Socialist Heritage: the politics of past and place in Romania
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Bloomington
Indiana University Press
[2019]
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| Schriftenreihe: | New anthropologies of Europe
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 247 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9780253044808 9780253044792 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Tensed urban visions : making Bucharest into a socialist capital -- Matters of state : archaeology, materiality, and state making --Time-traveling houses and histories made invisible -- Lipstick and lined pockets : strategic devaluation and post socialist wealth -- Displacements : property, privatization, and precarity in a Europeanizing city | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Bukarest |0 (DE-588)4008858-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Socialism / Romania | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Nationalism / Romania | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Cultural pluralism / Romania | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Romania / Politics and government / 1944-1989 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Romania / History / 1989- | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Romania / History / 1944-1989 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Cultural pluralism | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Nationalism | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Politics and government | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Socialism | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Romania | |
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| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix A Note on Sources xiii List ofAbbreviations and Short Names xv Introduction і 1 Tensed Urban Visions: Making Bucharest into a Socialist Capital 32 2 Matters of State: Archaeology, Materiality, and State Making 66 3 Time-Traveling Houses and Histories Made Invisible 102 4 Lipstick and Lined Pockets: Strategic Devaluation and Postsocialist Wealth 134 5 Displacements: Property, Privatization, and Precarity in a Europeanizing City 173 Conclusion Bibliography Index 239 216 227
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INDEX Numbers in italics refer to illustrations. abjection: Old Town’s neglect, 28,156,161, 167-68; symbolism of, 154 Abu-Haj, Nadia El, 89 Anand, Nikhil, 181 Andrei (former Old Town resident), 190 Anghelinu, Mircea, 88 anonymous letter: to Central Committee for Culture, 68-69; denunciation, 17, 72-73,91; Old Court made political, 58, 70-72; State Committee for Architecture response, 73-74,99Ո9; Union Square redesign, 66,74 antisemitism and xenophobia, 4,11-12,19, 99Ո14,158, 213Ո63; description of Old Town, 9; expropriation of Jewish assets, 14-15,38; Great Romania Party, 159; “Law of the Sunday Rest,” 30Ո17; mass emigration of Romanian Jews, 107,126. See also Roma Antonescu, Ion, 14,30Ո16,30Ո17,35 Appadurai, Arjun, 92-93 archaeologists vs. architects: Bucharest digs (1953), 76; conflicting priorities, 17,32, 66-67,74-75,114։ political clout, 94-95 archaeology and archaeologists: Bucharest digs (1953), 27, 82,100Ո27; “cult of the artifact,” 81,86-87; funding for research, 101П33; goals for Union Square, 66-67; history stretched for Bucharest centrality, 79; medieval archaeology, 76-77; Palestine and Israel, 89; plan of excavations (1953-59), 84; political agenda, 75-76, 79, 87,94; political struggles of, 6,15; professional niche, 68; protochronists, 76,99Ո15,104; “protoRomanians,” 76, 79,104; quantity of artifacts found, 86-90; salvage and discovery of artifacts, 80; Slavic culture, Slavic or Romanian, “Slavic pottery,” 86; Soviet culturehistorical model, 88; Soviet Union’s use of, 99П18; valuable finds hidden, 89-90, 101П40. See also chronological fluidity architects and
architecture, 114; demolition of Old Town, 27-28, 58,66,72-73,102-3, 113-14; limitations and problems facing, 33; Old Town architectural reserve, 217; time-traveling houses in Old Town, 98,103,110,116; vision for Bucharest, 32,113-14 Architects’ Union, 55,57,121; foundation for regeneration of Old Town, 149-50 78,100Ո22,100Ո25; 75-76; Bădescu, Nicolae, 53, 6on6, 63Ո64, 66, 68-69, 71-73,91 Bancorex: abandoned headquarters next to Old Town, 161-62,164; bankruptcy after unsecured loans, 161-62; Dorus find of Bancorex papers, 163-64; legacy of, 171Ո58; report on corruption, 171Ո56 banking and bankruptcies, 161,167 Bäsescu, Traían, 176-78,185-88, 208, շււո6 Beldiman, Alexandru, 114,140,149-51 Bennett, Tony, 81 Benson, Peter, 181 Bibescu, Martha, 9-11 Bogdan (Bucharest resident), 148 Bordenache, Richard, 131Ո20 Boym, Svetlana, 116,153 Brâncoveanu, Constantin, 7,29Ո5,131Ո17 British team visit, 134-39,169Ո15,220; commercialization, 140-41; failed intervention (1992), 26,146,150,162, 220; pilot project of private and public sectors, 140; Romanians visit to UK, 140. See also Nick Falk 239
240 Index Brown, Elizabeth, 77 Bucharest: celebration of demolished sites, 111,131П17; center (1968), 41; focus of Romanian communists, 58-59; gentrification, 178; government vision for, 33; interwar years, 6, 9,11-12,14-15, 30Ո17, 42, 58, 61Ո27,108, 205; multiethnic cohabitation, 5-7,60Ո13,104,106-7; postwar revival, 35-36; redesign of main squares, 56; residents’ view of city as failure, 207; socialist capital (1950s), 26-27; socialist master plan, 99Ո6; Union Square competition (1959), 56-59; utility cost crisis, 177-78, 211Ո10 Bucharest, archaeology of: archaeological digs (1953), 76; early digs (Radu Vodă Church area), 100Ո28; Mihai Vodă church, 101П37 Caragiale, Mateiu, 8-9,30Ո9 Carmen (Old Town resident), 1,3, 23,169Ո18, 197-99, 201-2, 210,211m, 220 Cârneci, Magda, 155 Carol II, 14 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 118,120,135,143,216; “July theses” speech, 104; “national Stalinism,” 67; politics of, 64Ո92 Celac, Mariana, 122-24,126,138,140 Chişinevschi, Iosif, 49, 63Ո69 chronological fluidity of archaeological artifacts, 81,87,90, 98 Ciorbea, Victor, 150-51 city center: archaeological digs, 27, 66-67, 80,100Ո28; Dej’s role, 55; Macovei’s master plan, 44, 46-47; modernist constructions, 9; modernization, 118; private residences in, 107; ruined walls’ importance, 95; and Soviet planners, 40, 52 city council: archaeological digs and, 72,74; historic preservation office dissolved, 120; local authorities’ views of preservation, 123-24; master plan role, 39, 51; Old Court open-air museum, 67, 69; redesign of Old Town, 111,115,120-21; redesign of Union Square, 95; repair of Old Town
rejected, 164-65; unplanned housing, 47 city hall (interwar period): 10-11 city hall (post-1989): conflict with social democrat government in 2000,186-87, 211П6; corruption of local officials, 141,145, 146,149-50,153,161, 212Ո25; eviction from Old Town, 188,191-92; infrastructure repairs in Old Town, 189,190,193-94; lack of social housing, 192; property restitution (law 10/2001) 185; strategic disregard of Old Town, 16,164-65; tenants’ eroded trust in, 202 City Museum, 74; archaeological sites and, 69,92; conflict over Old Town, 72; documentation of “faraway past,” 80, 82; founding stories, 80-81; name change to History Museum, 78; Old Court as city’s place of origins, 92; Dinu Rosetti’s role in the establishment of, 83 Civic Center, 28,118-20,122-24,128-29, 139; demolition for, 101Ո37,103,119; negative impact, 134 Colectiv fire, 202,204,206 Collins, John, 22 Comaroff, Jean, 93 Comaroff, John, 93 Commission of Historical Monuments, 98Ո3 Committee for Culture and Arts, 62Ո41, 67, 69 Constantinescu, Miron, 48-52, 63Ո54, 64Ո92 corruption: bureaucrat eating compromising documents, 186; Caritas ponzi scheme, 161; Colectiv fire, 202, 204; Democratic coalition promises, 151; diversion of state funds, 161,176; employee conflicts of interest, 186; EU funding diverted to political insiders, 175-76; hospital sanitizer dilution, 202, 214Ո75; interwar years, 12; Mayor Halaicu becomes real estate mogul, 150; mayors of Bucharest and, 146-47; misuse of social housing, 150,197; Old Town postcommunist period, 16; state-owned real estate, 146,195-96. 214Ո67; strategic devaluation of Old Town,
