Parleying with the devil: prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Lexington
Andarta Books
[2020]
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| Schriftenreihe: | New perspectives on the Second World War
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 438 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781949668087 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Foreword by Klaus Schmider List of Abbreviations ix xi Spelling and Pronunciation Guide Introduction xiii 1 Chapter 1. Brutal Until the End: Serbia, 1941-1944 Chapter 2. Political Discussions, Round 1:1942 Chapter 3. March Negotiations: 1943 9 71 135 Chapter 4. The Neutral Zone at Pisarovina: 1943-1945 Chapter 5. Local Prisoner Exchanges: 1943-1945 Chapter 6. Closing Thoughts Acknowledgments 307 377 383 Appendix A. Prisoner Exchanges in Yugoslavia 385 Appendix B. Prisoner Exchanges in Pisarovina 390 Appendix C. Dramatis Personae Selected Bibliography Index 409 399 393 196
Index 1st Bosnian Assault Corps, 117,159,181 1st Cossack Division, 226,234, 235, 240, 24ІПІ64, 256n216 1st Croatian Corps, 129nl72 1st Dalmatian Brigade, 301 1st Home Guard Corps, 199, 200 1st Jäger Reserve Regiment, 242, 243-44 1st Krajina Brigade, 126-27 1st Mountain Division (German), 179, 183, 200 1st Proletarian Brigade, 64nl93, 102,104, 115,159, 335n87 1st Proletarian Corps, 63,202nl6 1st Proletarian Division, 64nl94,117, 150n42,173 1st Proletarian Shock Brigade, 52 1st Slavonian Assault Brigade, 128 1st Šumadija Partisan Detachment, 38-39 2nd Army (German), 10,15 2nd Assault Corps (NOVJ): 29th Herzegovina Division and, 224; Grahovo massacre and, 298, 299; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in eastern Herzegovina and, 333, 334; local prisoner exchanges and, 295֊96n367, 316-17,318 2nd Krajina Brigade, 101 n85 2nd Krajina Detachment, 76 2nd Macedonian Brigade, 343, 347 2nd Panzer Army; instructions to the 15th Mountain Corps regarding breaches of international law, 294n357; intelligence derived from the Partisans and, 278; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 319-20, 371; in Macedonia, 344; mission in Croatia after the fall of Italy, 196; planned attack on Tito, 275; prisoner exchanges parallel to the Pisarovina neutral zone talks, 214; report of execution of officers of the Taurinense Division, 318n33; reprisals in 1943-1944 under Lothar Rendulic, 203-04, 205, 305; transport of prisoners, 284n326; treatment of wounded Partisan prisoners, 288n339, 292; truce in Slovenian Littoral, 367 2nd Proletarian Brigade, 182 2nd Proletarian Division, 61,117,173, 181-82,312 2nd SS
Panzer Corps, 354nl47 2nd Volunteer Police Regiment (German), 210-1ІП51 3rd Assault Division, 117,183,185nl40, 318 3rd Bosnian Corps, 223-24, 321 3rd Demolition Battalion, 290-91 3rd Krajina Brigade, 64nl93,184nl38 3rd Sandžak Brigade, 115,116,122nl43, 158 3rd SS Panzer Corps, 207 3rd Vojvodina Brigade, 313-15 IV Directorate of the Special Police, 54 4th Krajina Brigade, 63nl90 4th Krajina Division, 117, 297, 322, 330 4th NOVJ Corps, 223,235,237 4th Sandžak Brigade, 116,291 4th Slavonian Division, 174 5th Bosnian Corps, 223, 224,228, 241, 246, 247, 329, 330 5th Krajina Division, 61,117 5th Montenegrin Brigade, 104 5th Mountain Brigade (Home Guard), 199 5th SS Mountain Corps, 203, 205, 273, 319, 334, 336n91 409
410 Index Sixth Army (German), 135,165, 322 6th Corps (Italian), 186,187 6th Division (NOVJ), 129nl72 6th Eastern Bosnian Brigade, 158,171-72 6th Krajina Brigade, 329 6th Partisan Brigade (Slovenian), 357 6th Slavonian Corps, 219-20, 223, 23ІПІ26, 237, 293Ո353, 298n375 7th Armored Division (U.S.), 290n346 7th Montenegrin Assault Brigade, 327-28 7th NOVJ Corps, 354-56, 365 7th NOVJ Division, 24ІПІ65, 284-85 7th Serbian Brigade, 272 7th SS Volunteer Mountain (Prinz Eugen) Division: actions in Eastern Bosnia in 1943, 312; Otto Kumm and, 274, 318-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1943, 201, 318-19, 372; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 321; local prisoner exchanges in 1945, 330; mop-up actions following Operation Schwarz, 183; “no prisoner policy,” 372; Operation Weiss and, 137; as prisoners of Partisans, 316; reprisals and, 286nn330, 331 8th Army (German), 164n78 8th Dalmatian Corps, 223, 237, 244nl75, 298Ո375, 302nn388, 389, 325 8th Vojvodina Brigade, 341 9th NOVJ Corps, 359-61, 366-67, 369 10th Herzegovina Brigade, 340 10th NOVJ (Zagreb) Corps, 223, 231, 237, 280 11th Army Corps (German), 15-16 11th Kozara Brigade, 316 11th Krajina Brigade, 330 11th NOVJ Corps, 223, 239-40nl61, 244nl75 12th Slavonian Brigade, 321-22 12th Slavonian Division, 214-15 13th Herzegovina Brigade, 338, 340 13th NOVJ Brigade, 307 13th Proletarian Brigade, 64nl94 13th Slovenian Brigade, 358 13th SS Mountain (Handschar) Division, 328 14th Herzegovina Brigade, 339, 374 14th NOVJ Corps, 341-42 14th NOVJ Division, 358-59 15th Home Guard Regiment, 326 15th Mobilization Wave (German), 14, 20, 179,190 15th
Mountain Corps (German), 206n34, 213n58,214,284 15th Partisan Division, 354-56 16th Motorized Division (German), 10 17th Majevica Brigade, 290 18th Croatian Brigade, 328 18th Mountain Corps (German), 27 18th NOVJ Brigade, 307-8 18th NOVJ Division, 356, 357 19th Dalmatian Division, 297, 326-27 20th Dalmatian Division, 212-13n58, 297 21st Army Prisoner Collection Point (German), 287,289n340 22nd Mountain Corps (German), 349-50 25th NOVJ Division, 341-42 26th Dalmatian Division, 294 27th Ustashe Battalion, 326 29th Herzegovina Division, 205, 224, 318-19; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74 31st Serbian Brigade, 301n387 34th Army Corps Command (German), 277-78n297 34th NOVJ Division, 242, 245 38th NOVJ Division, 328 41st NOVJ Division, 348-49 41st Panzer Corps, 13 64th Police Battalion (German), 14 65th Higher Command for Special Purposes, 14-15, 26,41 69th Reserve Corps (German), 204n26, 215n66,235,277n29 7 73rd Infantry Division (German), 13 89th Corps Command (German), 277-78n297 91st Army Corps (German), 267n249 108th Regiment (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), 10n4 113th Infantry Division (German), 48, 53, 105 114th Jäger Division, 212n56, 277n297, 316
Index 116th Regiment (German), 16 118th Jäger Division, 277n297, 300n380, 323-25,373n203 125th Infantry Regiment (German), 37 173rd Reserve Division (German), 313-15 181st Infantry Division (German), 277n297 187th Reserve Division (German), 204, 308-10,315 188th Mountain Division (German), 370 264th Infantry Division (German), 279, 286n330, 326-27 342nd Infantry Division (German), 27, 37, 48, 49,49-50ПІ44, 53 369th Anit-tank Battalion (German), 337, 374 369th Infantry Division or Devil’s Division (German): German policies in 1943 on the treatment of prisoners and, 203-04; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in Eastern Herzegovina, 331-40, 373-74; local prisoner exchange and treatment of prisoners in 1943,176nll0, 311-12; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 149, 189; Nevesinje massacre and, 340; nickname, 311; Operation Schwarz and, 182-83; operations in Eastern Bosnia in 1943,188; Operation Weiss and, 137, 311; Partisan policy toward prisoners in 1943 and, 203, 211; prisoner exchanges with the Chetniks, 79n21; prisoners captured by the Partisans, 173nl02; reprisals and, 286n330; troubled relations between soldiers and officers in, 147-49; written duels with Partisan units, 335n87 370th Grenadier Regiment (German), 312 371st Infantry Division (German), 216n74 373rd Legionnaire Division (German), 213n58, 284n327, 302n389, 316, 322n47 375th Front Reconnaissance Troop (German), 349 392nd Legionnaire Division (German), 239, 240ПІ61, 248, 277n297 462nd Reserve Regiment (German), 309 411 521st Army Communications Regiment (German), 38-39 562nd Territorial Defense Battalion (German), 14
592nd Territorial Defense Battalion (German), 14 621st Secret Field Police Group (German), 349 639th Security Regiment (German), 329 704th Infantry Division (German), 14,25 714th Infantry Division (German), 14, 100Ո84,115, 116,126 717th Infantry Division (German): 65th Higher Command for Special Purposes and, 14; cease-fire in Eastern Bosnia and, 172-73,173nl00; General Dippold and, 189; Kraljevo massacre and, 40; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 141, 143-45; Operation Weiss, 137,139,187 718th Infantry Division (German): German strength in Croatia in 1941 and, 74; instructions for treatment of captives, 125-26; intelligence from the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 103-04; Livno prisoner exchange and, 123nl44,124,129-30; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 140,154,155, 171, 176; Operation Weiss, 137,187, 188-89; prisoner exchanges in 1941, 80 724th Infantry Regiment (German), 26-27, 50nl46 734th Grenadier Regiment (German), 58 749th Infantry Regiment (German), 38 750th Regiment (German), 324, 325 920th Territorial Defense Battalion (German), 14, 35-37 Abwehr, 226, 32ІП43, 334 Ačimovič, Milan, 14 Action Commando 4, 282 Afrika Korps, 135 AFŽ. See Womens Anti-fascist Front Aleksandar I Karađorđević, 19, 71, 72 Alexander Barracks, 126 Algeria, 135 Alibunar massacre, 13
412 Index Ambrosio, Vittorio, 189-90 Andelković, Ratko, 273ո272 Andreev, Bane, 346 Anglo-Partisan relations: Gorizia cease-fire episode and the proposed Allied landing in Istria, 367-68; Partisan resistance to British involvement in the Balkans, 380-81; Partisan treatment of German prisoners and, 293-96,298-99, 306, 378; state of in 1942,88-89; state of in 1944,197-98, 259 Anglo-Soviet relations: as a challenge for the KPJ, 109-11 Antič, Vieko, 271 Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 118, 197, 224, 258Ո220, 278, 303, 332, 346-47 Antonio Gramsci Brigade, 370 Aosta Brigade, 318 Apostolski, Mihajlo, 348 April War, 9-13,18-19, 20n38 Arilje, 30 Army Group Africa, 60 Army Group C, 272, 351, 360, 364nl80 Army Group E: attempt to reach Austria in 1945,198; Kraljevo Bridgehead and, 64; in Macedonia, 349-50, 375; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender and, 272; Operation Weiss and, 137; prisoner transit camps, 287-88; retreat from Greece in 1944, 62nl86,197; strength in 1945,277n296; Yugoslav Army offensive in 1945 and, 270 Army Group F: 2nd Panzer Army reprisals in 1944 and, 205; Werner Bornhausen and, 246nl80; chief intelligence officer, 260, 273; fighting in Serbia in 1944, 62nl86; Gorizia cease-fire episode and, 366, 367; Italian prisoners of war and, 287; in Macedonia, 348-49; Hans Ott and, 257; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 237,238; prisoner transit camps, 287-88; Secret Field Police Group 171,283 Aust (German Organisation Todt official), 358-59 Austria, 262-63, 269, 270 “Austrian Battalions,” 301n387 Austro-Hungarian Army, 3
AVNOJ. See Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia Babič, Marko, 25-26 Bačka province, 11 Bader, Paul: 65th Higher Command and, 26; Dangić Affair and, 81n26; German command organization in Croatia and, ІІбпІЗО; German efforts to curb the Ustashe and, 98; German policy regarding Partisan prisoners and, 59-60; German reprisals and, 54; Serbian gendarmerie and, 79; on Ustashe atrocities, 98n75 Bakrač, Boris: 1st Cossack Division and, 256n216; biographical overview, 393; German prisoners on the Adriatic islands and, 301; German proposal to the Pisarovina neutral zone and, 245; German reprisal killings in 1945 and, 244; intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 280-81; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 255n212; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943-1944 and, 249, 254, 257, 260; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender and, 267-68, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273; Hans Ott as an agent for the Partisans and, 277, 278; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 231-34, 237-38, 246, 247, 248; protest against the German’s treatment of Partisan prisoners, 289 Balkans: historical overview of prisoner exchange, 2-3; Partisan resistance to British involvement in, 380-81; ritual mutilations and the Balkans War, 40nl 10 Banija, 117,135 Banja Koviljača, 26, 78 Banja Luka, 74,115,116,122nl43, 206n34, 216-17,246
Index Banjica concentration camp, 55 Barac, Zvonko, 239 Bari, 253, 295, 323 Basta, Milan, 58nl73, 330 Battle Group Rijeka, 362nl68 Bauer, Anton, 314n22 bauxite ore, 83,91,100,186 Bayer, Otto, 114-15 Beissner, Wilhelm, 78 Bela Crkva, 19n37 Bela Krajina, 370 Belegiš, 58nl73 Belgrade: captured by Germany in 1941, 10; German use of poison gas in, 101; Soviet advance on and capture of, 62, 63-64 Benak, Aleksander, 121,122,157n60 Bihać, 117,118,119, 127Ш64,136-37, 201, 245-46, 277n297, 301 Bijela, 151,188,189 Bilan, Zvonko, 121 Bileća POW camp, 299, 339 Bilje, 360 Biograd na Moru, 297 Birač, 171 Biševo, 296, 298, 323 Bišina massacre, 340 Bitola, 344, 349 Bivolarević, Vukašin, 313-14, 315n25 Bjelovar, 308 Blackshirts, 40nПО, 210. See also Italian Fascists Bloody October, 40 Bogatić, 26 Böhme, Franz, 27, 38, 39-40 Böhme, Karl W., 7 Bolić, Branko, 213n58 Boljanić, 81-82 Bornhausen, Werner, 246nl80 Borongaj, 281 Bosanska Dubica, 76-77 Bosanski Novi, 127, 322 Bosanski Petrovac, 130 Bosnia: Chetniks and, 79-80ո21,103ո90; German strength in, 74; Independent State of Croatia and, 11; local prisoner 413 exchanges in 1943-1945, 315-16, 321-22, 328-31, 372; Partisan-German truce of March-April 1943 and, 158-59; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944, 292; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 223-24; prisoner exchanges from August 1941 to June 1942,76-77, 78-82; strategic situation in late 1942, 135; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,197,198. See abo Eastern Bosnia; Western Bosnia Bosnian Muslims, 78nl7 Bothmer, Karl Freiherr von, 32 Bovec, 353-54 Brač, 302 Brandenburg
Division, 61, 274-75, 297, 321, 321n43, 372 Brandner, Willi, 244nl73 Brankov, Lazar, 170n93 Bratina, 242 Brauchitsch, Albrecht von, 271, 272, 273 Brnčić, Josip: Allied bombing and, 256; biographical overview, 393; German treatment of Partisan prisoners and, 288; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau and, 294n360; intelligence work and, 280, 288; Main HQ of Croatia and, 280, 294n360; negotiations with Ustashe and, 230, 233nl34; Nemetschek and, 230nl23; NOVJ-German economic relations and, 254,255; NOVJ-German political talks and, 256; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 225, 230-31, 254-55 Brouček, Peter, 5, 263n234 Broz, Josip (Tito): Anglo-Partisan relations and the issue of German prisoners, 293, 294, 295-96, 298-99, 306, 378; Anglo-Partisan relations and the proposed Allied landing in Istria, 367-68, 381; Anglo-Partisan relations in 1943 and, 252-53; Anglo-Partisan relations in 1944 and, 197-98, 249; Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia and, 118; AVNOJ session of 1943 and, 346;
414 Index Banja Luka massacre and, 217; biographical overview, 393-94; control of Yugoslavia in 1945, 64-65; “exchange on receipt” policy and, 218-19; German intelligence reports on, 105-06; German plan to assassinate in 1943, 274-76; German reprisal killings in 1945 and, 244; growing confidence of in 1943,169-70; Herta Haas and, 176; interview with Hans Ott, 108,112-13; Joachim Kirschner incident and, 205-06n32; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 140,141-42,150-51,158-59,176, 177,191,192-93; move to Eastern Bosnia in December 1941,89; move to Western Bosnia in 1942,90,91; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 255; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 249, 250, 252-53,380; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 266; Operation Rösselsprung against, 197; Operation Schwarz and, 180-82; Operation Weiss and, І37-38,139-40; OSS mission to Croatia and, 265; Partisan-Chetnik rift and, 47; Partisan efforts in Serbia following the 1941 uprising and, 54,61, 64; Partisan-German truce of MarchApril 1943 and, 158-59,171,172-73, 174,175, 380; Partisan military reform in 1942 and, 117-18; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944 and, 292; Pisarovina neutral zone and, 206-07, 208-09, 303; political use of German prisoners, 66; prisoner exchange on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945 and, 342; protection of Zagreb at the end of the war, 271n263; rank of marshal, 197; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253; rescue of the KPJ, 18; response to the Partisan-German negotiations in Istria, 362; retreat to Montenegro in 1942,90; Second Phase of the Revolution and, 52; Serbian
uprising of 1941 and, 19, 29-30, 35, 51; SovietPartisan relations and, 110-11,112-13, 132,142-43,163-70,193; split with Stalin in 1948, 170n93,193; Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92, 93, 101, 102,113-14,132; the Šubašić government and, 258n220; treatment of Russian emigrants in German service, 211; Volunteer Army and, 89-90 Buchenwald concentration camp, 319 Bugojino, 141 Bulgaria, 11, 55nl63, 57nl69, 344-45, 347 Busovača, 329 Buturović, Ferid, 340 Čačak, 16-17, 30, 35-36,48,48nl48 Čačak Partisan Detachment, 23-24, 35-36 Čajetina, 30 Čajnice, 158 Canki, Pavao, 155 Carinthia, 350, 351 cartels: drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina, 213-25 (see also Pisarovina neutral zone); Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74 Casablanca Conference, 166 Casertano, Raffaele, 153 Cazin Krajina, 228 Čazma massacre, 222-23 cease-fires: Gorizia cease-fire episode, 361-62, 363-70, 375; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 252-53, 380; Partisan-German truce and the March Negotiations of 1943,140,142,145, 151, 157-59,171-73, 174-75, 191, 192 Celje, 357, 358 Central Committee for Croatia, 92 Central Hospital, 139,180-81,183 Cetinje, 317, 328 Chetniks: activities in Serbia in May-June 1941,16-17; in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 79-80n21, 87,103n90; execution of German prisoners in Serbia, 59nl76; formation and legal status of, 12-13; German appraisal of, 102-03; German-Bosnian Chetnik prisoner exchanges, 79-80n21; German concerns about a Partisan-Chetnik
