; Johann Regier to, 115-16,189-90, 260; to David Reimer, 577-8; to Jacob Reimer, 22; Peter Reimer to, 119; Rempel (Altonau) to, 228; Aron Rempel to, 120,246; Riediger to, 416; to Riesen, 283-4; Riesen to, 284; to Rosen, 1840: 237-8,269-75, 278-9,284,288-9, 295-6, 308-9; 1841: 320-2,329, 338,339-40, 341-2,355-7,362-4, 373-6, 381-4, 387,395-5, 398-402, 419-20,421-2,424-6; 1842:448-9, 451-2,455-6,457-9,466-9,476, 478-9,480-3,493,496,497,508-9, 513-14,515,522,523-1,528-9, 532-5,538, 542-3,549-50,552-3, 582,583-4; Rosen to, 1840: 224-6, 300; 1841: 342-3, 348-9,369,390-2, 395-7; 1842: 484,487,518-19, 525,537-8, 551-2,554; Ruekel to, 275-6; Sander to, 322; to Schlatter, 61-2; to Heinrich Schmidt, 235-6; Nicholaus/Nikolaus Schmidt to, 251,257; Peter Schmidt to,
283; to Schroeder, 257-8; to Siemens, 410-13,547-8; to Steven, 1836: 17; 1837: 45,48-9, 71,83; 1839: 156-8,159-60,164-5,166,167, 171-2,175-6,195,196, 204-5; 1840: 219-21,236-7,240,242,243-4,247, 253-5,256-7,265-6,267-9,288, 305-8; 1841: 322-3, 334-5,340, 363-4, 371-2,379,386, 418-19, 420-1; 1842:454-6,476,479, 488-91,509,553-4,572-3,576,577, 582-3,585; Steven to, 1837:46-7; 1839:159,163,169-70,174,205-6; 1841: 327,376-7, 380, 388,402, 407; 1842:447-8,450, 578,580-1; Stobbe to, 362; to Thiessen, 141; to Third Department, 417-18,529; to Tietzmann, 251; Abraham Toews to, 141; to village offices, 566; to Vorontsov, 20; to David Voth, 367; David Voth to, 299, 316; Mrs David Voth to, 176; to Franz Voth, 71; Cornelius Wall to, 117,1840: 246-7; Johann Wall to, 139-40; to Walter (Royal Prussian Consul in Odessa), 138; to J. Warkentin, 498-9; Peter Warkentin to, 85; Wernersdorf Village Office to, 354; Abraham Wiebe to, 368; Abram 661
Index Wiebe to, 283; to Jacob Wiebe, 497-8; to Johann Wiebe, 216-18,249, 252; to Johann Wiebe (Neuteich), 64-5, 84-5,146-7,260-2,289-93,319-20, 403-4; Johann Wiebe (Neuteich) to, 11,423; Peter Wiebe to, 47; Philip Wiebe to Halblaub, 127; David Wiens to, 242; Klaas Wiens to, 293; Wienss to, 286; to Wild, 59; to Wilke, 369-70,505-6, 512-13; Wilmssen to, 83; to Zacharias, 44 Comies, Johann Jr. (JC Jr.), 51,65, 66, 85,125; in Astrakhan, 15,16; Fadeev and, 8,15; health, 31; to JC, 50,201,202, 203-4; JC to, 7, 8-9,11-12, 76-7,215-16; and JC's proposed sheep farm at Sarepta, 25; to Manager at Tashchenak, 51-2; marriage, 368,410,422; in Nogai villages, 362; plan for Akkania Nogai village, 92; in Sarepta, 7,8,12,21,62; surveying/ regulation of hearthsites, 37; at Tashchenak, 135,184,252,410; travel to Prussia, 199,201,202, 203-4, 218,235,252 Cornies, Johann Sr. (father of JC), xxiv Comies, Katherina (sister of JC), xxiv Comies, Peter (brother of JC), xxiv, 6 cotton, 26 cows. See cattle crafts. See trades/crafts Crimea: crown land, 291; establishment of Mennonite villages in, 100,111-12; estates for sale in, 240; forest-tree seeds from, 195,196; gray sheep from, 163; JC on, 77, 78,100; Nicholas I's visit to, xxxiii, 77; noble lands for Prussian Mennonite immigrants, 223-4, 662 231-2; ports in, xl; resettlement of Prussian Mennonite immigrants in, 380 crops, 510; experimentation with, xlii; failures, 35,39,237,286n34, 377,499,511,520,592; garden, 87; insurance proposal, 209-11; new, xxxvii; seen as future by JC, xl; transformation to marketoriented, xxxvii. See also fruit; grain(s);
potatoes dairying/dairy products, 90-1,233, 311,596 dams, 8,36,50,151,181,494,495,521 debtors to JC, 50,224; Braun, 72-3; Gerhard Dyck, 530; Abraham Enns, 329,389; Fein, 254; Isbrand Friesen, 141,143-4; Funk, 545; Peter Hahn, 18,54,57,86,113, 173; Hausknecht, 32; Johann Klassen, 146; Kroeker, 329,389, 406,449,464,477; Lisovtsev, 203; loan petitions to, 13-14,43-4, 176,226-7,241,276,283,338-9, 352-3,358; Mathias (Berdiansk), 309-10; Heinrich Mathias, 207-8; Phillipp Mathias, 381,385; Matthies, 278; Aron Peters, 314, 315,316; Quiring, 287,315, 316; Peter Regier, 410; Reimer, 99; Ruekel, 275-6; Schierling, 314,315; Nicholaus/Nikolaus Schmidt, 251, 257; Schulz, 227-8; Voth, 299,367; Abraham Wiebe, 368; Claas Wiebe, 314,315,316; Johann Wiebe, 423; Wilke, 370 Decembrist Revolt, xxvi, lii Dellinghausen, F., to JC, 146 Demaison, Count, 270,271
Index Denser (re Anhalt-Cotter rams), 248-9 Didkin, Evdokia, 274 "Directions for Improving Agriculture in the Southern Russian Colonies," 565-6 District Chairman: importance of position, xxxv-xxxvi; and peasant reform, xxxv-xxxvi District Chairman elections: 1837-38, xxxv-xxxvii, xliv, 1,122-3,127-8, 133,142-3; 1841-42, xliv, xlix-liii, liv-lvii, 426,459-63,470-1,557-60; death of Regier in 1842, lvi; Friesen as 1841-42 candidate, 1, li, 459,460; in Fuerstenwerder, 517; Hahn and, lii, liv, lv-lvii; Johannes Neufeld as interim deputy mayor, lvi; Neufeld as replacement for Abraham Toews, 459; Penner as 1841-42 candidate, 1, li, Hi, 426, 459,463; Regier in 1838 election, xxxvi-xxxvii, 122-3,127-8,142-3; Regier in 1841 election, xlv, 1; Regier's death and, lvi; Regier's reappointment and, xxxvi-xxxvii, 122-3,127-8,142-3; Peter Toews as candidate in 1841-42, xlix, 1-lii, liv, lvi; Abraham Toews in, xxxvi-xxxvii, lvi, 122-3,127-8, 142-3,463,471,478; Warkentin and, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlix, 1-liv Dneprov Uezd: peasant use of crown lands in, 348; peasants' horses in, 369, 399-400; potato cultivation in, 394 Doberan wool exhibition, 332-3 Doehring, Daniel, xliii, 191,193,195, 219; to JC, 1838:118; JC to, 1837: 65-6,73,77-8, 79-80,1838:101-2, 114,124-5,136-8; 1839:158,162, 201-2; 1840: 238-9 Dohamanov, Salaka, 321 Dohmambetov, Permandet, 274 Dosm, Permambet, 266 Dosmainbestov, Pirmambet, 253-4 Doukhobors, xxxvii, 328; building for Novovasilievka school, 452; conversion to Russian Orthodox religion, 331,334, 337; exile of, 330-1,333-4, 335-6; horses, 170, 172,369; mill at Tambovka,
309, 315; and Molokans, 493, 523; move to Transcaucasus, 523; proposed mill construction at Tambovka, 293; water mill at Tambovka, 322 Driedger, Gerhard, 148-9 Driedger, Gerhard (Second Deputy Mayor), xxxvi droughts: 1837: 35; 1839:191,193, 195,198; 1840:268,269, 281-2; 1841:372,409, 414, 418; 1842: 450,466,510,511,550,592; Great Drought of 1833-34, xxviii, xxix, xxxix, xl, xli Dschanaidin (apprentice), 267-8,275 Dshunugsov, Abitalip, 256,275 Dshuret, Shugut (apprentice in Shuiut Dzhuret), 359 Dudkina, Evdokia, 254, 321 Dueck, Gerhard, JC to, 226-7 Dueck, Johann, 50 Dyck (Deputy Mayor), 48 Dyck, Aron, 111 Dyck, Gerhard (Ohrloff), 473,530 Dyck, Gerhard, to JC, 352-3,358 Dyck, Heinrich (West Prussia), 16; JC to, 51 Dyck, Jacob (Khortitsa church Elder), 1,501, 503,555,561-2 663
Index Dyck, Johann, 16-17 Dyck (Muensterberg), JC to, 47-8 Epp, Clas (Prangenau), 8 Epp, David, 203; JC to, 43-4,60-1, 93,406; Wiebe to, 282-3 Esipov: JC to, 280; sketches of dwellings/agricultural buildings, 277 esparcet, 576,578 Esten (judge), 583 Evdokimenko (Deputy Director of Guardianship Committee), 182,187 Evdokimov (Chief Curator), 142 Evdokimov (State Counsellor), 141, 191-2,311,414; JC to, 331-2 Evdokimov, General, 74 Eydsen, Cornelius, 136,137,158; JC to, 138 Ediger, Peter (Lindenau; potato program supervisor), 467 Edinokhta, 263,359,362-3; meshet in, 157; potato cultivation in, 359; tree planting in, 271-2 education, 155-6,159 Efimenko (former assessor), 363 Efimenko, Stepan (apprentice from Chernigovka), 253,274 Efremov, Vasily (apprentice from Aleksandrovskoe), 585 Egaitamgale, 360 Ekaterinoslav: Fadeev in, xxvi; orchard in, 134; sheep, 103; wool market, 58, 66,71-2,131, 351 Elders. See church Elders elms, 493,544,545 Elsingk (Counsellor in Taganrog), 335,466 Elsingk (Taganrog), JC to, 457 Engelhard, Georg, 200 Enns, Abraham (Neukirch; debtor to JC), 329, 389 Enns, Gerhard (Altonau), lii-liv, 13, 74, 355,418,582; to Agricultural Society, 301; to Fast, 461-2; to JC, 354; JC to, 206-7,351-2; to Warkentin, 498-9 Enns, Peter (Altonau), 418 environmental data: atmospheric temperatures, 235-6; barometer for, 365,409-10,456,493; case of meteorological instruments for, 257-8,264,314,343; temperature in wells, 223; temperatures, 421; water tables in wells, 420-1,488-9; weather, 223,327 Fadeev, Andrei Michaelovich, 5,13; and 1838 elections, xxxvi-xxvii; and