137-38,196. See also anonymous letter; Bancorex; housing, unauthorized; property, nationalized; strategic disregard
Index Council of Ministers, 61Ո25, 62Ո38, 63Ո62; anonymous letter and, 71; Dej accusation, 64Ո92; highest institution of state, 61Ո25; housing discussion, 39; Macovei appointment, 62Ո38; master plan (1953) discussion, 43-49, 52-53; Old Court decree, 92 Curta, Florin, 82, 85, 92,100Ո33 Damian, Elena (land owner tricked by real estate agents), 184-85, 212Ո25 Das, Veena, 129 Dawdy, Shannon, 206 decrees: on the construction and reconstruction of the cities (1952), 41-42, 63Ո54; on population limits, 38; Old Court “a historical site of national importance,” 92,101П39; political prisoners, 63Ո72 Dej. See Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe Democratic Coalition, 151,176 Department of Historical Monuments (DHM), 72-74,98Ո3,111 DGAFI Bucureşti (office of state-owned housing), 194-96 Doru (journalist), 162-64 economy, 170Ո28; Bucharest modernization and, 118; coalition government failure, 151; hard currency in Old Town, 133Ո48; international trade, 132Ո33; World Bank estimate of poverty, 159 elections, local (1996), Social Democrats defeated, 151 elections, national (1945), 37 elections, national (1990), 143 Elena (journalist), 214Ո77 “entrepratchicks,” 130,174 erasure, 165, 210; abandoned documents of former Bancorex bank, 163-64; architects view of Old Town, 114; banking practices and, 167; of Bucharest’s Jewish past, 19; Moscow’s past, 40; Old Town’s historic past, 26,117,168,188; poor residents of Old Town, 194; social polarization and, 163; strategic disappearance of files, 186,196 ethnic boundaries, 158,171Ո49 I 241 ethnic homogenization. See Romanianization Europeanization,
3,28,175-76,178, 188,219, 221-23 European Union, admission, շոո6; imposition of property restitution, 182-84; legal regulations and financial obligations, 219-20; nonreimbursable credit aid, 176, 211Ո3; privatization of utilities requirement, 177-78 expertise. See archaeology and archaeologists; architects and architecture Fabian, Johannes, 219 Falk, Nick (British urban planner), 134-41, 150,168 fascism, 36, 42,99Ո14 Fehérváry, Krisztina, 18 feudalism: Mihai Vodă church, 10Ш37; prerequisite for socialism, 97-98; rewriting history, 76-79,121; Romanian continuity proof, ւօօոշշ; Slavic pottery, 86 Foucault, Michel, 16, 30Ո18,100Ո24 fractal recursivity, 165-67 Freud, Sigmund, 108 Gal, Susan, 165 Gallagher, Tom, 143,144,151,171Ո53,176 gentrification, 22,178, 206, 211Ш2 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe: accused of corruption, 64Ո92; Bucharest transformation declaration, 33; criticism of “dead angles,” 46; on housing needs, 39; Hungarian revolt and, 50; “industrialization of construction,” 45; master plan, 43, 53; “national Stalinism,” 50-51, 54-55, 67; rails against bureaucrats, 47-48; replaced by Ceauşescu, 104 governmentality, 16,30Ո18 Great National Assembly, 37 Groys, Boris, 45 Groza, Petru, 60Ո14 Halaicu, Crin (former mayor of Bucharest), 146,149-50 Hapenciuc, Ileana, 192
242 ļ Index heritage: antiheritage agenda, 3,141; cultural property and, 21, 224; effect of Soviet Union and EU, 222; irreplaceability, 31Ո20; Israel use of archaeology to create a Jewish heritage, 89; making and unmaking, 2,167; meaning at different times, 3-4, 222-23; as a national project, 29Ո3; Old Town as a national architectural reserve, 129; political use of, 2, 5,174, 218-19; post-Cold War as regionalization, 224-25; postcommunist regime, 4, 19-20, 23, 28-29,137,150,156, 219, 223-24; as practice or process, 29Ո2; propriety of property, 20, 201, 221; and socialist regime, 19-20, 87, 90,103,108, 223; underclass understanding of, 220; UNESCO view of, 224; use in Roman and Greek times, 31Ո21; Weber’s analysis of origins, 22. See also archaeology and archaeologists; feudalism historic buildings: communist regime and, 108; degradation and destruction, 126,201-2; movement to Old Town, 121; political value, 103,123; restoration of, 187, 206,215Ո78; significance, 2, 5. See also Manuk Inn historic preservation, 206-7; antiquarian or entrepreneurial approach, 139; in Europe, 117 History Museum of the City of Bucharest. See Museum of History of the City of Bucharest (City Museum) House of the People, 119,134,136 housing: authorities’ strategic use of, 157-58; construction of, 38-39, 59,123,133Ո54; cooperative system, 47; disappearance of housing reserves, 194-96; lack of state housing, 33; Old Town statistical data, 194-95; privatization of utilities impact, 178; “public threat” decrepit buildings, 202; repairs issue, 142; second-movement category, 195-96; secret map of
housing, 196; squatters’ votes, 153; unauthorized buildings during communism, 33,38-39, 45.47. 59 housing crisis: building frenzy (1958), 55; census of, 46-47,59; construction of individual housing, 123; Dej’s focus, 46; housing for expanded population, 33,39; lower-class people in Old Town, 110; Old Town living conditions, 149-50; “planned urban decay,” 124,126; “real estate mafia,” 193; social housing requests, 192,213Ո59; split on priorities, 53-54; temporary reparations, 123-24 Hull, Matthew, 16-17 Hungary, revolt (1956), 50 “hydraulic citizenship,” 181 ¡conization, 165-67 Iliescu, Ion, 143-44,151,161,182-83 “imperial disregard,” 147 impoverished population: black market of Old Town, 129; cheap votes of, 153; EU statistics on poverty, 210; infrastructural invisibility, 180-82; in Old Town, 110; politics of resignation, 181; poor residents of Old Town, 28,168, 210; privatization and poorer population (2000s), 178-79; racist rhetoric of right wing parties, 159; temporary housing for poorer population, 123; urbanization and housing, 217-18; World Bank estimate of poverty, 159,171Ո53 Institute for Urban Design and Constructions, 99n6 Institute of Archaeology, 69-71,74 Iorga, Nicolae, 11-12 Iron Guard, 14,30Ո16 Irvine, Judith, 165 Isărescu, Mugur, 149 Joja, Constantin, 102-3,107-11,113-17, 120-21,141 Kaiser, Timothy, 87,90 Khrushchev, Nikita, 46,50,54, 64Ո87 King Mihai, 37 Kirsch, Stuart, 181 Kligman, Gail, 16,159 Konrád, György, 218 Kossina, Gustaf, 88 Kristeva, Julia, 154,156. See also abjection