Index trace, 190-91; German-Partisan cease-fire in Eastern Bosnia and, 171; German reprisals against civilian supporters of, 286n330; German use of as pretext for committing war crimes, 13; Germany’s April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia and, 13; Great Britain and, 252; legalization by the German occupation forces following the 1941 uprising, 53; Dragoljub Mihailovič and, 16-17; Operation Schwarz and, 179-80,181,183nl34; Operation Weiss and, 137-38; Organization and, 27n67; PartisanGerman truce of March-April 1943 and, 158-59; Partisan policies toward prisoners in Croatia, 209; PartisanSoviet relations in 1943 and, 142; popular support in Croatia, 89; prisoner exchanges with Partisans in Serbia, 57; relationship with Italy, 103; rift with the Partisans, 28-29,47-48, 51, 52; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 26,27, 28-29, 31n82, 33-36; types of in Serbia, 27n67. See also Chetniks of Draža Mihailovič Chetniks of Draža Mihailovič: activities of the Partisans against, 61,152; Chetnik Organization and, 27n67; collaboration with the Germans, 6ІПІ84; destruction by Partisans, 158,160; Free Yugoslavia and, 168; Great Britain and, 163, 252; Italy and, 120; legalization by the German occupation forces following the 1941 uprising, 53; Mihalovićs strategy for, 16-17; Partisan-German March-April 1943 trace and, 158-59; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1943 and, 142; Partisan treatment of in Serbia, 57; political use of prisoners, 28; Serbian popular support for, 70; Serbian uprising and, 29n76; strength of in 1941, 31n82; as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, 17n30, 55 Churchill, Winston,
80,197, 258n220, 259, 293-95, 367-68 Cilid, August, 232 415 Cincar-Marković, Aleksandar, 10 Čolaković, Rodoljub, 22-23, 46η 133 Communist Party of Croatia (KPH), 217, 229, 261 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ): the April War and, 18-19; beginning of the People’s Liberation War and, 74n4; challenge of Anglo-Soviet relations for, 109-11; Milovan Dilas’s 1944 mission to the Soviet Union, 170; founding and early years of, 18; German penetration of, 54-55; March Negotiations of 1943 and (see March Negotiations); Marxist ideology and the changing policy toward German prisoners, 46-47, 65-67, 302, 378; Marxist-Leninist propaganda and beliefs, 45-46; Partisan-Soviet relations and the March Negotiations of 1943,163-70,193; political goals and the policy toward German prisoners, 66-67; political goals tied to prisoner exchange, 67-68; Proletarian shock brigades, 52-53; propaganda agenda during the war, 21; reeducation of German prisoners of war and, 46-47; resistance to the Ustashe and, 74; Second Phase of the Revolution, 52; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 19-20, 24,29-30,43-44,45-47, 51-53; Tito’s move to Eastern Bosnia in December 1941, 89; Tito’s rescue of, 18; Tito-Stalin split of 1948,170n93,193; Tito’s Volunteer Army, 89-90 Communist Youth Organization (SKOJ), 18,19-20, 52 Croatia: Croatian nationalists in April 1941,10n4; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; German economic interest in, 73; resistance to the Ustashe, 73-74; surrender of German troops, 272-73. See also Independent State of Croatia; Main Partisan HQ for Croatia Croatian Home Guard: German appraisal of, 98;
German military assistance in 1941, 74; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with
416 Index the Western Allies and, 261; members captured at Livno, 91; Partisan-German negotiations in Istria and, 362; Partisan treatment of as prisoners, 209, 309-10; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 233; prisoner exchanges in 1941-1942,76, 81; prisoner exchanges involving Germans and Partisans in 1943,198-99, 200-02; prisoner exchanges prior to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 207,217; rout at Horvati in 1944,242; Serb resistance and, 75; treatment of prisoners by the Partisans, 128,130; weakness of in 1943,197 Croatian Peasant Party (HSS): assassination of Stjepan Radić, 71; misinformation regarding Vladko Maček, 146; murder of Eduard Peterneli and, 237nl50; pro-Allied stance of, 72, 198, 261, 304; Ivan Šubašić and, 258n220 Ćulibrk, Zora, 184nl38 Ćuprija, 24,25, 32, 69 Cvitan, Gabrijel, 24ІПІ65 Cvitaš, Nikola, 96-97n73 Dafoe, Colin, 328 Dalmatia: atrocities in 1944, 285; ceded to Italy, 72, 73; growth of the Partisan movement in, 118; local prisoner exchanges, 372; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 320, 325-27; Partisan treatment of German prisoners of war in 1944-1945, 297, 299-302, 306; return to the NDH in 1943,197; Tito’s 1944 order to stop shooting prisoners, 294 Dančević (Croatian doctor), 229-30 Dangić, Jezdimir, 79, 81, 98 Dangić Affair, 81n26 Danilovgrad, 317-18 Danilović, Uglješa, 172 Danubian Confederation, 262 Dapčević, Peko, 63, 333 Day of Uprising, 19n37 Deakin, F. W. D„ 212 Dedijer, Olga, 124n50 Dedijer, Vladimir, 11 lnl 17,124n50, 172n96 defectors: from the Partisans, 206 “delivering prisoners on receipt” policy, 218-19, 239-40 Demolition Group Slavonia-
Syrmia, 174nl05 Department for the Protection of the People (OZNA), 232, 239, 24ІПІ65, 244nl75,248, 267, 271, 280, 298, 300, 302n388, 331, 360, 367nl93, 369nl98, 370 Derventa, 329 Dević, Ruža, 341 Devil s Division. See 369th German Infantry Division Dewitz, Karl von, 246-47 Đilas, Milovan: 1944 Partisan mission to the Soviet Union and, 170; early opinion on the length of the war, 20n40; on German mass terror in Serbia, 41; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 140-51 passim, 154,156-58,169, 171n94,179,187,189; on Operation Schwarz, 181,185nl40; on Partisan terror in Užice, 44nl26; on the prisoners captured in 1942 at Livno, 92; pseudonym, 142; on sadism in the Partisans, 40nl 10; on the summary executions of German prisoners, 62-63; on the Zlatibor Mountain massacre, 50 Dimitrov, Georgi, 165,170,210, 276 Dippold, Benignus, 143-45,155,187,189 Directive 31a, 27 Dobrič, 15 Dolenjska, 354 Domobrans, 130nl76. See also Croatian Home Guard Donji Milanovac, 56 Doule, Adalbert, 310nl 1 Draskovic, Milorad, 18 Drina, Battle of, 173 Drina River, 61, 78,173 Drvar, 74, 78,197, 295 Dudić, Dragojlo, 22
Index Đukanović, Pero, 79-80 Dulags, 287-88, 291 Dulles, Allen, 264-65 Eastern Bosnia: effects of the 1943 March Negotiations on German operations in, 185-89,194; German efforts to curb the Ustashe and, 98; German military operations in late 1943,197; GermanPartisan cease-fire, 171-73; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 321; Operation Schwarz and, 179,180,185, 310-11; Partisan-German truce of March-April 1943 and, 158-59; prisoner exchanges from August 1941 to June 1942, 78-82; Tito’s move to in December 1941, 89 Eastern Herzegovina: effects of the 1943 March Negotiations on German operations in, 189-91,194; GermanPartisan prisoner exchanges and, 131; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74; local prisoner exchanges September-December 1943, 318-19, 372; Operation Schwarz and, 179,180; Operation Sonnenstich, 334; Operation Weiss and, 137; Serb resistance to the Ustashe, 73-74; terror against Kulaks, 52 Eberlein, August Ritter von, 329-31 Eden, Anthony, 109nll3, 355nl49 Egger, Franz, 24, 97n36 El Álaméin, Battle of, 135 Elektrobosna company: employees and prisoner exchange, 114-15,129-30, 132,143,154; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 253-54, 255n212 ES. See ethnic German armed formations Escort Company (NOVJ), 118 ethnic German armed formations (ES), 308 ethnic Germans: local prisoner exchanges in 1943, 307-08, 310, 316; Partisan treatment of, 128, 352; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 219-20, 227; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 24-25 417 “exchange on receipt” policy, 218-19, 239-40 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 3nll Fest, Anton, 257n217 Fiorina, 348 Floydforce,
298-99 Foča, 89,90, 171,173,177,182,184nl36, 191, 194 Förtsch, Hermann, 221 Francetić, Jure, 201 Free Yugoslavia broadcasting station, 110, 175, 18ІПІ29,294n360 Fruska Detachment, 158 Funck, Albert von, 95n66, 237nl54, 329 Gacko, 319 Galgovo, 234nl36 Gehlen, Reinhard, 155 Geneva Convention, 11-12, 28n74, 213, 292n351 German Army. See Nazi Germany German Company Ernst Thälmann. See Thälmann Partisan Company German People’s List, 239nl60 German prisoners of war: from the 1941 Serbian uprising, 22-23, 24, 27-28, 31, 33-36, 38-40,41-42, 44-45, 46-47, 48-49, 50; alleged Serbian mutilation of, 39-40; execution by Chetniks in Serbia, 59nl76; execution by the Partisans in Serbia, 39,41-42, 46, 50, 62-64; Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 307-08, 309-11, 312; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 313-16, 318-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 320-22, 326-31; massacre at Banja Luka, 216-17; Operation Schwarz and, 182-83,184-85, 211; Partisan treatment of and the effort to gain recognition, 28, 30, 43,66-67,144, 217, 284; Partisan treatment of in 1942, 127-28; Partisan treatment of in
418 Index Croatia in 1943, 209, 211-12, 21213ո58; Partisan treatment of in Croatia in 1944-1945, 291-302, 306; Partisan treatment of in Slovenia, 352-53; political value to Chetniks, 28; prisoner exchange in Serbia and, 65-70; the problem for and use of by the Partisans, 65-67; propaganda value to the Partisans, 28; reeducation efforts by the Partisans, 46-47. See also PartisanGerman prisoner exchanges German Red Cross nurses, 329 German Special Commando for Prisoner Exchange, 226 Gestapo (IV Directorate of the RSHA), 124,314, 353, 354-56 Gibiansky, Leonid J., 167 Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund: American views of, 265n241; biographical overview, 394; on the Chetnik-NDH relationship, 103n90; communications with, 132-33, 138n9,161-62,208-09, 214, 221; discovery of Vladimir Velebiťs identity, 178; drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina and, 214,216, 221; efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies, 261-65; on the German attitude toward prisoner exchange, 379; German command organization in Croatia and, 116nl30; German intelligence work at Pisarovina and, 205, 282; as German Plenipotentiary General in Croatia, 116nl30; Karl Guttenberg and, 263n236; Günther Hermann and, 282; higher level German-Partisan contacts associated with Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 106-07,108-09,113, 132,133; on Hitler’s 1943 policy on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202; Hitler’s “Order for the suppression of bandits” and, 138; letter of 17 November 1942 and, 144; Livno prisoner exchange and, 123,124,125; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 143-47 passim,
151,157,161,162,176, 177, 178,187,190-91,194; meetings with Ante Pavelič, 123,147; Military Archive in Vienna and, 5; murder of Eduard Partenell and, 234, 236-37; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92,93,130nl75, 222n97; negotiations in Zagreb and, 95n66, 99-103, 106-09, 216, 225-29, 231, 234-37, 261; neutral zone proposal in Croatia, 121; NOVJ-German political talks in 1944 and, 255-56, 258, 304; Hans Ott and, 121,123,176, 226, 261; Partisan-Italian prisoner exchange in 1942 and, 85; political talks associated with the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 99,100,102; prisoner exchanges at Pisarovina and, 217-18, 229-30; removal from Croatia, 198, 264; setting up the Pisarovina neutral zone and, 199, 200, 201, 208-09, 302-03; staff members of Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 226, 227, 261-62; on the Ustashe in Croatia, 74, 98n78; Yugoslav propaganda and, 294n360 Glamoč, 94, 95,100,104,115 Glina, 199, 200,201 Globočnik, Odilo, 363-64, 365 Gojilo, 128 Golik, Franjo, 200-01 Goražde, 158,159,172,173 Gördes, Erich, 123nl44, 155 Gorizia, 351, 359, 360; cease-fire episode, 361-62, 363-70, 375 Gornja Jablanica, 48,49 Gornja Ponikva, 358 Gornji Grad, 357 Gornji Milanovac, 23-24, 30, 35-37, 38, 48, 68 Gornji Vakuf, 139,140-48,142-43, 144n25, 145-47,149,151, 153,155, 163, 164n78,171, 187,189,191 Gostivar, 343 Götz, Hans, 289n340 Govza, 176 Grahovo massacre, 298 Gran Sasso raid, 275
Index Great Britain: Anglo-Partisan relations and the issue of German prisoners, 293-96, 298-99, 306, 378; Anglo-Partisan relations in 1944,197-98, 259; antagonism of the Partisans toward, 88-89; challenges of Anglo-Soviet relations for the KPJ, 109-11; the Chetniks and, 252; first military mission to the Partisans, 252; Gorizia cease-fire episode and the proposed Allied landing in Istria, 367-68; local prisoner exchanges in 1944 and, 323; Moscow’s perceptions of the GermanBritish relationship, 164; NOVJGerman political talks in 1943 and, 252-53; Partisan resistance to British involvement in the Balkans, 380-81; Tito’s concerns about during the March Negotiations of 1943,163-64, 192,193 Grgurevci massacre, 98n75 Ground Forces High Command (OKH), 22 Gschweitl (German lieutenant), 323-24 guerrillas and guerrilla warfare: activities in Serbia in May-June 1941,16-17; Germany’s April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia and, 12; prisoner exchange in World War II and, 2; in Slovenia, 350-51. See abo Chetniks; Yugoslav Partisans Guttenberg, Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu, 263 Gypsies, 73 Haagen, Joseph, 31 On 11 Haas, Herta, 151,156,157,175-76 Hadžiefendić, Muhamed, 223 Haeffner, Arthur, 229, 256 Hague Convention of 1907,1 Halbwindl, Josef, 262n233 Handschar Division. See 13th SS Mountain Division Hansa Leichtmetall company employees, 91, 96,103-04,132. See also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange Harling, Franz von, 257n217, 260, 273 419 Hebrang, Andrija; meetings with Edmund Glaise-Horstenau in 1944, 304; meetings with Hans Ott, 257, 259-60; Willibald Nemetschek and, 261֊ 62n233;
Partisan-German prisoner exchanges and, 92,115,129nl72; Partisan reprisals and, 217; pseudonym, 262n233 Heidenreich, Konrad, 358-59 Heinrich, Alfred, 96n68,124,125 Helm, Hans, 5,122,125, 250, 282 Hermann, Günther, 263n236, 275, 281, 282 “Herzeg.”See Bolić, Branko Herzegovina: Chetniks and, 79-80n21; effects of the 1943 March Negotiations on German operations in, 189-91; German economic interest in, 83; German military operations in late 1943,197; German reprisals for Joachim Kirschner, 204-05, 205-06n32; Independent State of Croatia and, 11; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1944, 318-19, 325, 372; Operation Schwarz and, 311; Operation Weiss and, 137; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944, 292; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 223, 224; prisoner exchanges in 1942, 83-89; strategic situation in late 1942,135; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,197. See aho Eastern Herzegovina; Western Herzegovina Heyss (German captain), 84-85, 94-95, 119,141 Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74 Himmler, Heinrich, 104n93, 202nl8, 366 Hitler, Adolf: approval of the reprisal for the killing of Joachim Kirschner, 205; April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia and, 9-10,11; German command organization in Croatia and, ИбпӀЗО; Independent State of Croatia and, 197, 198; July 20 plot against, 262, 263, 264; Siegfried Kasche and, 260; NOVJGerman political talks in 1943-1944,
420 Index 249,258-59; Operation Schwarz and, 179,180; Operation Weiss and, 136,186; “Order for the suppression of bandits” in 1942,138-39; order to shoot captured members of Allied and Soviet military missions in 1944, 336n91; policy on the treatment of captured guerrillas in 1943, 202, 313, 371, 379-80; response to German-Partisan prisoner exchanges, 107-08,132-33; response to the March Negotiations of 1943,162; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 27, 37; Slovenian offensive of 1943, 354nl47 “Horvať’See Bolić, Branko Horvati, 234nl36, 242 Hostage Case, 28n74 Hotavlje, 366 Höttl, Wilhelm, 162 HSS. See Croatian Peasant Party Hudson, Duane T., 47-48 Hungary, 11, 72 Huntington, Ellery, 266 Hvar, ЗООпЗбО Ibar River, 62 ideology: changing Partisan view of German prisoners and, 46-47, 65-67, 302, 378 IL-2 ground-attack aircraft, 341 Imotski, 325 Independent State of Croatia (NDH): Chetniks and, 79n21, 89,103n90; formation of, 11, 71-72; German and Italian occupation zones, 72; German command organization, 116nl30; German efforts to curb activities of the Ustashe, 98; German-Partisan cease-fire in 1943 and, 171-73,174-75; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202-06; German policy toward in 1942, 98-99; German strength in, 74; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies, 261-65; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s neutral zone proposal, 121; Italy’s withdrawal from the Western Balkans and, 90-91; Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1945, 315, 320,
322-25; March Negotiations of 1943 and (see March Negotiations); movement of the Partisans to Western Bosnia in 1942, 90, 91; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 266-73; offensive against the Partisans in 1942, 89; Operation Schwarz and, 179-85,194,195, 211; Operation Weiss and, 136-40,186-88; organization of POW camps, 207-08n39; overview of Partisan-German prisoner exchanges, 131-34, 379-80; Partisan capture of Jajce, 114-15; Partisan-Home Guard exchanges in 1943,198-99, 200-02; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944-1945, 291-302, 306; Pisarovina neutral zone (see Pisarovina neutral zone); prisoner exchanges in 19411942, 75-89; railway sabotage and, 206n33; strategic situation in late 1942, 135-36; Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 91-114 (see also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange); summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,196-98; surrender of German troops, 272-73; Ustashe use of terror against insurgents, 76, 77 Instruction No. 47 (Hitler), 136 intelligence: German intelligence gathering and the March Negotiations of 1943, 154-55; German intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 273-79, 281-82, 305; German-Partisan prisoner exchanges in Croatia and, 103-14,133; intelligence service in the reorganized Partisan forces, 118; Operation Schwarz and the failure of Partisan intelligence, 182; Partisan Intelligence Branch and German prisoners, 211-12; Partisan intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 280-81,283
