Turning points: the Eastern Front in 1915
"This book provides a comprehensive and illuminating study of some of the most crucial campaigns on the Eastern Front during what was perhaps the most momentous year of World War I in that battleground."--
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Santa Barbara, California ; Denver, Colorado
Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC
[2020]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book provides a comprehensive and illuminating study of some of the most crucial campaigns on the Eastern Front during what was perhaps the most momentous year of World War I in that battleground."-- |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 258 Seiten, 11 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781440844539 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East -- Strategists, Strategy, Operations and Coalition Warfare -- Equipping the Man, and Manning the Equipment -- Bloody Winter: January -- February 1915 -- Spring Crisis: March -- April 1915 -- Spring Reversal: May -- June 1915 -- The Summer of Advance and Retreat: July -- August 1915 -- Action on the Flanks: September -- October 1915 -- Aftermath and Assessments | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Maps xv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East Strategists, Strategy, Operations, and Coalition Warfare 1 27 Chapter 3 Equipping the Man and Manning the Equipment 39 Chapter 4 Bloody Winter: January-February 1915 51 Chapter 5 Spring Crisis: March-April 1915 69 Chapter 6 Spring Reversal: May-June 1915 89 Chapter 7 The Summer of Advance and Retreat: July-August 1915 107 Chapter 8 Action on the Flanks: September-October 1915 133 Chapter 9 Aftermath and Assessments 147 Notes 161 Bibliography 233 Index 247 A photo essay follows page 132.
Ո1! Iі і D.40D Archival Sources Austria В/13-Conrad Archive MKSM 78-Military Chancery of His Majesty Österreichisches Staatsarchiv-Kriegsarchiv, Vienna R 512-AOK Operations Bureau, Conrad-Falkenhayn Correspondence, Russia 6551 Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv-Militärarchiv, Munich Bundesarchiv-Miltärarchiv, Freiburg-im-Breisgau File 8R-Bavarían Eighth Reserve Division File 11-Bavarian Eleventh Division MSg 1/1914-Karl von Kaganeck Diary MSg 1/2517-Karl von Kaganeck Diary MSg 109-Short Biographical Chronologies N 39-Nachlass August von Mackensen N 50-Nachlass Ernst Canter N 77-Nachlass Erich Ludendorff N 87-Nachlass Otto von Below N 247-Nachlass Hans von Seeckt N 754-iNachlass Robert Kosch PH 5 I/78-OHL Documents PH 5 І/83-War Diary of Army Group Linsingen PH 5 Ӏ/84-Army Group Linsingen Documents PH 5 Ӏ/87-Army Group Linsingen Documents PH 5 II/79-Tenth Army Documents PH 5 ІІ/314-War Diary of Nieman Army
234 Bibliography PH 5 ІІ/315-War Diary of Bug Army PH 5 II/316-Bug Army Documents PH 5 II/319-Bug Army Documents PH 5 ІІ/322-War Diary of Süd Army PH 5 ІІ/323-War Diary of Süd Army PH 5 П/338-Süd Army Documents PH 5 III/l-Army Group Beseler PH 5 IV/43-War Diary of Army Detachment Woyrsch PH 6 II/79-X Reserve Corps Documents PH 8 V/40-War Diary of Cavalry Corps Heydebreck RH 61/933-Hans von Plessen Diary RH бІ/979-Falkenhayn Correspondence RH 61/986-Gerhard Tappen Diary RH 61/1522 OHL Documents RH 61/1531-OHL Documents RH 61/1532-Professor Doctor Mangold, “Kriegsbriefe und Tagebücher eines Trup penarztes von der Winter Masurenschlacht, Narew und Wilija-Offensive,” no date RH 61/1536-OHL, Ost Operationen RH 61/1539-August von Mackensen, “Gorlice-Brest Litovsk: Vorgänge und persönlich Eindrücke,” no date RH 61/1552-ОЬег Ost Documents RH 61/1593-Archivist von Gontard, Ninth Army from January 1 to February 5, 1915, c. 1927 RH 61/1596-Second Masurian Lakes Campaign RH 61/1616-Austro-Hungarian VI Corps Russia Akte Nr. 109-KTB/Third Cuirassier Regiment, November 19-24, 1914 Akte Nr. 280-Generalkommandos des XX. Armee-Korps Deutsches Historisches Institut, Moscow German Documents in Russia Published Works Afflerbach, Holger. Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996. Albertini, Luigi. The Origins of the War of 1914. 3 vols. New ed. Translated by Isabella M. Massey. New York: Enigma Books, 2005. Angelow, Jurgen, ed. Der Erste Weltkrieg auf dem Balkan. Berlin: Wissenschaft Verlag, 2011. An-sky, S. A. 1915 Diary of S. Ап-sky: A Russian
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Index Aircraft, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 57, 62, 72, 76, 84, 87, 93, 97, 100, 101, 105, 112, 117,118, 119, 120,126, 127, 139, 140, 154 Albania, 151 Alekseev, General Mikhail V., 8, 29, 74, 118, 119, 122, 124, 126, 129, 135,146, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 Alexander II, Tsar, 2 Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke, 47,48 Alexandra, Tsarina, 23, 28, 92, 107, 133, 136, 149 Alsace-Lorraine, 38 Andersen, Hans-Niels, 136, 152 Angerburg, 58 An-sky, S.A., 45, 155 Army, Austria-Hungary, 4,24,39,40, 41,42,51,53,55,76, 77, 79,97,98, 103,110,112,136,153,154,156 Army, Austria-Hungary, High Command (AOK), 10, 13, 18, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 51, 56, 67, 76, 80, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 98, 99, 112, 120, 131, 139, 144, 150, 151, 157, 159 Army, Austria-Hungary, Units: Armies: First, 7, 11,14, 15, 16,18, 24, 37, 56, 111, 112, 117, 118, 128, 136,138, 139; Second, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 55, 75, 78, 79, 80, 90, 92, 94, 96,98, 99, 100, 104, 107,109, 111, 137, 138, 159; Third, 7,13, 14, 15, 18,19, 36, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 67, 78, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 104, 151; Fourth, 7, 14, 15, 17,18, 55, 75, 77, 82, 87, 90, 91,92,94, 98,99, 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 117,118,119, 120, 121, 128, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144; Fifth, 7, 10, 98; Sixth, 7, 10; Seventh, 95, 96, 97, 109, 111, 112, 129, 137,138, 146 Army Groups, Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, 137 Brigades: 12th, 36; 131st, 36 Corps: I, 117; II, 112; III, 55, 96; IV, 7,100, 103; V, 54; VI, 75, 86, 92, 94, 99, 112,118, 122, 128, 159; VII, 7, 54, 55; VIII, 7, 112; IX, 7; X, 55, 80, 112, 159; XII, 121,159; XIII, 7; XIV, 100, 112,120; XV, 7; XVI, 7; XVII, 99,138; XVIII, 54
Divisions, Cavalry: 4th, 117; 5th, 36; 10th, 36; 11th, 117, 137; 11th Hungarian, 94 Divisions, Infantry: 12th, 75; 15th, 24; 19th, 36; 39th Honved, 75; 55th, 36 Groups: Hofmann, 36, 138; Marschall, 96; Pflanzer-Baltin, 36, 52, 54, 56, 91, 92, 95; Puhallo, 54; Szurmay, 54, 55 Regiments, 28th Infantry, 79
248 Index Army, Germany, 23, 32, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 57, 153, 154 Army, Germany, High Command (OHL), 8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 56, 70, 73, 81, 85, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 108, 109, 112, 114, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 139, 142, 143, 145, 150, 151, 152, 155, 158, 160 Army, Germany, Units: Armies: Second, 9; Eighth, 6, 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 44, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 85, 89, 102, 115, 116, 119, 120, 124, 140, 141, 142, 143; Ninth, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 37, 57, 58, 67, 80, 83, 89, 102, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 150; Tenth, 17, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 102, 110, 124, 126, 128, 140, 141, 143; Eleventh, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99, 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 134, 158; Twelfth, 123, 124, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143, 158; Bug, 111, 112, 113, 117, 122, 128, 137, 139, 144, 147, 158; Nieman, 102, 103, 110, 115, 119, 124, 128, 141, 142, 143; Süd, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 75, 77, 80, 83, 92, 95, 96, 97, 109, 111, 112, 113, 128, 137, 138, 145, 146, 147, 158 Army Detachments: Gallwitz, 67, 70, 113, 114, 120; Lauenstein, 89, 100; Woyrsch, 17, 37, 56, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 150 Army Groups: Gallwitz, 70, 71, 102, 115, 116, 123; Linsingen, 139; Mackensen, 111, 112, 113, 114, 134, 151; Prince Leopold, 123, 124, 128, 143, 150; Westernhagen, 124 Brigades: 3rd Cavalry, 37, 60, 61, 62, 100; 5th Guard Infantry, 61, 64; 9th Cavalry, 95; 9th Landwehr, 71, 72, 127; Pfeil, 126 Corps: I, 6, 8, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 113, 114, 116, 120, 140; I Cavalry, 141, 143; I Reserve, 6, 18, 57, 59,