Index language ideologization. See erasure; fractal recursivity; ¡conization Lascu, Nicolae, 116 laws. See property, nationalized Lefebvre, Henri, 201 Lehrer, Erica, 19 Lipscani Street, 30Ո9; commercial district, 2,126-28; commercial hub, black market, 147-48; Jewish shops, 11-12,30Ո14; market fair, 30Ո8,30Ո11; multiethnic interwar years, 25,30Ո15; named for Leipzig, 8, 29, 29Ո8; razing planned by modernists, 114; reconstruction, 121; sensorial portrait, 155-56; traders to Turkey, 148,170Ո34 Macovei, Pompiliu, 32,42-44, 46, 51-55, 58-59,60Ո5, 62Ո38, 62Ո41, 62Ո42 Maieu, Horia, 55, 60Ո5, 73 Manuk Inn, 115; historic significance, 70-71,73-74; master plan ignores and demolishes, 57-58; state’s refusal to invest, 141; Union Square redesign and, 58. See also anonymous letter Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 77-78,90,94,97 master plan: chaos of Bucharest, 47; guidelines, 54; Moscow’s master plan, influence of, 39 master plan (1935), 62Ո37 master plan (1950), 62Ո32 master plan (1953): bureaucrats’ shallow knowledge, 51; central squares, 44; chaos of Bucharest, 42,47-48; to Council of Ministers, 43; Dej ally Constantinescu, 48-49; dismissed by Bădescu, 63Ո64; economic profile question, 43-44; foreshadows “national Stalinism,” 50-51; green areas, 44; industrialization of construction, 45-46; infighting among factions, 44; “metode de muncă şi atragere,” 63Ո66; suggests older architects, 49; technicians work, 62Ո42; thoroughfare development, 44 master plan (1956): Bădescu calls for bolder plan, 53-54; comparison to other Soviet bloc cities, 52-53; competing visions, 32-33; housing needs, 52;
revised version report, 52-53; Soviet ļ 243 consultants’ recommendations, 51-52; Soviet plan dismissed, 65Ո93; Soviet recommendations ignored, 54 master plan (1959), 6on6 master plan, Moscow: history of, 40; influence on Bucharest, 39-40, 44 materialism, dialectical, 68,76,80, 88 materialities: artifacts as evidence, 68, 76, 78-81, 95-96, 98; capturing power through, 16, 223-24; colonialism, 93-94; medieval inscriptions, 79-80; and sensorial aesthetics inducing political change, 18; Soviet bloc, 29Ո4 Miclescu, Radu, 212Ո24 municipal government. See city council; city hall (interwar period); city hall (post-1989); corruption; property, nationalized Museum of Antiquities. See Institute of Archaeology Museum of History of the City of Bucharest (City Museum). See City Museum Nagy, Imre, 50 Nasta, Liviu, 61Ш7, 61Ո19 Năstase, Adrian, 183,2ііп6 National Democratic Bloc, 35 National Institute for Historic Monuments (AINMI), 98Ո3 National Investment Fund (FNI) collapse, 171Ո55 nationalism: archaeological digs as proof, 85-88; autonomy from Moscow, 67; under Ceauşescu, 104; centralization of regions, 106; interwar years, 108,110-11; minorities and, 4; non-Romanians mass emigration, 104-5 nationalization, 5,88; economic and ethnic in Old Town, 5,141; industrial assets and real estate, 37-38; Old Town history, 106 National Peasants party, 37 National Salvation Front (the Front): manipulation of economic resources, 143-46; political elites actions, 176; transfer of properties in Old Town, 145-46 Navaro-Yashin, Yael, 154 Nestor, Ion, 76,99Ո14
2 44 I Index New Orleans: post-Katrina, 206 Oana (former Old Town resident), 148-49, 159» 170Ո36 Office of Population Records, 158,213Ո63 Old Court Museum, 97,115 Old Court Palace, 17, 58, 83,120 Old Court ruins: archaeologist use in political discourse, 17-18,92,94-95, 97-98, 218; artifacts as evidence, 90-91; chaos of “Old Court episode,” 82; “cult of the artifact,” 81; dating of artifacts, 82-83; discovery of, 216; historic center, 18-19; history of, 66-67; pottery, dating of, 83, 85; report on digs, 85-86; socialist heritage site, 95, 222; stone walls discovery, 91, 93-94; Vlad the Impaler, 82 Old Princely Court, 70-71. See also Old Court ruins Old Town: architectural heterogeneity of, 155; Central Market, 9-12; commercial hub, black market, 126,128-29; competition for restoration, 120-21; decrepit housing, 120,126,141,149; demolition of historic buildings, 58; designated historic district, 102-3; diversity of, 6-8,12,106; earthquake damage, 118,120; historical heritage site, 131Ո20, 216-18; historically significant house moves, 103,110,121; historic district “authentically Romanian,” 108-9; historic district concept, 116-17,128-29; history of, 6-9,30Ո9, 216; house facades redesign, 102,108; Jewish businesses in, 25, 30Ո15; Jewish history, 12,158; Jojas plan, 108-18,121; liminal situation and demolition, 103; narrow passageway, 152; Old Court or Romanianized houses, 112-13; pedestrian-only and closed verandas, 110; place of the Other, 11-12, 137-38,158; plan of excavations (1953-59), 84; political argument for preservation, 121-22; real estate market trends, 178, 182;
redistribution of apartments, 171Ո50; removal of “uncanny,” 108-9; symbolism of, 164-65; tourists and hard currency, 133Ո48; transformation after 1948,106-7. See also anonymous letter; Lipscani Street; property, nationalized Old Town (1980s), 122-23 Old Town (1990s): association with communist past, 219; banks’ indifference, 160-61; co-evalness, 219; commercial hub, black market, 157; decrepit housing, 147,155,168; devaluation and revaluation, 145; financial exploitation, 219; grayness of communist past, 136-37; large-scale corruption in, 146-47; place of the Other, 165-66; “planned urban decay,” 141; poor residents to be displaced, 169Ո15; postcommunist authorities’ view of, 156; “putting lipstick” on, 134-35,137,168; semiabandoned housing, 138; strategic disregard, 28,167-68,219; strategic neglect, 136,156; tenants’ purchase of homes, 142; urban festival, 134,139-40; value of late nineteenth century, 136-37. See also British team visit; Roma Old Town (2000s): association protests, 190-91; bookseller, 209; building collapse, 189; decrepit housing, 1-2,16, 23, 26, 197-99; derelict house with nostalgic canvas, 205; earthquake damage, 214Ո73; eviction of homeless and squatters, 188; gentrification revenues, 214Ո77; heritage value, 2,187; historic center, 28, 208, 219; infrastructure modernization, 187-90, 193,198, 208, 220-21; kiosks dismantled, 188-89; manipulation of real estate, 199, 214Ո71; massive construction site, 193; mayor claims restitution settled, 213Ո62; privatization, 175; privatization and poorer population, 178-79; property values rise and fall, 193, 216;
“public threat” of decrepit buildings, 202; real estate as “vintage,” 206; “red dot” buildings, 202, 214Ո72; report on architectural value, 187; ruins next to a boutique, 207-8; semiruined housing, 200; social atlas, 179; staircase with garbage, 203; traffic ban, 189-90,193. See also ruination; state tenants Old Town, as open-air museum, 121, 217; degradation and destruction, 126, 202,
Index 206; EU revitalization funding, 2; lower-class people in Old Town, 110; neglect and urban modernization, 122-23; patrimony of Old Town, 22, 107; “planned urban decay,” 124,126, 141; population survey, 131mi; touristic guides to, 92; tourists and hard currency, 133Ո48,141; British team’s plan, 134-35; visitors’ views of, 110, 206. See also strategic disregard Old Town, General City Hall website: building litigation, 169Ո18 O’Neill, Bruce, 188,210 Ottoman Empire. See Phanariot period Ovidiu (geographer), 124,126,194-96 Palace of the Parliament, 136 palimpsest, Old Court file as political, 245 cultural, 20-21; heritage as propriety of, 20,166; regimes of, 19; rights as heritage, 3. See also strategic disregard property, nationalized: archives of property deeds, 185-86; history of, 37-38; denial of restitution, 141-42,163,168,174-75; former Socialists’ treatment, 145; law 10/2001 restitution process, 183,185,192-93, 212Ո34; law 112/1995,183,192; pre-1948 owners restitution, 151,182-84; unmaking of collective property and postcommunist privatization, 142-43,145-46; post-1945 land redistribution and collectivization, 36-37; real estate intermediaries, 184, 208; Romanianization of Jewish property (1944), 14,15; state ownership of valuable property, 141-42. See also corruption; strategic disregard 17.70,71 pan-Slavism, 77,88,99Ո17 Paperny, Vladimir, 45 Party-state, 64Ո74 Patmore, Derek, 12,35-36 patrimony: distinction from heritage, 21, 31П22; losses by state, 146; rejection of, 141; UNESCO intervention and, 132Ո36; use by state, 22,141 Pelourinho neighborhood (Brazil), 22-23