Index Intelligence Branch, 211-12 Intelligence Centers, 118 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2, 64, 204n26, 292n351 international law: Chetniks and, 13; Communist ideology and the Partisan forces, 65; ethnic Germans and, 24; German abuses of, 2, 3,13,15, 38; German refusal to recognize the Partisans and, 220, 308; Partisan selective application of, 64, 306, 340; Partisan treatment of German prisoners and the effort to gain recognition, 28, 30,43, 66-67, 144, 217, 284; prisoner exchange and, 1-2, 3; World War I and, З, 31ІПІЗ Isonzo River Valley, 353 Istria, 351, 361-63 Italian 2nd Army, 82, 90,93,103,120,151, 163, 177,186, 189-90, 196, 342-43, 378, See also Supersloda Italian auxiliary militia (MVAC), 136. See also Chetniks Italian Fascists, 120, 210. See abo Blackshirts Italian prisoners of war: in German custody, 287; Operation Schwarz and, 184-85; Partisan treatment of, 130, 210 Italy/Italian Army: battles in the Neretva Valley, 152n47; Croatia and, 71, 72, 73; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; German operations in Eastern Bosnia during 1943 and, 186-87,188; German operations in Eastern Herzegovina during 1943 and, 189-91; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 151; occupation of Slovenia, 350; occupation zone in Croatia, 72; Operation Schwarz and, 180,181; Operation Stolac, 87; Operation Weiss and, 136,186,188; prisoner exchanges and, 84-85n35, 85-86; relationship with the Chetniks, 103; surrender of, 196, 342-43; Taurinense Division, 173, 317, 318; tradition of prisoner exchange and, 421 378-79; withdrawal from the Western Balkans in 1942, 90-91 Ivanjica,
30 Jablanica, 140,149,152n47,188,189 Jagdkommandos (“hunting groups”), 26 Jagodina, 31, 32 Jahorina Mountain, 312 Jajce, 114-15,126,212, 275 Jamnica Company, 255n212 Jankomir, 281-82 Jankovič, Radivoje, 10 Jasenovac concentration camp, 121,122, 217, 230 Jastrebarsko, 95n65, 272 Jautina, 21 Jews: in Croatia, 40,73, 88,101n86, 362nl72 Jilek, Drago, 121,122 Josipovac, 219-20 Jovan Kursula Detachment, 41 Jovanovič, Arso, 104ո94, 212 Jovanovič, Dragoslav, 50nl46 Jovanovič, Iso, 159 Ju-87 Stuka dive-bombers, 180,188 July 20 plot against Hitler, 262, 263, 264 Juppe, Hans, 265-66n245 Jurančič, Jože, 354, 355-56 Jurišič, Ivan. See Hebrang, Andrija JVuO. See Yugoslav Army in the Homeland Kabalini, Dragutin, 222n95 Kalavryta massacre, 2n6 Kalinovik, 172 Kalnik Partisan Detachment, 216, 308-10 Kammerhofer, Konstantin, 281, 282 Kampfgruppe Annacker, 188,189 Kapičić, Jovo, 40nll0 Karlovac prison, 239, 246 Kasche, Siegfried: advocacy for internal reform in Croatia, 99; biographical overview, 394-95; German plot to assassinate Tito and, 276; on the Grgurevci massacre, 98n75; higher level German-Partisan contacts associated with Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange
422 Index and, 106-07,108,109,111-12; Livno prisoner exchange and, 122,125; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 152-53, 159-62, 176, 177, 193-94; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92, 93; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943-1944, 249-51, 258-59, 260, 304, 380; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 238nl56, 303; protection of Zagreb at the end of the war, 272; removal of Edmund Glaise-Horstenau from Croatia and, 264 Katoličko Selišče, 240-41 Kaulbach, Eberhard, 237nl54 Keiper, Wilhelm, 328 Keitel, Wilhelm, 27,108,133 Keitel Order, 38 Kesselring, Albert, 364, 366, 367 Ketčeg, Franz, 35n92 Kewisch, Erich, 37nl00 Kharkov, 166 Ricevo, 343, 344, 345 Kidrič, Boris, 354 Kikinda, 25n59 Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 9-12, 24n56, 71 Kintrup, Hermann, 352 Kirschner, Joachim, 204-05, 205-06n32, 286n330, 333, 337-38 Kleinod, Franz, 36n97 Klinkmiiller, Erich, 273 Klišanić, Vjekoslav, 199, 201, 202nl6 Knin; battle of, 299-300; city of, 78; POW camp, 300-02 Kočevje, 357 Kofler, Alfred, 358-59 Kokot, Stjepan, 121-22 Koliševski, Lazar, 346 Kolubara Company, 22n47 König, Adam, 316 König, Paul, 42 Konjic, 137, 150, 151, 155-56,188, 194 Koprivnica, 308 Korčula, 205, 293, 322-25, 372, 373 Kordun, 135 Korndörfer, Rudolf, 282 Kotor, 318 Kovačevič, Savo, 150 Kovačić-Kreačić, Olga, 96 KPH. See Communist Party of Croatia KPJ. See Communist Party of Yugoslavia Kragujevac, 37 Kragujevac massacre, 40-41,42, 45nl30, 50 Kraigher, Vito, 248-49, 359 Krajačić, Bosiljka, 96 Krajačić, Ivan, 232, 248, 257,267, 271 Kralj, Marcello. See Tausig, Marcello Kraljeve Vode massacre, 49-50 Kraljevo, 31, 35,40,41, 61
Kraljevo Bridgehead, 64 Kranželić, Ivan, 96 Kreun, Slobodan Penezić, 49 Kreiner, Emmerich, 95, 97,116 Kremna, 48 Kriegsmarine, 285ո328, 324 Križevci, 308 Krk, ЗОЇ Krög, Peter, 327 Krstič, Dobrivoje, 291 Krupanj, 26-27, 30,44,46, 68 Kruševac, 30 Kruševac-Roganovič, Zora, 332 Kübler, Josef, 155,188,189 Kübler, Ludwig, 351, 363-64, 366, 367, 368 Kulich (German captain), 119,120,121,124 Kumm, Otto, 273-74, 319 Kundačina, Danko, 332 Kursk, Battle of, 60 Kurz, Walter, 332, 333 Kutina, 200 Kveder, Dušan, 358 Labor Service, 219 Labovič, Durica, 58nl73, 330 Lalič, Karlo, 199, 201, 202nl6 Landesschützen, 14 Lasinja, 245, 257 Lašva River, 329 Latifič, Safet, 184nl36 Lebane, 42 Ledenice, 299n378 legionnaire divisions, 239
Index Leinschütz, Franz, 114-15,116,129-30 Leković, Mišo, 140-4ІПІ7 Leskovac, 42,69 Liebknecht, Karl, 47 Lika, 135,174,177 Liker, Franjo, 290-91 Lim River, 61,62 Lim Valley, 181 Lindsay, Frank, 265, 358 List, Wilhelm, 32, 33, 38 Livno, 91-92, 93,100, 186 Livno prisoner exchange: formal discussions in, 119-20; German-Ustashe imbroglio over prisoners, 121-24; higher level German-Partisan contacts and, 132-33; impact on the guerrilla warfare in Croatia, 125-29,133-34; informal political talks at, 120-21; involvement of the SS and German police authorities in, 124-25; negotiating tactics employed by the Germans, 125; Partisan capture of Jajce and German prisoners, 114-15; Partisan request for recognition, 120; preliminary negotiations, 115-17; treatment of the prisoners involved in, 129-30 Ljotić, Dimitrije, 51 Ljotić’s Volunteers, 53, 57. See also Serbian Volunteer Detachments Ljubija, 297 Ljubinje, 83-88 Ljubljana Province, 248, 351, 352, 354-55, 365, 366, 367nl92, 374 Ljubuški, 325 local prisoner exchanges: data on, 385-89; effects of the Pisarovina prisoner exchange cartel on, 373, 378; exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; exchanges on the “regular fronts” in 1994-1945, 340-42; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in Eastern Herzegovina, 331-40, 373-74; limited de-escalation and surge in exchange activities from SeptemberDecember 1943, 313-19; negotiations in Macedonia in 1943-1944, 342-50; overview and summary, 371-76; in 423 Slovenia in 1943-1945, 350-70 (see also Slovenia); and treatment of prisoners from January-July 1943, 307-12 Locatelli, Pirro, 359, 360, 361, 369, 370 Löhr,
Alexander: assessment of political talks with Tito in 1942,108-09; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies and, 262; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 145; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 267, 269, 270; Operation Weiss and, 136,187; Partisan-German prisoner exchange in 1942 and, 107 Lorković, Mladen, 153, 264 Loveen Partisan Detachment, 317-18 Löwe, Klaus, 316 Lower Carniola, 354 Ložnica, 26, 44, 78 Luftwaffe, 180, 222, 285n328; Joachim Kirschner, 204-05, 205-06n32, 333, 337-38 Lukić, Mihajlo, 155 Lünen (German lieutenant), 328 Lüters, Rudolf: Commanding General of German Troops in Croatia, 116nl30; Hitler’s Order for the suppression of bandits” and, 138; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 141,145,149,161,162,189; Operation Schwarz and, 183; Operation Weiss and, 155,187; orders on the treatment of Partisan prisoners of war, 312nl6; Partisan-German prisoner exchanges in 1943 and, 123,124 Macedonia: Bulgaria and, 344-45, 347; first Partisan presence in, 347; Free Yugoslavia news broadcasts in, 1 lOnl 15; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; leadership of, 252; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1944, 342-50, 372, 375-76; national selfawareness, 347nl22; prisoner release in, 12; revolutionaries of, 72; 2nd Operational Zone in, 343
424 Index Main Partisan HQ for Sandžak, 321 Macedonian Division, 348 Main Partisan HQ for Slovenia, 270, 354, Maček, Vladko, 72,146 Maclean, Fitzroy, 63nl90, 252, 294, 295 356, 358, 369 Main Partisan HQ for Vojvodina, 313 Mačva, 37, 39 Main Headquarters of the People’s Majevica Brigade, 171-72,182 Liberation Partisan Detachments of Majevica Detachment, 158 Yugoslavia, 19, 30 Manns, Paul, 246, 271, 277n294, 283 Manola, Srečko, 323 Main Operational Group: Operation Schwarz and, 180-85; Operation Weiss March Negotiations (1943): Berlin’s response to halt the talks, 159-63; and, 137-40, 151, 187, 188 Main Partisan HQ for Croatia: atrocities by effects on German operations in Dalmatian units against German Herzegovina and Eastern Bosnia, prisoners, 300; Banja Luka massacre 185-91; first round of talks in Sarajevo, 149-51; German intelligence gathering and, 217; ban on railway sabotage in and, 154-55; German-Partisan truce 1943,174-75; Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Pisarovina exchange cartel and, and, 140,142,145,151, 157-59, 223-24; drafting of the exchange cartel 171-73, 174-75, 191,192; growing at Pisarovina and, 214, 216, 220, 222, confidence of Tito and the KPJ, 169-70; 223-25; “exchange on receipt” policy introduction to, 135-40; March 11-14 and, 218-19; German reprisal killings negotiations in Gornji Vakuf, 140-48; Operation Schwarz and, 179-85,194; in 1945 and, 244; key figures in the Partisan request for recognition from Pisarovina exchange cartel, 225-26; Germany, 144,191; Partisan resistance local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1945 to British involvement in the Balkans,
and, 307, 320; murder of Eduard 381; Partisan-Soviet relations and, Partenell and, 236-37; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 254-55; 163-70,193; summary and conclusions, 191-95; Tito’s difficulties with Moscow NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 over, 163-70; Tito’s motives for and, 250-51, 254-55; NOVJ-German entering, 192-93; Vladimir Velebit and talks on the terms of German surrender, 266, 268-69, 270; OSS mission to Milovan Đilas visit Zagreb, 156-59; Vladimir Velebit’s trip to Slavonia, Croatia and, 265; Partisan-German 174-75, 310; Vladimir Velebit’s trip to negotiations in Istria and, 361-62, 363; Zagreb and release of the German prisoner exchanges at Pisarovina and, 237,241, 247; prisoner exchanges prior prisoners, 151-56 Mareth Line, 164n78 to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 199, Maria José, Princess of Italy, 164n78 206-09,217-18; relationship with the Marin II (Partisan hospital ship), 285n328 Allies in late 1943, 253; request for Marinkovič, Ivo, 144,145,146,157ո60, intelligence on the effects of Allied 199, 200-01, 202nl6,215-16 bombing in Zagreb, 280-81; Marijan Markovič, Miloš. See Đilas, Milovan Stilinović and, 102; treatment of Markovič, Momčilo-Moma, 34-35 German prisoners, 215, 291-92; Marogna-Redwitz, Rudolf Graf von, 263 treatment of Italian prisoners, 210; Martinovič, Ratko, 16,17, 26-27 treatment of Russian emigrants in Marxist ideology: changing Partisan view German service, 210-1 ln51 of German prisoners and, 46-47, Main Partisan HQ for Macedonia, 318, 65-67, 302, 378 345, 346, 348
Index Matovič, Damjan, 35 Mayer, Otto Emil Friedrich, 213ո58 McDowell, Robert, 263-64n238 Međeđa, 158 Medenine, 164n78 Međimurje, 72 Mehr, Theresa, 115,154ո52 Merrem, Gerhard-Oskar, 237,258 Mešterović, Milica, 25 Mihailovič, Dragoljub Draža: British support for and cooperation with, 43, 101,108,110,156,192, 197, 252; German attack on, 5ІПІ51, 274; Italians and, 193; King Peter II and, 256; knowledge of Tito as head of the Partisans, 105n97; movement to reprisals, 59nl 76; negotiations and Tito in 1941,105n97; order to attack Partisans, 142; OSS mission and, 263n238;Partisan-Chetnik rift and, 47, 48, 51; prisoner exchange with Germans, 79-80n21; relations with Germans, 79n21; senior commanders, 6ІПІ84; Serbian uprising and, 29, 61; significance and strategy of, 16-17; trial and execution of, 380; Yugoslav émigré government and, 110. See also Chetniks of Draža Mihailovič Military Border, 3 Military Commander in Serbia, 14 Military Economy Officer, 83, 84 Misita, Veselin, 26, 27n67 Miškina, Mihovil Pavlek, 147n34 Mitrovič, Dojčilo, 22ո47, 24ո53, 25ո55 Mitrovič, Mladen, 21, 21ո43 Model (German lieutenant), 226 Mokro, 75-77 Mokronog, 354-56, 374-75 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 109nll3 Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement, 18,19 monarchists, 79, 88-89. See also Chetniks Montenegrin Chetniks, 173 Montenegro: execution of prisoners, 298; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1944, 316-18, 327-28; Operation Schwarz and, 179-85, 310-11; Partisan 425 treatment of German prisoners in, 298; Partisan treatment of Italian prisoners in, 210; retreat of the Partisans to in 1942, 90; ritual mutilations and,
40nll0; terror against Kulaks, 52 Montgomery, Bernard, 164n78 Morđin, Ivan (“Crni”), 322-23 Morocco, 135 Moslavina Detachment, 200, 240 Mostar, 83, 88, 91, 92,94,186 Motajica Mountain, 321 Mrkonjić Grad, 316 Muslims, 78nl7,223, 228 Mussolini, Benito, 71, 72,177, 275 mutilations: alleged mutilations by the Partisans, 39-40nl 10; German propaganda regarding, 39-40; Montenegrins and ritual mutilations, 40nll0 Muzzolini, Leonardo, 359, 369, 370n200 MVAC. See Italian auxiliary militia Naceva, Mara, 346 Nad, Kosta, 159, 321 “Na Kanalu” POW camp, 289, 290 Naprijed (newspaper), 228-29 National Committee, 197, 258n220 National Committee for a Free Germany, 277 Nazi Germany: 1941 uprising in Serbia and, 19-37; alleged mutilation of dead German soldiers by the Partisans, 39-40nl 10; ambivalence of the Partisans toward, 89; appraisal of the Chetniks, 102-03; April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia, 9-11; attack on Draža Mihailovič, 5ІПІ51; collaboration of Milhailović’s Chetniks with, 6ІПІ84; command organization in Croatia, 116nl30; concerns about a Partisan-Chetnik truce, 190-91; conditions in POW camps, 287n334, 288-91, 300; discussions leading to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 206-10; disregard of international law, 2, 3,13, 15, 38; Eastern Front veterans from
426 Index World War I in World War II, 31 lnl3; economic cooperation with the NOVJ in 1943, 253-55; economic interest in Croatia, 73; efforts to curb activities of the Ustashe, 98; Hitlers 1944 order to shoot captured members of Allied and Soviet military missions, 336n91; intelligence work (see intelligence); invasion of the Soviet Union, 19; Italy’s 1942 withdrawal from the Western Balkans and, 91; local prisoner exchanges in 1943, 307-12, 313-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); Moscow’s perceptions of the German-British relationship, 164; negotiations in Macedonia in 1943-1944, 342-50; negotiations in the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral and the Gorizia cease-fire episode, 359-70, 375; occupation apparatus and regime in Serbia, 14-16; occupation of and guerrilla warfare in Slovenia, 350, 351; occupation zone in Croatia, 72; Operation Barbarossa, 19; Operation Belgrade, 62, 63-64; Operation Kugeblitz, 253n206; Operation Mihailovič, 5Ini51; Operation Ostbosnien, 89; Operation Rösselsprung, 197,276ո287, 295; Operation Schach, 235; Operation Schwarz, 179-85,194, 195, 211, 249, 310-11, 371; Operation Sonnenstich, 334; Operation Užice, 48; Operation Weiss, 136-40,151,155,160, 186-88, 308, 311, 371; overview of attitudes toward and policies on prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 2, 3-4, 378-80; pacification efforts in Serbia following the uprising, 53-57; PartisanGerman political talks (see political talks); Partisan-German truce and the March Negotiations of 1943,140,142, 145,151,157-59, 171-73, 174-75, 191,
192; Partisan treatment of captured German officers, 302; penetration of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, 54-55; Pisarovina neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); plan to assassinate Tito in 1943,274-76; policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202-06, 313,371, 379-80; policy toward Croatia, 98-99; prisoner exchanges with the Bosnian Chetniks, 79-80n21; prisoner exchanges with the Partisans (see Partisan-German prisoner exchanges); reprisals and (see reprisals); Russian emigrants in the German Army, 210-11; Soviet 1941 counter-offensive against, 51-52; Stalin’s contemplation of a Soviet-German rapprochement, 166-67; strategic situation in late 1942, 135-36; strength in Croatia, 74; summary of political and military events in Yugoslavia in 1943-1945, 196-98; surrender of troops to the Yugoslav Army, 272-73; treatment of Partisan prisoners in Croatia in 1944-1945,284-91, 305-06; treatment of Serbian prisoners of war, 12; use of Chetniks/irregulars as a pretext for war crimes, 13; use of poison gas in Belgrade, 101 NB-10 Sloga (Partisan Navy vessel), 322-25 NDH. See Independent State of Croatia NDH Air Force, 222 Nedič, Milan, 29n75, 51, 70 Neidholdt, Fritz, 189, 311, 312nl6 Nemetschek, Willibald (also Nemecek or Nemeček): as an agent for the Partisans, 277n294; Boris Bakrač and, 232; biographical overview, 395; Andrija Hebrang and, 261-62n233; intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone and, 274, 305; landmine incident and, 243; list of German MIAs in 1944, 235; local prisoner exchanges in 1944 and, 329; murder of Eduard Partenell and,
237nl50; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 254n210, 255n212;
Index NOVJ-German political talks in 1944 and, 257,258; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 227-28, 230, 231, 243, 246; screening of returned German prisoners and, 283; wounded at Pisarovina, 243 Nenezić, Radojica, 175nl07 Nenezić, Stevan, 317 Nenezić, Vukašin, 317 Neretva River, 87,137,139-40,151, 152ո47, 186-87,191 Nešković, Blagoje, 57 Nesnes (Partisan woman), 370 Neubacher, Hermann, 60nl81, 209, 220, 263-64n238, 303 Neutralni (Partisan Navy vessel), 322-23 Nevade, 23 Nevesinje, 190, 339, 340 Nikoliš, Gojko, 342nl07 Niš, 31-32 NOP. See People’s Liberation Movement North Africa, 135,164n78 NOVJ. See People’s Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia Novosel, Ozren, 121-22 Novosel, Vanda, 115,116-17,123,129 Nožica, Vasilije, 25 Nuremberg tribunal, 28n74 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 264-65 Ogulin, 239, 356, 357 OKH. See Ground Forces High Command Okučani, 310 Opatija, 361-63 Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral (OZAK): creation and overview of, 351; Gorizia cease-fire episode, 361-62, 363-70, 375; negotiations in 1944, 359-63 Operation Barbarossa, 19 Operation Kugeblitz, 253n206 Operation Mihailovič, 5ІПІ51 Operation Ostbosnien, 89 Operation Rösselsprung, 197,276n287, 295 Operation Schach, 235 427 Operation Schwarz, 179-85,194,195, 211, 249,310-11,371 Operation Sonnenstich, 334 Operation Stolac, 87 Operation Trio, 90 Operation Užice, 48 Operation Weiss, 136-40,151,155,160, 186-88, 308,311,371 Oradour-sur-Glane massacre, 2n6 Order for the suppression of bandits” (Hitler), 138-39 Organisation Todt (ОТ), 31n84, 78, 92,132, 226, 227 Osijek, 219, 308 Osijek transit