67, 71, 101, 102, 141; II, 18; III, 85, 108, 134; III Reserve, 18, 140; IV Reserve, 134; VI Cavalry, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 152; VII, 37, 113; X, 86,92, 94, 113, 118, 120, 140, 141; X Reserve, 113, 120, 134, 148; XI, 10, 13, 114, 115, 119; XIII, 57, 114, 115, 119; XVII, 6, 15, 18, 57, 83, 114, 115, 116, 119; XVII Reserve, 114, 119, 124, 126; XX, 6, 15, 18,20, 120; XXI, 61, 62, 64, 65, 127, 140, 141; XXII Reserve, 97, 99, 118, 120, 128, 134, 135; XXIV Reserve, 36, 69; XXV Reserve, 17, 18, 23; XXXVIII Reserve, 61, 62, 64, 65, 80, 116; XXXIX Reserve, 61, 62, 64, 65; XL Reserve, 60, 62, 67, 71, 93, 102, 126, 140, 141; XLI Reserve, 86, 99, 109, 111, 113, 118; Alpine, 53; Beskiden, 80, 81, III, 128, 134; Frommel, 15; Guard, 86, 90,92,94, 99, 118, 122, 128, 134; Guard Reserve, 10, 13, 114; Heydebreck, 117, 128, 137; Kneussl, 86, 90, 93; Landwehr, 23, 121 Divisions, Cavalry: 1st, 6, 44, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 128, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146; 2nd, 115; 3rd, 73, 140, 141, 142; 4th, 62, 63, 67, 126; 5th, 111, 117, 139; 6th, 101, 115; 8th, 15; 9th, 140, 141, 142; Bavarian, 73, 100, 101, 142 Divisions, Infantry: 1st, 36, 56, 111; 2nd, 60, 61, 63, 67; 2nd Guard, 113; 3rd, 103; 3rd Guard, 36, 55,
249 Index 56, 96; 4էե, 80; 6th, 134; 11th Bavarian, 86, 90, 94, 111, 134; 22nd, 97, 99; 26th, 134, 143; 31st, 64, 66, 71; 37th, 142; 41st, 103; 42nd, 65; 54th, 119; 56th, 109; 58th, 119; 88th, 42; 101st, 134; 103rd, 134; 105th, 134; 107th, 97, 111, 134; 119th, 90, 94 Divisions, Landwehr: 10th, 61, 64, 65; 14th, 126, 142; 16th, 61, 64, 143; 18th, 15 Divisions, Reserve: 1st, 67; 3rd, 65; 8th Bavarian, 97, 109; 25th, 80, 134; 35th, 15, 80; 36th, 71; 43rd, 97, 134; 44th, 97, 134; 47th, 20; 48th, 36, 56; 75th, 63; 76th, 63, 127; 77th, 62; 78th, 62; 79th, 60, 61, 64, 66, 127; 80th, 60, 61, 64; 82nd, 147 Regiments: 1st Bavarian Uhlans, 73; 1st Grenadier, 56; 1st Guard Infantry, 134; 1st Guard Grenadier (Kaiser Alexander), 85, 128, 134; 2nd Guard Grenadier (Kaiser Franz), 43; 2nd Life Hussars, 83; 3rd Grenadier, 96; 4th Guard Grenadier (Augusta), 94, 113; 4th Uhlans, 59, 103, 143; 5th Guard Grenadier, 59, 70, 71; 9th Field Artillery, 113; 10th Landwehr, 125; 31st Field Artillery, 71; 67th Field Artillery, 73; 70th Infantry, 62, 64, 66; 91st Infantry, 32; 151st Infantry, 71, 103; 221st Reserve Infantry, 66, 70, 95, 129; 249th Reserve Infantry, 70, 71, 143; Guards Cuirassier, 37 Army, Russian, 7, 28, 31, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49, 68, 74, 104, 136, 145, 146, 153, 156 Army, Russian, High Command (Stavka), 15,17, 18,19, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 36, 41,46, 48, 55, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 78, 79,87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 99, 104, 108, 118, 121,122,129, 130, 131,135, 136, 146, 147, 149,155,157,158, 159 Army, Russian, Units: Armies: 1st, 11, 12, 13, 22, 57, 64, 67, 70, 71, 101, 116, 119, 129; 2nd, 11,
12, 16, 18, 22, 44, 102, 116, 129, 142,143, 146, 159; 3rd, 11, 13, 14,15, 16,20,79, 80,87, 90, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 108, 112, 117, 118, 122, 157; 4th, II, 16,22,48, 108, 112, 117, 118, 119, 129; 5th, 11, 16, 18, 31, 57, 102, 103, 128,129, 154; 6th, 129; 7th, 147, 155; 8th, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 55, 68, 79, 80, 90, 92, 98, 100, 105, 128, 129, 137, 144; 9th, 16, 20, 22, 48, 80, 92, 95, 96, 105, 129, 137, 138, 147; 10th, 16, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 101, 127, 142,143, 144, 145, 152; 11th, 18, 68, 76, 80, 96, 105, 129, 138, 147; 12th, 31, 57, 60, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 101, 108, 116, 120, 129, 141, 143; 13th, 105, 113, 117,118, 129 Brigades, Cavalry, Ussuri, 115 Corps: I, 12; I Siberian, 58; II, 11, 64; II Caucasian, 105, 142; II Siberian, 71, 90, 108, 113, 122; III, 58, 62, 65; III Caucasian, 74, 90, 94, 98; III Cavalry, 95; III Siberian, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65; IV Cavalry, 98, 105; IV Siberian, 31, 142; V, 142; V Caucasian, 92, 105, 142; VI, 58; VI Siberian, 108, 112, 113; VIII, 139; IX, 90, 98; X, 90, 98; XII, 93, 139; XIII, 11; XIV, 98, 142; XV, 11, 61, 64, 98; XX, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 152; XXI, 92, 93; XXII, 55, 138; XXIII, 11, 70, 105, 121; XXIV, 91, 98; XXV, 112, 130; XXVI, 58, 63, 64, 65; XXVII, 142; XXIX, 105; XXX, 138, 139; XXXI, 113;
250 Index Corps (coni.) XXXII, 95; XXXIII, 92, 95; XXXVI, 142, 143; XXXIX, 139; Guard, 74, 108, 113, 118 Divisions, Cavalry, 2nd, 28 Divisions, Infantry: 3rd Guard, 70; 9th, 90; 11th Siberian, 115, 124; 27th, 58; 28th, 58; 29th, 58; 31st, 90; 48th, 91, 98; 53rd, 58; 56th, 58, 63; 57th, 58, 61; 58th, 124; 62nd Reserve, 70; 63rd, 90, 124; 63rd Reserve, 67; 73rd, 58,63 Fronts: North, 129, 158; Northwest, 11,15,16,17,18, 19, 31, 46, 55, 57, 67, 70, 71, 74, 88, 105, 107, 109,118,119,128, 129, 158,159; Southwest, 12,13, 16, 18, 19, 31, 46, 74, 79, 88, 92, 105, 106, 109, 128,129, 147, 159; West, 107, 129, 140,141,158,159 Regiments: 1st Siberian, 61; 166th Infantry, 29; Grenadier Guard, 121; Pavlovski Guard, 121 Arz von Straussenberg, Feldmarschallleutnant Artur, 25, 75, 86, 159 Augustowo, 64 Austria-Hungary, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 38, 40, 57, 70, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 95, 96, 97, 103, 108, 122, 123, 131, 133, 135, 137, 145, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160 Austro-Prussian War, 9, 59 Baghdad, 109 Baltic Fleet, Russian, 100 Baltic Squadron, German, 89, 100, 115 Baranovici, 30, 36, 61, 129, 135 Batyushin, Colonel Nikolai, 5, 66 Beck-Rzikowsky, Generaloberst Friedrich von, 2, 4, 5 Becker, Ismar, 42 Belgium, 12 Below, General der Infanterie Fritz von, 62 Below, General der Infanterie Otto von, 59, 62, 63, 67, 74, 86, 102, 103, 128 Berchtold, Leopold von, 6 Berdichev, 129 Berendt, Richard von, 115, 126 Berezina River, 140, 143 Berlin, 8, 19, 21, 36, 42, 57, 69, 81, 82, 85, 151 Beseler, General der Infanterie Hans Hartwig von, 125, 126, 131, 150, 151 Bethmann
Hollweg, Theobald von, 32, 108, 150 Bezobrasov, General Vladimir, 74, 108, 121, 148, 159 Bialla, 61, 62 Białystok, 70, 134 Bismarck, Otto von, 2, 3 Blücher, Gebhard von, 84, 86 Bobr River, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 124 Bobrinski, Count Georgi Alexandrovich, 21, 78, 89, 99, 100, 149 Bobyr, General Nikolai, 124, 126 Bock, Major Fedor von, 87 Böhm-Ermolli, General der Kavallerie Edouard Baron von, 17, 20, 75, 76, 77, 80, 90, 98, 99, 100, 103, 137, 138, 159 Bolimow, 57, 58, 67, 83 Bonch-Bruevich, General Mikhail D., 66 Boog, Generalmajor Adolf von, 54 Boroević, General der Infanterie Svetozar, 25, 52, 53, 54, 56, 93, 98, 159 Bothmer, General der Infanterie Felix Graf von, 112, 113,138, 140 Breslau, 19, 113 Brest Litovsk, 107, 109, 124, 127, 128, 132, 133 Britain, 33, 109, 123, 160
251 Index Brody, 79, 129 Brusilov, General Alexei, 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, 48, 53, 68, 79, 90, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 128, 129, 137, 139, 144, 145, 146, 155, 156, 159 Brzesko, 87 Brzeziny, 18 Budapest, 74 Bug River, 1, 5, 107, 109, 111, 117, 120, 121, 128 Bulgakov, General Pavel, 60, 63, 64, 65 Bulgaria, 2, 38, 81, 88, 93, 123, 129, 132, 133 Burián von Rajecz, István Graf, 122,147 Bzura River, 18, 19 Caprivi, Leo von, 3 Carpathian Mountains, 14, 20, 36, 38, 41, 52, 55, 56, 59, 67, 68, 69, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 150, 153, 157 Chantilly, 151 Charleville, 34, 85 Chartoriski, 144, 146 Cholm, 111, 117 Churin, General Aleksei, 31 Clausewitz, Carl von, 15 Colard, General Hermann von, 103 Congress of Berlin, 2 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz Xaver, 35 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Generaloberst Franz Baron, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 46, 52, 54, 55, 57, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 103, 108, 123, 128, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 156, 157,159 and the attack at Gorlice, 82 background and early career, 35 and Falkenhayn, 35, 36, 79, 80, 81, 85,91,97, 109, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 122, 135, 138, 151 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Herbert, 13, 103 Cossacks, 47, 72, 78, 90, 101, 117, 142, 144 Cracow, 17, 18, 20, 21, 74 Crailsheim, Generalmajor Freiherr von,101 Cramon, Colonel (later Generalmajor) August von, 24, 37, 38, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 95, 120, 139, 144, 151 Crimean War, 1 Czech Legion, 149 Czernowitz, 56, 68, 96 Danilov, General Yuri N., 8, 19, 29, 30,31,46, 106, 130, 131, 136, 149, 157 Danki, General der Infanterie Viktor