Phanariot period, 7-8, 29Ո7,108-9,131Ո12 politics of place, 15. See also Old Town politics of time. See heritage population: density planning, 38, 52; housing for, 33; housing for expanded population, 38 postwar Western modernism, 46 Poulantzas, Nicos, 91 Princely Palace ruins, 7, 66,83, 86,115. See also Old Court Principele (Barbu), 29Ո7 privatization, 175; main utilities, 177; network of public officials and private investors, 185; tool of state officials, 221 Project Bucharest Institute, 56,72-73, 99Ո6,131ml Pro Patrimonio, 191 property: archaeological artifacts as state assets, 95-96; concept of person and, 20; “red dot” buildings, 202,204, 207 regime of value, 92-95 research methods, 23-26 restitution, 144,174-75; special office for, 185. See also property, nationalized restorative nostalgia, 153-54 Roma: exploitation of anti-Roma sentiment, 165; living conditions, 171Ո51; poverty and identity as, 159-60; residents of Old Town, 157-60; targeted for eviction from Old Town, 188; treatment of, 140,147 Romanian Communist Party: “Fişa de cadre,” 62Ո39; housing and living standards, promises, 55; infighting, 33; Jewish property and, 38; land reform, 36-37; meeting with Stalin, 37; postwar government domination, 36-37; socialist nationalities, 216; third Congress (1958), 55; UNESCO and UNDP and, 132Ո34 Romanianization, 12,14-15,19, ւօօոշշ, 105-7, 216; labor laws favoring ethnic Romanians, 30Ո17 Romanian revolution: failed democracy, 144; land restitution, 144; popular uprising, 143-44; Socialist-era elites in, 144-45; street protests, 170Ո24 Rosetti, Dinu V., 82-83,85-86
Rowland, Michael, 20
շհ6 ļ Index ruination, 137,175,194,198,199, 221; buildings and people’s hopes, 211; as eroded trust, 197-20; and gentrification, 206; understanding of, 201 Ruxandra (architect and civic activist), 196; corruption rumors, 153,170Ո44,170Ո45; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)NGO role, 179-81; urban planning rumors, 153 Sampson, Steven, 105 Save Bucharest Association, 206-7, 215Ո78 Schlögel, Karl, 40 Sfinţescu, Cincinat, 10-11 sistematizare, 130Ո6; Bucharest Old Town’s role, 106; short-term planning, 56, 6on6; spatial intervention, 105,160; urban plan (1987), 131mi; urban planning and forced urbanization, 105-6 Social Democrats: battle with Democratic Party, 176-77,2iin6; coalition with communist party, 37; defeated, 151; EU and property question, 182; pushback against pre-1948 land owners, 183-85 socialist modernity, 4-5, 27,45,216 socialist realism, 44-46, 55, 63Ո54 social polarization, 174-75 Soviet Committee of Urban Planning, 51-52 sovietization, 34,36, 75 Soviet satellites, 53, 64Ո87 Soviet Union: autonomy from, 33; diminished influence, 59, 65Ո93; medieval Russian town digs, 76; urban planning institutions, 34 Stalin, Joseph, 33,36-37, 45. 54. 67 Stalinization, 45-46,218; de-Stalinization, 50, 54, 67. See also socialist realism Stan, Lavinia, 183,185, 212Ո34 State Commission for Architecture and Construction, 98Ո3 State Committee for Architecture: anonymous letter against, 65-67, 72-74, 99Ո9; decree for the restoration of Old Court, 101П39; decree on “the construction and reconstruction of cities,” 41; limitations of executive power, 48, 51, 56; mutual
accusations and criticism, 32, 49.52-53. See also Nicolae Bădescu State Committee for Planning, 48, 51,63Ո62. See also Miron Constantinescu state tenants: artists and bohemians, 107; black market living, 128; building collapse, warning, 198-99; census of Old Town dwellers, 179; conflicting laws on purchasing homes, 182-83; in decrepit buildings, 1-2,16; eviction notice, 213Ո59; infrastructure modernization, 180-82, 193, 220-21; law 85/1992 on purchasing homes, 214Ո65; law to buy homes (1995), 142; privatization, effect on, 194; removal from Old City, 208; replacement housing, 192; Roma replaced by better-off tenants, 157; treatment of, 3; uninterested in heritage, 3,23, 220. See also strategic disregard, Carmen, housing Stoica, Chivu, 53, 64Ո92 Stolcke, Verena, 21 Stoler, Ann, 147,201 strategic disregard: attention to some material forms, 130; housing conservation and, 123,142; nationalized property, 182, 185; Old Town, 136,142,156,159,167-68, 199-200,219; poor and Roma residents, 147; prewar communist past combined, 137; semidecrepit houses, 6; state tenants, 23; by tourists, 206 Strathern, Marlyn, 20 Szelényi, Iván, 218 Theodorescu Rázván, 99Ո15 Tîrcă, Miruna, 192 Tismãneanu, Vladimir, 36,38, 50, 55 Transylvania: ethnic tensions and political dissent, 106; land restitution and “vanishing hectare” (Verdery), 196 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 16,81 UNESCO, 132Ո36; delegation visit, 105; Romanian Communist Party and, 132Ո34; view of heritage, 224 UNESCO, Romanian Commission for, 90 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of Cultural and Natural World Heritage (1972), 225m
Union Square: demolition in Old Town, 57; historic monuments treatment, 57-58;
Index redesign competition (1956), 56-59. See also anonymous letter United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) NGO, 179; associations, 180; goal of strengthening community, 179 University Square, 56 urban planning: socialist, 34. See also sistematizare urban renewal, 134; city officials’ negative view, 135-38 Urbed report, 169Ո15 Velescu, Oliver, 98Ո3 Verdery, Katherine, 16,18, 95,104,144,196 247 Videanu, Adrian, 191-92 Vlad the Impaler, 91 Weber, Max, 22 Weiner, Annette, 20 Woman carrying water (Old Town resident), 173-74 World Bank, 26; estimate of poverty, 159,171Ո53 World Heritage sites, 22,132Ո36,225m World War I: borders set at Versailles, 60Ո13 World War II: Axis powers then Allies, 34-35; postwar looting and destruction, 101П41; reparations and territory, 35, 60Ո15, 61Ո19; reparations to Soviet Union, 60Ո7 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix A Note on Sources xiii List ofAbbreviations and Short Names xv Introduction і 1 Tensed Urban Visions: Making Bucharest into a Socialist Capital 32 2 Matters of State: Archaeology, Materiality, and State Making 66 3 Time-Traveling Houses and Histories Made Invisible 102 4 Lipstick and Lined Pockets: Strategic Devaluation and Postsocialist Wealth 134 5 Displacements: Property, Privatization, and Precarity in a Europeanizing City 173 Conclusion Bibliography Index 239 216 227
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INDEX Numbers in italics refer to illustrations. abjection: Old Town’s neglect, 28,156,161, 167-68; symbolism of, 154 Abu-Haj, Nadia El, 89 Anand, Nikhil, 181 Andrei (former Old Town resident), 190 Anghelinu, Mircea, 88 anonymous letter: to Central Committee for Culture, 68-69; denunciation, 17, 72-73,91; Old Court made political, 58, 70-72; State Committee for Architecture response, 73-74,99Ո9; Union Square redesign, 66,74 antisemitism and xenophobia, 4,11-12,19, 99Ո14,158, 213Ո63; description of Old Town, 9; expropriation of Jewish assets, 14-15,38; Great Romania Party, 159; “Law of the Sunday Rest,” 30Ո17; mass emigration of Romanian Jews, 107,126. See also Roma Antonescu, Ion, 14,30Ո16,30Ո17,35 Appadurai, Arjun, 92-93 archaeologists vs. architects: Bucharest digs (1953), 76; conflicting priorities, 17,32, 66-67,74-75,114։ political clout, 94-95 archaeology and archaeologists: Bucharest digs (1953), 27, 82,100Ո27; “cult of the artifact,” 81,86-87; funding for research, 101П33; goals for Union Square, 66-67; history stretched for Bucharest centrality, 79; medieval archaeology, 76-77; Palestine and Israel, 89; plan of excavations (1953-59), 84; political agenda, 75-76, 79, 87,94; political struggles of, 6,15; professional niche, 68; protochronists, 76,99Ո15,104; “protoRomanians,” 76, 79,104; quantity of artifacts found, 86-90; salvage and discovery of artifacts, 80; Slavic culture, Slavic or Romanian, “Slavic pottery,” 86; Soviet culturehistorical model, 88; Soviet Union’s use of, 99П18; valuable finds hidden, 89-90, 101П40. See also chronological fluidity architects and