camp, 124 Osmič, Hijaz, 290 ОТ. See Organisation Todt Otočac, 278 Ott, Hans: as an agent for the Partisans, 276-78; biographical overview, 395-96; German intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 273-74, 275, 276-78, 305; German plan to assassinate Tito and, 275, 276; on the German resistance in Dalmatia in 1944, 300n380; intelligence aspects of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 106,108; interview with Tito, 108, 112-13; Livno prisoner exchange and, 120,121,123,125; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 145n27,149-53 passim, 158, 160, 162,175-77,189, 194; meetings with Andrija Hebrang, 257, 259-60; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92, 93-94, 95, 96; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 250-51,253-54; NOVJGerman political talks in 1944 and, 257, 259-60, 261; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 267, 269, 270, 271; Eduard Peterneli and, 227; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 226, 230; political talks associated with the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 99, 100-02, 108; prisoner exchanges leading to the Pisarovina
428 Index neutral zone, 199, 201; Marijan Stilinović and, 225; wounded at Pisarovina, 243 OZAK. See Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral OZNA. See Department for the Protection of the People Ozren Mountain, 80 Ozren Partisan Detachment, 80-82,131 Pace, Marino, 359, 360-61, 364, 366, 368, 369 Pag, 301 Pakrac, 174,175, 255 Palace Hotel, 232 Panič, Todor, 81 Partisan-German prisoner exchanges: in Croatia in 1941-1942, 75-89, 131-34; German use of to infiltrate agents into the Partisans, 281-82; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in eastern Herzegovina, 331-40, 373-74; involving the Croatian Home Guard, 198-99, 200-02; Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges (see local prisoner exchanges); in Macedonia in 19431944, 342-50; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); as a means of protecting Partisan prisoners from reprisals, 76; during Operation Schwarz, 182-83, 211; overview of conditions and factors affecting, 377-78; overview of German attitudes toward and policies on, 2, 3-4, 378-80; Partisan political goals tied to, 67-68, 144; Partisan use of to infiltrate agents into the Germans, 283; Pisarovina neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); on the “regular fronts” in 1944-1945, 340-42; in Serbia (see prisoner exchanges in Serbia); in Slovenia, 350-59, 374-76 (see also Slovenia); Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 91-114 (see also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange); studies and archival records of, 4-7; on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945, 341-42; traditional historical perspectives on, 377; for weapons,
ЗІОпІО, 330-31n73 Partisan Navy, 118, 320n40, 322-25 Partisan prisoners of war: German execution of in Serbia, 49-50; German treatment ofin 1942,126-27; German treatment ofin 1943,202-06, 313; German treatment of in Croatia in 1944-1945,284-91, 305-06; German treatment of in Slovenia, 351-52; local prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 308-09, 311,312; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 317-18; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-20. See also Partisan-German prisoner exchanges Partisans. See Yugoslav Partisans Partisan salute, 30 Pavelič, Ante: Hitler’s Chetnik-friendly policy and, 197; Hitler’s support in 1944,198; meetings with Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, 123,147; prisoner exchanges with the Partisans and, 200, 201; removal of Edmund GlaiseHorstenau from Croatia and, 198,264; the Ustashe and, 71, 72 Pavle, Prince Regent of Yugoslavia, 9 Pećanac, Kosta, 27ո67, 51, 53, 57 Pecka, 44 People’s Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (NOVJ): Anglo-Partisan relations and the issue of German prisoners, 293-96, 298-99, 378; “Austrian Battalions,” 301n387; economic cooperation with Germany in 1943,253-55; formation of, 118; formation of a regular army in Serbia in 1944, 340-41; German treatment of Partisan prisoners in Croatia in 1944-1945, 284-91, 305-06; intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 280-81, 283; Livno prisoner exchange, 119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local
Index prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 307-12; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 313-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); NOVJGerman political talks (see political talks); Operation Schwarz and, 180-85, 194; Operation Weiss and, 136-37,187, 188; Pisarovina neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); POW camps, 301; prisoner exchange negotiations in Macedonia in 1943-1944, 342-50; prisoner exchange on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945, 341-42; prisoner exchanges in Slovenia, 353-59; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253; request for recognition from Germany, 120; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945, 196-98; treatment of German prisoners in Croatia in 1944-1945, 291-302, 306; use of prisoner exchange talks to seek legitimization, 144. See also Yugoslav Partisans Peoples Liberation Councils, 30, 43, 66, 223 People’s Liberation Movement (NOP); Anglo-Partisan relations in 1944 and, 197-98; AVNOJ and, 118; downfall of the Užice Republic and, 54; efforts to be recognized as a legitimate belligerent force, 66, 67-68; in Macedonia, 343; official recognition of at the Tehran Conference, 197, 221; policies toward prisoners of war in 1943 in Croatia, 209-12; POW camps and, 66; prisoner exchanges in 1943 prior to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 207, 208; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253 People’s Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, 19, 30. See also Yugoslav Partisans People’s Liberation War, 74n4 Pere, Miro, 360, 369 429 Perkuhn, Dietrich, 321-22
Perovič, Stanko. See Brnčić, Josip Petar II, 9, 10,197, 258n220 Peterneli, Eduard: Boris Bakrač and, 233; biographical overview, 396; as a German agent, 281; murder of, 234, 236-37, 257; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 255n211; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 227, 230, 231 Petrinja, 202 Petrovič, Vladimir. See Velebit, Vladimir Pfafferott, Werner, 145,146,153,178,187, 189 Pijade, Moša, 105,140 Pisarovina neutral zone: Boris Bakrač and, 231-34, 237-38; Josip Brnčić and, 225, 230-31; choosing candidates for exchange, 228-29; data on prisoner exchanges at, 390-92; description of the exchange system, 227-28; drafting the exchange cartel agreement, 213-25, 303; effects on local prisoner exchanges, 373, 378; “exchange on receipt” policy, 239-40; first exchange of the cartel, 219-20; German intelligence work in, 273-79, 281-82; German proposal to move to Lasinja, 245-46; German treatment of Partisan prisoners, 284-91, 305-06; Hitler’s 1943 policy on the treatment of captured guerrillas and, 379-80; issue of incorporating Bosnia and Herzegovina in, 223-24; issue of recognizing the Partisans and, 220-21; key figures in the exchange cartel, 225-27; murder of Eduard Partenell, 234, 236-37; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943,249-55, 304; NOVJGerman political talks in 1944, 255-61, 255-67, 304, 380; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 266-73, 304-05; overview and summary of, 302-06, 380; Partisan intelligence work in, 280-81,283; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in, 291-302; political and military context of, 196-98, 240-41; prisoner
430 Index 187; Partisan-German March-April exchanges in 1944, 219-20, 230-32, 233-34, 237-41, 303-04; prisoner 1943 truce and, 159; Partisan-German exchanges in 1945, 243, 246-49; prisoner exchanges in 1942 and, 102; prisoner exchanges parallel with the view of British-German relations, agreement talks, 214-16; setting up the 296n369 zone from July to November 1943, Popular Front, 52 198-213, 302-03; successors to Postojna, 365, 370 Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, 265-66; Posušje, 94, 95 uniqueness and significance of, 196; Pott, Eugen von, 95n66; biographical overview, 397; departure from Croatia Ustashe-related incidents in 1943-1944, 229-30; violations ofin 1944, 234-37, with Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, 242-43; wounding of the German 265n244; German Special Commando envoys and resulting cycle of reprisals, for Prisoner Exchange, 226; Edmund 243- 44 Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to Plan S, 12 reach an accommodation with the Pljevlja, 181, 321 Western Allies and, 261,262; on РОС. See Regional Intelligence Center Andrija Hebrang, 262ո233; on Podgorica, 184ПІ39, 317, 327 intelligence work by Willibald Podravina Detachment, 316 Nemetschek, 274n277; NOVJ-German poison gas, 101 political talks and, 256, 257; on Hans Pokay (German lieutenant colonel), 199, Ott and the German plot to assassinate 200, 208,215, 253 Tito, 275n283; Partisan-German Polish prisoners, 239 economic relations and, 254n210; political talks: 1943 March Negotiations in Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 235-36; Gornji Vakuf and, 144; failed exchange Wiener Bankverein and, 264n240 and talks in Livno from September
1942 Požarevac, 33,41, 58 to January 1943,114-30; NOVJPožega, 30, 36, 23ІПІ26 German talks in 1943,249-55, 304, 380; Predii Pass, 374 NOVJ-German talks in 1944,255-61, Preindl, Ferdinand, 254 255-67, 304; NOVJ-German talks on Preloge, 358 the terms of German surrender, 266-73, Prešern Brigade, 353 304-05; overview and summary of the Prijedor, 126-27 1942 talks, 131-34; Partisan-German Prijepolje, 15 talks in August-September 1942, Prilep, 348-49, 375 89-114; with the Studeno Vrelo Primorska, 359-61. See aho Operational prisoner exchange, 97-103 Zone Adriatic Littoral Prinz Eugen Division. See 7th SS Volunteer Pomoravlje Detachment, 31 Popivoda, Pero, 354 Mountain Division Poplat, 331 prisoner exchanges: archival records and Popovič, Čedo, 80-81 studies of Partisan-German prisoner exchanges, 4-7; historical overview, Popovič, Đorđe, 44 1-4. See also Partisan-German prisoner Popovič, Koča: 1st Proletarian Brigade and, 102,104; on the April War, 20n38; exchanges prisoner exchanges in Serbia: analysis of attitude toward German prisoners, events in 1941-1944,65-70; events and 292-93n353; March Negotiations of exchanges in 1942-1944, 53-65; events 1943 and, 142, 143-45,147-48,149, A
Index and exchanges in April-June 1941, 14-19; events and exchanges in March-April 1941, 9-13; events and exchanges in September-December 1941, 37-53; exchanges on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945, 341-42; historical overview of, 3; historiographical difficulties connected with, 68-69; overview of Partisan-German prisoner exchanges, 379; during the uprising of 1941, 22-23, 27-28, 31, 33-36 prisoner of war (POW) camps: conditions in German camps, 287n334, 288-91, 300; established by the NOVJ, 301; inside Germany, 286-87; organization of in Croatia, 207-08n39; Partisan camps in 1944, 63-64; People’s Liberation Movement and efforts for recognition, 66 prisoners of war: German policies on the treatment of captured guerrillas in 1943, 202-06, 313, 371, 379-80; Hitler’s 1944 order to shoot captured members of Allied and Soviet military missions, 336n91; Operation Schwarz and, 182-85,195, 211; Turkestanian prisoners of war, 63nl90; Yugoslav prisoners from the April 1941 campaign, 11-12. See also German prisoners of war; Italian prisoners of war; Partisan prisoners of war Proletarian brigades, 52-53, 89 Prozor, 143, 152n47 Prützmann, Hans-Adolf, 266n245 R-40 (Royal Yugoslav Army document), 12 R-41 (Royal Yugoslav Army document), 12 Rab, 301 Rabrovo, 33, 34,41 Radić, Stjepan, 71 Radišić, Dragomir, 330 Radovanovič, Pavle, 50nl46 railway sabotage: in Croatia, 206ոՅՅ; March Negotiations of 1943 and the Partisan temporary ban on, 150-51, 158-59,171,174-75, 177,181,192,194, 431 380; Partisan-German political talks in 1942 on, 100 Rainer, Friedrich, 351, 360, 363-64, 365-66 Rajk, László,
170ո93 Rakuša, Ines, 149 Rama River Valley, 139,140 Ranković, Aleksandar: German-Partisan cease-fire in Eastern Bosnia and, 171, 172; Livno massacre and, 91-92; March Negotiations and, 140,141-42, 176nl 10; Partisan-German MarchApril 1943 truce and, 159; view of German prisoners of war, 43,66 Ravna Gora, 17, 36, 47 Re, Giancarlo, 151 Red Army, 62, 63-64,135, 341 Red Republic of Užice, 43-45,47, 48-50, 51,54 Regional Intelligence Center (РОС), 280 Reich’s Main Security Office (RSHA), 124 Renca, 361 Rendűik, Lothar, 203, 205ո32, 320 reprisals: German guidelines in Serbia prior to the uprising, 15-16; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of prisoners and, 203-06; German reprisal policies in the pacification of Serbia, 54, 55-56, 59-60; by the Germans during the 1941 Serbian uprising, 23-24, 25, 27, 32-33, 37, 38,40-41,69; by the Germans in 1944-1945, 285-86, 380; Hermann Neubacher and the cessation of, 60nl81; by Partisans during the 1941 Serbian uprising, 35, 378; Partisan use of the threat of, 67, 84, 327, 339; Pisarovina neutral zone talks and, 216-17; prisoner exchange as a means of protecting Partisan prisoners from, 76; by the Ustashe, 77, 98, 244; for the wounding of the German envoys at Pisarovina, 243-44 Republic of Croatia, 3nll Republic of Salò, 351 Requard, Willi, 155 Resch, Hinko, 362-63 Ribar, Ivo-Lola, 101ո86
432 Index Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 152-53, 159-62, 177,194 Ripač, 78 ritual mutilations, 40η 110 Romania, 259ո224 Romanija Mountain, 75-76 Rome Agreements, 72 Rommel, Erwin, 135,164n78 Rosener, Erwin, 351-52, 365-66 Royal Air Force, 252, 271n263, 293 Royal Navy, 253, 293 Royal Yugoslav Army, 10,11-13 RSHA. See Reich’s Main Security Office Rudnik, 36-37 Ruma, 313-15 Rupnik, Leo, 365 Russian Protective Corps, 53-54nl58, 210-1ІП51 Šabac, 28,37 Sajmište concentration camp, 55,286n333 Šakić, Marko, 100-01ո85 Sandžak, 54,60nl82, 61, 89,142,144, 152-53, 158, 171,180, 192, 211n55, 321, 372 Sanski Most, 297 Sarajevo, 75,76,149-52,154,155,158, 192, 287 Šarunac, Boško, 35ո92 Sauckel, Fritz, 202nl8 Sava River, 37, 72,100,106, ПбпІЗО, 136, 147ո32,160, 241, 264ո238, 308, 358 Savska cesta (prison), 227-28, 239 Schaffer, Emanuel, 124 Scheuering, Heinrich, 313ո20 Schmidt, Johann, 84,88 Schmidt, Wilhelm, 22-23 Schmidt-Richberg, Erich, 266-67 Schutzstaffel (SS), 124-25, 281-82, 287n334 SD. See Security Service Second Phase of the Revolution, 52 Secret Field Police (German), 283 Security Service (SD), 25,281-82, 287n334, 319 Šekovići massacre, 312 Selchow, Hans-Harald von, 237-38,271, 272, 329 Senj, 24-25 Serbia: Bulgarian occupation zone, 55nl63; collaborationist administration, 53; efforts of Partisans in following the 1941 uprising, 54, 55, 56, 57-59, 61-65; formation of a regular army in 1944, 340-41; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; German occupation apparatus and regime, 14-16; German pacification efforts following the 1941 uprising, 53-57; German reprisal policies in the
pacification of, 54, 55-56, 59-60; Kraljevo Bridgehead, 64; Hermann Neubacher and the cessation of German reprisals, 60nl81; prisoner exchanges in (see prisoner exchanges in Serbia); types of Chetniks in, 27n67; uprising in 1941 (see Serbian uprising) Serbian collaborationist forces, 55 Serbian Commissary Council, 14 Serbian State Guard (gendarmerie): guerrilla activities and, 16; police ffinction in occupied Serbia, 14; strength in 1942, 53nl58; uprising of 1941 and, 19n37, 20, 24, 26, 30, 33 Serbian uprising (1941): beginning and escalation of, 19-22; Chetnik-Partisan rift, 28-29,47-48, 51, 52; Chetniks and, 26, 27, 28-29, 31n82, 33-36; Communist Party of Yugoslavia and, 19-20, 24,29-30; ethnic Germans and, 24-25; German pacification efforts following, 53-57; German quelling of, 37-42,48-50; Partisans and, 19-20, 21-26, 27-28, 29-36, 38-39,41-53; prisoner exchange during, 22-23, 27-28, 31,33-36; reprisals by Germans during, 23-24,25,27, 32-33 Serbian Volunteer Detachments, 51nl50. See also Ljotić’s Volunteers Serbs: prisoner exchanges in Bosnia in 1941,76-77, 78-80; resistance against the Ustashe in Croatia, 73-74, 75; targeting of Bosnian Muslims, 78nl 7
Index Seventeen Principles, 72. See also Ustashe political program Sevnica, 356 Shepherd, Ben, 31ІПІЗ Šibenk, 284, 320 Sicily invasion, 60 Siegelhuber, Othmar, 114-15 Sikorski, Władysław, 259ո224 Simović, Dušan, 9 Sinj, 326, 330-31Ո73 Sisak Special Camp 1,124 Sisevac, 24-25 Sitnica, 127 SKOJ. See Communist Youth Organization Skopje, 10, 349, 350 Slavėj Battalion, 345 Slavex Company, 253, 254-55, 264n240 Slavonia: fighting in 1942,128; Partisans in, 40nll0,129,136,150; strategic situation in late 1942,136; Thälmann Partisan Company, 316; Vladimir Velebit’s trip to during the March Negotiations of 1943,174-75, 310 Slavonian Exchange, 129nl72 Slavonski Brod, 156 Sloga (Partisan navy vessel), 322-25 Slovenec (newspaper), 365 Slovene Home Guard, 355, 365, 366 Slovenia: Axis occupation and guerrilla warfare in, 350-51; German treatment of Partisan prisoners, 351-52; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1945, 353-59, 374-76; negotiations in the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral and the Gorizia cease-fire episode, 359-70, 375; Partisan treatment of German prisoners, 352-53 Sluistky, Boris, 63 Smederevo, 58, 59nl78 Soča River Valley, 353 Sokol (Pan-slavic Society), 12 Sokolac, 75 Šolta, 285n328 Sopiste, 350 South Herzegovina Partisan Detachment, 204-05, 331-40, 374 433 Soviet Union: Anglo-Soviet relations as a challenge for the KPJ, 109-11; counter offensive against Germany in 1941, 51-52; Milovan Dilas’s 1944 mission to, 170; German invasion of, 19; Operation Belgrade, 62, 63-64; Partisan-Soviet relations and the March Negotiations of 1943,163-70,193; Partisan-Soviet relations in