afforestation program, xxvii; and Agricultural Society, xxviii-xxix, xxxi; ambitiousness of, xxvi; in Astrakhan, xxxi, xxxii, 7,12,112,208; as Chief Curator for Kalmyks, 7; Cornies and, xxxi-xxxii; death of daughter, 511-12,526; as Deputy Civilian Government of Saratov, 384; and Guardianship Committee, xxvi-xxvii; to JC, 1836: 9,15-16, 18-19,20-1,25-6; 1837:55-6, 59-60; 1839:187,195-6,208; 1840: 245,296-7; 1841: 328,386-7,422-3; 1842:510,511-12; and JC Jr., 8,15; JC on, 112; JC to, 1836: 3-4; 1837: 34-9,52-3, 66-70, 74-5, 77,80-2, 93-4; 1838:120-3,133-5,142-3; 1839:163-4,180-3,191-2; 1840: 232-5,258-60,310-13; 1841:384-5, 413-15; 1842:464-5,512,526-7; 664
Index JC to accompany across Kalymk steppe to Sarepta, 54,57,58,59-60; JC's relationship with, xxvi-xxvii, xxxv, xlii-xliii; and Kalmyk Chief Curator, 7; and Keppen, 52-3; Odessa estate, 187,245; in Ohrloff, 11-12; responsibilities, 53-4; in Saratov, 106,112,115,120,208, 229,232,245,296,384; in Sarepta, 21; survey of peasant conditions, xlii; at Tashchenak estate, 512; travel to Sarepta region, 55; and tree-planting regulations for fullholdings, xxix-xxx; Warkentin vs, xxvi-xxvii, xxviii Fadeev, Emilie (daughter of AF), 314, 511-12,526 Fadeev, Madam (wife of AF), 125, 526-7; JC to, 45-6,115 Falk, Heinrich, to JC, 115 Fast (teacher in Schoensee), 38 Fast, Bernhard, lii; and 1838 elections, xxxvi, 123; apology to Warkentin, 498; District Office/ Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 504-5; JC to, 500-1,502-3; JC/Enns/Martens to, 461-2; and Nicholas I's visit, xxxiii, 75-6; and Warkentin affair, lii-liv, 503,518,558 Fast, Cornelius, 16-17 Fast, Jacob (Landskrone; previous mayor), 460 Fast, Johann (Berdiansk), 454 Fast, Maria, 129 Fast, Regina (JC's servant), 5,129 feather grass, 89,130,135,182 Fedorovka (new village for Semenovka settlers), 295-6,300 Fein (agent for purchasing wool), 364,504 Fein, Friedrich, to JC, 241,254 Fein, purchase of ewes from, 88-9 fences, 29, 525 fertilization, 151,181,544-5,592 field cultivation, 310-11, 324; advancement of, 234,259; as becoming primary basis of agriculture, 408; employment in, 182; expansion of, 181,592; fourfield management system, 36,117, 151,544-5; on fullholdings, 148; increase in, 151; livestock breeding profits vs, 134; Nogais
and, 153; potatoes and, 593; sheep-breeding remuneration vs, 121; top-soil, 593. See also agriculture; crops Fifth Department, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xiii, xliii, lvii. See also Ministry of State Domains fires: in Akkuia, 197-8; insurance, 96, 99-100; Klassen's cloth factory, 189-91,192,193,194,199,202; Nogais and, 533; in Sparrau, 194 First-Kahash, 263 Flaming, Peter (Aleksanderthal), Neumann to, 566-7 flax: 1839 harvest, 198; 1840 harvest, 233,268; Agricultural Society and increase of cultivation, 36,152; cultivation of, 593; drought and, 268; employment of spinners/ weavers, 597; expansion of cultivation, 181,593; fullholders' obligations regarding cultivation of, 148; and linen, 593,597 Fletnitzer (Pastor; Odessa), 420; JC to, 405 flour, 268 fodder: dams and supply of, 151-2; mixed with wool, 200-1,255; plant 665
Index cultivation, 358,499; potatoes for, 304; shortages, 153,166,167,168, 181,229,499; winter, 206 food: prices, 350; shortages, 313, 350 foot/hoof-and-mouth disease, 136 Forestry Society: adherence to tree planting requirements, xxix-xxxi; and Agricultural Society formation, xxviii-xxix; to Blumstein Village Office, 85; and "cottagers," xxxix; creation of, xxvii; and first eighteen plantations, 36-7; and formation of Agricultural Society, 3-4,10; inspection of settlement, xxix; to Inzov, 12-13; JC and, xxviii-xxxi; to J. Martens, 519-20; to Jacob Martens (Tiegerweide), 520; to Molochnaia Mennonite District Office, 228; power of Agricultural Society, compared to, xxxii; Regier invited to attend meetings, xxix; tree-planting regulations, xxixxxxi; to village offices, 26-7,42-3, 97-8,116-17,323-5,519,520-1 forest-tree plantations, 352,567; Alipasha and, 225; deepploughing, 36; increased plantings in, 594-5; in Iushanle, 100,134; numbers of trees, 234; nurseries, 91; plantings in, 97-8; progress of, 181; requirements for fullholders, 148; snowless winter and, 153, 154; tree planting in, 234 forest trees: best-thriving, 92; frost and, 134; fullholder planting, 26-7; rare, from Circassians, 131; seeds, 37, 91,195, 196,204,551 Frank, Wilhelm (Odessa), 227; JC to, 40-1 666 Franke, Wilhelm (Gnadenfeld Elder), Hi Franz (teacher in Gnadenfeld), 38,285 Friesen, David (Halbstadt), 1, li, 459,460 Friesen, Gerhard, 51 Friesen, Isbrand, 141,143-4 Friesen, Peter, 9 Friesen, Thomas (village mayor; Landskrone), 460 fruit, 16,198,404,409,511; dried, 370-1,377. See also specific fruits fruit
trees: Forestry Society on, 323-5; increased cultivation of, 593-4; on Iushanle estate, 269-70; marketing of, 594; Molokan plans for nursery, 272-3; numbers of, 593; nurseries, 288-9, 593; planting, 37,233-4,325; requirements for fullholders, 148; snowless winter and, 153-4; wild, 520-1. See also orchards Fuerstenwerder: election for district chairman, 517; Thun as village mayor, 517-18,531,539 fullholdings: Agricultural Society authority over, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxviii; buildings on, 148; Forestry Society tree-planting regulations for, xxix-xxxi; half-holdings, xxxviii, 147-9; management/ ownership criteria, 147-9; potato cultivation and purchase of, xli; sales/transfers, xxix-xxxi, xxxviii, 147-9; shared, xxxviii, 437-8 Funk, Paul (Sparrau), 545 Garwasser, Johann (in JC's service), 5 Geyer, Tobias, to JC, 333
Index Gloekler (District Chairman, Molochnaia German District), JC to, 474-5 Gnadenfeld, 39; Christian School Society, to Agricultural Society, 106-11; church, xvii, 107; congregation, 461-2; school, xlvi-xlvii, 106-11,121,138,155-6, 285; survey of boundaries, 250 Gnadenheim congregation, 575 Goertz, Johann, to JC, 246,339 Goertz, Peter (Wernersdorf), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Goerz, Heinrich, xxx, xlv Goldshad, JC to, 144,160-1 Golubov, Mikhailo, 382 grain(s): Berdiansk port opening and growing of, xl; commercial growing, xl; foreign seed testing, 299-300, 305; frost and, 35; harvest of 1837, 66; harvest of 1838, 130,133; harvest of 1839, 152-3,176,177; harvest of 1840, 268; harvest of 1842, 524-5, 529; improvement in quality of, 342-3; on Kalmyk steppes, 70; Nogais and, 345-6,409, 525; peasants and, 356-7; prices, 198, 201, 202, 206, 218-19, 239, 268, 361, 377, 525; for Radishchev Hutterite community, 566; state of trade, 239; summer, 91; trading in Berdiansk, 134; winter, 35, 91, 198, 248; wool prices vs growing of, 75 grass(es), 176,177,248,259; livestock population decrease and, 545; rain and, 133; seed, 246; snowless winter and, 152; steppe, 344-5, 545,592; timothy, 242 Grossweide, election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463 Grunauer, Pastor (Sarepta), JC to, 302-3 Guardianship Committee, 187, 231; and 1838 mayoral election, xxxvi-xxxvii; and 1841 election, li; Agricultural Society to, 459-60, 462-3,543-5,551,565-6; blocking Toews's/Penner's appointments, li; cessation of, 404; decline of, xxxi, xxxii, xxxv; dissolution of, xlviii-xlix; and election of district