Freiherr von, 1, 11, 14, 24, 25, 56 Danube River, 10 Delvig, General Sergei, 94 Denikin, General Anton, 39, 46, 129, 133, 138 Dickhuth-Harrach, Generalleutnant Gustaf von, 124 Dniestr River, 95, 96, 97 Dragomirov, General Vladimir, 93 Drygallen, 62 Dubissa River, 101 Dukla Pass, 52, 53, 54, 67, 79, 91, 96, 157 Dünaberg, 141 Dvina River, 128, 129, 141, 143 Eben, Generalleutnant Johannes von, 114 Eichhorn, Generaloberst Hermann von, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 126, 128, 140, 154 Emmich, General der Infanterie Otto von, 120, 122 Epanchin, General Nikolai, 62, 63, 65, 68 Evert, General Aleksei, 112, 117, 119, 135, 142, 159
Index 252 Fabarius, Generalmajor Siefried, 147 Fabeck, General der Infanterie Max von, 134 Falk, Generalleutnant Adalbert von, 61 Falkenhayn, General der Infanterie Erich von, 12, 14, 27, 38, 52, 58, 70, 87, 88, 92, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111, 118, 126, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 156, 157 background and early career, 31, 32 and Conrad, 35, 36, 79, 80, 81, 85, 91,97, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 122, 135, 137, 138, 151 and the creation of Ober Ost, 17 and the decision to attack at Gorlice, 82, 83 and Ober Ost, 34, 114, 116, 119, 123, 124, 131, 140, 141, 150, 152, 153 strategic thinking of, 33, 109 Falkenhayn, General der Kavallerie Eugen von, 32, 97, 134 Feist, Sigmund, 42, 69 Ferdinand, Archduke, 98 Ferdinand, Tsar of Bulgaria, 123, 151 Fleck, Paul, 38, 83 France, 1,3,4, 8, 12,38, 97, 113, 123, 146, 149 Francis Joseph, Emperor, 5, 10, 13, 24, 75, 76, 77, 95 Franco-Prussian War, 9, 59, 83, 114 François, General der Infanterie Hermann von, 8, 23, 59, 93, 95, 111, 113 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 5, 10 Frederick the Great, 23 Friedrich, Archduke, 10,19,87,99,103 Friedrich III, Kaiser, 3 Friedrich August III, King of Saxony, 102 Friedrichsstadt, 141 Galicia, 7, 10, 11, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 36, 40, 48, 78, 79, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 104,106, 108, 124, 149, 150, 155, 158, 159 Gallwitz, General der Artillerie Max von, 67, 71,84, 86, 102, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 136, 158 Ganchev, Colonel Petur, 129, 133 Garnier, Generalleutnant Otto von, 140, 141, 143, 144 Germany, 1, 2, 4, 7, 23, 25, 29, 31, 82, 88, 97, 108,
122, 129,132, 133, 136, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 158, 160 Gnila Lipa River, 13 Gomel, 61 Gorbatovski, General Vladimir, 105, 113, 117 Gorlice, 75, 77, 82, 83, 88, 90, 91, 92, 104, 117, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157 Grodek, 99, 100 Grodno, 64, 65, 137 Groener, Colonel Wilhelm, 81, 82, 86, 142, 145, 152, 153 Gross, Gerhard, 23 Gulevich, General A. A., 66 Gumbinnen, 8, 23 Gurko, General Vasily, 57 Hague Convention, 102, 148 Halle, 83 Heeringen, General der Infanterie Josiąs von, 32 Hell, Colonel Emil, 61 Helmhein, Feldmarschallleutnant Heinrich Tschurtschentaler von, 54 Heydebreck, Generalleutnant Ernst von, 117, 139 Hindenburg, Generalfeldmarschall Paul von, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24, 30, 34, 44, 58, 66, 68,
253 Index 70, 72, 73, 83, 85, 86, 101, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123, 124,126, 130, 140, 142, 143, 144, 150, 152, 158 threat of resignation, 37, 111, 153 Hofer, Feldmarschallleutnant Anton, 38 Hoffmann, Max, 1, 14, 17, 34, 70, 72, 110, 121, 159 Hranilovac, Oskar, 38 Hûlsen-Haeseler, Generalfeldmarschall Count Dietrich von, 4 Hungary, 38, 40, 74, 88, 134, 149, 155 Isonzo River, 108, 120, 121, 135 Italy, 30, 38, 40, 52, 56, 74, 81, 88, 93, 95, 96, 97, 108, 123, 156, 157 Ivangorod, 15, 16, 18, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 154 Ivanov, General Nikolai, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 30, 31, 46, 79, 80, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 106, 129, 137, 139, 145, 149, 159 Janow, 99 Jansa, Alfred, 86 Jaroslau, 94, 97, 109 Jasio, 75, 77 Jena, 43 Joffre, Marshal Joseph, 22, 30 Johannisburg, 58, 60, 61 Josefowka, 99 Joseph, Archduke, 20, 54,118,119, 139 Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, 17, 75, 112, 137 Kaganeck, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Graf von, 12, 36, 37, 79, 144, 147, 151 Kaluga, 135 Kessler, Count Harry, 16, 51, 56, 96, 118, 136 Kholm, 94 Khovstov, Aleksei, 107 Kiev, 93, 129, 136, 149 Killinger, Erich, 148, 149 Klein Rogallen, 63 Kneussl, Generalmajor Paul Ritter von, 86, 93, 95, 159 Knox, Major General Alfred, 29, 30, 41, 47, 48, 57 Koblenz, 9 Köhler, Otto, 42, 69 Kokoschka, Oskar, 39 Kolakovski, Lieutenant Yakov R, 66 Kolki, 139 Komarów, 12, 24 Kornilov, General Lavr, 91, 98, 148 Korotkovich-Notschevnoi, Colonel, 125 Kosch, General der Infanterie Robert, 51, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 77, 113, 119, 134, 148, 159 Kövess von Kövessháza, General der Infanterie Hermann, 25, 159 Kovno,
63, 65, 102, 110, 111, 114, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 140, 142, 152 Krasnik, 11, 12,24, 48, 112 Krasnostaw, 118 Krauss, Feldmarschallleutnant Rudolf, 87 Krautwald von Annaue, Feldmarschallleutnant Josef Ritter von, 80, 159 Kritek, General der Infanterie Karl, 99 Krobatin, Alexander, 20, 144 Kühl, Generalleutnant Hermann von, 134, 153 Kundmann, Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf, 19, 77,138, 139, 144 Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Feldmarschallleutnant Hermann, 18, 52, 55, 75, 76, 77
254 Index Lake Narach, 155 Latvia, 115 Lauenstein, Generalleutnant Otto Freiherr von, 62, 101 League of the Three Emperors, 2 Lechitsky, General Platon, 95, 96, 138 Lemberg, 15, 21, 76, 77, 78, 79, 89, 92, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 117, 149, 159 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 102, 120 Lesh, General Leonid, 93, 98, 99, 100, 105, 112, 121 Libau, 73, 89, 100, 101, 102 Liddell-Hart, B.H., 86 Liege, 9 Liegnitz, 9 Linsingen, General der Infanterie Alexander von, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 56, 80, 83,96, 112, 113, 117, 139, 140, 143, 144, 158 Lithuania, 100, 101, 102, 115, 119, 126, 131, 133, 140, 145, 149, 150 Litvinov, General Alexander, 57 Litzmann, General der Infanterie Karl, 60, 61, 64, 71, 126, 127, 133, 141, 142, 144, 159 Lo chow, General der Infanterie Ewald von, 108 Lodz, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 83, 84, 85 Lomsha, 69, 71 Lossberg, Colonel Fritz von, 34 Lötzen, 20, 58, 62, 63, 110, 114 Lubki, 49 Lublin, 111, 117, 131 Ludendorff, General der Infanterie Erich, 9, 12, 14, 18, 19, 27, 33, 34, 36, 37,39,51,58, 66,67,68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 83, 84, 85, 86, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123, 126, 130, 131, 140, 142, 144, 145, 150, 152, 153,158 Lupkov Pass, 52, 53, 54, 67 Lutsk, 136, 137, 138, 139 Lüttwitz, Generalleutnant Walter Freiherr von, 113 Lyck, 62, 64 Mackensen, Generalfeldmarschall August von, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 38, 45, 57, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114,117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 139, 146, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 Marquard, Colonel
Gottfried, 134 Marschall, Generalleutnant Wolf Freiherr von, 96 Marwitz, General der Kavallerie Georg von der, 80, 159 Masurian Lakes, 19, 22, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 80, 104, 114, 152, 154, 157, 158 Memel, 100 Metz, 113 Mézières, 34, 106 Mezölaborcz, 52, 55, 68, 78 Miasoedov, Lieutenant Colonel Sergei N„ 65, 68, 78, 104, 149 Minsk, 110, 111, 143 Mitau, 101, 128 Mogilev, 129, 135, 158 Moltke, Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth von, 2, 4, 12, 23 Moltke, Generaloberst Helmuth von, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 19, 23, 32, 34, 37, 44, 70 Montenegro, 151 Morgen, Generalleutnant Curt von, 18 Moscow, 122 Müller, Admiral Georg Alexander von, 147 Narew River, 5,12, 67, 70, 71, 72, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126