architecture, 114; demolition of Old Town, 27-28, 58,66,72-73,102-3, 113-14; limitations and problems facing, 33; Old Town architectural reserve, 217; time-traveling houses in Old Town, 98,103,110,116; vision for Bucharest, 32,113-14 Architects’ Union, 55,57,121; foundation for regeneration of Old Town, 149-50 78,100Ո22,100Ո25; 75-76; Bădescu, Nicolae, 53, 6on6, 63Ո64, 66, 68-69, 71-73,91 Bancorex: abandoned headquarters next to Old Town, 161-62,164; bankruptcy after unsecured loans, 161-62; Dorus find of Bancorex papers, 163-64; legacy of, 171Ո58; report on corruption, 171Ո56 banking and bankruptcies, 161,167 Bäsescu, Traían, 176-78,185-88, 208, շււո6 Beldiman, Alexandru, 114,140,149-51 Bennett, Tony, 81 Benson, Peter, 181 Bibescu, Martha, 9-11 Bogdan (Bucharest resident), 148 Bordenache, Richard, 131Ո20 Boym, Svetlana, 116,153 Brâncoveanu, Constantin, 7,29Ո5,131Ո17 British team visit, 134-39,169Ո15,220; commercialization, 140-41; failed intervention (1992), 26,146,150,162, 220; pilot project of private and public sectors, 140; Romanians visit to UK, 140. See also Nick Falk 239
240 Index Brown, Elizabeth, 77 Bucharest: celebration of demolished sites, 111,131П17; center (1968), 41; focus of Romanian communists, 58-59; gentrification, 178; government vision for, 33; interwar years, 6, 9,11-12,14-15, 30Ո17, 42, 58, 61Ո27,108, 205; multiethnic cohabitation, 5-7,60Ո13,104,106-7; postwar revival, 35-36; redesign of main squares, 56; residents’ view of city as failure, 207; socialist capital (1950s), 26-27; socialist master plan, 99Ո6; Union Square competition (1959), 56-59; utility cost crisis, 177-78, 211Ո10 Bucharest, archaeology of: archaeological digs (1953), 76; early digs (Radu Vodă Church area), 100Ո28; Mihai Vodă church, 101П37 Caragiale, Mateiu, 8-9,30Ո9 Carmen (Old Town resident), 1,3, 23,169Ո18, 197-99, 201-2, 210,211m, 220 Cârneci, Magda, 155 Carol II, 14 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 118,120,135,143,216; “July theses” speech, 104; “national Stalinism,” 67; politics of, 64Ո92 Celac, Mariana, 122-24,126,138,140 Chişinevschi, Iosif, 49, 63Ո69 chronological fluidity of archaeological artifacts, 81,87,90, 98 Ciorbea, Victor, 150-51 city center: archaeological digs, 27, 66-67, 80,100Ո28; Dej’s role, 55; Macovei’s master plan, 44, 46-47; modernist constructions, 9; modernization, 118; private residences in, 107; ruined walls’ importance, 95; and Soviet planners, 40, 52 city council: archaeological digs and, 72,74; historic preservation office dissolved, 120; local authorities’ views of preservation, 123-24; master plan role, 39, 51; Old Court open-air museum, 67, 69; redesign of Old Town, 111,115,120-21; redesign of Union Square, 95; repair of Old Town
rejected, 164-65; unplanned housing, 47 city hall (interwar period): 10-11 city hall (post-1989): conflict with social democrat government in 2000,186-87, 211П6; corruption of local officials, 141,145, 146,149-50,153,161, 212Ո25; eviction from Old Town, 188,191-92; infrastructure repairs in Old Town, 189,190,193-94; lack of social housing, 192; property restitution (law 10/2001) 185; strategic disregard of Old Town, 16,164-65; tenants’ eroded trust in, 202 City Museum, 74; archaeological sites and, 69,92; conflict over Old Town, 72; documentation of “faraway past,” 80, 82; founding stories, 80-81; name change to History Museum, 78; Old Court as city’s place of origins, 92; Dinu Rosetti’s role in the establishment of, 83 Civic Center, 28,118-20,122-24,128-29, 139; demolition for, 101Ո37,103,119; negative impact, 134 Colectiv fire, 202,204,206 Collins, John, 22 Comaroff, Jean, 93 Comaroff, John, 93 Commission of Historical Monuments, 98Ո3 Committee for Culture and Arts, 62Ո41, 67, 69 Constantinescu, Miron, 48-52, 63Ո54, 64Ո92 corruption: bureaucrat eating compromising documents, 186; Caritas ponzi scheme, 161; Colectiv fire, 202, 204; Democratic coalition promises, 151; diversion of state funds, 161,176; employee conflicts of interest, 186; EU funding diverted to political insiders, 175-76; hospital sanitizer dilution, 202, 214Ո75; interwar years, 12; Mayor Halaicu becomes real estate mogul, 150; mayors of Bucharest and, 146-47; misuse of social housing, 150,197; Old Town postcommunist period, 16; state-owned real estate, 146,195-96. 214Ո67; strategic devaluation of Old Town,
137-38,196. See also anonymous letter; Bancorex; housing, unauthorized; property, nationalized; strategic disregard
Index Council of Ministers, 61Ո25, 62Ո38, 63Ո62; anonymous letter and, 71; Dej accusation, 64Ո92; highest institution of state, 61Ո25; housing discussion, 39; Macovei appointment, 62Ո38; master plan (1953) discussion, 43-49, 52-53; Old Court decree, 92 Curta, Florin, 82, 85, 92,100Ո33 Damian, Elena (land owner tricked by real estate agents), 184-85, 212Ո25 Das, Veena, 129 Dawdy, Shannon, 206 decrees: on the construction and reconstruction of the cities (1952), 41-42, 63Ո54; on population limits, 38; Old Court “a historical site of national importance,” 92,101П39; political prisoners, 63Ո72 Dej. See Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe Democratic Coalition, 151,176 Department of Historical Monuments (DHM), 72-74,98Ո3,111 DGAFI Bucureşti (office of state-owned housing), 194-96 Doru (journalist), 162-64 economy, 170Ո28; Bucharest modernization and, 118; coalition government failure, 151; hard currency in Old Town, 133Ո48; international trade, 132Ո33; World Bank estimate of poverty, 159 elections, local (1996), Social Democrats defeated, 151 elections, national (1945), 37 elections, national (1990), 143 Elena (journalist), 214Ո77 “entrepratchicks,” 130,174 erasure, 165, 210; abandoned documents of former Bancorex bank, 163-64; architects view of Old Town, 114; banking practices and, 167; of Bucharest’s Jewish past, 19; Moscow’s past, 40; Old Town’s historic past, 26,117,168,188; poor residents of Old Town, 194; social polarization and, 163; strategic disappearance of files, 186,196 ethnic boundaries, 158,171Ո49 I 241 ethnic homogenization. See Romanianization Europeanization,
3,28,175-76,178, 188,219, 221-23 European Union, admission, շոո6; imposition of property restitution, 182-84; legal regulations and financial obligations, 219-20; nonreimbursable credit aid, 176, 211Ո3; privatization of utilities requirement, 177-78 expertise. See archaeology and archaeologists; architects and architecture Fabian, Johannes, 219 Falk, Nick (British urban planner), 134-41, 150,168 fascism, 36, 42,99Ո14 Fehérváry, Krisztina, 18 feudalism: Mihai Vodă church, 10Ш37; prerequisite for socialism, 97-98; rewriting history, 76-79,121; Romanian continuity proof, ւօօոշշ; Slavic pottery, 86 Foucault, Michel, 16, 30Ո18,100Ո24 fractal recursivity, 165-67 Freud, Sigmund, 108 Gal, Susan, 165 Gallagher, Tom, 143,144,151,171Ո53,176 gentrification, 22,178, 206, 211Ш2 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe: accused of corruption, 64Ո92; Bucharest transformation declaration, 33; criticism of “dead angles,” 46; on housing needs, 39; Hungarian revolt and, 50; “industrialization of construction,” 45; master plan, 43, 53; “national Stalinism,” 50-51, 54-55, 67; rails against bureaucrats, 47-48; replaced by Ceauşescu, 104 governmentality, 16,30Ո18 Great National Assembly, 37 Groys, Boris, 45 Groza, Petru, 60Ո14 Halaicu, Crin (former mayor of Bucharest), 146,149-50 Hapenciuc, Ileana, 192