chairman, 470-1; Fadeev and, xxvi-xxvii; Fadeev's transfer from, 180; and fruit-tree cultivation, 324-5; and future of cloth factory, 244; Hausknecht and, 62; impact of reshuffling of personnel on Molochnaia, lvii; interest in settlements, 21; JC and, xxvii; JC to, 572,586-7; Ministry of State Domains absorption of, xxiii, xli, liv; to Pelekh, 19-20, 460 Gubka, Variami (apprentice), 364,383 Gurshenko, Martin, 40 Hahn, Elena Andreevna von (Peter's wife; Fadeev's daughter), 86, 511-12,526 Hahn, Evgeny von: Agricultural Society to, 565; to church Elders, 530-1; and District Chairman elections, Hi; and Guardianship Committee, 1, liv; to JC, 508; JC to, 470-3,484-6, 501-2,503-4,506-7, 516-18,522-3,527-8,536-7,541-2, 570-2, 573,576-7,579-80,586; Molochnaia visit, lvi; ordering new mayoral elections, liv-lvii; 667
Index and Warkentin affair, xlix, lvi, 500-1,558-9, 561-3; Warkentin presenting case to, lii, liv, lv, 560 Hahn, Peter, 18, 54,86,127,173; to JC, 13-14; JC to, 57,86,113 Halblaub (applicant for gardening position at Iushanle), Wiebe for JC to, 127 Halbstadt: artisans' village at, 23-5; school, xlvi Hamm, David, 474 harmala seed, 327,457,466 Hausknecht, Caspar Adrian, 62; JC to, 32 hay, 184; dams and, 36,151,181; harvest of 1837,66; harvest of 1838,133; harvest of 1839,176,177, 188,195; harvest of 1840,259,268; harvest of 1841,372,414; harvest of 1842,511,592; prices, 206; quality, 268; in Sarepta area, 63,72; as sheep fodder, 89-90; shortages, 130,195; snowless winter and, 152; watering of meadows and, 494-5,521 hedges, 36,154 Heese, Heinrich (teacher), 285-6, 351-2,354,355; to JC, 388 Hekel (Neuhoffnungsthal), JC to, 132 Helena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess, 397,403,415 Heubuden, forest-tree plantation, 567 Hiebert, Elisabeth, 9 Hiebert, H., 9 Hofer, Johann (Hutterite), 521 Hofer, Paul (Radishchev), 586-7 Hoffnungsthal, 65 Holtfreter, Pastor, Wiebe for JC to, 140 668 Hommaire de Hell, Xavier, 195; JC to, 328 Horn, Widow, 566-7 horses: breeding, 311,399-400,595-6; demand for, 239,408,511,553; Doukhobor, 172; draft, 596; and glanders, 153; harnesses, 355-6, 484; peasants and, 369,399-400; prices, 153,269; purchases for Steven, 163,169-70,171,172,174; stray, 52,55, 79,241,284-5 houses: brick, 121; construction, 438-9; fire-proof, 597; Nogais and, 409,419,447; obligations of building cottager, 453; prices of Russian peasant, 418-19; for Radishchev Hutterite community at Tashchenak,
536-7; Radishchev Hutterite community situation, 580; tiled roofs, 447,525,588; whitewashing of, 30 Huebert, Abraham (supervisor of potato cultivation), 421-2,424-5, 451,476,480-2,549-50 Huebert, David, to JC, 330 Huebert, Elisabeth (Landskrone), and daughter, 589-90 Huebert, Heinrich (Landskrone), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Huebner (Assessor in Tavrida Bureau for State Domains): JC to, 336; and JC's debt to Steven, 335 Huebner (on Tatar apprentice from Feodosia), 398 Huebner, JC to, 392 Hutterites, Radishchev community: condition of, 464-5; Elders and mayors for, 586-7; and Hutterthal, 580; JC on resettlement of, 472-3;
Index Molochnaia grain to, 566; permission for resettlement, 475; proposed move to Melitopol, 464-5; proposed move to Tashchenak, 39,119, 527-8; resettlement in Molochnaia, xxxvii, 579-80; situation of houses, 580; at Tashchenak, 536-7,546-7 Hutterthal, 580,586,589 157; experimentation with new crops at, xli, xlii; Forestry Society headquartered on, xxvii; foresttree plantings, 100; fruit trees on, 269-70; as headquarters of Agricultural Society, xlii; horses on, 52,55,284-5; improvements to, 588; JC's ownership of leased land, xxxii; Keppen's visit to, xxxiv; leased by JC, 125; plantations, 95,134; sheep at, 215; sheep sales, 59,132 Iaremenko, Ianos (hired by JC, from Grigorievka), 5 Ignatov, Semen (apprentice at Astrakhanka), 359-60 Ignatov, Semen (Novospaskoe), 492-3 inheritance, 395,396,434-7 Inzov, Ivan Nikitich: and 1838 elections, xxxvii; age/health of, liv, 227; and creation of Agricultural Society, xxiii, xxxii; and Crown Prince Alexander's visit, 81-2; Forestry Society to, 12-13; and Guardianship Committee, xxiii, liv, 21,180; Hahn as assistant to, 422,470nl7; to JC, 10-11; JC to, 127-8; and JC's ownership of Iushanle land, xxxi, xxxii; in Molochnaia, 74; and Pelekh, 584; in Prishib, 141,142; and Warkentin affair, xxxvii Irsmambet (Nogai, Edinokhta), 217 Isaac, Abraham: to JC, 213; JC to, 285-6 Isaac, Peter, 213 Isaak (apprentice at Egaitamgale), 360 Isnar (on improvement of steppes), 543-5 Iushanle estate: Agnes Cornies at, 184; brick construction at, xlvii; employees' religious practices, Jantzen, Jacob (Schoensee), 354 Janz, Cornelius (Lichtenau), 453 Janzen,
Abram, to JC, 338-9 Janzen, Gustav, JC to, 367 Kalenitchenko, Paul Andreevich, 468 Kalil (apprentice; Burkut), 359 Kalmykov, Ilarion, ЗЗІпІЗ, 334,337 Kalmyks, 55,137,164; Akkerman as model village for, 25-6; Fadeev as Chief Curator for, 7; Fadeev as guardian of, xxxi; Fadeev on, 15-16; JC on, 62,63,64-5; JC's proposed Sarepta sheep farm and, 67; JC's survey travels among, xlii, 52-3,54, 68-70; Pallas on, 120; reform of, xxxvii-xxxviii Karakas, 100,111-12 Karass, 61, 72,125,131,200,291 Karlanlov (Nogai apprentice), 254 Kartabov, Nigara, 275 Kauenhowen, Heinrich, JC to, 423-4 Kauli, JC to, 248-9 Keldakalko, Dshuma, 21-2 Keldaliev, Kutlale, 267, 275, 320-1 Keppen, Karya Ivanovich, 454-5,456 669
Index Keppen, Peter, xxxiv-xxxv, 53nll, 74, 77,80,88,257; and archaeological excavations, xxxiv, 582-3,621-2, 624-5,630-8,639-40; and Fadeev, 53-4; and Fadeev's transfer to Saratov, 120; to Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1843:622-3; to JC, 1837: 95-6; 1838:106,129-30; 1839:185-6,199; 1844: 624-5; 1847: 639-40; JC and, xxxiv-xxxv; JC to, 1837: 89-92,96-7,99-100; 1838:104-6,112-13,130,132-3; 1839:177,179-80,188-9,193-4, 196-8; 1840: 222-4,262-5; 1841: 343-7,365-6,408-10; 1842:456, 491-3,511,524-5; and proposed craftsmen's village at Halbstadt, 328; and proposed immigration of Prussian Mennonites, 260-3; responsibilities, 53-4; visit to Molochnaia, 53,56, 93-4 Khirgiz: apprentices, 363; land for Mennonite immigrants, 410-11, 414,422 Khortitsa: church, 501,555; Dyck and District Office, 556; Dyck and Society for Plantings, 556; envy of Molochnaia community, 555; Mennonite settlement, 380; Mennonites wishing to resettle from, 568,571; mulberry plantation, 134; sheep raising in, 233; state of grain/hay crops, 525; wool sales in, 6 Kiselev, Pavel Dmitrievich, xxviii, xxxix, 261,369,391,408,413-14, 465; to JC, 404-5; visit to Iushanle, xlix; visit to Molochnaia, 384-5, 386,390-1 Kisildingoglu, 263,419,449,493 670 Kisliar, 39,407 Klassen, Abram (Grossweide), 459 Klassen, Christian: to JC, 416-17; JC to, 316-17 Klassen, Cornelius, 51 Klassen, Franz, 460 Klassen, Jacob (Tashchenak), 7 Klassen, Johann (cloth manufacturer), 33,39; factory, xxxix, 189-91,192,193, 194,199, 202,215-16,230-1,239,242-3, 244,279,325-7,330,3534 597; to JC, 146,190-1,230,242-3,325-7, 353-4; JC to, 40,230-1,244;