1941,43; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1943,142-43; perceptions of the German-British relationship, 164; Stalin’s contemplation of a SovietGerman rapprochement, 166-67; Tito’s relationship with, 110-11,112-13; Tito-Stalin split of 1948,170n93,193 Spanish Civil War veterans, 19 Special command for prisoner exchange (German), 4, 303 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 46nl32, 47, 348, 355nl49 Split, 301 Srebrnič, Peter, 361 SS. See Schutzstaffel SS Das Reich Division, 13 SS Kartswehr Battalion, 353-54, 374 SS Nordland Division, 201-2 SS Propaganda Regiment Kurt Eggers, 364-65 Stahl, Friedrich, 39nl09 Štajerska, 352, 355 Stalags, 290ո346 Stalin, Josef, 111, 166-67,170, 170ո93,193 Stalingrad, 135, 165,166 Stamatović, Mioš, 332 Stanišić, Stavatije, 22, 23 Stanojevič, Jovana, 317 Stara Gradiška concentration camp, 201, 207ո37, 215ո69,217,229 Stärker, Rudi, 263ո238 State Anti-fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBİH), 338 State Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), 238 Statute of Proletarian Brigades, 89 Stemmer, Hans, 298n375
434 Index Stephani, von (German lieutenant colonel), 244, 267-68, 267ո252, 268, 268ո253, 269, 270-71 Stevenson, Ralph, 355ПІ49 Stilinović, Marijan: biographical overview, 397; drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina and, 214, 216, 220, 224, 225, 226; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 93-95; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 249, 250-51, 253; NOVJ-German political talks in 1944 and, 257-58; Hans Otto and, 275, 276-77; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 235, 236; political talks related to the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 97, 98, 99,100, 102,120; as a politician, 280; setting up of the Pisarovina neutral zone, 199-200, 207, 209, 302-03; transfer to the Main Headquarters for Croatia, 102; Vladimir Velebit and, 174 Stolac, 85,132, 204-05, 376; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 374 Stolice, 26, 30 Strathmann, Horst, 319 Strecker, Arthur: intelligence work and, 155; March Negotiations of 1943 and the exchange of, 140,141,143,145,154, 187,188; on the shooting of wounded Partisan prisoners, 183-84nl36 Street, Vivian, 294 Striider, Peter, 33-34 Struga, 343, 344, 345, 347, 373 Struga-Kičevo Road, 345, 375 Straganik, 48 Studeno Vrelo, 95-96 Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange: higher level German-Partisan contacts and, 106-14,132-33; intelligence aspects of, 103-14; negotiations and events of the prisoner exchange, 92-97; Partisan capture of prisoners at Livno, 91-92; political talks in the course of, 97-103; Tito’s motives for maintaining contact with German authorities through, 113-14 Stuka dive-bombers, 180,188 Stüwe (SS sergeant),
121-23 Styria, 11, 206n34, 350, 352, 355 Šubašić, Ivan, 258n220 Subotica, 309 Šulentić, Franjo. See Marinkovič, Ivo Supersloda, 151 .See also 2nd Italian Army Supreme Partisan HQ: American military mission to, 266; Banja Luka massacre and, 217; drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina and, 216; “exchange on receipt” policy and, 218-19; German plot to assassinate Tito and, 275-76; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 235-36; policy toward German prisoners of war in 1943,211-12 Sušak, 362, 376 Šutić, Jelka, 121 Sutjeska River, 183, 312 Suvobor Mountain, 17 Svračkovac, 17 Switzerland, З Syrmia: Grgurevci massacre, 98ո75; local prisoner exchanges, 372; Partisan Syrmian Offensive, 198, 270, 277, 341-42; Ruma prisoner exchange in 1943, 313-15 Szedressy, Fritz and Emma, 96n68 T-34 tanks, 341 Tapogliano, 359-60 Tara Planina, 16 Taurinense Division, 173, 317, 318 Tausig, Marcello (Marcello Kralj), 359, 361, 369 Tehran Conference, 197, 221 Tepsié, Dušan, 230, 257 Terzič, Velimir, 104ո94,140 Thälmann, Ernst, 46-47 Thälmann Company (NOVJ), 220n85,279, 316 Thayer, Charles, 63 Tito. See Broz, Josip Todorovič, Milutin (“Žica”), 23 Tomié, Momir, 115,116 Toplica Uprising, 27n67
Index Topola, 38 Topusko, 279 Transit Camps (Dulags), 287-88, 291 Treaty of Vis, 197 Trebuša, 369 Trieste, 351, 356, 368, 368nl97, 370, 375 Tripartite Pact, 9 Trnovo, 176nll0,353 Troll-Obergfell, Herbert von, 123 Tronoša Monastery, 44 Trupps, 274-75, 285-86 Turkestanian prisoners of war, 63nl90 Tuškanac, 95 Tuzla, 79ո21, 80ո25, 82, 223ո98, 315, 328ո66 typhus, 152ո47, 168-69, 176, 288ո336, 289ո340, 298 Udine, 351, 352, 353 Umberto, Prince of Italy, 163,164nn78,79 Unger, Othmar, 227-28, 243, 246, 262n233 United States Military Tribunal V, 28n74 UNS. See Ustashe Surveillance Service Ustashe: assault on Partisan and German envoys in May 1945, 272; Bosnian Muslims and, 78nl7; formation and aim of, 71-72; German efforts to curb activities of, 98; Edmund GlaiseHorstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies and, 261; imbroglio with Germany over the Livno prisoner exchange, 121-24; local prisoner exchanges in Dalmatia in 1944, 326; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 145-46; militia members captured at Livno, 91; Partisan-Home Guard prisoner exchanges and, 199, 201; Partisan treatment of Ustashe prisoners, 309; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 229-30, 233, 247, 304; political and military weakness ofin 1943,197; prisoner exchanges prior to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 217, 218; prisoner exchanges with the Partisans, 12ІПІ41,129nl72; reprisals and, 77, 98, 435 244; resistance to in Croatia, 73-74; Seventeen Principles, 72; use of terror against insurgents, 76, 77; Ustashe Returnees, 72; Ustashe Surveillance Service (UNS), 121-23; violations of the Pisarovina
neutral zone and, 242 Uvac River, 50 Uzelac, Ilija, 24 Užice, 30,43-45, 47, 48-50, 51, 54, 66, 67, 69, 103,105,144 V-l flying bomb, 277 Valjevo, 16-17, 21, 22, 25-26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 47nl37,48nl40, 5ІПІ49, 68 Valjevo Detachment, 22, 25-26, 26-27 Vanselow, Fritz, 327 Varaždin, 308 Vasié, Dragiša, 105ո97 Vassary, Julius, 85, 86 Vatican, 163,164n78 Vela Luka, 323 Velebit, Ljubomir, 178 Velebit, Vladimir (“Vlado”): biographical overview, 397-98; British holding of German prisoners and, 323; GermanPartisan cease-fire and, 171-72,174-75; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau discovers the identity of, 178; Herta Haas and, 173,175-76; Livno prisoner exchange and, 116,120-21,123; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 142-50 passim, 154,156-59,169,173-79 passim, 187,189,194, 310; on the NOVJ-German political talks in November 1943,253; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 268-69, 270; Hans Ott and the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 92, 95; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 236; pseudonym, 142, 268; Ines Rakuša and, 149-50n41; on Tito and Operation Schwarz, 182 Veles, 348 Velika Mlinska, 128 Veliko Gradište, 33-35, 68 Veric, Žarko, 216
436 Index Vernić, Vuk, 147ոՅՅ Vidmar, Milan, 354 Virovitica, 214-15 Vis, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298 Vis POW camp, 323. See also Biševo Vitez, 330 Vlasov, Andrei, 210 Voegeli, Rudolf, 64 Voinović, Stevo, 79-80 Vojvodina, 25n59, 58nl73, 313-15 Vokić, Ante, 264 Volunteer Anti-Communist Militia, 103. See also Italian auxiliary militia Volunteer Army, 89-90 Vrnik, 324 Vujasinović, Todor, 80, 81 Vukčevič, Stojan, 334, 335-36 Waffen-SS units, 219, 372 Wagner, Richard, 327 War Cabinet (Great Britain), 293 war criminals, 294-95 War Merit Cross, 96 Water Protection Police, 33-35, 68 weapons: Partisan-German prisoner exchanges and, ЗІОпІО, 330-31n73 Wehrmacht. See Nazi Germany Weichs, Maximilian von, 16, 205, 209, 221, 259n223, 269, 270 Weil, Richard, 211-12 WeisungNr. 25, 10 Weisung Nr. 47, 136 Western Bosnia: military events in 1945, 198; move of the Partisans to in 1942, 90, 91; Partisan treatment of German prisoners of war in 1944, 297; prisoners of the 373rd German Legionnaire Division, 284n327; strategic situation in late 1942,135 Western Herzegovina: German economic interest in, 83; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 325; Operation Weiss and, 137; prisoner exchanges in 1942, 83-89 White Russian émigrés, 210-11 Wiener Bankverein, 255n212, 264 Wilkinson, Peter A., 355nl49, 356-57nl53 Wilson, Henry Maitland, 293, 298-99 Wolter, Willi, 246, 247 Women’s Anti-fascist Front (AFŽ), 326 World War I, 3,311nl3 World War II: prisoner exchange and, 2, 3-4 Yugoslav 4th Army, 245-46 Yugoslav Army, 270, 272-73, 277 Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (JVuO), 17n30, 55. See also Chetniks Yugoslavia:
alleged mutilations of dead German soldiers, 39-40nll0; conditions and factors affecting prisoner exchange in, 377-78; German economic interest in, 11; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202-06, 313, 371, 379-80; Germany’s April 1941 campaign against, 9-11; historical overview of prisoner exchange, 2-4; overview of German attitudes toward and policies on prisoner exchange in, 378-80; prisoners of war from the April 1941 campaign, 11-12; strategic situation in late 1942,135-36; the Šubašić government, 258n220; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,196-98; surrender of German troops, 272-73; Tito’s rise to power in 1945,64-65; traditional historical perspectives on the war and prisoner exchange in, 377 Yugoslav Military Tribunal, 289n340 Yugoslav “Order of Valor,” 301n387 Yugoslav Partisans: alleged mutilations of dead German soldiers, 39-40nll0; ambivalence toward Nazi Germany, 89; Anglo-Partisan relations (see AngloPartisan relations); capture of Bihač, 117; capture of Jajce, 114-15; creation of, 19; defectors from, 206; Milovan Đilas’s 1944 mission to the Soviet Union, 170; efforts in Serbia following the 1941 uprising, 54, 55, 56, 57-59,61-65; execution of German prisoners of war in
Index Serbia, 39,41-42,46,50; Geneva Convention and, 28ո74; German concerns about a Partisan-Chetnik truce, 190-91; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas and, 202-06, 313, 371, 379-80; Hitlers 1942 Order for the suppression of bandits” and, 138-39; intelligence work (see intelligence); Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 307-12, 322-25; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 313-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); Marxist ideology and the changing policy toward German prisoners, 46-47, 65-66, 302,378; massacre of wounded German soldiers at Banja Luka, 216-17; military reform in 1942,117-18; move to Western Bosnia in 1942,90, 91; NDH offensive against in 1942, 89; negotiations in the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral and the Gorizia cease-fire episode, 359-70, 375; New Model Army and Proletarian brigades, 52-53; no quarter-no negotiations policy, 58; NOVJ-German political talks (see political talks); official recognition of at the Tehran Conference, 197, 221; Operation Schwarz and, 180-85,194,195,211; Operation Trio and retreat to Montenegro in 1942,90; Operation Weiss and, 136-40,186-88; Hans Ott as an agent for, 276-78; Partisan-German truce of 1943,140, 142, 145,151,157-59,171-73,174-75, 191,192; Partisan salute, 30; PartisanSoviet relations and the March Negotiations of 1943,163-70, 193; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1941,43; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1943, 142-43; Pisarovina
neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); policies toward prisoners of war in Croatia in 1943, 437 209-12; political goals and the policy toward German prisoners, 66-67; political goals tied to prisoner exchange, 67-68; prisoner exchanges in Serbia (See prisoner exchanges in Serbia); prisoner exchanges with the Germans (see Partisan-German prisoner exchanges); prisoner exchanges with the Ustashe, 12ІПІ41,129nl72; Proletarian brigades, 52-53,89; propaganda value of German prisoners of war, 28; reeducation of German prisoners of war and, 46-47; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253; reprisals and (see reprisals); resistance in Croatia and, 75; rift with the Chetniks, 28-29,47-48, 51, 52; Second Phase of the Revolution, 52; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 19-20, 21-26, 27-28,29-36, 38-39,41-53; strategic situation in late 1942,135-36; Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 91-114 (see also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange); Syrmian Offensive, 198, 270, 277, 341-42; Titos move to Eastern Bosnia in December 1941, 89; treatment and handling of German prisoners following the fall of Belgrade, 62-64; treatment of German prisoners and the effort to gain recognition, 28, 30,43, 66-67, 144,217, 284; written duels with the 369th German Infantry Division, 335n87. See also Partisan prisoners of war Yugoslav Red Cross, 292n351 Zadar, 301 Zagreb: Boris Bakrač and, 232-33; captured by Germany in 1941,10; German “Special command for prisoner exchange,” 4; German transit camps, 287-88; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 151,156-59,173-74,175-79,192; NOVJ-German negotiations to save at the
end of the war, 271, 305; Partisan reports on the effects of Allied bombing in, 281
438 Index Zagreb-Belgrade railway: March Negotiations of 1943 and the Partisan temporary ban on sabotage, 150-51, 158-59,171,174-75,177,181,192,194, 380; threat of Partisan sabotage and, 100,136 Zagreb-Klinča Sela-Pisarovina road, 222 Zagvozd, 325 Zangen, Gustav von, 364 Zavadlav, Zdenko, 360, 361, 368, 369 ZAVNOBiH. See State Anti-fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ZAVNOH. See State Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Croatia Zbor movement, 5ІПІ50 Zdenčina, 230-31, 242, 256n216, 280 Zečević, Vlado, 27ո67 Zemun, 72,124, 286 Zlatibor Mountain massacre, 49-50 Žnidarič, Riko, 147ոՅՅ Žumberak Detachment, 234 Žumberak Partisan Brigade, 242,244,248 Župančič, Oton, 246-47nl82 Zvornik, 78-80
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Contents Foreword by Klaus Schmider List of Abbreviations ix xi Spelling and Pronunciation Guide Introduction xiii 1 Chapter 1. Brutal Until the End: Serbia, 1941-1944 Chapter 2. Political Discussions, Round 1:1942 Chapter 3. March Negotiations: 1943 9 71 135 Chapter 4. The Neutral Zone at Pisarovina: 1943-1945 Chapter 5. Local Prisoner Exchanges: 1943-1945 Chapter 6. Closing Thoughts Acknowledgments 307 377 383 Appendix A. Prisoner Exchanges in Yugoslavia 385 Appendix B. Prisoner Exchanges in Pisarovina 390 Appendix C. Dramatis Personae Selected Bibliography Index 409 399 393 196
Index 1st Bosnian Assault Corps, 117,159,181 1st Cossack Division, 226,234, 235, 240, 24ІПІ64, 256n216 1st Croatian Corps, 129nl72 1st Dalmatian Brigade, 301 1st Home Guard Corps, 199, 200 1st Jäger Reserve Regiment, 242, 243-44 1st Krajina Brigade, 126-27 1st Mountain Division (German), 179, 183, 200 1st Proletarian Brigade, 64nl93, 102,104, 115,159, 335n87 1st Proletarian Corps, 63,202nl6 1st Proletarian Division, 64nl94,117, 150n42,173 1st Proletarian Shock Brigade, 52 1st Slavonian Assault Brigade, 128 1st Šumadija Partisan Detachment, 38-39 2nd Army (German), 10,15 2nd Assault Corps (NOVJ): 29th Herzegovina Division and, 224; Grahovo massacre and, 298, 299; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in eastern Herzegovina and, 333, 334; local prisoner exchanges and, 295֊96n367, 316-17,318 2nd Krajina Brigade, 101 n85 2nd Krajina Detachment, 76 2nd Macedonian Brigade, 343, 347 2nd Panzer Army; instructions to the 15th Mountain Corps regarding breaches of international law, 294n357; intelligence derived from the Partisans and, 278; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 319-20, 371; in Macedonia, 344; mission in Croatia after the fall of Italy, 196; planned attack on Tito, 275; prisoner exchanges parallel to the Pisarovina neutral zone talks, 214; report of execution of officers of the Taurinense Division, 318n33; reprisals in 1943-1944 under Lothar Rendulic, 203-04, 205, 305; transport of prisoners, 284n326; treatment of wounded Partisan prisoners, 288n339, 292; truce in Slovenian Littoral, 367 2nd Proletarian Brigade, 182 2nd Proletarian Division, 61,117,173, 181-82,312 2nd SS
Panzer Corps, 354nl47 2nd Volunteer Police Regiment (German), 210-1ІП51 3rd Assault Division, 117,183,185nl40, 318 3rd Bosnian Corps, 223-24, 321 3rd Demolition Battalion, 290-91 3rd Krajina Brigade, 64nl93,184nl38 3rd Sandžak Brigade, 115,116,122nl43, 158 3rd SS Panzer Corps, 207 3rd Vojvodina Brigade, 313-15 IV Directorate of the Special Police, 54 4th Krajina Brigade, 63nl90 4th Krajina Division, 117, 297, 322, 330 4th NOVJ Corps, 223,235,237 4th Sandžak Brigade, 116,291 4th Slavonian Division, 174 5th Bosnian Corps, 223, 224,228, 241, 246, 247, 329, 330 5th Krajina Division, 61,117 5th Montenegrin Brigade, 104 5th Mountain Brigade (Home Guard), 199 5th SS Mountain Corps, 203, 205, 273, 319, 334, 336n91 409
410 Index Sixth Army (German), 135,165, 322 6th Corps (Italian), 186,187 6th Division (NOVJ), 129nl72 6th Eastern Bosnian Brigade, 158,171-72 6th Krajina Brigade, 329 6th Partisan Brigade (Slovenian), 357 6th Slavonian Corps, 219-20, 223, 23ІПІ26, 237, 293Ո353, 298n375 7th Armored Division (U.S.), 290n346 7th Montenegrin Assault Brigade, 327-28 7th NOVJ Corps, 354-56, 365 7th NOVJ Division, 24ІПІ65, 284-85 7th Serbian Brigade, 272 7th SS Volunteer Mountain (Prinz Eugen) Division: actions in Eastern Bosnia in 1943, 312; Otto Kumm and, 274, 318-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1943, 201, 318-19, 372; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 321; local prisoner exchanges in 1945, 330; mop-up actions following Operation Schwarz, 183; “no prisoner policy,” 372; Operation Weiss and, 137; as prisoners of Partisans, 316; reprisals and, 286nn330, 331 8th Army (German), 164n78 8th Dalmatian Corps, 223, 237, 244nl75, 298Ո375, 302nn388, 389, 325 8th Vojvodina Brigade, 341 9th NOVJ Corps, 359-61, 366-67, 369 10th Herzegovina Brigade, 340 10th NOVJ (Zagreb) Corps, 223, 231, 237, 280 11th Army Corps (German), 15-16 11th Kozara Brigade, 316 11th Krajina Brigade, 330 11th NOVJ Corps, 223, 239-40nl61, 244nl75 12th Slavonian Brigade, 321-22 12th Slavonian Division, 214-15 13th Herzegovina Brigade, 338, 340 13th NOVJ Brigade, 307 13th Proletarian Brigade, 64nl94 13th Slovenian Brigade, 358 13th SS Mountain (Handschar) Division, 328 14th Herzegovina Brigade, 339, 374 14th NOVJ Corps, 341-42 14th NOVJ Division, 358-59 15th Home Guard Regiment, 326 15th Mobilization Wave (German), 14, 20, 179,190 15th