242 ļ Index heritage: antiheritage agenda, 3,141; cultural property and, 21, 224; effect of Soviet Union and EU, 222; irreplaceability, 31Ո20; Israel use of archaeology to create a Jewish heritage, 89; making and unmaking, 2,167; meaning at different times, 3-4, 222-23; as a national project, 29Ո3; Old Town as a national architectural reserve, 129; political use of, 2, 5,174, 218-19; post-Cold War as regionalization, 224-25; postcommunist regime, 4, 19-20, 23, 28-29,137,150,156, 219, 223-24; as practice or process, 29Ո2; propriety of property, 20, 201, 221; and socialist regime, 19-20, 87, 90,103,108, 223; underclass understanding of, 220; UNESCO view of, 224; use in Roman and Greek times, 31Ո21; Weber’s analysis of origins, 22. See also archaeology and archaeologists; feudalism historic buildings: communist regime and, 108; degradation and destruction, 126,201-2; movement to Old Town, 121; political value, 103,123; restoration of, 187, 206,215Ո78; significance, 2, 5. See also Manuk Inn historic preservation, 206-7; antiquarian or entrepreneurial approach, 139; in Europe, 117 History Museum of the City of Bucharest. See Museum of History of the City of Bucharest (City Museum) House of the People, 119,134,136 housing: authorities’ strategic use of, 157-58; construction of, 38-39, 59,123,133Ո54; cooperative system, 47; disappearance of housing reserves, 194-96; lack of state housing, 33; Old Town statistical data, 194-95; privatization of utilities impact, 178; “public threat” decrepit buildings, 202; repairs issue, 142; second-movement category, 195-96; secret map of
housing, 196; squatters’ votes, 153; unauthorized buildings during communism, 33,38-39, 45.47. 59 housing crisis: building frenzy (1958), 55; census of, 46-47,59; construction of individual housing, 123; Dej’s focus, 46; housing for expanded population, 33,39; lower-class people in Old Town, 110; Old Town living conditions, 149-50; “planned urban decay,” 124,126; “real estate mafia,” 193; social housing requests, 192,213Ո59; split on priorities, 53-54; temporary reparations, 123-24 Hull, Matthew, 16-17 Hungary, revolt (1956), 50 “hydraulic citizenship,” 181 ¡conization, 165-67 Iliescu, Ion, 143-44,151,161,182-83 “imperial disregard,” 147 impoverished population: black market of Old Town, 129; cheap votes of, 153; EU statistics on poverty, 210; infrastructural invisibility, 180-82; in Old Town, 110; politics of resignation, 181; poor residents of Old Town, 28,168, 210; privatization and poorer population (2000s), 178-79; racist rhetoric of right wing parties, 159; temporary housing for poorer population, 123; urbanization and housing, 217-18; World Bank estimate of poverty, 159,171Ո53 Institute for Urban Design and Constructions, 99n6 Institute of Archaeology, 69-71,74 Iorga, Nicolae, 11-12 Iron Guard, 14,30Ո16 Irvine, Judith, 165 Isărescu, Mugur, 149 Joja, Constantin, 102-3,107-11,113-17, 120-21,141 Kaiser, Timothy, 87,90 Khrushchev, Nikita, 46,50,54, 64Ո87 King Mihai, 37 Kirsch, Stuart, 181 Kligman, Gail, 16,159 Konrád, György, 218 Kossina, Gustaf, 88 Kristeva, Julia, 154,156. See also abjection
Index language ideologization. See erasure; fractal recursivity; ¡conization Lascu, Nicolae, 116 laws. See property, nationalized Lefebvre, Henri, 201 Lehrer, Erica, 19 Lipscani Street, 30Ո9; commercial district, 2,126-28; commercial hub, black market, 147-48; Jewish shops, 11-12,30Ո14; market fair, 30Ո8,30Ո11; multiethnic interwar years, 25,30Ո15; named for Leipzig, 8, 29, 29Ո8; razing planned by modernists, 114; reconstruction, 121; sensorial portrait, 155-56; traders to Turkey, 148,170Ո34 Macovei, Pompiliu, 32,42-44, 46, 51-55, 58-59,60Ո5, 62Ո38, 62Ո41, 62Ո42 Maieu, Horia, 55, 60Ո5, 73 Manuk Inn, 115; historic significance, 70-71,73-74; master plan ignores and demolishes, 57-58; state’s refusal to invest, 141; Union Square redesign and, 58. See also anonymous letter Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 77-78,90,94,97 master plan: chaos of Bucharest, 47; guidelines, 54; Moscow’s master plan, influence of, 39 master plan (1935), 62Ո37 master plan (1950), 62Ո32 master plan (1953): bureaucrats’ shallow knowledge, 51; central squares, 44; chaos of Bucharest, 42,47-48; to Council of Ministers, 43; Dej ally Constantinescu, 48-49; dismissed by Bădescu, 63Ո64; economic profile question, 43-44; foreshadows “national Stalinism,” 50-51; green areas, 44; industrialization of construction, 45-46; infighting among factions, 44; “metode de muncă şi atragere,” 63Ո66; suggests older architects, 49; technicians work, 62Ո42; thoroughfare development, 44 master plan (1956): Bădescu calls for bolder plan, 53-54; comparison to other Soviet bloc cities, 52-53; competing visions, 32-33; housing needs, 52;
revised version report, 52-53; Soviet ļ 243 consultants’ recommendations, 51-52; Soviet plan dismissed, 65Ո93; Soviet recommendations ignored, 54 master plan (1959), 6on6 master plan, Moscow: history of, 40; influence on Bucharest, 39-40, 44 materialism, dialectical, 68,76,80, 88 materialities: artifacts as evidence, 68, 76, 78-81, 95-96, 98; capturing power through, 16, 223-24; colonialism, 93-94; medieval inscriptions, 79-80; and sensorial aesthetics inducing political change, 18; Soviet bloc, 29Ո4 Miclescu, Radu, 212Ո24 municipal government. See city council; city hall (interwar period); city hall (post-1989); corruption; property, nationalized Museum of Antiquities. See Institute of Archaeology Museum of History of the City of Bucharest (City Museum). See City Museum Nagy, Imre, 50 Nasta, Liviu, 61Ш7, 61Ո19 Năstase, Adrian, 183,2ііп6 National Democratic Bloc, 35 National Institute for Historic Monuments (AINMI), 98Ո3 National Investment Fund (FNI) collapse, 171Ո55 nationalism: archaeological digs as proof, 85-88; autonomy from Moscow, 67; under Ceauşescu, 104; centralization of regions, 106; interwar years, 108,110-11; minorities and, 4; non-Romanians mass emigration, 104-5 nationalization, 5,88; economic and ethnic in Old Town, 5,141; industrial assets and real estate, 37-38; Old Town history, 106 National Peasants party, 37 National Salvation Front (the Front): manipulation of economic resources, 143-46; political elites actions, 176; transfer of properties in Old Town, 145-46 Navaro-Yashin, Yael, 154 Nestor, Ion, 76,99Ո14
2 44 I Index New Orleans: post-Katrina, 206 Oana (former Old Town resident), 148-49, 159» 170Ո36 Office of Population Records, 158,213Ո63 Old Court Museum, 97,115 Old Court Palace, 17, 58, 83,120 Old Court ruins: archaeologist use in political discourse, 17-18,92,94-95, 97-98, 218; artifacts as evidence, 90-91; chaos of “Old Court episode,” 82; “cult of the artifact,” 81; dating of artifacts, 82-83; discovery of, 216; historic center, 18-19; history of, 66-67; pottery, dating of, 83, 85; report on digs, 85-86; socialist heritage site, 95, 222; stone walls discovery, 91, 93-94; Vlad the Impaler, 82 Old Princely Court, 70-71. See also Old Court ruins Old Town: architectural heterogeneity of, 155; Central Market, 9-12; commercial hub, black market, 126,128-29; competition for restoration, 120-21; decrepit housing, 120,126,141,149; demolition of historic buildings, 58; designated historic district, 102-3; diversity of, 6-8,12,106; earthquake damage, 118,120; historical heritage site, 131Ո20, 216-18; historically significant house moves, 103,110,121; historic district “authentically Romanian,” 108-9; historic district concept, 116-17,128-29; history of, 6-9,30Ո9, 216; house facades redesign, 102,108; Jewish businesses in, 25, 30Ո15; Jewish history, 12,158; Jojas plan, 108-18,121; liminal situation and demolition, 103; narrow passageway, 152; Old Court or Romanianized houses, 112-13; pedestrian-only and closed verandas, 110; place of the Other, 11-12, 137-38,158; plan of excavations (1953-59), 84; political argument for preservation, 121-22; real estate market trends, 178, 182;