to Regier, 190-1 Klassen, Johann (Ohrloff), 517 Klassen, Johann (Warkentin's nephew; Muensterberg mayor), xlviii, 1, lii, 297-9,502,506,558, 559,560-1 Klassen, Johann (Prussian Mennonite), application for permission to remain in Molochnaia, 466 Kleinharr, Elias (Hutterthal), daughter, 589 Klug, Charlotte Sophie (Polenius), 138 Klug, Christian, 138 Kniazevich, JC to, 214,347-8 Kochuben, Count, 160,161 Kolmombet Utei-oglu (apprentice from Koitshi), 363 Kolosov (District Chief), 337,457 Kolosov (judge), 271 Kolosov (Regional Captain), 4-5 Kondshegale watermill, 396-7 Kopani, Elder in, 374 Kosiak (apprentice at Shekle), 360 Krausse, Friedrich, 5
Index larch seeds, 7,104,119,145 Large Flemish Congregation (Warkentin congregation), xlv; beliefs, 556-7; division of, lvii, 506,517,563-4,577; election of Elders, 541-2,550-1; removal of Warkentin, 539-40; and temporal authority, 556-7; Warkentin as leader of, xxv Learned Committee, Ministry of State Domains. See under Ministry of State Domains Levashev, Eftei (Novospaskoe), 492-3 library, 156,598. See also books Lichtenau, building cottager houses in, 453 Lichtenau congregation: election of Elder for, 514,517,5394.0, 541,542,550-1,564,565,576-7; formation of, 506,507,517; members joining, 574-5; second Elder for, 515; and state directives, 461-2 Liebenau, election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463 lime, 182,233 Lindenau, forest-tree plantations, 181,520 linen, 593, 597 linseed, 166 Lisovtsev (debtor to JC), 203 livestock: apprentices and, 157; barn feeding, 235; crop agriculture vs, xl; decreasing size of herds, 545; demand for, 525; drought and thinness of, 198; fodder, 35; hoofand-mouth disease, 136; illnesses, 153; kept by state peasants, 349-50; Nogais and, 409; peasants Kroeker, Martin (Margenau), 329, 389,406,449,464,477 Kulpedin Umer Oglu (Tatar apprentice from Feodosia), 383, 384,387,486 Kurmash (apprentice at Shuiut Dzhuret), 359 Kurtámét Dshanibek-Ogli (Nogai), 371 Kusitskin, Pavel (apprentice at Novovasilievka), 360 Ladekopp: Crown Prince in, 81; forest-tree plantations, 181 Lamchenko,Teodor (Novogrigorievka), 451 Lananenko, Cornei, 5-6 Lananenko, Prokop (shepherd), 5-6, 55,170-1,172,185 landlessness, xxvii, xxix, xxxviii-xxxix, xiii, xlvii Landskrone, 234;
election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463; as new village, 182; survey of boundaries, 250 Lange (Steinbach), 216; JC to, 251 Lange, Benjamin, 111 Lange, F. (West Prussia), 203 Lange, Friederike Henriette (Klug), 138 Lange, Friedrich Wilhelm (teacher/ church Elder; Gnadenfeld), xlvi, 110,138,502n39, 517; to JC, 119 Lange, W., to JC, 504-5 Lange, Wilhelm (teacher/church Elder; Gnadenfeld), xlvi, 75-6, 110,123,265; District Office/ Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 17-18; JC to, 17,405-6; and Warkentin affair, xxxiii, xxxvi Lange (State Counsellor), JC to, 111-12 671
Index and grain vs, 357; removal/burial of carcasses (carrion), 30. See also cattle; horses; sheep Loewen, Abram (Blumstein), 521 Loewen, Jakob, 242 Loewen, Peter, to JC, 104 looms/spinning wheels, numbers of, 93 lucerne, 499,578 Luinov, Tulesh (Nogai from Second Burkut), 457 Lushchin, Mr (sheep seller), 168 madder, 516, 577 Maloi (Chernigov district chairman), 425-6 Maloi, Luka, 249 Malokmak, Elder in, 374 Makarenko, Omelko (hired by JC, from Grigorievka), 5 manuring, 580-1,592 maple, white, 294 maps, 139-40,166,169,176,204,239 Marchenko (Tokmak district chairman), 336 Margenau: conference, li-liii; potatoes in, 535 Margenau congregation: election of Elder for, 514,540,577; formation of, 506,507,517 Marhulu (Akkerman), 104 Maria Mikhailovna, Grand Duchess, 397,415 Mariupol: Colonist District, 5; forest-tree seeds for, 551; grain harvests, 525; improvement of fullholdings, 568-72; inspection of fullholdings in, 576; inspection of villages in Mennonite District, 568-72; JC to administrators, 568; 672 JC to Mennonite District Office, 568-70; Khortitsa Mennonites settling in, 571; Mennonite District Office secretary, 571-2; plantings in, 568-72; repeal of purchases by Khortitsa/Molochnaia Mennonites in, 570; water levels, 448,489 Marmont, Auguste Frédéric, 120-1, 133 marriages: of children, Mennonite faith and, 312-13; engagements in Hutterthal, 589; permission for, 549 Martens, Gerhard (d. 1838), 135 Martens, H., 423 Martens, J.: to Agricultural Society, 294,301; to JC, 302 Martens, Jacob (of Ohrloff church congregation), lii-liv; to Fast, 461-2; to Warkentin, 498-9 Martens,
Jacob (Tiegerweide), Forestry Society to, 519-20 Martens, Wilhelm, 13,14, 33,141; and Carlsbad, 245; Fadeev and, 16, 187,195,208,245,297; health of, 39,183,192,312; hypochondria, 39,53,82, 235; to JC, 123-4,200; JC as partner in brandy monopoly, xxv; JC to, 40,125-6,130-1,266-7; Justina Willms stepdaughter of, 368n29; at Piatigorsk, 122,142, 195,235,260; sale of businesses, 312; and Walther's promissory note, 44-5 Matashev, Kuscp, 22 Mathias, Abram, JC to, 541 Mathias, Carl, 249 Mathias, Heinrich, to JC, 207-8 Mathias, Phillipp: to JC, 381; JC to, 385
Index Mathias (Berdiansk; debtor to JC), JC to, 309-10 Matthies, Johann, to JC, 278 medicines, cost of, 450 Meglarip Boday (Nogai), 147 Meglemambet (Nogai from Agilchosha), 147 Melitopol, 39; apprentices in potato program, 456; Great Russians in, 492; JC on Nogais of, 214; peasants' horses in, 369,399-400; potato cultivation in, 394; potato program in, 466-7,552-3; Radishchev Mennonites to be moved to, 464-5 Mengli, Baiboro (Nogai from Susukan), 335 Mennonite beliefs/faith: and brick construction, xlvii-xviii; marriage of children, 312-13; prosperity of Molochnaia Mennonites and, 555; punishment of brothers in, xlviii, lii, 297-9; and secular vs religious authority, xlv-xlviii, 1, li-lii, liii-liv, 461-2; and Warkentin affair, xlv-xlvi; Warkentin congregation and, 562; Warkentin's beliefs vs, 556. See also churches Mennonites: acceptance as Russian subjects, 502,504-5; advantages of, 94; agriculturalism of, xxvii-xxviii; as agriculturalists, xxiv; community obligations, 395, 396; compilation of rules governing administration, 386; conditions in Tavrida guberniia settlements, 186; conservative, xxv; customs, 105; establishment of colony near Sarepta, xiii; establishment of villages, 111-12,438-9; health, 414; inheritance procedures/rules, 395,434-7; Keppen, and desire for administrative changes, 94; land division among fullholdings, 396; Nicholas I's praise for, 404-5; obligations for settlement on unsettled crown lands, 438-42,525; Privilegium for, xxiv, xxvii-xxviii, xxxii-xxxiii, xxxvi, xlix, 1, lv-lvi, lviii; proposed settlement in Bessarabia, 484-6; resettlement in
Crimea, 380; as role model, xliv, liii, lv-lvi; Russian nationalism and, xii; second wave of immigrants, xxv; settlement in Vitebsk/Mogilev guberniias, 525; settlements as "daughter colonies," xlii; settlements in Crimea, 100; settlements in Tatar land, 105-6; successive waves of immigration, xii. See also Prussian Mennonites Menz (Sarepta community director), 58, 67 Mierau, Peter, JC to, 539 Mikhailovka: Elder in, 374; potato program in, 532-3 Miliutin, Nikolai Alekseevich, 95 milk, 90-1,137,161; sheep, 238 millet, 205,234, 377, 529,553 Ministry of State Domains, 174, 175,224; colonial settlements under, 106; consequences of creation, lvii; creation of, xxviii; Domains Bureau, 413; as eclipsing Guardianship Committee, xii; Guardianship Committee absorbed into, xxiii, liv; JC to, 304-5,493-5; Keppen and, xxxiv; 673