Mountain Corps (German), 206n34, 213n58,214,284 15th Partisan Division, 354-56 16th Motorized Division (German), 10 17th Majevica Brigade, 290 18th Croatian Brigade, 328 18th Mountain Corps (German), 27 18th NOVJ Brigade, 307-8 18th NOVJ Division, 356, 357 19th Dalmatian Division, 297, 326-27 20th Dalmatian Division, 212-13n58, 297 21st Army Prisoner Collection Point (German), 287,289n340 22nd Mountain Corps (German), 349-50 25th NOVJ Division, 341-42 26th Dalmatian Division, 294 27th Ustashe Battalion, 326 29th Herzegovina Division, 205, 224, 318-19; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74 31st Serbian Brigade, 301n387 34th Army Corps Command (German), 277-78n297 34th NOVJ Division, 242, 245 38th NOVJ Division, 328 41st NOVJ Division, 348-49 41st Panzer Corps, 13 64th Police Battalion (German), 14 65th Higher Command for Special Purposes, 14-15, 26,41 69th Reserve Corps (German), 204n26, 215n66,235,277n29 7 73rd Infantry Division (German), 13 89th Corps Command (German), 277-78n297 91st Army Corps (German), 267n249 108th Regiment (Kingdom of Yugoslavia), 10n4 113th Infantry Division (German), 48, 53, 105 114th Jäger Division, 212n56, 277n297, 316
Index 116th Regiment (German), 16 118th Jäger Division, 277n297, 300n380, 323-25,373n203 125th Infantry Regiment (German), 37 173rd Reserve Division (German), 313-15 181st Infantry Division (German), 277n297 187th Reserve Division (German), 204, 308-10,315 188th Mountain Division (German), 370 264th Infantry Division (German), 279, 286n330, 326-27 342nd Infantry Division (German), 27, 37, 48, 49,49-50ПІ44, 53 369th Anit-tank Battalion (German), 337, 374 369th Infantry Division or Devil’s Division (German): German policies in 1943 on the treatment of prisoners and, 203-04; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in Eastern Herzegovina, 331-40, 373-74; local prisoner exchange and treatment of prisoners in 1943,176nll0, 311-12; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 149, 189; Nevesinje massacre and, 340; nickname, 311; Operation Schwarz and, 182-83; operations in Eastern Bosnia in 1943,188; Operation Weiss and, 137, 311; Partisan policy toward prisoners in 1943 and, 203, 211; prisoner exchanges with the Chetniks, 79n21; prisoners captured by the Partisans, 173nl02; reprisals and, 286n330; troubled relations between soldiers and officers in, 147-49; written duels with Partisan units, 335n87 370th Grenadier Regiment (German), 312 371st Infantry Division (German), 216n74 373rd Legionnaire Division (German), 213n58, 284n327, 302n389, 316, 322n47 375th Front Reconnaissance Troop (German), 349 392nd Legionnaire Division (German), 239, 240ПІ61, 248, 277n297 462nd Reserve Regiment (German), 309 411 521st Army Communications Regiment (German), 38-39 562nd Territorial Defense Battalion (German), 14
592nd Territorial Defense Battalion (German), 14 621st Secret Field Police Group (German), 349 639th Security Regiment (German), 329 704th Infantry Division (German), 14,25 714th Infantry Division (German), 14, 100Ո84,115, 116,126 717th Infantry Division (German): 65th Higher Command for Special Purposes and, 14; cease-fire in Eastern Bosnia and, 172-73,173nl00; General Dippold and, 189; Kraljevo massacre and, 40; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 141, 143-45; Operation Weiss, 137,139,187 718th Infantry Division (German): German strength in Croatia in 1941 and, 74; instructions for treatment of captives, 125-26; intelligence from the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 103-04; Livno prisoner exchange and, 123nl44,124,129-30; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 140,154,155, 171, 176; Operation Weiss, 137,187, 188-89; prisoner exchanges in 1941, 80 724th Infantry Regiment (German), 26-27, 50nl46 734th Grenadier Regiment (German), 58 749th Infantry Regiment (German), 38 750th Regiment (German), 324, 325 920th Territorial Defense Battalion (German), 14, 35-37 Abwehr, 226, 32ІП43, 334 Ačimovič, Milan, 14 Action Commando 4, 282 Afrika Korps, 135 AFŽ. See Womens Anti-fascist Front Aleksandar I Karađorđević, 19, 71, 72 Alexander Barracks, 126 Algeria, 135 Alibunar massacre, 13
412 Index Ambrosio, Vittorio, 189-90 Andelković, Ratko, 273ո272 Andreev, Bane, 346 Anglo-Partisan relations: Gorizia cease-fire episode and the proposed Allied landing in Istria, 367-68; Partisan resistance to British involvement in the Balkans, 380-81; Partisan treatment of German prisoners and, 293-96,298-99, 306, 378; state of in 1942,88-89; state of in 1944,197-98, 259 Anglo-Soviet relations: as a challenge for the KPJ, 109-11 Antič, Vieko, 271 Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), 118, 197, 224, 258Ո220, 278, 303, 332, 346-47 Antonio Gramsci Brigade, 370 Aosta Brigade, 318 Apostolski, Mihajlo, 348 April War, 9-13,18-19, 20n38 Arilje, 30 Army Group Africa, 60 Army Group C, 272, 351, 360, 364nl80 Army Group E: attempt to reach Austria in 1945,198; Kraljevo Bridgehead and, 64; in Macedonia, 349-50, 375; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender and, 272; Operation Weiss and, 137; prisoner transit camps, 287-88; retreat from Greece in 1944, 62nl86,197; strength in 1945,277n296; Yugoslav Army offensive in 1945 and, 270 Army Group F: 2nd Panzer Army reprisals in 1944 and, 205; Werner Bornhausen and, 246nl80; chief intelligence officer, 260, 273; fighting in Serbia in 1944, 62nl86; Gorizia cease-fire episode and, 366, 367; Italian prisoners of war and, 287; in Macedonia, 348-49; Hans Ott and, 257; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 237,238; prisoner transit camps, 287-88; Secret Field Police Group 171,283 Aust (German Organisation Todt official), 358-59 Austria, 262-63, 269, 270 “Austrian Battalions,” 301n387 Austro-Hungarian Army, 3
AVNOJ. See Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia Babič, Marko, 25-26 Bačka province, 11 Bader, Paul: 65th Higher Command and, 26; Dangić Affair and, 81n26; German command organization in Croatia and, ІІбпІЗО; German efforts to curb the Ustashe and, 98; German policy regarding Partisan prisoners and, 59-60; German reprisals and, 54; Serbian gendarmerie and, 79; on Ustashe atrocities, 98n75 Bakrač, Boris: 1st Cossack Division and, 256n216; biographical overview, 393; German prisoners on the Adriatic islands and, 301; German proposal to the Pisarovina neutral zone and, 245; German reprisal killings in 1945 and, 244; intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 280-81; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 255n212; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943-1944 and, 249, 254, 257, 260; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender and, 267-68, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273; Hans Ott as an agent for the Partisans and, 277, 278; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 231-34, 237-38, 246, 247, 248; protest against the German’s treatment of Partisan prisoners, 289 Balkans: historical overview of prisoner exchange, 2-3; Partisan resistance to British involvement in, 380-81; ritual mutilations and the Balkans War, 40nl 10 Banija, 117,135 Banja Koviljača, 26, 78 Banja Luka, 74,115,116,122nl43, 206n34, 216-17,246
Index Banjica concentration camp, 55 Barac, Zvonko, 239 Bari, 253, 295, 323 Basta, Milan, 58nl73, 330 Battle Group Rijeka, 362nl68 Bauer, Anton, 314n22 bauxite ore, 83,91,100,186 Bayer, Otto, 114-15 Beissner, Wilhelm, 78 Bela Crkva, 19n37 Bela Krajina, 370 Belegiš, 58nl73 Belgrade: captured by Germany in 1941, 10; German use of poison gas in, 101; Soviet advance on and capture of, 62, 63-64 Benak, Aleksander, 121,122,157n60 Bihać, 117,118,119, 127Ш64,136-37, 201, 245-46, 277n297, 301 Bijela, 151,188,189 Bilan, Zvonko, 121 Bileća POW camp, 299, 339 Bilje, 360 Biograd na Moru, 297 Birač, 171 Biševo, 296, 298, 323 Bišina massacre, 340 Bitola, 344, 349 Bivolarević, Vukašin, 313-14, 315n25 Bjelovar, 308 Blackshirts, 40nПО, 210. See also Italian Fascists Bloody October, 40 Bogatić, 26 Böhme, Franz, 27, 38, 39-40 Böhme, Karl W., 7 Bolić, Branko, 213n58 Boljanić, 81-82 Bornhausen, Werner, 246nl80 Borongaj, 281 Bosanska Dubica, 76-77 Bosanski Novi, 127, 322 Bosanski Petrovac, 130 Bosnia: Chetniks and, 79-80ո21,103ո90; German strength in, 74; Independent State of Croatia and, 11; local prisoner 413 exchanges in 1943-1945, 315-16, 321-22, 328-31, 372; Partisan-German truce of March-April 1943 and, 158-59; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944, 292; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 223-24; prisoner exchanges from August 1941 to June 1942,76-77, 78-82; strategic situation in late 1942, 135; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,197,198. See abo Eastern Bosnia; Western Bosnia Bosnian Muslims, 78nl7 Bothmer, Karl Freiherr von, 32 Bovec, 353-54 Brač, 302 Brandenburg
Division, 61, 274-75, 297, 321, 321n43, 372 Brandner, Willi, 244nl73 Brankov, Lazar, 170n93 Bratina, 242 Brauchitsch, Albrecht von, 271, 272, 273 Brnčić, Josip: Allied bombing and, 256; biographical overview, 393; German treatment of Partisan prisoners and, 288; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau and, 294n360; intelligence work and, 280, 288; Main HQ of Croatia and, 280, 294n360; negotiations with Ustashe and, 230, 233nl34; Nemetschek and, 230nl23; NOVJ-German economic relations and, 254,255; NOVJ-German political talks and, 256; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 225, 230-31, 254-55 Brouček, Peter, 5, 263n234 Broz, Josip (Tito): Anglo-Partisan relations and the issue of German prisoners, 293, 294, 295-96, 298-99, 306, 378; Anglo-Partisan relations and the proposed Allied landing in Istria, 367-68, 381; Anglo-Partisan relations in 1943 and, 252-53; Anglo-Partisan relations in 1944 and, 197-98, 249; Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia and, 118; AVNOJ session of 1943 and, 346;
414 Index Banja Luka massacre and, 217; biographical overview, 393-94; control of Yugoslavia in 1945, 64-65; “exchange on receipt” policy and, 218-19; German intelligence reports on, 105-06; German plan to assassinate in 1943, 274-76; German reprisal killings in 1945 and, 244; growing confidence of in 1943,169-70; Herta Haas and, 176; interview with Hans Ott, 108,112-13; Joachim Kirschner incident and, 205-06n32; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 140,141-42,150-51,158-59,176, 177,191,192-93; move to Eastern Bosnia in December 1941,89; move to Western Bosnia in 1942,90,91; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 255; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 249, 250, 252-53,380; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 266; Operation Rösselsprung against, 197; Operation Schwarz and, 180-82; Operation Weiss and, І37-38,139-40; OSS mission to Croatia and, 265; Partisan-Chetnik rift and, 47; Partisan efforts in Serbia following the 1941 uprising and, 54,61, 64; Partisan-German truce of MarchApril 1943 and, 158-59,171,172-73, 174,175, 380; Partisan military reform in 1942 and, 117-18; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944 and, 292; Pisarovina neutral zone and, 206-07, 208-09, 303; political use of German prisoners, 66; prisoner exchange on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945 and, 342; protection of Zagreb at the end of the war, 271n263; rank of marshal, 197; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253; rescue of the KPJ, 18; response to the Partisan-German negotiations in Istria, 362; retreat to Montenegro in 1942,90; Second Phase of the Revolution and, 52; Serbian
uprising of 1941 and, 19, 29-30, 35, 51; SovietPartisan relations and, 110-11,112-13, 132,142-43,163-70,193; split with Stalin in 1948, 170n93,193; Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92, 93, 101, 102,113-14,132; the Šubašić government and, 258n220; treatment of Russian emigrants in German service, 211; Volunteer Army and, 89-90 Buchenwald concentration camp, 319 Bugojino, 141 Bulgaria, 11, 55nl63, 57nl69, 344-45, 347 Busovača, 329 Buturović, Ferid, 340 Čačak, 16-17, 30, 35-36,48,48nl48 Čačak Partisan Detachment, 23-24, 35-36 Čajetina, 30 Čajnice, 158 Canki, Pavao, 155 Carinthia, 350, 351 cartels: drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina, 213-25 (see also Pisarovina neutral zone); Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74 Casablanca Conference, 166 Casertano, Raffaele, 153 Cazin Krajina, 228 Čazma massacre, 222-23 cease-fires: Gorizia cease-fire episode, 361-62, 363-70, 375; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 252-53, 380; Partisan-German truce and the March Negotiations of 1943,140,142,145, 151, 157-59,171-73, 174-75, 191, 192 Celje, 357, 358 Central Committee for Croatia, 92 Central Hospital, 139,180-81,183 Cetinje, 317, 328 Chetniks: activities in Serbia in May-June 1941,16-17; in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 79-80n21, 87,103n90; execution of German prisoners in Serbia, 59nl76; formation and legal status of, 12-13; German appraisal of, 102-03; German-Bosnian Chetnik prisoner exchanges, 79-80n21; German concerns about a Partisan-Chetnik
Index trace, 190-91; German-Partisan cease-fire in Eastern Bosnia and, 171; German reprisals against civilian supporters of, 286n330; German use of as pretext for committing war crimes, 13; Germany’s April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia and, 13; Great Britain and, 252; legalization by the German occupation forces following the 1941 uprising, 53; Dragoljub Mihailovič and, 16-17; Operation Schwarz and, 179-80,181,183nl34; Operation Weiss and, 137-38; Organization and, 27n67; PartisanGerman truce of March-April 1943 and, 158-59; Partisan policies toward prisoners in Croatia, 209; PartisanSoviet relations in 1943 and, 142; popular support in Croatia, 89; prisoner exchanges with Partisans in Serbia, 57; relationship with Italy, 103; rift with the Partisans, 28-29,47-48, 51, 52; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 26,27, 28-29, 31n82, 33-36; types of in Serbia, 27n67. See also Chetniks of Draža Mihailovič Chetniks of Draža Mihailovič: activities of the Partisans against, 61,152; Chetnik Organization and, 27n67; collaboration with the Germans, 6ІПІ84; destruction by Partisans, 158,160; Free Yugoslavia and, 168; Great Britain and, 163, 252; Italy and, 120; legalization by the German occupation forces following the 1941 uprising, 53; Mihalovićs strategy for, 16-17; Partisan-German March-April 1943 trace and, 158-59; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1943 and, 142; Partisan treatment of in Serbia, 57; political use of prisoners, 28; Serbian popular support for, 70; Serbian uprising and, 29n76; strength of in 1941, 31n82; as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, 17n30, 55 Churchill, Winston,
80,197, 258n220, 259, 293-95, 367-68 Cilid, August, 232 415 Cincar-Marković, Aleksandar, 10 Čolaković, Rodoljub, 22-23, 46η 133 Communist Party of Croatia (KPH), 217, 229, 261 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ): the April War and, 18-19; beginning of the People’s Liberation War and, 74n4; challenge of Anglo-Soviet relations for, 109-11; Milovan Dilas’s 1944 mission to the Soviet Union, 170; founding and early years of, 18; German penetration of, 54-55; March Negotiations of 1943 and (see March Negotiations); Marxist ideology and the changing policy toward German prisoners, 46-47, 65-67, 302, 378; Marxist-Leninist propaganda and beliefs, 45-46; Partisan-Soviet relations and the March Negotiations of 1943,163-70,193; political goals and the policy toward German prisoners, 66-67; political goals tied to prisoner exchange, 67-68; Proletarian shock brigades, 52-53; propaganda agenda during the war, 21; reeducation of German prisoners of war and, 46-47; resistance to the Ustashe and, 74; Second Phase of the Revolution, 52; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 19-20, 24,29-30,43-44,45-47, 51-53; Tito’s move to Eastern Bosnia in December 1941, 89; Tito’s rescue of, 18; Tito-Stalin split of 1948,170n93,193; Tito’s Volunteer Army, 89-90 Communist Youth Organization (SKOJ), 18,19-20, 52 Croatia: Croatian nationalists in April 1941,10n4; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; German economic interest in, 73; resistance to the Ustashe, 73-74; surrender of German troops, 272-73. See also Independent State of Croatia; Main Partisan HQ for Croatia Croatian Home Guard: German appraisal of, 98;
German military assistance in 1941, 74; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with
416 Index the Western Allies and, 261; members captured at Livno, 91; Partisan-German negotiations in Istria and, 362; Partisan treatment of as prisoners, 209, 309-10; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 233; prisoner exchanges in 1941-1942,76, 81; prisoner exchanges involving Germans and Partisans in 1943,198-99, 200-02; prisoner exchanges prior to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 207,217; rout at Horvati in 1944,242; Serb resistance and, 75; treatment of prisoners by the Partisans, 128,130; weakness of in 1943,197 Croatian Peasant Party (HSS): assassination of Stjepan Radić, 71; misinformation regarding Vladko Maček, 146; murder of Eduard Peterneli and, 237nl50; pro-Allied stance of, 72, 198, 261, 304; Ivan Šubašić and, 258n220 Ćulibrk, Zora, 184nl38 Ćuprija, 24,25, 32, 69 Cvitan, Gabrijel, 24ІПІ65 Cvitaš, Nikola, 96-97n73 Dafoe, Colin, 328 Dalmatia: atrocities in 1944, 285; ceded to Italy, 72, 73; growth of the Partisan movement in, 118; local prisoner exchanges, 372; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 320, 325-27; Partisan treatment of German prisoners of war in 1944-1945, 297, 299-302, 306; return to the NDH in 1943,197; Tito’s 1944 order to stop shooting prisoners, 294 Dančević (Croatian doctor), 229-30 Dangić, Jezdimir, 79, 81, 98 Dangić Affair, 81n26 Danilovgrad, 317-18 Danilović, Uglješa, 172 Danubian Confederation, 262 Dapčević, Peko, 63, 333 Day of Uprising, 19n37 Deakin, F. W. D„ 212 Dedijer, Olga, 124n50 Dedijer, Vladimir, 11 lnl 17,124n50, 172n96 defectors: from the Partisans, 206 “delivering prisoners on receipt” policy, 218-19, 239-40 Demolition Group Slavonia-