255 Index Naumann, Friedrich, 150 Neu Sandec, 13, 14, 18, 85, 87 New York, 149 Nicholas II, Tsar, 7, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 61,69, 72,78,79, 87, 90,92, 104, 107, 121, 130, 135, 136, 145, 146, 149, 152, 157, 158, 159 Nicola, Prince of Montenegro, 28 Nieman River, 13, 15, 16, 22, 102, 126, 127, 140 Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess Anastasia, 28 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 1, 7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19,21,22,23, 31,34,47, 48,51,60, 61,65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 78, 79, 87, 90, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 118, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 146, 149, 156, 158, 159 approach to command, 29, ЗО, 88, 157 background and career, 28 Norway, 149 Novogeorgievsk, 116, 120, 124, 125, 126,127, 150 Oberbefehlshaber Ost (Ober Ost), 17, 18, 34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 56, 58, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 83, 89, 91, 94, 97, 101, 102, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156 Oderberg, 151 Odessa, 92, 147 Olukhov, Lieutenant General Vladimir A., 121 Orsha, 135 Ortelsburg, 103 Ossowiec, 71, 72, 120, 124,154 Ostrolenka, 116, 120, 134, 142, 145 Palitsyn, General Feodor F., 29 Pappritz, Generalleutnant Günther von, 101 Pershino, 135 Peter the Great, 47 Petrograd, 31, 100, 104, 136, 149 Pflanzer-Baltin, General der Kavallerie Karl Freiherr von, 54, 56, 68, 91, 92,95,96, 112, 129, 137 Pflug, General Vasily, 16, 22 Philipps, Fritz, 42 Pinsk, 139 Plehve, General Pavel, 16, 18, 31, 57, 67, 70, 71, 74, 102, 116, 154 Pless, 34, 35, 91, 97, 104, 106, 110, 129, 133 Plessen, Generaloberst Hans von, 27, 45, 69, 84,
113 Poland, 2, 5, 7,12, 15,17, 18, 19, 22, 57, 67, 70, 89, 102, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129, 131, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158 Polivanov, General Aleksei A., 104, 107, 130, 131, 145, 149 Posen, 9, 17, 110, 113, 114, 116, 119, 130, 153 Potiorek, Feldzugmeister Oskar, 10 Prittwitz und Gaffron, Generaloberst Max von, 6, 8, 23 Prostken, 63 Protopopov, General Nikolai, 90 Prut River, 96 Przasnysz, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 88, 114, 116, 148, 157 Przemyśl, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 36, 42, 51, 52, 54, 55, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 108, 148, 149, 150, 153, 157, 159 Puhallo von Brlog, Feldzugmeister Paul, 54, 112, 137
256 Index Pultusk, 116, 119, 120 Putnik, Field Marshal Radomir, 10 Radkevich, General Evgeny, 61, 63, 65,70 Radko-Dmitriev, General Radko, 16, 90, 91, 92, 106 Radoslavov, Vasil, 123, 129 Radymno, 93 Rasputin, Grigory, 107, 135, 136 Rathenau, Walter, 20 Rawa Ruska, 13, 100, 103 Redl, Colonel Alfred, 5, 6, 11 Reininghaus, Gina von, 36, 108, 144, 157 Reininghaus, Hans von, 36 Rennenkampf, General Pavel, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23 Richthofen, Generalmajor Manfred Freiherr von, 141 Riga, 101, 103, 141, 143 Romania, 30, 38, 52, 56, 74, 81, 88, 91,95, 156 Ronge, Captain Max, 6 Rothkirch, Captain Fritz von, 38 Rovno, 128, 135, 136, 137, 144 Rozan, 116, 119, 120 Rupprecht, Crown Prince, 85, 86 Russia, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 38, 48, 73, 74, 79, 81, 83, 89, 110, 122, 129, 136, 149, 152, 160 Russo-Turkish War, 28, 104 Ruszki, General Nikolai, 13, 16, 17, 22, 30, 31, 61, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74, 129, 159 Sabler, Vladimir, 107 Salandra, Antonio, 38, 80 Samarin, Aleksandr, 107 Samsonov, General Aleksandr, 11, 15 San Francisco, 149 San River, 11, 14, 15, 18, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 Sanok,82 Sauberzweig, Generalmajor Traugott von,125 Save River, 10, 11 Savich, General Sergei, 93 Schallert, Ernst Günter, 42 Schaulen, 89, 100, 101, 102 Scheffer-Boyadel, General der Infanterie Reinhard von, 17, 23 Scheidemann, General Sergei, 16, 18, 22 Schlieffen, Generalfeldmarschall Alfred von, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 104, 152, 153 Schmettow, Generalmajor Eberhard Graf von, 62 Schneller, Major Karl, 137 Scholtz, General der Artillerie Friedrich von, 116 Schubert, Generaloberst Richard von, 14 Seeckt, Colonel
(later Generalmajor) Hans von, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,93,94, 95, 98, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 115, 120, 134, 136, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156 Seeckt, General der Infanterie Richard von, 85 Selivanov, General Andrei, 76, 77,79 Serbia, 6, 7, 10, 11, 24, 34, 36, 38, 43, 81, 108, 110, 123, 129, 133, 137, 138, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 158, 160 Sereth River, 129, 137 Shchelgovitov, Ivan, 107 Shcherbachev, General Dmitri, 96, 138 Sheremetiev, Colonel Sergei, 21 Showalter, Dennis, 86 Siedlce, 121 Sienawa, 99 Sievers, General Faddei, 22, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68
257 Index Sikorsky, Igor, 47 Sitno, 113 Skidel, 142 Smirnov, General Vladimir, 22 Smorgon, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146 Soissons, 85 Sokal, 117 Soldau, 114 Stanislau, 56 Stockholm, 66 Stolzmann, General der Infanterie Paulus Alfred Wilhelm von, 37 Straub, Colonel johann, 86 Stryj, 96 Strypa River, 129 Stűrgkh, Count Josef von, 12, 37 Stürgkh, Count Karl von, 37 Styr River, 136, 137, 139 Sukhomlinov, General Vladimir, 7, 28, 29, 66, 77, 104, 107, 130, 145, 149 Sweden, 66 Switzerland, 40 Szurmay, Feldmarschallleutnant Alexander, 54 Tannenberg, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 23, 25, 44, 45, 66, 68, 83, 110, 140, 143, 159 Tappen, Generalmajor Gerhard, 33, 82, 83, 88, 94, 97, 114 Tarnopol, 138 Teschen, 18, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 87, 92, 95, 103, 138, 140, 144 Thorn, 17 Tigris River, 109 Tkachev, Captain Viktor, 48 Turkey, 2, 30, 33, 34, 81, 88, 109, 123, 147, 156, 160 Ukraine, 155 United States, 56, 160 Uzsok Pass, 52, 53, 54, 79 Vailly, 85 Vereczke Pass, 53, 54 Vienna, 4, 6, 8, 12, 37, 56, 75, 95, 134, 144, 151 Vilna, 110, 111, 127, 141, 142 Vistula River, 15, 31, 67, 92, 107, 109, 120, 121, 124, 159 Vladivostok, 149 Volhynia, 140 Waldersee, Generalmajor Georg von, 9, 12, 23 Waldersee, Generaloberst Alfred von, 2,3 Warsaw, 12, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, ЗО, 66, 69, 70, 83, 102, 107, ПО, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 131, 150, 151, 152 Wieprz River, 113, 118, 120 Wild von Hohenborn, Generalleutnant Adolf, 33, 83, 88 Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 85, 86 Wilhelm I, Kaiser, 2, 3 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 17, 19, 27, 32, 33, 37, 45, 63, 65, 69, 83, 84, 85, 91, 95, 100, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 119,
123, 126, 136, 153 Wilija River, 140, 142, 143 Winckler, Generalleutnant Arnold von,113 Windau River, 101 Wisłok River, 92 Wisłoka River, 91, 92 Wladimir Wolynsk, 117 Włodawa, 128 Wodniansky von Wildenfeld, Feldmarschallleutnant Friedrich, 24 Woyrsch, General der Infanterie Remus von, 17, 24, 80, 111, 121, 127, 158 Wrisberg, Ernst von, 81
Index 258 Yanushkevich, General Nikolai N., 21, 29, 30, 78, 130, 131, 136, 149 Ypres, 42 Zabern Affair, 32 Zaionchkovski, General Andrei, 138 Zhilinski, General Yakov, 11, 15, 22, 159 Ziethen, Generalmajor Alfred, 87, 90 Zlota Lipa River, 13, 111, 112, 129 Żmigród, 77, 91, 96 Zorndorf, 68
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Maps xv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East Strategists, Strategy, Operations, and Coalition Warfare 1 27 Chapter 3 Equipping the Man and Manning the Equipment 39 Chapter 4 Bloody Winter: January-February 1915 51 Chapter 5 Spring Crisis: March-April 1915 69 Chapter 6 Spring Reversal: May-June 1915 89 Chapter 7 The Summer of Advance and Retreat: July-August 1915 107 Chapter 8 Action on the Flanks: September-October 1915 133 Chapter 9 Aftermath and Assessments 147 Notes 161 Bibliography 233 Index 247 A photo essay follows page 132.