Index Learned Committee, xxxiv, xxxv, xli, xiii, 146,205; Mennonite affairs placed mider, xlviii-xlix; origins of, xxviii; Third Department, xli, 159,186,206-7,332,447,520-1; Third Department, JC to, 417-18,529 Mitzkevich (district supervisor), 424,468 Molochnaia: about region, xxiv; agricultural management to be introduced among peasants, 395; community obligations, 395,396; compilation of rules governing administration, 386; "constitution," xlix, 413-14; death rate, 379; health in, 379, 403,414; inheritance procedures/ rules, 395,434-7; JC's description of organization/arrangements of villages, 413-14,427-46; list of foreigners not approved yet for census, 590-1; prosperity of, 555; river, 448,488-9; state of villages in, 384-5 Molochnaia German District Office, to JC, 83 Molochnaia Mennonite District: audit of community accounts, 547; duty credits for community work, 442-6; eagerness of villages to improve fullholdings, 579; elections of village mayors, 426, 459-60,462-3; founding of new settlements, 438-42; health in, 591; JC on administrative and other arrangements for functioning of, 427-46; JC's dispute with district chiefs, 457-8; JC's dispute with village chiefs, 467,468; as "oasis 674 on the steppe," xxiv, xxviii; report of progress in agriculture and trades, 1842,591-9; tree planting by, xxvii Molochnaia Mennonite District Office: Agricultural Society to, 477-8,521; to church Elders, 41-2; to David Cornies, 230; Forestry Society to, 228; Guardianship Committee to, 19-20; to JC, 1836: 4,8,16-17; 1837: 80; 1838:143; 1839:194; 1840: 230,240,250,279, 282,284-5,315;
1841:329-30,417; JC to, 1837: 34,40,52,55,79,80; 1838:141,143-4; 1840: 224,227-8, 237,240,249,250,282,285,287, 314; 1841:329,332-3,367,380-1, 389-90,406,410; 1842:449,464, 473-4,476,477,530,535-6, 540-1, 545,546-7,581; obligations of, 427-9; to Ohrloff School Society, 300-1; to Pelekh, 23-5; Pelekh to, 297-9,426; to village offices, 29-30, 42-3; Warkentin vs improvements introduced by, 556; to Dirk Wiens, 241. See also District Chairmen elections; Warkentin affair Molokans, xxxvii, 328; Doukhobors and, 493,523; and fruit trees, 219-20,247,272-3; move to Georgia/Lenkoran, 492-3, 523-4; in Novovasilievka, 451-2; and nurseries, 219-20,247, 272-3; petition, 130; rumours of banishment, 523-4; tree planting, 288-9 money shortage, 33,364-5,414,511 moral education, xlvi, 38,155,597-8 Moravian Brethren, xxxviii, xlii-xliii, 25-6,160,302
Index Mordvinovka estate, trestle windmill, 389-90 Muensterberg, 38; forest-tree plantations, 181; former mayor Klassen, 297-9; punishment of Klassen, xlviii mulberry trees, 16,36,37,116,134, 166,272,280-1,449,576,578,581, 582,594 Munsale (Elder), 455 Muntau, forest-tree plantations, 181 Muromtsev (Tavrida civil governor), 77; JC to, 1837: 75-6,88-9; 1840: 213-14,221-2,294; 1841: 330-1, 333-4, 336-7,364,397-8; 1842:448, 454,496-7,500,504,546, 548-9 Mursa, Aligere (Edinokhta), 362-3 Mursa, Bati (Shokai), 362-3 Musledin (Nogai), 533 Mustapoi District, potato program in, 549-50 mustard, 71 Neufeld, Peter (Blumenort; debtor to JC), 294 Neufeldt (Muensterberg mayor), 50; JC to, 22 Neufeldt, Gerhard (Rudnerweide), 228 Neufeldt, Johann (neighbour of JC), 310 Neufeldt, Johann (proposed acting district deputy), 471 Neufeldt, Peter, 351 Neuhalbstadt, xxxix, 296-7,311-12, 328, 346-7, 385, 409 Neuhoffnung, church congregation split, 477,492 Neumann, D. (Kisliar), to JC, 407 Neumann, Jacob: to JC, 355; undertaking of, 567 Neumann, Jacob (Aleksanderthal), 566-7 Neumann, Jacob (Muensterberg), 418 Neumann, JC to, 538 Neumann, Peter, to Unrau/Flaming, 566-7 Nevkush, 359; Elder in, 373 newspapers, 31, 33, 55,119,145,156, 168,202,229,280-2,351,365, 598 Nicholas I, Emperor, xxvi, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxvi, 54, 67,76-7, 286n34,404-5 Nickel, Claas (Sparrau), 460 Nikolaiev settlement, 125 Nikolaievka area, 422 Nizhni Novgorod market, 78,377 Nogais, xxiv, xxxvii, 18-19,65, 112-13,252,409; at Akuiu, 113; apprentices, 256-7,267,275,279, 284,320-1, 363; as carters, xli, 152-3,167,169,175-6,457;
case investigations, 583; and cattle, 456; delivery of horses, 171, Neufeld (re wool sales), 58,183-4 Neufeld, Heinrich (preacher in former Large Flemish Congregation), xlv, li, liv, 503,506, 516-17,565; to JC, 505,514-15, 541,574; JC to, 501,507, 514, 539-40,550-1,552 Neufeld, J. (Lichtfelde), 92 Neufeld, Johann, li, 266 Neufeld, Johann (Halbstadt), 459, 463,478 Neufeld, Johann (Halbstadt mayor), 82 Neufeld, Johann (Liebenau village mayor), 460 Neufeld, Johann (teacher), 172-3 Neufeld, Johannes, lvi 675
Index 174; desired move to Caucasus, 522,533-4; enlightenment of, 405; excavations on land, 186; field cultivation by, 153; fruit exchanged for millet with, 234; and grain, 345-6,409,525; and harmala seed, 327,335; houses, 409,419,447; JC on Melitopol District, 214; Kalenitchenko plundering, 468; Kalmyks compared to, 62; and Kondshegale watermill, 396; lack of mills in district, 308-9; and livestock breeding, 409; Ministry of State Domains and improvement of economic situation, 225; and orchards, 497; and police commissar's oppression, 467; and potatoes, 468, 533; and seed-wheat from Wiens, 339-40; and sheep, 21-2,84,87, 96-7,147,153,166, 167,173,179-80,185,186,197, 217-18,219; and sheep bloating (Raende), 543, 551-2; transport of wagon, 167,169,175-6; tree planting, 196,270-2; villages, 92, 100,263-4,346,362-3,374,409, 419,447,493,497; and wheat, 237-8; and wool, 87,119,126,135, 145,173. See also Akkerman; and names of individual persons Nogaisk, 39 Norlubai (apprentice at Altéul), 360 Novoaleksandrov, 39 Novoaleksandrovka, 382,467; post office at, 72,73, 75 Novovasilievka, 247,288-9,360, 382, 451-2; Elder in, 374; orchards in, 219-20,523 Nubka, Variarmi, 329,338 676 nurseries, 154,593; tree, 37,91,134, 154,204-5,219-20,234,247,269,271 oats, 510; 1840 harvest, 232; 1841 harvest, 377; 1842 harvest, 592; potato, 529; prices, 198,205,206, 219,268,525,553 Odessa: Fadeev in, xxxi; wool market, 176,365,500,510,516 Ohrloff: church, 39,139,235,562; congregation, 461-2; Comies family fullholding in, xxiv; foresttree plantations, 181; JC to Village Office, 454; schools, xlvi,
38,155, 157,285-6,301 Ohrloff School Society, Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 300-1 oil radish, 11,259-60,268,331-2, 417,452-3,593 oil-producing plants, 259-60 Old Flemish Congregation, lii, liv Olga, Grand Duchess, 77 Olsheretovataia, Elder in, 374 Oppenlaender (Neuhoffnung), 492; JC to, 88,477 Oraskakaiev, Kuti (apprentice at Shekle), 360 orchards, 16,36,134; advantages of, 323-4; development in Molochnaia, 281,323-5; in Ekaterinoslav, 134; Molokans establishing in Novovasilievka, 219-20,288-9,523; Nogais and, 497; progress of, 181; requirements for fullholders, 148; setting trenches in, 37; starlings and, 116; at Tashchenak, 505-6,512. See aho fruit trees Orekhov, 39,467,468,480; Grigoretii Agricultural School, 484; potato cultivation in, 394-5,458
Index orphans, 4; administration/ administrators, 143,434,589-90. See also inheritance Ortchininov (surveyor), 250 Oshobai (Nogai from lower Burkut), 22 Ottoman Empire, xi Ovsanikova, Evdokia (apprentice from Dneprov Uezd), 364 23-5; Molochnaia visit, 191-2; and punishment of Johann Klassen, xlviii Pelz, David (Rosenthal), 98 Penner (District chairman from Einlage), 38-9 Penner, David, 9 Penner, Jacob (former Khortitsa mayor), 1, li, lii, lvi, 81,426, 459,463 Penner, Jacob (Muensterberg), 82 Penner, Jacob (Prangenau), 8 Penner, Johann (Pastwa), 417; JC to, 231-2 Penner, Wilhelm (Mariupol Mennonite District Office), 571-2 Peters, Aron (Ruekenau; debtor to JC), 314,315, 316 Peters, Franz, to JC, 139 Peters, Johann (Gnadenheim), to JC, 277-8 Peters, Johann (Landskrone), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Petershagen, forest-tree plantations, 181 Piatigorsk, 82,122,124,142,192,195, 200,235,245,260 pietism, xxv, xlvi, xlvii; quietism vs, xlv pine seed, 161 plums, 79; Hungarian, 409; Zwetschke, 372 poplars, 577-8; Lombardy, 496 Popov, Dimitry, 51-2 Pordenau Congregation, 503, 506,507,575; election of Elder for, 541,542,550-1,565,576-7; establishment of, 514 post offices, 72, 73, 75 potato program, 405-6,584; apprentices in, 358-60,456, Paluliakh (Bolinskii's assistant), 425 Pastwa: snow damage in, 215 Pauls, David, JC to, 72-3 Pauls, Jacob (Rudnerweide), 541 peaches, 372 pear trees/pears, 134,372,520-1 peasants: as apprentices, xliii-xliv; German colonists as models for, xi-xii; and horses, 369, 399-400; house prices, 418-19; improvement of conditions, 224-5,362-3,365-6,376,409; JC