Syrmia, 174nl05 Department for the Protection of the People (OZNA), 232, 239, 24ІПІ65, 244nl75,248, 267, 271, 280, 298, 300, 302n388, 331, 360, 367nl93, 369nl98, 370 Derventa, 329 Dević, Ruža, 341 Devil s Division. See 369th German Infantry Division Dewitz, Karl von, 246-47 Đilas, Milovan: 1944 Partisan mission to the Soviet Union and, 170; early opinion on the length of the war, 20n40; on German mass terror in Serbia, 41; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 140-51 passim, 154,156-58,169, 171n94,179,187,189; on Operation Schwarz, 181,185nl40; on Partisan terror in Užice, 44nl26; on the prisoners captured in 1942 at Livno, 92; pseudonym, 142; on sadism in the Partisans, 40nl 10; on the summary executions of German prisoners, 62-63; on the Zlatibor Mountain massacre, 50 Dimitrov, Georgi, 165,170,210, 276 Dippold, Benignus, 143-45,155,187,189 Directive 31a, 27 Dobrič, 15 Dolenjska, 354 Domobrans, 130nl76. See also Croatian Home Guard Donji Milanovac, 56 Doule, Adalbert, 310nl 1 Draskovic, Milorad, 18 Drina, Battle of, 173 Drina River, 61, 78,173 Drvar, 74, 78,197, 295 Dudić, Dragojlo, 22
Index Đukanović, Pero, 79-80 Dulags, 287-88, 291 Dulles, Allen, 264-65 Eastern Bosnia: effects of the 1943 March Negotiations on German operations in, 185-89,194; German efforts to curb the Ustashe and, 98; German military operations in late 1943,197; GermanPartisan cease-fire, 171-73; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 321; Operation Schwarz and, 179,180,185, 310-11; Partisan-German truce of March-April 1943 and, 158-59; prisoner exchanges from August 1941 to June 1942, 78-82; Tito’s move to in December 1941, 89 Eastern Herzegovina: effects of the 1943 March Negotiations on German operations in, 189-91,194; GermanPartisan prisoner exchanges and, 131; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74; local prisoner exchanges September-December 1943, 318-19, 372; Operation Schwarz and, 179,180; Operation Sonnenstich, 334; Operation Weiss and, 137; Serb resistance to the Ustashe, 73-74; terror against Kulaks, 52 Eberlein, August Ritter von, 329-31 Eden, Anthony, 109nll3, 355nl49 Egger, Franz, 24, 97n36 El Álaméin, Battle of, 135 Elektrobosna company: employees and prisoner exchange, 114-15,129-30, 132,143,154; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 253-54, 255n212 ES. See ethnic German armed formations Escort Company (NOVJ), 118 ethnic German armed formations (ES), 308 ethnic Germans: local prisoner exchanges in 1943, 307-08, 310, 316; Partisan treatment of, 128, 352; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 219-20, 227; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 24-25 417 “exchange on receipt” policy, 218-19, 239-40 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 3nll Fest, Anton, 257n217 Fiorina, 348 Floydforce,
298-99 Foča, 89,90, 171,173,177,182,184nl36, 191, 194 Förtsch, Hermann, 221 Francetić, Jure, 201 Free Yugoslavia broadcasting station, 110, 175, 18ІПІ29,294n360 Fruska Detachment, 158 Funck, Albert von, 95n66, 237nl54, 329 Gacko, 319 Galgovo, 234nl36 Gehlen, Reinhard, 155 Geneva Convention, 11-12, 28n74, 213, 292n351 German Army. See Nazi Germany German Company Ernst Thälmann. See Thälmann Partisan Company German People’s List, 239nl60 German prisoners of war: from the 1941 Serbian uprising, 22-23, 24, 27-28, 31, 33-36, 38-40,41-42, 44-45, 46-47, 48-49, 50; alleged Serbian mutilation of, 39-40; execution by Chetniks in Serbia, 59nl76; execution by the Partisans in Serbia, 39,41-42, 46, 50, 62-64; Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 307-08, 309-11, 312; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 313-16, 318-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 320-22, 326-31; massacre at Banja Luka, 216-17; Operation Schwarz and, 182-83,184-85, 211; Partisan treatment of and the effort to gain recognition, 28, 30, 43,66-67,144, 217, 284; Partisan treatment of in 1942, 127-28; Partisan treatment of in
418 Index Croatia in 1943, 209, 211-12, 21213ո58; Partisan treatment of in Croatia in 1944-1945, 291-302, 306; Partisan treatment of in Slovenia, 352-53; political value to Chetniks, 28; prisoner exchange in Serbia and, 65-70; the problem for and use of by the Partisans, 65-67; propaganda value to the Partisans, 28; reeducation efforts by the Partisans, 46-47. See also PartisanGerman prisoner exchanges German Red Cross nurses, 329 German Special Commando for Prisoner Exchange, 226 Gestapo (IV Directorate of the RSHA), 124,314, 353, 354-56 Gibiansky, Leonid J., 167 Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund: American views of, 265n241; biographical overview, 394; on the Chetnik-NDH relationship, 103n90; communications with, 132-33, 138n9,161-62,208-09, 214, 221; discovery of Vladimir Velebiťs identity, 178; drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina and, 214,216, 221; efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies, 261-65; on the German attitude toward prisoner exchange, 379; German command organization in Croatia and, 116nl30; German intelligence work at Pisarovina and, 205, 282; as German Plenipotentiary General in Croatia, 116nl30; Karl Guttenberg and, 263n236; Günther Hermann and, 282; higher level German-Partisan contacts associated with Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 106-07,108-09,113, 132,133; on Hitler’s 1943 policy on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202; Hitler’s “Order for the suppression of bandits” and, 138; letter of 17 November 1942 and, 144; Livno prisoner exchange and, 123,124,125; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 143-47 passim,
151,157,161,162,176, 177, 178,187,190-91,194; meetings with Ante Pavelič, 123,147; Military Archive in Vienna and, 5; murder of Eduard Partenell and, 234, 236-37; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92,93,130nl75, 222n97; negotiations in Zagreb and, 95n66, 99-103, 106-09, 216, 225-29, 231, 234-37, 261; neutral zone proposal in Croatia, 121; NOVJ-German political talks in 1944 and, 255-56, 258, 304; Hans Ott and, 121,123,176, 226, 261; Partisan-Italian prisoner exchange in 1942 and, 85; political talks associated with the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 99,100,102; prisoner exchanges at Pisarovina and, 217-18, 229-30; removal from Croatia, 198, 264; setting up the Pisarovina neutral zone and, 199, 200, 201, 208-09, 302-03; staff members of Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 226, 227, 261-62; on the Ustashe in Croatia, 74, 98n78; Yugoslav propaganda and, 294n360 Glamoč, 94, 95,100,104,115 Glina, 199, 200,201 Globočnik, Odilo, 363-64, 365 Gojilo, 128 Golik, Franjo, 200-01 Goražde, 158,159,172,173 Gördes, Erich, 123nl44, 155 Gorizia, 351, 359, 360; cease-fire episode, 361-62, 363-70, 375 Gornja Jablanica, 48,49 Gornja Ponikva, 358 Gornji Grad, 357 Gornji Milanovac, 23-24, 30, 35-37, 38, 48, 68 Gornji Vakuf, 139,140-48,142-43, 144n25, 145-47,149,151, 153,155, 163, 164n78,171, 187,189,191 Gostivar, 343 Götz, Hans, 289n340 Govza, 176 Grahovo massacre, 298 Gran Sasso raid, 275
Index Great Britain: Anglo-Partisan relations and the issue of German prisoners, 293-96, 298-99, 306, 378; Anglo-Partisan relations in 1944,197-98, 259; antagonism of the Partisans toward, 88-89; challenges of Anglo-Soviet relations for the KPJ, 109-11; the Chetniks and, 252; first military mission to the Partisans, 252; Gorizia cease-fire episode and the proposed Allied landing in Istria, 367-68; local prisoner exchanges in 1944 and, 323; Moscow’s perceptions of the GermanBritish relationship, 164; NOVJGerman political talks in 1943 and, 252-53; Partisan resistance to British involvement in the Balkans, 380-81; Tito’s concerns about during the March Negotiations of 1943,163-64, 192,193 Grgurevci massacre, 98n75 Ground Forces High Command (OKH), 22 Gschweitl (German lieutenant), 323-24 guerrillas and guerrilla warfare: activities in Serbia in May-June 1941,16-17; Germany’s April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia and, 12; prisoner exchange in World War II and, 2; in Slovenia, 350-51. See abo Chetniks; Yugoslav Partisans Guttenberg, Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu, 263 Gypsies, 73 Haagen, Joseph, 31 On 11 Haas, Herta, 151,156,157,175-76 Hadžiefendić, Muhamed, 223 Haeffner, Arthur, 229, 256 Hague Convention of 1907,1 Halbwindl, Josef, 262n233 Handschar Division. See 13th SS Mountain Division Hansa Leichtmetall company employees, 91, 96,103-04,132. See also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange Harling, Franz von, 257n217, 260, 273 419 Hebrang, Andrija; meetings with Edmund Glaise-Horstenau in 1944, 304; meetings with Hans Ott, 257, 259-60; Willibald Nemetschek and, 261֊ 62n233;
Partisan-German prisoner exchanges and, 92,115,129nl72; Partisan reprisals and, 217; pseudonym, 262n233 Heidenreich, Konrad, 358-59 Heinrich, Alfred, 96n68,124,125 Helm, Hans, 5,122,125, 250, 282 Hermann, Günther, 263n236, 275, 281, 282 “Herzeg.”See Bolić, Branko Herzegovina: Chetniks and, 79-80n21; effects of the 1943 March Negotiations on German operations in, 189-91; German economic interest in, 83; German military operations in late 1943,197; German reprisals for Joachim Kirschner, 204-05, 205-06n32; Independent State of Croatia and, 11; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1944, 318-19, 325, 372; Operation Schwarz and, 311; Operation Weiss and, 137; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944, 292; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 223, 224; prisoner exchanges in 1942, 83-89; strategic situation in late 1942,135; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,197. See aho Eastern Herzegovina; Western Herzegovina Heyss (German captain), 84-85, 94-95, 119,141 Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 373-74 Himmler, Heinrich, 104n93, 202nl8, 366 Hitler, Adolf: approval of the reprisal for the killing of Joachim Kirschner, 205; April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia and, 9-10,11; German command organization in Croatia and, ИбпӀЗО; Independent State of Croatia and, 197, 198; July 20 plot against, 262, 263, 264; Siegfried Kasche and, 260; NOVJGerman political talks in 1943-1944,
420 Index 249,258-59; Operation Schwarz and, 179,180; Operation Weiss and, 136,186; “Order for the suppression of bandits” in 1942,138-39; order to shoot captured members of Allied and Soviet military missions in 1944, 336n91; policy on the treatment of captured guerrillas in 1943, 202, 313, 371, 379-80; response to German-Partisan prisoner exchanges, 107-08,132-33; response to the March Negotiations of 1943,162; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 27, 37; Slovenian offensive of 1943, 354nl47 “Horvať’See Bolić, Branko Horvati, 234nl36, 242 Hostage Case, 28n74 Hotavlje, 366 Höttl, Wilhelm, 162 HSS. See Croatian Peasant Party Hudson, Duane T., 47-48 Hungary, 11, 72 Huntington, Ellery, 266 Hvar, ЗООпЗбО Ibar River, 62 ideology: changing Partisan view of German prisoners and, 46-47, 65-67, 302, 378 IL-2 ground-attack aircraft, 341 Imotski, 325 Independent State of Croatia (NDH): Chetniks and, 79n21, 89,103n90; formation of, 11, 71-72; German and Italian occupation zones, 72; German command organization, 116nl30; German efforts to curb activities of the Ustashe, 98; German-Partisan cease-fire in 1943 and, 171-73,174-75; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202-06; German policy toward in 1942, 98-99; German strength in, 74; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies, 261-65; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s neutral zone proposal, 121; Italy’s withdrawal from the Western Balkans and, 90-91; Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1945, 315, 320,
322-25; March Negotiations of 1943 and (see March Negotiations); movement of the Partisans to Western Bosnia in 1942, 90, 91; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 266-73; offensive against the Partisans in 1942, 89; Operation Schwarz and, 179-85,194,195, 211; Operation Weiss and, 136-40,186-88; organization of POW camps, 207-08n39; overview of Partisan-German prisoner exchanges, 131-34, 379-80; Partisan capture of Jajce, 114-15; Partisan-Home Guard exchanges in 1943,198-99, 200-02; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in 1944-1945, 291-302, 306; Pisarovina neutral zone (see Pisarovina neutral zone); prisoner exchanges in 19411942, 75-89; railway sabotage and, 206n33; strategic situation in late 1942, 135-36; Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 91-114 (see also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange); summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,196-98; surrender of German troops, 272-73; Ustashe use of terror against insurgents, 76, 77 Instruction No. 47 (Hitler), 136 intelligence: German intelligence gathering and the March Negotiations of 1943, 154-55; German intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 273-79, 281-82, 305; German-Partisan prisoner exchanges in Croatia and, 103-14,133; intelligence service in the reorganized Partisan forces, 118; Operation Schwarz and the failure of Partisan intelligence, 182; Partisan Intelligence Branch and German prisoners, 211-12; Partisan intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 280-81,283
Index Intelligence Branch, 211-12 Intelligence Centers, 118 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 2, 64, 204n26, 292n351 international law: Chetniks and, 13; Communist ideology and the Partisan forces, 65; ethnic Germans and, 24; German abuses of, 2, 3,13,15, 38; German refusal to recognize the Partisans and, 220, 308; Partisan selective application of, 64, 306, 340; Partisan treatment of German prisoners and the effort to gain recognition, 28, 30,43, 66-67, 144, 217, 284; prisoner exchange and, 1-2, 3; World War I and, З, 31ІПІЗ Isonzo River Valley, 353 Istria, 351, 361-63 Italian 2nd Army, 82, 90,93,103,120,151, 163, 177,186, 189-90, 196, 342-43, 378, See also Supersloda Italian auxiliary militia (MVAC), 136. See also Chetniks Italian Fascists, 120, 210. See abo Blackshirts Italian prisoners of war: in German custody, 287; Operation Schwarz and, 184-85; Partisan treatment of, 130, 210 Italy/Italian Army: battles in the Neretva Valley, 152n47; Croatia and, 71, 72, 73; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; German operations in Eastern Bosnia during 1943 and, 186-87,188; German operations in Eastern Herzegovina during 1943 and, 189-91; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 151; occupation of Slovenia, 350; occupation zone in Croatia, 72; Operation Schwarz and, 180,181; Operation Stolac, 87; Operation Weiss and, 136,186,188; prisoner exchanges and, 84-85n35, 85-86; relationship with the Chetniks, 103; surrender of, 196, 342-43; Taurinense Division, 173, 317, 318; tradition of prisoner exchange and, 421 378-79; withdrawal from the Western Balkans in 1942, 90-91 Ivanjica,
30 Jablanica, 140,149,152n47,188,189 Jagdkommandos (“hunting groups”), 26 Jagodina, 31, 32 Jahorina Mountain, 312 Jajce, 114-15,126,212, 275 Jamnica Company, 255n212 Jankomir, 281-82 Jankovič, Radivoje, 10 Jasenovac concentration camp, 121,122, 217, 230 Jastrebarsko, 95n65, 272 Jautina, 21 Jews: in Croatia, 40,73, 88,101n86, 362nl72 Jilek, Drago, 121,122 Josipovac, 219-20 Jovan Kursula Detachment, 41 Jovanovič, Arso, 104ո94, 212 Jovanovič, Dragoslav, 50nl46 Jovanovič, Iso, 159 Ju-87 Stuka dive-bombers, 180,188 July 20 plot against Hitler, 262, 263, 264 Juppe, Hans, 265-66n245 Jurančič, Jože, 354, 355-56 Jurišič, Ivan. See Hebrang, Andrija JVuO. See Yugoslav Army in the Homeland Kabalini, Dragutin, 222n95 Kalavryta massacre, 2n6 Kalinovik, 172 Kalnik Partisan Detachment, 216, 308-10 Kammerhofer, Konstantin, 281, 282 Kampfgruppe Annacker, 188,189 Kapičić, Jovo, 40nll0 Karlovac prison, 239, 246 Kasche, Siegfried: advocacy for internal reform in Croatia, 99; biographical overview, 394-95; German plot to assassinate Tito and, 276; on the Grgurevci massacre, 98n75; higher level German-Partisan contacts associated with Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange
422 Index and, 106-07,108,109,111-12; Livno prisoner exchange and, 122,125; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 152-53, 159-62, 176, 177, 193-94; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92, 93; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943-1944, 249-51, 258-59, 260, 304, 380; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 238nl56, 303; protection of Zagreb at the end of the war, 272; removal of Edmund Glaise-Horstenau from Croatia and, 264 Katoličko Selišče, 240-41 Kaulbach, Eberhard, 237nl54 Keiper, Wilhelm, 328 Keitel, Wilhelm, 27,108,133 Keitel Order, 38 Kesselring, Albert, 364, 366, 367 Ketčeg, Franz, 35n92 Kewisch, Erich, 37nl00 Kharkov, 166 Ricevo, 343, 344, 345 Kidrič, Boris, 354 Kikinda, 25n59 Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 9-12, 24n56, 71 Kintrup, Hermann, 352 Kirschner, Joachim, 204-05, 205-06n32, 286n330, 333, 337-38 Kleinod, Franz, 36n97 Klinkmiiller, Erich, 273 Klišanić, Vjekoslav, 199, 201, 202nl6 Knin; battle of, 299-300; city of, 78; POW camp, 300-02 Kočevje, 357 Kofler, Alfred, 358-59 Kokot, Stjepan, 121-22 Koliševski, Lazar, 346 Kolubara Company, 22n47 König, Adam, 316 König, Paul, 42 Konjic, 137, 150, 151, 155-56,188, 194 Koprivnica, 308 Korčula, 205, 293, 322-25, 372, 373 Kordun, 135 Korndörfer, Rudolf, 282 Kotor, 318 Kovačevič, Savo, 150 Kovačić-Kreačić, Olga, 96 KPH. See Communist Party of Croatia KPJ. See Communist Party of Yugoslavia Kragujevac, 37 Kragujevac massacre, 40-41,42, 45nl30, 50 Kraigher, Vito, 248-49, 359 Krajačić, Bosiljka, 96 Krajačić, Ivan, 232, 248, 257,267, 271 Kralj, Marcello. See Tausig, Marcello Kraljeve Vode massacre, 49-50 Kraljevo, 31, 35,40,41, 61
Kraljevo Bridgehead, 64 Kranželić, Ivan, 96 Kreun, Slobodan Penezić, 49 Kreiner, Emmerich, 95, 97,116 Kremna, 48 Kriegsmarine, 285ո328, 324 Križevci, 308 Krk, ЗОЇ Krög, Peter, 327 Krstič, Dobrivoje, 291 Krupanj, 26-27, 30,44,46, 68 Kruševac, 30 Kruševac-Roganovič, Zora, 332 Kübler, Josef, 155,188,189 Kübler, Ludwig, 351, 363-64, 366, 367, 368 Kulich (German captain), 119,120,121,124 Kumm, Otto, 273-74, 319 Kundačina, Danko, 332 Kursk, Battle of, 60 Kurz, Walter, 332, 333 Kutina, 200 Kveder, Dušan, 358 Labor Service, 219 Labovič, Durica, 58nl73, 330 Lalič, Karlo, 199, 201, 202nl6 Landesschützen, 14 Lasinja, 245, 257 Lašva River, 329 Latifič, Safet, 184nl36 Lebane, 42 Ledenice, 299n378 legionnaire divisions, 239