Ո1! Iі і D.40D Archival Sources Austria В/13-Conrad Archive MKSM 78-Military Chancery of His Majesty Österreichisches Staatsarchiv-Kriegsarchiv, Vienna R 512-AOK Operations Bureau, Conrad-Falkenhayn Correspondence, Russia 6551 Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv-Militärarchiv, Munich Bundesarchiv-Miltärarchiv, Freiburg-im-Breisgau File 8R-Bavarían Eighth Reserve Division File 11-Bavarian Eleventh Division MSg 1/1914-Karl von Kaganeck Diary MSg 1/2517-Karl von Kaganeck Diary MSg 109-Short Biographical Chronologies N 39-Nachlass August von Mackensen N 50-Nachlass Ernst Canter N 77-Nachlass Erich Ludendorff N 87-Nachlass Otto von Below N 247-Nachlass Hans von Seeckt N 754-iNachlass Robert Kosch PH 5 I/78-OHL Documents PH 5 І/83-War Diary of Army Group Linsingen PH 5 Ӏ/84-Army Group Linsingen Documents PH 5 Ӏ/87-Army Group Linsingen Documents PH 5 II/79-Tenth Army Documents PH 5 ІІ/314-War Diary of Nieman Army
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Index Aircraft, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 57, 62, 72, 76, 84, 87, 93, 97, 100, 101, 105, 112, 117,118, 119, 120,126, 127, 139, 140, 154 Albania, 151 Alekseev, General Mikhail V., 8, 29, 74, 118, 119, 122, 124, 126, 129, 135,146, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 Alexander II, Tsar, 2 Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke, 47,48 Alexandra, Tsarina, 23, 28, 92, 107, 133, 136, 149 Alsace-Lorraine, 38 Andersen, Hans-Niels, 136, 152 Angerburg, 58 An-sky, S.A., 45, 155 Army, Austria-Hungary, 4,24,39,40, 41,42,51,53,55,76, 77, 79,97,98, 103,110,112,136,153,154,156 Army, Austria-Hungary, High Command (AOK), 10, 13, 18, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 51, 56, 67, 76, 80, 83, 86, 87, 90, 91, 98, 99, 112, 120, 131, 139, 144, 150, 151, 157, 159 Army, Austria-Hungary, Units: Armies: First, 7, 11,14, 15, 16,18, 24, 37, 56, 111, 112, 117, 118, 128, 136,138, 139; Second, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 55, 75, 78, 79, 80, 90, 92, 94, 96,98, 99, 100, 104, 107,109, 111, 137, 138, 159; Third, 7,13, 14, 15, 18,19, 36, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 67, 78, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 104, 151; Fourth, 7, 14, 15, 17,18, 55, 75, 77, 82, 87, 90, 91,92,94, 98,99, 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 117,118,119, 120, 121, 128, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144; Fifth, 7, 10, 98; Sixth, 7, 10; Seventh, 95, 96, 97, 109, 111, 112, 129, 137,138, 146 Army Groups, Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, 137 Brigades: 12th, 36; 131st, 36 Corps: I, 117; II, 112; III, 55, 96; IV, 7,100, 103; V, 54; VI, 75, 86, 92, 94, 99, 112,118, 122, 128, 159; VII, 7, 54, 55; VIII, 7, 112; IX, 7; X, 55, 80, 112, 159; XII, 121,159; XIII, 7; XIV, 100, 112,120; XV, 7; XVI, 7; XVII, 99,138; XVIII, 54
Divisions, Cavalry: 4th, 117; 5th, 36; 10th, 36; 11th, 117, 137; 11th Hungarian, 94 Divisions, Infantry: 12th, 75; 15th, 24; 19th, 36; 39th Honved, 75; 55th, 36 Groups: Hofmann, 36, 138; Marschall, 96; Pflanzer-Baltin, 36, 52, 54, 56, 91, 92, 95; Puhallo, 54; Szurmay, 54, 55 Regiments, 28th Infantry, 79
248 Index Army, Germany, 23, 32, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 57, 153, 154 Army, Germany, High Command (OHL), 8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 56, 70, 73, 81, 85, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 108, 109, 112, 114, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 139, 142, 143, 145, 150, 151, 152, 155, 158, 160 Army, Germany, Units: Armies: Second, 9; Eighth, 6, 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 44, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 85, 89, 102, 115, 116, 119, 120, 124, 140, 141, 142, 143; Ninth, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 37, 57, 58, 67, 80, 83, 89, 102, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 150; Tenth, 17, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 102, 110, 124, 126, 128, 140, 141, 143; Eleventh, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99, 104, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 134, 158; Twelfth, 123, 124, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143, 158; Bug, 111, 112, 113, 117, 122, 128, 137, 139, 144, 147, 158; Nieman, 102, 103, 110, 115, 119, 124, 128, 141, 142, 143; Süd, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 75, 77, 80, 83, 92, 95, 96, 97, 109, 111, 112, 113, 128, 137, 138, 145, 146, 147, 158 Army Detachments: Gallwitz, 67, 70, 113, 114, 120; Lauenstein, 89, 100; Woyrsch, 17, 37, 56, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 150 Army Groups: Gallwitz, 70, 71, 102, 115, 116, 123; Linsingen, 139; Mackensen, 111, 112, 113, 114, 134, 151; Prince Leopold, 123, 124, 128, 143, 150; Westernhagen, 124 Brigades: 3rd Cavalry, 37, 60, 61, 62, 100; 5th Guard Infantry, 61, 64; 9th Cavalry, 95; 9th Landwehr, 71, 72, 127; Pfeil, 126 Corps: I, 6, 8, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 113, 114, 116, 120, 140; I Cavalry, 141, 143; I Reserve, 6, 18, 57, 59,
67, 71, 101, 102, 141; II, 18; III, 85, 108, 134; III Reserve, 18, 140; IV Reserve, 134; VI Cavalry, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 152; VII, 37, 113; X, 86,92, 94, 113, 118, 120, 140, 141; X Reserve, 113, 120, 134, 148; XI, 10, 13, 114, 115, 119; XIII, 57, 114, 115, 119; XVII, 6, 15, 18, 57, 83, 114, 115, 116, 119; XVII Reserve, 114, 119, 124, 126; XX, 6, 15, 18,20, 120; XXI, 61, 62, 64, 65, 127, 140, 141; XXII Reserve, 97, 99, 118, 120, 128, 134, 135; XXIV Reserve, 36, 69; XXV Reserve, 17, 18, 23; XXXVIII Reserve, 61, 62, 64, 65, 80, 116; XXXIX Reserve, 61, 62, 64, 65; XL Reserve, 60, 62, 67, 71, 93, 102, 126, 140, 141; XLI Reserve, 86, 99, 109, 111, 113, 118; Alpine, 53; Beskiden, 80, 81, III, 128, 134; Frommel, 15; Guard, 86, 90,92,94, 99, 118, 122, 128, 134; Guard Reserve, 10, 13, 114; Heydebreck, 117, 128, 137; Kneussl, 86, 90, 93; Landwehr, 23, 121 Divisions, Cavalry: 1st, 6, 44, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 128, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146; 2nd, 115; 3rd, 73, 140, 141, 142; 4th, 62, 63, 67, 126; 5th, 111, 117, 139; 6th, 101, 115; 8th, 15; 9th, 140, 141, 142; Bavarian, 73, 100, 101, 142 Divisions, Infantry: 1st, 36, 56, 111; 2nd, 60, 61, 63, 67; 2nd Guard, 113; 3rd, 103; 3rd Guard, 36, 55,
249 Index 56, 96; 4էե, 80; 6th, 134; 11th Bavarian, 86, 90, 94, 111, 134; 22nd, 97, 99; 26th, 134, 143; 31st, 64, 66, 71; 37th, 142; 41st, 103; 42nd, 65; 54th, 119; 56th, 109; 58th, 119; 88th, 42; 101st, 134; 103rd, 134; 105th, 134; 107th, 97, 111, 134; 119th, 90, 94 Divisions, Landwehr: 10th, 61, 64, 65; 14th, 126, 142; 16th, 61, 64, 143; 18th, 15 Divisions, Reserve: 1st, 67; 3rd, 65; 8th Bavarian, 97, 109; 25th, 80, 134; 35th, 15, 80; 36th, 71; 43rd, 97, 134; 44th, 97, 134; 47th, 20; 48th, 36, 56; 75th, 63; 76th, 63, 127; 77th, 62; 78th, 62; 79th, 60, 61, 64, 66, 127; 80th, 60, 61, 64; 82nd, 147 Regiments: 1st Bavarian Uhlans, 73; 1st Grenadier, 56; 1st Guard Infantry, 134; 1st Guard Grenadier (Kaiser Alexander), 85, 128, 134; 2nd Guard Grenadier (Kaiser Franz), 43; 2nd Life Hussars, 83; 3rd Grenadier, 96; 4th Guard Grenadier (Augusta), 94, 113; 4th Uhlans, 59, 103, 143; 5th Guard Grenadier, 59, 70, 71; 9th Field Artillery, 113; 10th Landwehr, 125; 31st Field Artillery, 71; 67th Field Artillery, 73; 70th Infantry, 62, 64, 66; 91st Infantry, 32; 151st Infantry, 71, 103; 221st Reserve Infantry, 66, 70, 95, 129; 249th Reserve Infantry, 70, 71, 143; Guards Cuirassier, 37 Army, Russian, 7, 28, 31, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49, 68, 74, 104, 136, 145, 146, 153, 156 Army, Russian, High Command (Stavka), 15,17, 18,19, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 36, 41,46, 48, 55, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 78, 79,87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 99, 104, 108, 118, 121,122,129, 130, 131,135, 136, 146, 147, 149,155,157,158, 159 Army, Russian, Units: Armies: 1st, 11, 12, 13, 22, 57, 64, 67, 70, 71, 101, 116, 119, 129; 2nd, 11,