on, xxxvi; Mennonite agricultural management to be introduced among, 395; Ministry of State Domains and, 224-5; Nicholas I and, xxviii; number of cattle for, 400-2; potato cultivation, 482-3; and potato program, 371-2, 393-5, 458,532-3,542-3; reform of, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxv-xxxvi, lvii-lviii; villages, 376,395 Pelekh, Khariton Trokhimovich, xlix, 16-17, 21,182,230,250, 300,512; and 1841-42 elections, liv-lv, 459,462; Guardianship Committee to, 19-20,460; JC on service of, 584-5; JC to, 4-5,499; to Molochnaia Mennonite District Office, 297-9,426; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 677
Index Prokop (shepherd). See Lananenko, Prokop (shepherd) Prussian Mennonites: attitudes regarding Russia, 218; living on entailed estates, 223-4,260; proposed immigration to Russia, 223-4,231-2,260-3,289-93, 319-20, 343-4,366,410-13,414, 422,525,538, 547-8; purchase of land, 366 Pushkarov, Mikhailo, 214 457-8; district chairmen/Elders and, 542-3; Great Drought and, xli; introduction of, 286n34; JC on introduction of, 286-7; JC's leadership in, 341-2; JC's reports on, 305-8,321-2, 358-60,373, 393-5,419-20,532-3,549-50, 552-3; Nogais and, 468; peasants and, 358-60,371-2,393-5,482-3, 535-6; supervisors for Melitopol area, 466-7; supervisors' positions in, 339,347,421-2,451 potatoes: 1838 harvest, 151,181; 1839 harvest, 188,198; 1840 harvest, 232-3,268; 1842 harvest, 511; cultivation of, 301-2, 303-4; diggers, 391-2; drought and, 198, 268; and fodder, 152; four-field management system and, 36; fullholders' obligations regarding cultivation of, 148; harvesting, 592-3; hoes, 483,534; JC and, xliii; for livestock fodder, 304; mounders/markers, 478-9,483, 487,490,496; mounding ploughs, 528-9; Nogais and, 533; ploughs, 391-2,487,518-19,534,537-8; price for markers/lifters, 402; rotting, in Aul, 424-5,476,480-2; sales, 482-3; seed, 321-2,354; transportation, 519; weighing/ measuring of, 322-3 Potshobut, Anton, 389 Prilepka, Khariton (apprentice from Novo-Grigorievka), 363 printing press, 265 Prishib, wool washing facilities, 504 Privilegium/privileges, xxiv, xxvii-xxviii, xxxii-xxxiii, xxxvi, xlix, 1, lv-lvi, lviii, 67ո24 Quiring, Heinrich (Conteniusfeld), 287, 315,316 Radishchev
Hutterite community. See Hutterites, Radishchev community Rakhmanov, General, 8-9 Rakhmanova, Ekaterina Apollonovna (Dneprov district), 546 Ramosan (Shilchodsha Elder), 522 rapeseed, 11,417 Ratzlaff, Benjamin (church Elder; Rudnerweide), xxxvi, 123, 502n39, 518; District Office/Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 504-5 reading association/society, 156,598 Regehr, R., to JC, 276 Regier, Isaac, to JC, 117 Regier, Johann (District Chairman), 95, 187; and 1838 election, xxxvi-xxxvii, 122-3,127-8, 142-3; and Agricultural Society, xxxiii-xxxiv, 4,10,13,41,547; to Agricultural Society, 299-300; attendance at Forestry Society meetings, xxix; death of, lvi, 477-8,558; health of, 53,182; and JC, xxxiv; to JC, 115-16,189-90, 678
Index 339—40,341-2, 355-7, 362-4, 373-6, 381-4,387, 393-5,398-402,419-20, 421-2,424-6; 1842: 448-9,451-2, 1842: 455-6,457-9,466-9,476, 478-9,480-3,493,496,497,508-9, 513-14,515,522, 523-4,528-9, 532-5,538, 542-3,549-50,552-3, 582,583-4 Rosenort Village Office, Agricultural Society to, 473 Roshkii (Karass), 131 Rostov, potato ploughs for, 519, 528-9,534, 537-8 Rudnerweide: congregation, 461-2, 563; snow damage in, 215 Rudolfe, Jonathan, 193 rue, 160,163 Ruekel (debtor), to JC, 275-6 rye: 1839 prices, 201; 1840 harvest, 268,311; 1840 prices, 218; 1842 harvest, 454,592; demand for, 35; ergot in, 188; harvest of 1842, 511; lack of snow cover and, 152; prices, 198, 205,268,372,553; for Radishchev community, 528; for Radishchev Hutterite community, 566; summer, 529; winter, 91,288, 547,580 260; JC to, 15, 21-2,53-4,265; as JC's candidate in 1837 elections, xliv; Johann Klassen to, 190-1; in Odessa, 38,39; and royal visits, 76,82; terminal illness, and 1841 elections, 1 Regier, Peter (debtor to JC; Fuerstenau), 410 Reimer (publican in Muensterberg), 47-8 Reimer, David, JC to, 577-8 Reimer, J. Heinrich, 99 Reimer, Jacob, 166,288,553; JC to, 22 Reimer, Jacob (Ladekopp), 389-90 Reimer, Johann, 8 Reimer, Peter, 49; to JC, 119 Rempel, Abraham (Gnadenfeld), 106 Rempel, Aron, 111; to JC, 120,246 Rempel, Johann (Gnadenfeld), 549 Rempel (Altonau; debtor), to JC, 228 Riediger, Martin, 405; to JC, 416; Wiebe [for J. Comies] HTH to, 420 Riesen, Elisabeth, 549 Riesen, Isbrand van, 98; to JC, 284; JC to, 283^4 Romen wool market, 351,510; in 1837,58; 1837 prices, 35,71-2, 75; in 1838,131,133; in
1839,153; 1839 prices, 177,184; 1840 prices, 311; 1841 prices, 403; in 1842,516; 1842 prices, 525; preference for, 58, 253,256 Rosen, Fedor F., xlviii-xlix, 207, 264, 343, 345-6,378,406,413,524, 548, 629; to JC, 1840: 224-6, 300; 1841: 342-3, 348-9,369,390-2, 395-7; 1842:484,487,518-19,525, 537-8,551-2, 554; JC to, 1840: 237-8, 269-75,278-9,284,288-9, 295-6, 308-9; 1841: 320-2,329, 338, Sander, Johannes, to JC, 322 Sarepta: Agnes Cornies in, 7,8, 16, 21,62; cattle in, 136-7,164; economic situation, 193,195; establishment of Mennonite colony near, xlii; Fadeev in, 15,21, 55, 229; JC Jr in, 7, 8,12,21,62; JC on, 62, 63; JC's proposed sheep farm at, xlii-xliii, 25-6,46,58, 72; JC's visit to, xlii-xliii, 58,60-71, 72; JC's wish to purchase land at, 679
Index 8-9; Moravian Brethren at, xxxviii, xlii-xliii, 25-6,160,302; sheep at, xlii-xliii, 25-6,58,63,66-7, 72, 78, 102-4,136-7,164,219 Sarepta Trading Company (Moscow). See Soerensen, G.A., Company Schellenberg, David, 249 Schierling, Gerhard (Fuerstenwerder; debtor to JC), 314, 315 Schlatter, Daniel, JC to, 61-2 Schmidt, Heinrich, JC to, 235-6 Schmidt, Johann (Ruekenau), 417 Schmidt, Nicholaus, to JC, 251,257 Schmidt, E, sending wool to Blueher, 126 Schmidt, Peter, 119 Schmidt, Peter (church Elder), 518; to JC, 504-5 Schmidt, Peter (Steinbach), 56-7, 82,167 Schmidt, Peter (West Prussia), 203 Schmidt, Peter, to JC, 283 Schmit (Elder; Waldheim), 514 Schoenau, forest-tree plantations, 181 Schoenfeld, forest-tree plantation, 567 Schoenthal, forest-tree plantation, 567 schools, 38,62,105,155-6,234, 597-8; apprentices/apprenticeship program and, xliii; Christian School Association/Society, xxv, xlv, 213; District, 156; drawing taught in, 166; Gnadenfeld, xlvi-xlvii, 106-11,121,138, 155-6,285; Halbstadt, xlvi; JC and, xxxvii; Novovasilievka, 451-2; Ohrloff, xlvi, 155,157, 285-6,301; promissory notes for capital borrowed for construction 680 of, 213; secondary, xlvi-xlvii, 38, 388; Steinbach, xvii, xlvi, 107,108, 109-10,120,216; teachers, xlvi, xlvii, 38,121,138,234,285-6, ЗОЇ, 351-2,354,355, 388,405,597-8 Schottland, 452 Schroeder (State Counsellor), 257, 264,409; JCto, 257-8 Schroeder, David, 266 Schulz, Johann (Sparrau), 227-8 Secret Committee on Peasant Affairs, xxviii Sefer (apprentice; Nevkush), 359 Seidamet (apprentice; Edinokhta), 359 Selensheka, Vierka, 286 Semenovka,