redistribution of apartments, 171Ո50; removal of “uncanny,” 108-9; symbolism of, 164-65; tourists and hard currency, 133Ո48; transformation after 1948,106-7. See also anonymous letter; Lipscani Street; property, nationalized Old Town (1980s), 122-23 Old Town (1990s): association with communist past, 219; banks’ indifference, 160-61; co-evalness, 219; commercial hub, black market, 157; decrepit housing, 147,155,168; devaluation and revaluation, 145; financial exploitation, 219; grayness of communist past, 136-37; large-scale corruption in, 146-47; place of the Other, 165-66; “planned urban decay,” 141; poor residents to be displaced, 169Ո15; postcommunist authorities’ view of, 156; “putting lipstick” on, 134-35,137,168; semiabandoned housing, 138; strategic disregard, 28,167-68,219; strategic neglect, 136,156; tenants’ purchase of homes, 142; urban festival, 134,139-40; value of late nineteenth century, 136-37. See also British team visit; Roma Old Town (2000s): association protests, 190-91; bookseller, 209; building collapse, 189; decrepit housing, 1-2,16, 23, 26, 197-99; derelict house with nostalgic canvas, 205; earthquake damage, 214Ո73; eviction of homeless and squatters, 188; gentrification revenues, 214Ո77; heritage value, 2,187; historic center, 28, 208, 219; infrastructure modernization, 187-90, 193,198, 208, 220-21; kiosks dismantled, 188-89; manipulation of real estate, 199, 214Ո71; massive construction site, 193; mayor claims restitution settled, 213Ո62; privatization, 175; privatization and poorer population, 178-79; property values rise and fall, 193, 216;
“public threat” of decrepit buildings, 202; real estate as “vintage,” 206; “red dot” buildings, 202, 214Ո72; report on architectural value, 187; ruins next to a boutique, 207-8; semiruined housing, 200; social atlas, 179; staircase with garbage, 203; traffic ban, 189-90,193. See also ruination; state tenants Old Town, as open-air museum, 121, 217; degradation and destruction, 126, 202,
Index 206; EU revitalization funding, 2; lower-class people in Old Town, 110; neglect and urban modernization, 122-23; patrimony of Old Town, 22, 107; “planned urban decay,” 124,126, 141; population survey, 131mi; touristic guides to, 92; tourists and hard currency, 133Ո48,141; British team’s plan, 134-35; visitors’ views of, 110, 206. See also strategic disregard Old Town, General City Hall website: building litigation, 169Ո18 O’Neill, Bruce, 188,210 Ottoman Empire. See Phanariot period Ovidiu (geographer), 124,126,194-96 Palace of the Parliament, 136 palimpsest, Old Court file as political, 245 cultural, 20-21; heritage as propriety of, 20,166; regimes of, 19; rights as heritage, 3. See also strategic disregard property, nationalized: archives of property deeds, 185-86; history of, 37-38; denial of restitution, 141-42,163,168,174-75; former Socialists’ treatment, 145; law 10/2001 restitution process, 183,185,192-93, 212Ո34; law 112/1995,183,192; pre-1948 owners restitution, 151,182-84; unmaking of collective property and postcommunist privatization, 142-43,145-46; post-1945 land redistribution and collectivization, 36-37; real estate intermediaries, 184, 208; Romanianization of Jewish property (1944), 14,15; state ownership of valuable property, 141-42. See also corruption; strategic disregard 17.70,71 pan-Slavism, 77,88,99Ո17 Paperny, Vladimir, 45 Party-state, 64Ո74 Patmore, Derek, 12,35-36 patrimony: distinction from heritage, 21, 31П22; losses by state, 146; rejection of, 141; UNESCO intervention and, 132Ո36; use by state, 22,141 Pelourinho neighborhood (Brazil), 22-23
Phanariot period, 7-8, 29Ո7,108-9,131Ո12 politics of place, 15. See also Old Town politics of time. See heritage population: density planning, 38, 52; housing for, 33; housing for expanded population, 38 postwar Western modernism, 46 Poulantzas, Nicos, 91 Princely Palace ruins, 7, 66,83, 86,115. See also Old Court Principele (Barbu), 29Ո7 privatization, 175; main utilities, 177; network of public officials and private investors, 185; tool of state officials, 221 Project Bucharest Institute, 56,72-73, 99Ո6,131ml Pro Patrimonio, 191 property: archaeological artifacts as state assets, 95-96; concept of person and, 20; “red dot” buildings, 202,204, 207 regime of value, 92-95 research methods, 23-26 restitution, 144,174-75; special office for, 185. See also property, nationalized restorative nostalgia, 153-54 Roma: exploitation of anti-Roma sentiment, 165; living conditions, 171Ո51; poverty and identity as, 159-60; residents of Old Town, 157-60; targeted for eviction from Old Town, 188; treatment of, 140,147 Romanian Communist Party: “Fişa de cadre,” 62Ո39; housing and living standards, promises, 55; infighting, 33; Jewish property and, 38; land reform, 36-37; meeting with Stalin, 37; postwar government domination, 36-37; socialist nationalities, 216; third Congress (1958), 55; UNESCO and UNDP and, 132Ո34 Romanianization, 12,14-15,19, ւօօոշշ, 105-7, 216; labor laws favoring ethnic Romanians, 30Ո17 Romanian revolution: failed democracy, 144; land restitution, 144; popular uprising, 143-44; Socialist-era elites in, 144-45; street protests, 170Ո24 Rosetti, Dinu V., 82-83,85-86
Rowland, Michael, 20
շհ6 ļ Index ruination, 137,175,194,198,199, 221; buildings and people’s hopes, 211; as eroded trust, 197-20; and gentrification, 206; understanding of, 201 Ruxandra (architect and civic activist), 196; corruption rumors, 153,170Ո44,170Ո45; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)NGO role, 179-81; urban planning rumors, 153 Sampson, Steven, 105 Save Bucharest Association, 206-7, 215Ո78 Schlögel, Karl, 40 Sfinţescu, Cincinat, 10-11 sistematizare, 130Ո6; Bucharest Old Town’s role, 106; short-term planning, 56, 6on6; spatial intervention, 105,160; urban plan (1987), 131mi; urban planning and forced urbanization, 105-6 Social Democrats: battle with Democratic Party, 176-77,2iin6; coalition with communist party, 37; defeated, 151; EU and property question, 182; pushback against pre-1948 land owners, 183-85 socialist modernity, 4-5, 27,45,216 socialist realism, 44-46, 55, 63Ո54 social polarization, 174-75 Soviet Committee of Urban Planning, 51-52 sovietization, 34,36, 75 Soviet satellites, 53, 64Ո87 Soviet Union: autonomy from, 33; diminished influence, 59, 65Ո93; medieval Russian town digs, 76; urban planning institutions, 34 Stalin, Joseph, 33,36-37, 45. 54. 67 Stalinization, 45-46,218; de-Stalinization, 50, 54, 67. See also socialist realism Stan, Lavinia, 183,185, 212Ո34 State Commission for Architecture and Construction, 98Ո3 State Committee for Architecture: anonymous letter against, 65-67, 72-74, 99Ո9; decree for the restoration of Old Court, 101П39; decree on “the construction and reconstruction of cities,” 41; limitations of executive power, 48, 51, 56; mutual