12, 16, 18, 22, 44, 102, 116, 129, 142,143, 146, 159; 3rd, 11, 13, 14,15, 16,20,79, 80,87, 90, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 108, 112, 117, 118, 122, 157; 4th, II, 16,22,48, 108, 112, 117, 118, 119, 129; 5th, 11, 16, 18, 31, 57, 102, 103, 128,129, 154; 6th, 129; 7th, 147, 155; 8th, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 55, 68, 79, 80, 90, 92, 98, 100, 105, 128, 129, 137, 144; 9th, 16, 20, 22, 48, 80, 92, 95, 96, 105, 129, 137, 138, 147; 10th, 16, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 101, 127, 142,143, 144, 145, 152; 11th, 18, 68, 76, 80, 96, 105, 129, 138, 147; 12th, 31, 57, 60, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 101, 108, 116, 120, 129, 141, 143; 13th, 105, 113, 117,118, 129 Brigades, Cavalry, Ussuri, 115 Corps: I, 12; I Siberian, 58; II, 11, 64; II Caucasian, 105, 142; II Siberian, 71, 90, 108, 113, 122; III, 58, 62, 65; III Caucasian, 74, 90, 94, 98; III Cavalry, 95; III Siberian, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65; IV Cavalry, 98, 105; IV Siberian, 31, 142; V, 142; V Caucasian, 92, 105, 142; VI, 58; VI Siberian, 108, 112, 113; VIII, 139; IX, 90, 98; X, 90, 98; XII, 93, 139; XIII, 11; XIV, 98, 142; XV, 11, 61, 64, 98; XX, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 152; XXI, 92, 93; XXII, 55, 138; XXIII, 11, 70, 105, 121; XXIV, 91, 98; XXV, 112, 130; XXVI, 58, 63, 64, 65; XXVII, 142; XXIX, 105; XXX, 138, 139; XXXI, 113;
250 Index Corps (coni.) XXXII, 95; XXXIII, 92, 95; XXXVI, 142, 143; XXXIX, 139; Guard, 74, 108, 113, 118 Divisions, Cavalry, 2nd, 28 Divisions, Infantry: 3rd Guard, 70; 9th, 90; 11th Siberian, 115, 124; 27th, 58; 28th, 58; 29th, 58; 31st, 90; 48th, 91, 98; 53rd, 58; 56th, 58, 63; 57th, 58, 61; 58th, 124; 62nd Reserve, 70; 63rd, 90, 124; 63rd Reserve, 67; 73rd, 58,63 Fronts: North, 129, 158; Northwest, 11,15,16,17,18, 19, 31, 46, 55, 57, 67, 70, 71, 74, 88, 105, 107, 109,118,119,128, 129, 158,159; Southwest, 12,13, 16, 18, 19, 31, 46, 74, 79, 88, 92, 105, 106, 109, 128,129, 147, 159; West, 107, 129, 140,141,158,159 Regiments: 1st Siberian, 61; 166th Infantry, 29; Grenadier Guard, 121; Pavlovski Guard, 121 Arz von Straussenberg, Feldmarschallleutnant Artur, 25, 75, 86, 159 Augustowo, 64 Austria-Hungary, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 29, 38, 40, 57, 70, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 95, 96, 97, 103, 108, 122, 123, 131, 133, 135, 137, 145, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160 Austro-Prussian War, 9, 59 Baghdad, 109 Baltic Fleet, Russian, 100 Baltic Squadron, German, 89, 100, 115 Baranovici, 30, 36, 61, 129, 135 Batyushin, Colonel Nikolai, 5, 66 Beck-Rzikowsky, Generaloberst Friedrich von, 2, 4, 5 Becker, Ismar, 42 Belgium, 12 Below, General der Infanterie Fritz von, 62 Below, General der Infanterie Otto von, 59, 62, 63, 67, 74, 86, 102, 103, 128 Berchtold, Leopold von, 6 Berdichev, 129 Berendt, Richard von, 115, 126 Berezina River, 140, 143 Berlin, 8, 19, 21, 36, 42, 57, 69, 81, 82, 85, 151 Beseler, General der Infanterie Hans Hartwig von, 125, 126, 131, 150, 151 Bethmann
Hollweg, Theobald von, 32, 108, 150 Bezobrasov, General Vladimir, 74, 108, 121, 148, 159 Bialla, 61, 62 Białystok, 70, 134 Bismarck, Otto von, 2, 3 Blücher, Gebhard von, 84, 86 Bobr River, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 124 Bobrinski, Count Georgi Alexandrovich, 21, 78, 89, 99, 100, 149 Bobyr, General Nikolai, 124, 126 Bock, Major Fedor von, 87 Böhm-Ermolli, General der Kavallerie Edouard Baron von, 17, 20, 75, 76, 77, 80, 90, 98, 99, 100, 103, 137, 138, 159 Bolimow, 57, 58, 67, 83 Bonch-Bruevich, General Mikhail D., 66 Boog, Generalmajor Adolf von, 54 Boroević, General der Infanterie Svetozar, 25, 52, 53, 54, 56, 93, 98, 159 Bothmer, General der Infanterie Felix Graf von, 112, 113,138, 140 Breslau, 19, 113 Brest Litovsk, 107, 109, 124, 127, 128, 132, 133 Britain, 33, 109, 123, 160
251 Index Brody, 79, 129 Brusilov, General Alexei, 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, 48, 53, 68, 79, 90, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 128, 129, 137, 139, 144, 145, 146, 155, 156, 159 Brzesko, 87 Brzeziny, 18 Budapest, 74 Bug River, 1, 5, 107, 109, 111, 117, 120, 121, 128 Bulgakov, General Pavel, 60, 63, 64, 65 Bulgaria, 2, 38, 81, 88, 93, 123, 129, 132, 133 Burián von Rajecz, István Graf, 122,147 Bzura River, 18, 19 Caprivi, Leo von, 3 Carpathian Mountains, 14, 20, 36, 38, 41, 52, 55, 56, 59, 67, 68, 69, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 150, 153, 157 Chantilly, 151 Charleville, 34, 85 Chartoriski, 144, 146 Cholm, 111, 117 Churin, General Aleksei, 31 Clausewitz, Carl von, 15 Colard, General Hermann von, 103 Congress of Berlin, 2 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz Xaver, 35 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Generaloberst Franz Baron, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 46, 52, 54, 55, 57, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 103, 108, 123, 128, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 156, 157,159 and the attack at Gorlice, 82 background and early career, 35 and Falkenhayn, 35, 36, 79, 80, 81, 85,91,97, 109, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 122, 135, 138, 151 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Herbert, 13, 103 Cossacks, 47, 72, 78, 90, 101, 117, 142, 144 Cracow, 17, 18, 20, 21, 74 Crailsheim, Generalmajor Freiherr von,101 Cramon, Colonel (later Generalmajor) August von, 24, 37, 38, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 95, 120, 139, 144, 151 Crimean War, 1 Czech Legion, 149 Czernowitz, 56, 68, 96 Danilov, General Yuri N., 8, 19, 29, 30,31,46, 106, 130, 131, 136, 149, 157 Danki, General der Infanterie Viktor
Freiherr von, 1, 11, 14, 24, 25, 56 Danube River, 10 Delvig, General Sergei, 94 Denikin, General Anton, 39, 46, 129, 133, 138 Dickhuth-Harrach, Generalleutnant Gustaf von, 124 Dniestr River, 95, 96, 97 Dragomirov, General Vladimir, 93 Drygallen, 62 Dubissa River, 101 Dukla Pass, 52, 53, 54, 67, 79, 91, 96, 157 Dünaberg, 141 Dvina River, 128, 129, 141, 143 Eben, Generalleutnant Johannes von, 114 Eichhorn, Generaloberst Hermann von, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 126, 128, 140, 154 Emmich, General der Infanterie Otto von, 120, 122 Epanchin, General Nikolai, 62, 63, 65, 68 Evert, General Aleksei, 112, 117, 119, 135, 142, 159
Index 252 Fabarius, Generalmajor Siefried, 147 Fabeck, General der Infanterie Max von, 134 Falk, Generalleutnant Adalbert von, 61 Falkenhayn, General der Infanterie Erich von, 12, 14, 27, 38, 52, 58, 70, 87, 88, 92, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111, 118, 126, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 156, 157 background and early career, 31, 32 and Conrad, 35, 36, 79, 80, 81, 85, 91,97, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 122, 135, 137, 138, 151 and the creation of Ober Ost, 17 and the decision to attack at Gorlice, 82, 83 and Ober Ost, 34, 114, 116, 119, 123, 124, 131, 140, 141, 150, 152, 153 strategic thinking of, 33, 109 Falkenhayn, General der Kavallerie Eugen von, 32, 97, 134 Feist, Sigmund, 42, 69 Ferdinand, Archduke, 98 Ferdinand, Tsar of Bulgaria, 123, 151 Fleck, Paul, 38, 83 France, 1,3,4, 8, 12,38, 97, 113, 123, 146, 149 Francis Joseph, Emperor, 5, 10, 13, 24, 75, 76, 77, 95 Franco-Prussian War, 9, 59, 83, 114 François, General der Infanterie Hermann von, 8, 23, 59, 93, 95, 111, 113 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 5, 10 Frederick the Great, 23 Friedrich, Archduke, 10,19,87,99,103 Friedrich III, Kaiser, 3 Friedrich August III, King of Saxony, 102 Friedrichsstadt, 141 Galicia, 7, 10, 11, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 36, 40, 48, 78, 79, 88, 91, 94, 97, 100, 103, 104,106, 108, 124, 149, 150, 155, 158, 159 Gallwitz, General der Artillerie Max von, 67, 71,84, 86, 102, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 136, 158 Ganchev, Colonel Petur, 129, 133 Garnier, Generalleutnant Otto von, 140, 141, 143, 144 Germany, 1, 2, 4, 7, 23, 25, 29, 31, 82, 88, 97, 108,
122, 129,132, 133, 136, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 158, 160 Gnila Lipa River, 13 Gomel, 61 Gorbatovski, General Vladimir, 105, 113, 117 Gorlice, 75, 77, 82, 83, 88, 90, 91, 92, 104, 117, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157 Grodek, 99, 100 Grodno, 64, 65, 137 Groener, Colonel Wilhelm, 81, 82, 86, 142, 145, 152, 153 Gross, Gerhard, 23 Gulevich, General A. A., 66 Gumbinnen, 8, 23 Gurko, General Vasily, 57 Hague Convention, 102, 148 Halle, 83 Heeringen, General der Infanterie Josiąs von, 32 Hell, Colonel Emil, 61 Helmhein, Feldmarschallleutnant Heinrich Tschurtschentaler von, 54 Heydebreck, Generalleutnant Ernst von, 117, 139 Hindenburg, Generalfeldmarschall Paul von, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24, 30, 34, 44, 58, 66, 68,