263-4,295-6,300 sericulture/silk, 51,100-1,167,214, 378,595; 1840 yield, 259,264; 1841 yield, 372; and diligence in families, 595; earnings from, 595; expansion of, 595; factory at Halbstadt, 450; interest in, 16, 134,154,234,239,248, 259,264, 340,408-9,465-6; leaflet about teaching of, 244; mulberry foliage volume and size of industry, 154; Nogais and, 272; numbers of vines, 37; prices, 388,415; progress in, 181; quality of, 214, 379, 388,450; reeling machines, 134,407,418; status in 1840, 280-1; Steven's questions regarding, 407; "To Establish the Truth" on, 280-1 Serse (apprentice; Burkut), 359 setting trenches, 37,85,519-20 Settlement Commission, xxv Shamenov, Salzakai, 284 Shanshekle (apprentice at Egaitamgale), 360
Index Shicherov (Fatei Zhikharev; Doukhobor leader), 330-1,334, 335,337 Shilchodsha, 522 Shishko (inspector), 379,450,578 Shkurchenko, Pavel (apprentice from Gross Tokmak), 383 Shkurko, Pavel (Tokmak), 572-3 Shuiut Dzhuret, 359,419 Shumkov, Sergei, 278-9 Siemens, Peter, 404; JC to, 410-13, 547-8 Simferopol, 67 Slepushkin (Bureau of State Domains), 171,185 Sliposhkin (adjutant to Evdokimov), 74 Sobotorov, Bilot, 51-2 Society for Fruit-Tree Cultivation, 324-5,594 Soerensen, G.A., Company, 45,145 Soerenson, H.H.G.A. See Soerensen, G.A., Company Solopa, Jacob (apprentice from Vasilkov), 585 Sommerfeld, Johann Leonard (Alexanderwohl), 98 Sommerfeldt (re Anhalt-Cotter rams), 248-9 Sparrau: election of village mayor, 426,459,460,463; fire in, 194; survey of boundaries, 250 Sparwasser (employee at Kisliar), 407 Sparwasser, Johann (Karlsruhe), 98 Sprung, Johann, 216 Sprunk, Johann, 147 starlings, 116 Statfeiev, Schuit Panfer (Doukhobor from Troiide), 330 Steel, Thomas, 200 sheep, 102; Anhalt-Cotta flock, 89, 284-49; in Askania, 90-1; bams, 90; bloating (Raende), 97,179-80, 543,551-2; breeding, xxiv-xxv, 5, 58.66-7, 72, 78,89-90, 96-7,102, 111-12,125,137,162,182,234,595, 596; care, and quality of wool, 229; condition of, 201; deaths/ losses, 89, 90,118,147,153,163, 165,166,167,169,170,177,182, 217,219,229,237,311; decrease in breeding/raising, 247-8,311, 510; decrease in size, 596; demand for, 198,239,269, 372,408,511; establishment of farms, 73; feather grass and, 89,130,135; foot-andmouth disease, 153; gray, 163-4; at Iushanle, 215; JC's Saxony buying trip, xxvi; in Khortitsa, 233;
lambing, 162,238,247,252; leech infestation, 198; liver rot, 205,217; milk, 238; Nogais and, 21-2,84,87, 147,153,166,167,173,179-80,185, 186,197,217-18,219; numbers of, 118,596; plague, 153,185,186,197; prices, 35,48-9,73,87,131,153, 404,553; purchases, 88-9,216-17; sales, 59,131,132,144,158,161, 538-9; at Sarepta, xlii-xliii, 25-6,58, 63.66-7,72,102-4,136-7,164,219; shearing, 125,175,177; shears, 119; skins, 173,313; at Tashchenak, 142, 215; at JC's Tashchenak estate, 83; unapproved butchering, 104; Zigay (Wallachian), 168. See also wool Sheep Society, xxv-xxvi Shekle, 360; Elder in, 373 Shelemechina, Matrona (apprentice from Dneprov Uezd), 364 Shevchenko, Grigorii, 515 681
Index Steinbach: church, xvii; schools, xvii, xlvi, 107,108,109-10,120,216 Stepanenko, Paul, 329 steppe wort, 137,158 Steven, Christian, xli, 74-5,137,145, 158,187,195,392,411,414,457, 622; to JC, 1837:46-7; 1839:159, 163,169-70,174,205-6; 1841: 327, 376-7,380,388,402,407; 1842: 447-8,450,578,580-1; JC to, 1836: 17; 1837:45,48-9,71,83; 1839: 156-8,159-60,164-5,166,167, 171-2,175-6,195,196,204-5; 1840: 219-21,236-7,240,242,243-4,247, 253-5,256-7,265-6,267-9,288, 305-8; 1841: 322-3,334-5,340, 363-4, 371-2,379,386,418-19, 420-1; 1842: 454-5,465-6,476,479, 486,488-91,509,553-4,572-3,576, 577,582-3,585 Stobbe, Elisabeth (wife of Peter Stobbe), 98 Stobbe, Jacob (Prussian Mennonite), application for permission to remain in Molochnaia, 466 Stobbe, Peter (Schardau), 98 Stobbe, Peter (Tashchenak), to JC, 362 Stoialov, Anani (Molokan leader), 247,382,452 Stolypin (Privy Counsellor), 389 stone-pine cones, 7 Sudermann, Abram, 315 Sudermann, Jacob, 283 Sudermann, Johann, 228 sugar beets, 11,246 Sukhoi, Ignat Nikitin, 515-16 Suzhundukov, Mambet, 171 Taganrog, 65,448 Tambovka, 293,309,315,322 682 Tangat (Nogai from Akkerman), 22 Tashchenak, 423—4; cattle plague in, 215; community sheep farm, 142; Radishchev Hutterite community move to, 39,527-8,536-7,546-7; tavern in, 117 Tashchenak (JC's estate), 47; brick construction at, xlvii, 134; employees' religious practices, 157; Fadeev at, 512; garden, 370; gardener at, 505-6,512-13; improvements to, 587-8; JC Jr at, 184,215-16,252,410; JC's plans for, 134; land tax, 194; Molokans to mow grass at, 51-2; orchards at, 505-6,512; Riesen as manager,
283-4; sheep at, 83,215; vines/ vineyard, 288 taverns, 47-8,117 taxes: land, 194,240,282; paid by state peasants, 349-50; souls vs land as basis of, 395,396 Tenbaiev, Menglitalip, 449 Tenbaiev, Timit, 237 Tesmann, Jacob, 284-5 Thauarea (apprentice), 448 Thiessen, Jacob, 143; JC to, 141 Thun, Dierk/Dirk (Fuerstenwerder Village mayor), 1, lvii, 517-18,531, 539,559,561,564 Tichonenko, Kusma (Voronenko), 40 Tietzmann, Franz, 129-30,132,249; excavations at Askanianova, 603; JC to, 251 Tilachenko, Ivan (apprentice from Rogatchik), 383 tiles, 139,182,233,447,525,588,597 Tiumen, prince, 291 Tjahrt, Jacob (Rudnerweide), 507 tobacco, 239,296,593
Index 202; vandalism to, 407. See also forest trees; fruit trees; and names of specific trees Tulesgov, Diusenbe, 279 Tuleshev, Dusembe, 321 Tuike (apprentice at Altéul), 360 Tushchevskii (surveyor), 250 Tverdokhlebov (police inspector), 282 Toews, Abraham/Abram (Deputy Chairman/Mayor), xxxiv, xxxvi-xxxvii, li, lvi, 29,47-8, 122-3,127-8,142-3,459,463,471, 478; to JC, 141 Toews, Gerhard (coachman), 98 Toews, Heinrich (Pordenau Elder), 575,576-7 Toews, N. (Pordenau), 565 Toews, Peter (Ladekopp), 39 Toews, Peter (Tiege), xlix, 1-liii, liv, lvi, 426,459,531, 557-8 Tokatleiv, Baigater, 513-14 Tokmak: church, 157; Elder in, 374; snow damage in, 215 Tokutliev, Begitir (Akkerman), 455 Tomigsov, Adshigelde, 256 Tomishrov, Adchigelde, 275 trades/crafts, 597; cottage sites in villages, xxxix; JC's promotion of, xxxxviii-xxxix; new, 311; professional tradesmen, 597; promotion of, xxxviii-xxxix; Society for the Advancement of Crafts/Trades, 192,252; vigour of, 313; wages for class, 598-9. See also artisans' village (Neuhalbstadt) trees, 281; expansion of plantations, 408; forestry societies and planting of, xxvii; grafting, 114,118,162; in Isnar's steppe improvement plan, 544,545; C. Klassen's request to JC for remuneration of plantation services, 416-17; for Lichtenau cottager houses, 453; Molokans planting, 247; Nogai planting, 196,270-2; nurseries, 247; planting, 204,238-9,246; planting in Novovasilievka, 289; planting/growing, 104-5; seeds, Ulkonbeskekle, potato program in, 532-3 Ulrich, Karl, 5 Ulrich, W„ 5 Umursok Kibash-oglu (apprentice from Mustapoi), 363 Unekibeshul, Elder in,
373 Unrau, Daniel (Aleksanderthal), Neumann to, 566-7 villages: adherence to Forestry Society requirements, xxxi; beauty of, 596-7; cottage sites for tradesmen, xxxix; establishment of, 438; JC's description of organization/arrangements of, 413-14,427-46; mayoral elections, xliv, 426,459-60,462-3; Mennonite establishment of, 111-12,438-42; Nogais and, 409,419,447,493, 497; orderliness, 38; quality of buildings, 39 vines/vineyards, 16,45,46-7,155, 163,164,288,377,404 Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Count, 21, 62,76-7,103,163,221, 342; JC to, 20 Voroshchev, Kardon, 382 Voroshchev, Larion, 219-20,247, 272-3,288-9 Voth, David: to JC, 299,316; JC to, 367 683