accusations and criticism, 32, 49.52-53. See also Nicolae Bădescu State Committee for Planning, 48, 51,63Ո62. See also Miron Constantinescu state tenants: artists and bohemians, 107; black market living, 128; building collapse, warning, 198-99; census of Old Town dwellers, 179; conflicting laws on purchasing homes, 182-83; in decrepit buildings, 1-2,16; eviction notice, 213Ո59; infrastructure modernization, 180-82, 193, 220-21; law 85/1992 on purchasing homes, 214Ո65; law to buy homes (1995), 142; privatization, effect on, 194; removal from Old City, 208; replacement housing, 192; Roma replaced by better-off tenants, 157; treatment of, 3; uninterested in heritage, 3,23, 220. See also strategic disregard, Carmen, housing Stoica, Chivu, 53, 64Ո92 Stolcke, Verena, 21 Stoler, Ann, 147,201 strategic disregard: attention to some material forms, 130; housing conservation and, 123,142; nationalized property, 182, 185; Old Town, 136,142,156,159,167-68, 199-200,219; poor and Roma residents, 147; prewar communist past combined, 137; semidecrepit houses, 6; state tenants, 23; by tourists, 206 Strathern, Marlyn, 20 Szelényi, Iván, 218 Theodorescu Rázván, 99Ո15 Tîrcă, Miruna, 192 Tismãneanu, Vladimir, 36,38, 50, 55 Transylvania: ethnic tensions and political dissent, 106; land restitution and “vanishing hectare” (Verdery), 196 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 16,81 UNESCO, 132Ո36; delegation visit, 105; Romanian Communist Party and, 132Ո34; view of heritage, 224 UNESCO, Romanian Commission for, 90 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of Cultural and Natural World Heritage (1972), 225m
Union Square: demolition in Old Town, 57; historic monuments treatment, 57-58;
Index redesign competition (1956), 56-59. See also anonymous letter United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) NGO, 179; associations, 180; goal of strengthening community, 179 University Square, 56 urban planning: socialist, 34. See also sistematizare urban renewal, 134; city officials’ negative view, 135-38 Urbed report, 169Ո15 Velescu, Oliver, 98Ո3 Verdery, Katherine, 16,18, 95,104,144,196 247 Videanu, Adrian, 191-92 Vlad the Impaler, 91 Weber, Max, 22 Weiner, Annette, 20 Woman carrying water (Old Town resident), 173-74 World Bank, 26; estimate of poverty, 159,171Ո53 World Heritage sites, 22,132Ո36,225m World War I: borders set at Versailles, 60Ո13 World War II: Axis powers then Allies, 34-35; postwar looting and destruction, 101П41; reparations and territory, 35, 60Ո15, 61Ո19; reparations to Soviet Union, 60Ո7 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Grama, Emanuela |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1208507850 |
| author_facet | Grama, Emanuela |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grama, Emanuela |
| author_variant | e g eg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046673931 |
| contents | Tensed urban visions : making Bucharest into a socialist capital -- Matters of state : archaeology, materiality, and state making --Time-traveling houses and histories made invisible -- Lipstick and lined pockets : strategic devaluation and post socialist wealth -- Displacements : property, privatization, and precarity in a Europeanizing city |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1155075467 (DE-599)BVBBV046673931 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-2016 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-2016 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bukarest (DE-588)4008858-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bukarest |
| id | DE-604.BV046673931 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:22:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-19T11:07:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253044808 9780253044792 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032084868 |
| oclc_num | 1155075467 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xv, 247 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200608 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Indiana University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | New anthropologies of Europe |
| spelling | Grama, Emanuela Verfasser (DE-588)1208507850 aut Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania Emanuela Grama Bloomington Indiana University Press [2019] © 2019 xv, 247 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New anthropologies of Europe Tensed urban visions : making Bucharest into a socialist capital -- Matters of state : archaeology, materiality, and state making --Time-traveling houses and histories made invisible -- Lipstick and lined pockets : strategic devaluation and post socialist wealth -- Displacements : property, privatization, and precarity in a Europeanizing city Geschichte 1945-2016 gnd rswk-swf Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd rswk-swf Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd rswk-swf Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd rswk-swf Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd rswk-swf Bukarest (DE-588)4008858-3 gnd rswk-swf Socialism / Romania Nationalism / Romania Cultural pluralism / Romania Romania / Politics and government / 1944-1989 Romania / History / 1989- Romania / History / 1944-1989 Cultural pluralism Nationalism Politics and government Socialism Romania Since 1944 History Bukarest (DE-588)4008858-3 g Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 s Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 s Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 s Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 s Geschichte 1945-2016 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, web PDF 978-0-253-04483-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032084868&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032084868&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032084868&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Grama, Emanuela Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania Tensed urban visions : making Bucharest into a socialist capital -- Matters of state : archaeology, materiality, and state making --Time-traveling houses and histories made invisible -- Lipstick and lined pockets : strategic devaluation and post socialist wealth -- Displacements : property, privatization, and precarity in a Europeanizing city Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055785-6 (DE-588)4056754-0 (DE-588)4998161-4 (DE-588)4033560-4 (DE-588)4008858-3 |
| title | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania |
| title_auth | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania |
| title_exact_search | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania |
| title_full | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania Emanuela Grama |
| title_fullStr | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania Emanuela Grama |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socialist Heritage the politics of past and place in Romania Emanuela Grama |
| title_short | Socialist Heritage |
| title_sort | socialist heritage the politics of past and place in romania |
| title_sub | the politics of past and place in Romania |
| topic | Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialismus Stadtplanung Postkommunismus Kulturerbe Bukarest |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032084868&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032084868&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032084868&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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