253 Index 70, 72, 73, 83, 85, 86, 101, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123, 124,126, 130, 140, 142, 143, 144, 150, 152, 158 threat of resignation, 37, 111, 153 Hofer, Feldmarschallleutnant Anton, 38 Hoffmann, Max, 1, 14, 17, 34, 70, 72, 110, 121, 159 Hranilovac, Oskar, 38 Hûlsen-Haeseler, Generalfeldmarschall Count Dietrich von, 4 Hungary, 38, 40, 74, 88, 134, 149, 155 Isonzo River, 108, 120, 121, 135 Italy, 30, 38, 40, 52, 56, 74, 81, 88, 93, 95, 96, 97, 108, 123, 156, 157 Ivangorod, 15, 16, 18, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 154 Ivanov, General Nikolai, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 30, 31, 46, 79, 80, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 106, 129, 137, 139, 145, 149, 159 Janow, 99 Jansa, Alfred, 86 Jaroslau, 94, 97, 109 Jasio, 75, 77 Jena, 43 Joffre, Marshal Joseph, 22, 30 Johannisburg, 58, 60, 61 Josefowka, 99 Joseph, Archduke, 20, 54,118,119, 139 Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, 17, 75, 112, 137 Kaganeck, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Graf von, 12, 36, 37, 79, 144, 147, 151 Kaluga, 135 Kessler, Count Harry, 16, 51, 56, 96, 118, 136 Kholm, 94 Khovstov, Aleksei, 107 Kiev, 93, 129, 136, 149 Killinger, Erich, 148, 149 Klein Rogallen, 63 Kneussl, Generalmajor Paul Ritter von, 86, 93, 95, 159 Knox, Major General Alfred, 29, 30, 41, 47, 48, 57 Koblenz, 9 Köhler, Otto, 42, 69 Kokoschka, Oskar, 39 Kolakovski, Lieutenant Yakov R, 66 Kolki, 139 Komarów, 12, 24 Kornilov, General Lavr, 91, 98, 148 Korotkovich-Notschevnoi, Colonel, 125 Kosch, General der Infanterie Robert, 51, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 77, 113, 119, 134, 148, 159 Kövess von Kövessháza, General der Infanterie Hermann, 25, 159 Kovno,
63, 65, 102, 110, 111, 114, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 140, 142, 152 Krasnik, 11, 12,24, 48, 112 Krasnostaw, 118 Krauss, Feldmarschallleutnant Rudolf, 87 Krautwald von Annaue, Feldmarschallleutnant Josef Ritter von, 80, 159 Kritek, General der Infanterie Karl, 99 Krobatin, Alexander, 20, 144 Kühl, Generalleutnant Hermann von, 134, 153 Kundmann, Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf, 19, 77,138, 139, 144 Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Feldmarschallleutnant Hermann, 18, 52, 55, 75, 76, 77
254 Index Lake Narach, 155 Latvia, 115 Lauenstein, Generalleutnant Otto Freiherr von, 62, 101 League of the Three Emperors, 2 Lechitsky, General Platon, 95, 96, 138 Lemberg, 15, 21, 76, 77, 78, 79, 89, 92, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 117, 149, 159 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 102, 120 Lesh, General Leonid, 93, 98, 99, 100, 105, 112, 121 Libau, 73, 89, 100, 101, 102 Liddell-Hart, B.H., 86 Liege, 9 Liegnitz, 9 Linsingen, General der Infanterie Alexander von, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 56, 80, 83,96, 112, 113, 117, 139, 140, 143, 144, 158 Lithuania, 100, 101, 102, 115, 119, 126, 131, 133, 140, 145, 149, 150 Litvinov, General Alexander, 57 Litzmann, General der Infanterie Karl, 60, 61, 64, 71, 126, 127, 133, 141, 142, 144, 159 Lo chow, General der Infanterie Ewald von, 108 Lodz, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 83, 84, 85 Lomsha, 69, 71 Lossberg, Colonel Fritz von, 34 Lötzen, 20, 58, 62, 63, 110, 114 Lubki, 49 Lublin, 111, 117, 131 Ludendorff, General der Infanterie Erich, 9, 12, 14, 18, 19, 27, 33, 34, 36, 37,39,51,58, 66,67,68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 83, 84, 85, 86, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123, 126, 130, 131, 140, 142, 144, 145, 150, 152, 153,158 Lupkov Pass, 52, 53, 54, 67 Lutsk, 136, 137, 138, 139 Lüttwitz, Generalleutnant Walter Freiherr von, 113 Lyck, 62, 64 Mackensen, Generalfeldmarschall August von, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 38, 45, 57, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114,117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 139, 146, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 Marquard, Colonel
Gottfried, 134 Marschall, Generalleutnant Wolf Freiherr von, 96 Marwitz, General der Kavallerie Georg von der, 80, 159 Masurian Lakes, 19, 22, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 80, 104, 114, 152, 154, 157, 158 Memel, 100 Metz, 113 Mézières, 34, 106 Mezölaborcz, 52, 55, 68, 78 Miasoedov, Lieutenant Colonel Sergei N„ 65, 68, 78, 104, 149 Minsk, 110, 111, 143 Mitau, 101, 128 Mogilev, 129, 135, 158 Moltke, Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth von, 2, 4, 12, 23 Moltke, Generaloberst Helmuth von, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 19, 23, 32, 34, 37, 44, 70 Montenegro, 151 Morgen, Generalleutnant Curt von, 18 Moscow, 122 Müller, Admiral Georg Alexander von, 147 Narew River, 5,12, 67, 70, 71, 72, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126
255 Index Naumann, Friedrich, 150 Neu Sandec, 13, 14, 18, 85, 87 New York, 149 Nicholas II, Tsar, 7, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 61,69, 72,78,79, 87, 90,92, 104, 107, 121, 130, 135, 136, 145, 146, 149, 152, 157, 158, 159 Nicola, Prince of Montenegro, 28 Nieman River, 13, 15, 16, 22, 102, 126, 127, 140 Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess Anastasia, 28 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 1, 7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19,21,22,23, 31,34,47, 48,51,60, 61,65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 78, 79, 87, 90, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 118, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 146, 149, 156, 158, 159 approach to command, 29, ЗО, 88, 157 background and career, 28 Norway, 149 Novogeorgievsk, 116, 120, 124, 125, 126,127, 150 Oberbefehlshaber Ost (Ober Ost), 17, 18, 34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 56, 58, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 83, 89, 91, 94, 97, 101, 102, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156 Oderberg, 151 Odessa, 92, 147 Olukhov, Lieutenant General Vladimir A., 121 Orsha, 135 Ortelsburg, 103 Ossowiec, 71, 72, 120, 124,154 Ostrolenka, 116, 120, 134, 142, 145 Palitsyn, General Feodor F., 29 Pappritz, Generalleutnant Günther von, 101 Pershino, 135 Peter the Great, 47 Petrograd, 31, 100, 104, 136, 149 Pflanzer-Baltin, General der Kavallerie Karl Freiherr von, 54, 56, 68, 91, 92,95,96, 112, 129, 137 Pflug, General Vasily, 16, 22 Philipps, Fritz, 42 Pinsk, 139 Plehve, General Pavel, 16, 18, 31, 57, 67, 70, 71, 74, 102, 116, 154 Pless, 34, 35, 91, 97, 104, 106, 110, 129, 133 Plessen, Generaloberst Hans von, 27, 45, 69, 84,
113 Poland, 2, 5, 7,12, 15,17, 18, 19, 22, 57, 67, 70, 89, 102, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129, 131, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158 Polivanov, General Aleksei A., 104, 107, 130, 131, 145, 149 Posen, 9, 17, 110, 113, 114, 116, 119, 130, 153 Potiorek, Feldzugmeister Oskar, 10 Prittwitz und Gaffron, Generaloberst Max von, 6, 8, 23 Prostken, 63 Protopopov, General Nikolai, 90 Prut River, 96 Przasnysz, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 88, 114, 116, 148, 157 Przemyśl, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 36, 42, 51, 52, 54, 55, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 108, 148, 149, 150, 153, 157, 159 Puhallo von Brlog, Feldzugmeister Paul, 54, 112, 137
256 Index Pultusk, 116, 119, 120 Putnik, Field Marshal Radomir, 10 Radkevich, General Evgeny, 61, 63, 65,70 Radko-Dmitriev, General Radko, 16, 90, 91, 92, 106 Radoslavov, Vasil, 123, 129 Radymno, 93 Rasputin, Grigory, 107, 135, 136 Rathenau, Walter, 20 Rawa Ruska, 13, 100, 103 Redl, Colonel Alfred, 5, 6, 11 Reininghaus, Gina von, 36, 108, 144, 157 Reininghaus, Hans von, 36 Rennenkampf, General Pavel, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23 Richthofen, Generalmajor Manfred Freiherr von, 141 Riga, 101, 103, 141, 143 Romania, 30, 38, 52, 56, 74, 81, 88, 91,95, 156 Ronge, Captain Max, 6 Rothkirch, Captain Fritz von, 38 Rovno, 128, 135, 136, 137, 144 Rozan, 116, 119, 120 Rupprecht, Crown Prince, 85, 86 Russia, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 38, 48, 73, 74, 79, 81, 83, 89, 110, 122, 129, 136, 149, 152, 160 Russo-Turkish War, 28, 104 Ruszki, General Nikolai, 13, 16, 17, 22, 30, 31, 61, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74, 129, 159 Sabler, Vladimir, 107 Salandra, Antonio, 38, 80 Samarin, Aleksandr, 107 Samsonov, General Aleksandr, 11, 15 San Francisco, 149 San River, 11, 14, 15, 18, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 Sanok,82 Sauberzweig, Generalmajor Traugott von,125 Save River, 10, 11 Savich, General Sergei, 93 Schallert, Ernst Günter, 42 Schaulen, 89, 100, 101, 102 Scheffer-Boyadel, General der Infanterie Reinhard von, 17, 23 Scheidemann, General Sergei, 16, 18, 22 Schlieffen, Generalfeldmarschall Alfred von, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 104, 152, 153 Schmettow, Generalmajor Eberhard Graf von, 62 Schneller, Major Karl, 137 Scholtz, General der Artillerie Friedrich von, 116 Schubert, Generaloberst Richard von, 14 Seeckt, Colonel