Index and Gnadenfeld school, xlvi-xvii; Hahn and, lii, liv, lv, 500-2,503, 531, 539-40,558, 561-2,563; JC/ Enns/Martens to, 498-9; JC's relationship with, xxv-xxvi, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xliv, xliv-xlvi, xlv, liii-liv, lvi, 561; and Klassen's punishment, 560-1; as leader of Large Flemish Congregation, xxv; and Margenau conference, li-liii; and Privilegium, xxxii; and Regier /Abraham Toews as district chairmen, 128; and Peter Toews, xlix, 557-8 Warkentin, Peter, to JC, 85 Warkentin affair, xxiii, xliv-lvii, 506,555-65; 1838 elections and, 122-3,127-8,133,142-3; 1841-42 elections and, 426,459-63,530-1; apology to Warkentin, 498-9; Hahn and, xlix, 500-2,539-40, 561-2; replacement for Regier and, 470-1,477-8 Warkentin congregation. See Large Flemish Congregation (Warkentin congregation) water levels, 420-1,448; in Molochnaia River, 488-9; of wells, 474-5,479,488,491-2 watermills: Doukhobor, at Tambovka, 293,308-9,315; H. Comies and, 396-7; Kondshegale, 396-7; lack in Nogai district, 308-9; at Tambovka, 322 Wedel, Peter (church Elder), xxxvi, Hi, 123,502n39,518; District Office/Agricultural Society to, 41-2; to JC, 504-5 wells: measurement of condition of, 474-5; thermometers, 410,511, Voth, Mrs. David, to JC, 176 Voth, Franz (Einlage), JC to, 71 Voth, Tobias (teacher in Steinbach), 38,62 wagons, 125,167,169,175-6,221, 448,479,496 Waldheim, 39; survey of boundaries, 250 Waldner, Christian (Radishchev), 586-7 Walinskii (Bolinskii's assistant), 425 Wall, Cornelius, to JC, 117, 246-7 Wall, Gerhard, 8 Wall, Johann (son of Johann), 140 Wall, Johann, to JC, 139-40 Walther, Ernst
(Kostheim), 33,40, 44-5,49 Walther, Tobias, 521 Warkentin (son-in-law of P. Enns), 9 Warkentin, Dirk (Petershagen; elected Elder of Lichtenau congregation), 565,574-5,576-7 Warkentin, Jacob (Elder), 506, 542,577; and 1838 District Chairmen elections, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvi-xxxvii, 128; and 1841-42 District Chairmen elections, xlix, 1-liv, 557-60; Agricultural Society and, xxxiii, liii-liv, 557-8; apology to, 498-9; beliefs, 556; and brick construction, xlvii-xviii; deposition as Elder, 500, 531, 539-40; and Dyck (Khortitsa Elder), 503,555-6; as Elder of Lichtenau congregation, 517, 564; exclusion from delegation meeting Nicholas I, xxxiii; Fadeev vs, xxvi-xxvii, xxviii; and Gebietsamt, xxvii, xxix, xxxiii; 684
Index Wieler, Heinrich (Landskrone), Agricultural Society to, 589-90 Wiens, Claas (Kremenchuk), 315 Wiens, David, to JC, 242 Wiens, Dirk, 146-7; Molochnaia Mennonite District Office to, 241 Wiens, Heinrich (Gnadenheim Eider), 514,515,517,575,577 Wiens, Jacob, 84 Wiens, Jacob (Conteniusfeld; potato program supervisor), 467 Wiens, Johann (Conteniusfeld), 339-40 Wiens, Klaas, to JC, 293 Wiens, Peter, 293 Wiens, T. (Altonau), 423-4 Wienss, Cornelius, to JC, 286 Wild (district chairman), JC to, 59 Wilke, August (gardener), 5, 98,134; JC to, 369-70,505-6,512-13 Willms, Justina (later Cornies), 368n29 Wilmssen, Gerhard (Tashchenak Estate), to JC, 83 windmills, 389-90,530 Witte, Iulii (agronomist), 264 Woelke, David (Sparrau village mayor), 460 Wollmann, Andreas (Radishchev), 586-7 wool: demand for, 50-1, 78,131, 313-14,365; fleeces to be sent to Doberan wool exhibition, 332-3; fodder mixed with, 200-1, 255; loss of, 90,118,170,178-9; markets, 58,153,177,184, 253, 256,311, 361, 365,516; Nogais and, 87,119,126,135,145,173; Odessa market, 510; purchases by JC for Blueher, 6,50,58,127, 524; water tables in, 420-1,448, 479,488,491-2 Werner (District Chairman), 142 Wernersdorf Village Office, to JC, 354 wheat: 1840 harvest, 232; 1842 harvest, 592; Amaut/Amautka, 152, 342; in Berdiansk market, 152-3,181,456,553; blight, 356; blood-(red), 342; drought and, 65-6; foreign seed testing, 305; growing of, 356-7; Hirka, 152; Nogais and, 237-8,339-40; sales, 87,133,592; summer, 152; Tatar Kisil, 169; Whittington, 206-7,294, 299-300, 304-5,418; winter, 91,294 wheat prices: in 1838,121,130; in
1839,198,201,205,206; in 1840, 218,239,268,288,311; in 1841, 368, 372,408; in 1842,553 Wiebe, Abraham/ Abram (Rudnerweide), 13,134,454; as Berdiansk merchant, xli, 454; to JC, 283, 368 Wiebe, Claas, 582 Wiebe, Claas (Muensterberg), 418 Wiebe, Claas (Tiege, debtor to JC), 314,315, 316 Wiebe, H. (Pastwa), 9 Wiebe, Jacob, 84,147; JC to, 497-8 Wiebe, Johann (friend of JC), xiii Wiebe, Johann (Neuteich, W. Prussia), 49,203,242; to JC, 11, 423; JC to, 64-5,84-5,146-7, 260-2,289-93, 319-20,403-4 Wiebe, Johann, JC to, 216-18,249, 252 Wiebe, Peter (Conteniusfeld), to JC, 47 Wiebe, Philip [for JC]: to Blueher, 140-1; to David Epp, 282-3; to Holtfreter, 140; to Riediger, 420 685
Index 168,176,183-4,193,255-6, 350-1, 378,499-500,516; quality, xxvi, 89,90,103,126,132,135,168,173, 184,229,596; quantity, xxxix, 153, 229, 248; reduced production, 596; storage, 313-14,415,510; trade, 33,118, 350; transport to Moscow, 246-7; washed vs unwashed, 126, 132,135,178,255,469,500,504, 510,511. See also sheep; and names of individual markets wool prices: in 1837,48-9,58,66,71-2, 75,85,87; in 1838,118,121,131, 133-4; in 1839,173,176,182,184; in 1840,248,252-3,255-6,269,311, 313-14; in 1841,349-50,370,372, 377.379.402-3,414,415; in 1842, 450,500,510,511,516,525,596 wool sales: in 1837,31,33,35,48-9, 56-7,87; in 1838,6,18,118,121, 126,133ЧІ, 145,147; in 1839,167, 177,178; in 1840,229,313-14; in 1841.402- 3,415; in 1842,515-16, 525,554-5 Wüst, Eduard, xlvi Zacharias, Wilhelm, JC to, 44 Zid (Burkut), 104 686 ^ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:23:22Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:51:02Z |
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| spelling | Cornies, Johann 1789-1848 Verfasser (DE-588)135724368 aut Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies Volume 2 1836-1842 Toronto ; Buffalo ; London University of Toronto Press 2020 lxiii, 686 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Tsarist and Soviet Mennonite studies (DE-588)4146609-3 Briefsammlung gnd-content Dyck, Harvey L. (DE-588)1045002089 edt (DE-604)BV043301232 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 978-1-4875-3029-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4875-3028-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032089960&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032089960&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Cornies, Johann 1789-1848 Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4146609-3 |
| title | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies |
| title_auth | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies |
| title_exact_search | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies |
| title_full | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies Volume 2 1836-1842 |
| title_fullStr | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies Volume 2 1836-1842 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe letters and papers of Johann Cornies Volume 2 1836-1842 |
| title_short | Transformation on the Southern Ukrainian steppe |
| title_sort | transformation on the southern ukrainian steppe letters and papers of johann cornies 1836 1842 |
| title_sub | letters and papers of Johann Cornies |
| topic_facet | Briefsammlung |
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