(later Generalmajor) Hans von, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,93,94, 95, 98, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 115, 120, 134, 136, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156 Seeckt, General der Infanterie Richard von, 85 Selivanov, General Andrei, 76, 77,79 Serbia, 6, 7, 10, 11, 24, 34, 36, 38, 43, 81, 108, 110, 123, 129, 133, 137, 138, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 158, 160 Sereth River, 129, 137 Shchelgovitov, Ivan, 107 Shcherbachev, General Dmitri, 96, 138 Sheremetiev, Colonel Sergei, 21 Showalter, Dennis, 86 Siedlce, 121 Sienawa, 99 Sievers, General Faddei, 22, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68
257 Index Sikorsky, Igor, 47 Sitno, 113 Skidel, 142 Smirnov, General Vladimir, 22 Smorgon, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146 Soissons, 85 Sokal, 117 Soldau, 114 Stanislau, 56 Stockholm, 66 Stolzmann, General der Infanterie Paulus Alfred Wilhelm von, 37 Straub, Colonel johann, 86 Stryj, 96 Strypa River, 129 Stűrgkh, Count Josef von, 12, 37 Stürgkh, Count Karl von, 37 Styr River, 136, 137, 139 Sukhomlinov, General Vladimir, 7, 28, 29, 66, 77, 104, 107, 130, 145, 149 Sweden, 66 Switzerland, 40 Szurmay, Feldmarschallleutnant Alexander, 54 Tannenberg, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 23, 25, 44, 45, 66, 68, 83, 110, 140, 143, 159 Tappen, Generalmajor Gerhard, 33, 82, 83, 88, 94, 97, 114 Tarnopol, 138 Teschen, 18, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 87, 92, 95, 103, 138, 140, 144 Thorn, 17 Tigris River, 109 Tkachev, Captain Viktor, 48 Turkey, 2, 30, 33, 34, 81, 88, 109, 123, 147, 156, 160 Ukraine, 155 United States, 56, 160 Uzsok Pass, 52, 53, 54, 79 Vailly, 85 Vereczke Pass, 53, 54 Vienna, 4, 6, 8, 12, 37, 56, 75, 95, 134, 144, 151 Vilna, 110, 111, 127, 141, 142 Vistula River, 15, 31, 67, 92, 107, 109, 120, 121, 124, 159 Vladivostok, 149 Volhynia, 140 Waldersee, Generalmajor Georg von, 9, 12, 23 Waldersee, Generaloberst Alfred von, 2,3 Warsaw, 12, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, ЗО, 66, 69, 70, 83, 102, 107, ПО, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 131, 150, 151, 152 Wieprz River, 113, 118, 120 Wild von Hohenborn, Generalleutnant Adolf, 33, 83, 88 Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 85, 86 Wilhelm I, Kaiser, 2, 3 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 17, 19, 27, 32, 33, 37, 45, 63, 65, 69, 83, 84, 85, 91, 95, 100, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 119,
123, 126, 136, 153 Wilija River, 140, 142, 143 Winckler, Generalleutnant Arnold von,113 Windau River, 101 Wisłok River, 92 Wisłoka River, 91, 92 Wladimir Wolynsk, 117 Włodawa, 128 Wodniansky von Wildenfeld, Feldmarschallleutnant Friedrich, 24 Woyrsch, General der Infanterie Remus von, 17, 24, 80, 111, 121, 127, 158 Wrisberg, Ernst von, 81
Index 258 Yanushkevich, General Nikolai N., 21, 29, 30, 78, 130, 131, 136, 149 Ypres, 42 Zabern Affair, 32 Zaionchkovski, General Andrei, 138 Zhilinski, General Yakov, 11, 15, 22, 159 Ziethen, Generalmajor Alfred, 87, 90 Zlota Lipa River, 13, 111, 112, 129 Żmigród, 77, 91, 96 Zorndorf, 68 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | DiNardo, Richard L. 1956- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140694870 |
| author_facet | DiNardo, Richard L. 1956- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | DiNardo, Richard L. 1956- |
| author_variant | r l d rl rld |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046670438 |
| contents | Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East -- Strategists, Strategy, Operations and Coalition Warfare -- Equipping the Man, and Manning the Equipment -- Bloody Winter: January -- February 1915 -- Spring Crisis: March -- April 1915 -- Spring Reversal: May -- June 1915 -- The Summer of Advance and Retreat: July -- August 1915 -- Action on the Flanks: September -- October 1915 -- Aftermath and Assessments |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1164626784 (DE-599)BVBBV046670438 |
| era | Geschichte 1915 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1915 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046670438 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:21:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:50:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781440844539 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032081441 |
| oclc_num | 1164626784 |
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| physical | xiv, 258 Seiten, 11 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200710 BSBWK1 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2020 |
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| publisher | Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | DiNardo, Richard L. 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)140694870 aut Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 Richard L. DiNardo Eastern Front in 1915 Santa Barbara, California ; Denver, Colorado Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC [2020] xiv, 258 Seiten, 11 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East -- Strategists, Strategy, Operations and Coalition Warfare -- Equipping the Man, and Manning the Equipment -- Bloody Winter: January -- February 1915 -- Spring Crisis: March -- April 1915 -- Spring Reversal: May -- June 1915 -- The Summer of Advance and Retreat: July -- August 1915 -- Action on the Flanks: September -- October 1915 -- Aftermath and Assessments "This book provides a comprehensive and illuminating study of some of the most crucial campaigns on the Eastern Front during what was perhaps the most momentous year of World War I in that battleground."-- Geschichte 1915 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Eastern Front HISTORY / Military / World War I. Military campaigns Eastern Front (World War (1914-1918)) 1914-1918 Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 s Geschichte 1915 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-1-4408-4454-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032081441&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032081441&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032081441&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | DiNardo, Richard L. 1956- Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 Best Laid Plans and Their Miscarriage: The 1914 Campaigns in the East -- Strategists, Strategy, Operations and Coalition Warfare -- Equipping the Man, and Manning the Equipment -- Bloody Winter: January -- February 1915 -- Spring Crisis: March -- April 1915 -- Spring Reversal: May -- June 1915 -- The Summer of Advance and Retreat: July -- August 1915 -- Action on the Flanks: September -- October 1915 -- Aftermath and Assessments Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4489581-1 |
| title | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 |
| title_alt | Eastern Front in 1915 |
| title_auth | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 |
| title_exact_search | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 |
| title_full | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 Richard L. DiNardo |
| title_fullStr | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 Richard L. DiNardo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Turning points the Eastern Front in 1915 Richard L. DiNardo |
| title_short | Turning points |
| title_sort | turning points the eastern front in 1915 |
| title_sub | the Eastern Front in 1915 |
| topic | Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erster Weltkrieg Ostfront |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032081441&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032081441&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032081441&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dinardorichardl turningpointstheeasternfrontin1915 AT dinardorichardl easternfrontin1915 |