Index Leinschütz, Franz, 114-15,116,129-30 Leković, Mišo, 140-4ІПІ7 Leskovac, 42,69 Liebknecht, Karl, 47 Lika, 135,174,177 Liker, Franjo, 290-91 Lim River, 61,62 Lim Valley, 181 Lindsay, Frank, 265, 358 List, Wilhelm, 32, 33, 38 Livno, 91-92, 93,100, 186 Livno prisoner exchange: formal discussions in, 119-20; German-Ustashe imbroglio over prisoners, 121-24; higher level German-Partisan contacts and, 132-33; impact on the guerrilla warfare in Croatia, 125-29,133-34; informal political talks at, 120-21; involvement of the SS and German police authorities in, 124-25; negotiating tactics employed by the Germans, 125; Partisan capture of Jajce and German prisoners, 114-15; Partisan request for recognition, 120; preliminary negotiations, 115-17; treatment of the prisoners involved in, 129-30 Ljotić, Dimitrije, 51 Ljotić’s Volunteers, 53, 57. See also Serbian Volunteer Detachments Ljubija, 297 Ljubinje, 83-88 Ljubljana Province, 248, 351, 352, 354-55, 365, 366, 367nl92, 374 Ljubuški, 325 local prisoner exchanges: data on, 385-89; effects of the Pisarovina prisoner exchange cartel on, 373, 378; exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; exchanges on the “regular fronts” in 1994-1945, 340-42; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in Eastern Herzegovina, 331-40, 373-74; limited de-escalation and surge in exchange activities from SeptemberDecember 1943, 313-19; negotiations in Macedonia in 1943-1944, 342-50; overview and summary, 371-76; in 423 Slovenia in 1943-1945, 350-70 (see also Slovenia); and treatment of prisoners from January-July 1943, 307-12 Locatelli, Pirro, 359, 360, 361, 369, 370 Löhr,
Alexander: assessment of political talks with Tito in 1942,108-09; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies and, 262; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 145; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 267, 269, 270; Operation Weiss and, 136,187; Partisan-German prisoner exchange in 1942 and, 107 Lorković, Mladen, 153, 264 Loveen Partisan Detachment, 317-18 Löwe, Klaus, 316 Lower Carniola, 354 Ložnica, 26, 44, 78 Luftwaffe, 180, 222, 285n328; Joachim Kirschner, 204-05, 205-06n32, 333, 337-38 Lukić, Mihajlo, 155 Lünen (German lieutenant), 328 Lüters, Rudolf: Commanding General of German Troops in Croatia, 116nl30; Hitler’s Order for the suppression of bandits” and, 138; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 141,145,149,161,162,189; Operation Schwarz and, 183; Operation Weiss and, 155,187; orders on the treatment of Partisan prisoners of war, 312nl6; Partisan-German prisoner exchanges in 1943 and, 123,124 Macedonia: Bulgaria and, 344-45, 347; first Partisan presence in, 347; Free Yugoslavia news broadcasts in, 1 lOnl 15; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; leadership of, 252; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1944, 342-50, 372, 375-76; national selfawareness, 347nl22; prisoner release in, 12; revolutionaries of, 72; 2nd Operational Zone in, 343
424 Index Main Partisan HQ for Sandžak, 321 Macedonian Division, 348 Main Partisan HQ for Slovenia, 270, 354, Maček, Vladko, 72,146 Maclean, Fitzroy, 63nl90, 252, 294, 295 356, 358, 369 Main Partisan HQ for Vojvodina, 313 Mačva, 37, 39 Main Headquarters of the People’s Majevica Brigade, 171-72,182 Liberation Partisan Detachments of Majevica Detachment, 158 Yugoslavia, 19, 30 Manns, Paul, 246, 271, 277n294, 283 Manola, Srečko, 323 Main Operational Group: Operation Schwarz and, 180-85; Operation Weiss March Negotiations (1943): Berlin’s response to halt the talks, 159-63; and, 137-40, 151, 187, 188 Main Partisan HQ for Croatia: atrocities by effects on German operations in Dalmatian units against German Herzegovina and Eastern Bosnia, prisoners, 300; Banja Luka massacre 185-91; first round of talks in Sarajevo, 149-51; German intelligence gathering and, 217; ban on railway sabotage in and, 154-55; German-Partisan truce 1943,174-75; Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Pisarovina exchange cartel and, and, 140,142,145,151, 157-59, 223-24; drafting of the exchange cartel 171-73, 174-75, 191,192; growing at Pisarovina and, 214, 216, 220, 222, confidence of Tito and the KPJ, 169-70; 223-25; “exchange on receipt” policy introduction to, 135-40; March 11-14 and, 218-19; German reprisal killings negotiations in Gornji Vakuf, 140-48; Operation Schwarz and, 179-85,194; in 1945 and, 244; key figures in the Partisan request for recognition from Pisarovina exchange cartel, 225-26; Germany, 144,191; Partisan resistance local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1945 to British involvement in the Balkans,
and, 307, 320; murder of Eduard 381; Partisan-Soviet relations and, Partenell and, 236-37; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 254-55; 163-70,193; summary and conclusions, 191-95; Tito’s difficulties with Moscow NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 over, 163-70; Tito’s motives for and, 250-51, 254-55; NOVJ-German entering, 192-93; Vladimir Velebit and talks on the terms of German surrender, 266, 268-69, 270; OSS mission to Milovan Đilas visit Zagreb, 156-59; Vladimir Velebit’s trip to Slavonia, Croatia and, 265; Partisan-German 174-75, 310; Vladimir Velebit’s trip to negotiations in Istria and, 361-62, 363; Zagreb and release of the German prisoner exchanges at Pisarovina and, 237,241, 247; prisoner exchanges prior prisoners, 151-56 Mareth Line, 164n78 to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 199, Maria José, Princess of Italy, 164n78 206-09,217-18; relationship with the Marin II (Partisan hospital ship), 285n328 Allies in late 1943, 253; request for Marinkovič, Ivo, 144,145,146,157ո60, intelligence on the effects of Allied 199, 200-01, 202nl6,215-16 bombing in Zagreb, 280-81; Marijan Markovič, Miloš. See Đilas, Milovan Stilinović and, 102; treatment of Markovič, Momčilo-Moma, 34-35 German prisoners, 215, 291-92; Marogna-Redwitz, Rudolf Graf von, 263 treatment of Italian prisoners, 210; Martinovič, Ratko, 16,17, 26-27 treatment of Russian emigrants in Marxist ideology: changing Partisan view German service, 210-1 ln51 of German prisoners and, 46-47, Main Partisan HQ for Macedonia, 318, 65-67, 302, 378 345, 346, 348
Index Matovič, Damjan, 35 Mayer, Otto Emil Friedrich, 213ո58 McDowell, Robert, 263-64n238 Međeđa, 158 Medenine, 164n78 Međimurje, 72 Mehr, Theresa, 115,154ո52 Merrem, Gerhard-Oskar, 237,258 Mešterović, Milica, 25 Mihailovič, Dragoljub Draža: British support for and cooperation with, 43, 101,108,110,156,192, 197, 252; German attack on, 5ІПІ51, 274; Italians and, 193; King Peter II and, 256; knowledge of Tito as head of the Partisans, 105n97; movement to reprisals, 59nl 76; negotiations and Tito in 1941,105n97; order to attack Partisans, 142; OSS mission and, 263n238;Partisan-Chetnik rift and, 47, 48, 51; prisoner exchange with Germans, 79-80n21; relations with Germans, 79n21; senior commanders, 6ІПІ84; Serbian uprising and, 29, 61; significance and strategy of, 16-17; trial and execution of, 380; Yugoslav émigré government and, 110. See also Chetniks of Draža Mihailovič Military Border, 3 Military Commander in Serbia, 14 Military Economy Officer, 83, 84 Misita, Veselin, 26, 27n67 Miškina, Mihovil Pavlek, 147n34 Mitrovič, Dojčilo, 22ո47, 24ո53, 25ո55 Mitrovič, Mladen, 21, 21ո43 Model (German lieutenant), 226 Mokro, 75-77 Mokronog, 354-56, 374-75 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 109nll3 Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement, 18,19 monarchists, 79, 88-89. See also Chetniks Montenegrin Chetniks, 173 Montenegro: execution of prisoners, 298; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1944, 316-18, 327-28; Operation Schwarz and, 179-85, 310-11; Partisan 425 treatment of German prisoners in, 298; Partisan treatment of Italian prisoners in, 210; retreat of the Partisans to in 1942, 90; ritual mutilations and,
40nll0; terror against Kulaks, 52 Montgomery, Bernard, 164n78 Morđin, Ivan (“Crni”), 322-23 Morocco, 135 Moslavina Detachment, 200, 240 Mostar, 83, 88, 91, 92,94,186 Motajica Mountain, 321 Mrkonjić Grad, 316 Muslims, 78nl7,223, 228 Mussolini, Benito, 71, 72,177, 275 mutilations: alleged mutilations by the Partisans, 39-40nl 10; German propaganda regarding, 39-40; Montenegrins and ritual mutilations, 40nll0 Muzzolini, Leonardo, 359, 369, 370n200 MVAC. See Italian auxiliary militia Naceva, Mara, 346 Nad, Kosta, 159, 321 “Na Kanalu” POW camp, 289, 290 Naprijed (newspaper), 228-29 National Committee, 197, 258n220 National Committee for a Free Germany, 277 Nazi Germany: 1941 uprising in Serbia and, 19-37; alleged mutilation of dead German soldiers by the Partisans, 39-40nl 10; ambivalence of the Partisans toward, 89; appraisal of the Chetniks, 102-03; April 1941 campaign against Yugoslavia, 9-11; attack on Draža Mihailovič, 5ІПІ51; collaboration of Milhailović’s Chetniks with, 6ІПІ84; command organization in Croatia, 116nl30; concerns about a Partisan-Chetnik truce, 190-91; conditions in POW camps, 287n334, 288-91, 300; discussions leading to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 206-10; disregard of international law, 2, 3,13, 15, 38; Eastern Front veterans from
426 Index World War I in World War II, 31 lnl3; economic cooperation with the NOVJ in 1943, 253-55; economic interest in Croatia, 73; efforts to curb activities of the Ustashe, 98; Hitlers 1944 order to shoot captured members of Allied and Soviet military missions, 336n91; intelligence work (see intelligence); invasion of the Soviet Union, 19; Italy’s 1942 withdrawal from the Western Balkans and, 91; local prisoner exchanges in 1943, 307-12, 313-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); Moscow’s perceptions of the German-British relationship, 164; negotiations in Macedonia in 1943-1944, 342-50; negotiations in the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral and the Gorizia cease-fire episode, 359-70, 375; occupation apparatus and regime in Serbia, 14-16; occupation of and guerrilla warfare in Slovenia, 350, 351; occupation zone in Croatia, 72; Operation Barbarossa, 19; Operation Belgrade, 62, 63-64; Operation Kugeblitz, 253n206; Operation Mihailovič, 5Ini51; Operation Ostbosnien, 89; Operation Rösselsprung, 197,276ո287, 295; Operation Schach, 235; Operation Schwarz, 179-85,194, 195, 211, 249, 310-11, 371; Operation Sonnenstich, 334; Operation Užice, 48; Operation Weiss, 136-40,151,155,160, 186-88, 308, 311, 371; overview of attitudes toward and policies on prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 2, 3-4, 378-80; pacification efforts in Serbia following the uprising, 53-57; PartisanGerman political talks (see political talks); Partisan-German truce and the March Negotiations of 1943,140,142, 145,151,157-59, 171-73, 174-75, 191,
192; Partisan treatment of captured German officers, 302; penetration of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, 54-55; Pisarovina neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); plan to assassinate Tito in 1943,274-76; policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202-06, 313,371, 379-80; policy toward Croatia, 98-99; prisoner exchanges with the Bosnian Chetniks, 79-80n21; prisoner exchanges with the Partisans (see Partisan-German prisoner exchanges); reprisals and (see reprisals); Russian emigrants in the German Army, 210-11; Soviet 1941 counter-offensive against, 51-52; Stalin’s contemplation of a Soviet-German rapprochement, 166-67; strategic situation in late 1942, 135-36; strength in Croatia, 74; summary of political and military events in Yugoslavia in 1943-1945, 196-98; surrender of troops to the Yugoslav Army, 272-73; treatment of Partisan prisoners in Croatia in 1944-1945,284-91, 305-06; treatment of Serbian prisoners of war, 12; use of Chetniks/irregulars as a pretext for war crimes, 13; use of poison gas in Belgrade, 101 NB-10 Sloga (Partisan Navy vessel), 322-25 NDH. See Independent State of Croatia NDH Air Force, 222 Nedič, Milan, 29n75, 51, 70 Neidholdt, Fritz, 189, 311, 312nl6 Nemetschek, Willibald (also Nemecek or Nemeček): as an agent for the Partisans, 277n294; Boris Bakrač and, 232; biographical overview, 395; Andrija Hebrang and, 261-62n233; intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone and, 274, 305; landmine incident and, 243; list of German MIAs in 1944, 235; local prisoner exchanges in 1944 and, 329; murder of Eduard Partenell and,
237nl50; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 254n210, 255n212;
Index NOVJ-German political talks in 1944 and, 257,258; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 227-28, 230, 231, 243, 246; screening of returned German prisoners and, 283; wounded at Pisarovina, 243 Nenezić, Radojica, 175nl07 Nenezić, Stevan, 317 Nenezić, Vukašin, 317 Neretva River, 87,137,139-40,151, 152ո47, 186-87,191 Nešković, Blagoje, 57 Nesnes (Partisan woman), 370 Neubacher, Hermann, 60nl81, 209, 220, 263-64n238, 303 Neutralni (Partisan Navy vessel), 322-23 Nevade, 23 Nevesinje, 190, 339, 340 Nikoliš, Gojko, 342nl07 Niš, 31-32 NOP. See People’s Liberation Movement North Africa, 135,164n78 NOVJ. See People’s Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia Novosel, Ozren, 121-22 Novosel, Vanda, 115,116-17,123,129 Nožica, Vasilije, 25 Nuremberg tribunal, 28n74 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 264-65 Ogulin, 239, 356, 357 OKH. See Ground Forces High Command Okučani, 310 Opatija, 361-63 Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral (OZAK): creation and overview of, 351; Gorizia cease-fire episode, 361-62, 363-70, 375; negotiations in 1944, 359-63 Operation Barbarossa, 19 Operation Kugeblitz, 253n206 Operation Mihailovič, 5ІПІ51 Operation Ostbosnien, 89 Operation Rösselsprung, 197,276n287, 295 Operation Schach, 235 427 Operation Schwarz, 179-85,194,195, 211, 249,310-11,371 Operation Sonnenstich, 334 Operation Stolac, 87 Operation Trio, 90 Operation Užice, 48 Operation Weiss, 136-40,151,155,160, 186-88, 308,311,371 Oradour-sur-Glane massacre, 2n6 Order for the suppression of bandits” (Hitler), 138-39 Organisation Todt (ОТ), 31n84, 78, 92,132, 226, 227 Osijek, 219, 308 Osijek transit
camp, 124 Osmič, Hijaz, 290 ОТ. See Organisation Todt Otočac, 278 Ott, Hans: as an agent for the Partisans, 276-78; biographical overview, 395-96; German intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 273-74, 275, 276-78, 305; German plan to assassinate Tito and, 275, 276; on the German resistance in Dalmatia in 1944, 300n380; intelligence aspects of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 106,108; interview with Tito, 108, 112-13; Livno prisoner exchange and, 120,121,123,125; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 145n27,149-53 passim, 158, 160, 162,175-77,189, 194; meetings with Andrija Hebrang, 257, 259-60; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 92, 93-94, 95, 96; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 250-51,253-54; NOVJGerman political talks in 1944 and, 257, 259-60, 261; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 267, 269, 270, 271; Eduard Peterneli and, 227; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 226, 230; political talks associated with the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 99, 100-02, 108; prisoner exchanges leading to the Pisarovina
428 Index neutral zone, 199, 201; Marijan Stilinović and, 225; wounded at Pisarovina, 243 OZAK. See Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral OZNA. See Department for the Protection of the People Ozren Mountain, 80 Ozren Partisan Detachment, 80-82,131 Pace, Marino, 359, 360-61, 364, 366, 368, 369 Pag, 301 Pakrac, 174,175, 255 Palace Hotel, 232 Panič, Todor, 81 Partisan-German prisoner exchanges: in Croatia in 1941-1942, 75-89, 131-34; German use of to infiltrate agents into the Partisans, 281-82; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel in eastern Herzegovina, 331-40, 373-74; involving the Croatian Home Guard, 198-99, 200-02; Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges (see local prisoner exchanges); in Macedonia in 19431944, 342-50; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); as a means of protecting Partisan prisoners from reprisals, 76; during Operation Schwarz, 182-83, 211; overview of conditions and factors affecting, 377-78; overview of German attitudes toward and policies on, 2, 3-4, 378-80; Partisan political goals tied to, 67-68, 144; Partisan use of to infiltrate agents into the Germans, 283; Pisarovina neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); on the “regular fronts” in 1944-1945, 340-42; in Serbia (see prisoner exchanges in Serbia); in Slovenia, 350-59, 374-76 (see also Slovenia); Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 91-114 (see also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange); studies and archival records of, 4-7; on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945, 341-42; traditional historical perspectives on, 377; for weapons,
ЗІОпІО, 330-31n73 Partisan Navy, 118, 320n40, 322-25 Partisan prisoners of war: German execution of in Serbia, 49-50; German treatment ofin 1942,126-27; German treatment ofin 1943,202-06, 313; German treatment of in Croatia in 1944-1945,284-91, 305-06; German treatment of in Slovenia, 351-52; local prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 308-09, 311,312; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 317-18; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-20. See also Partisan-German prisoner exchanges Partisans. See Yugoslav Partisans Partisan salute, 30 Pavelič, Ante: Hitler’s Chetnik-friendly policy and, 197; Hitler’s support in 1944,198; meetings with Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, 123,147; prisoner exchanges with the Partisans and, 200, 201; removal of Edmund GlaiseHorstenau from Croatia and, 198,264; the Ustashe and, 71, 72 Pavle, Prince Regent of Yugoslavia, 9 Pećanac, Kosta, 27ո67, 51, 53, 57 Pecka, 44 People’s Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (NOVJ): Anglo-Partisan relations and the issue of German prisoners, 293-96, 298-99, 378; “Austrian Battalions,” 301n387; economic cooperation with Germany in 1943,253-55; formation of, 118; formation of a regular army in Serbia in 1944, 340-41; German treatment of Partisan prisoners in Croatia in 1944-1945, 284-91, 305-06; intelligence work in the Pisarovina neutral zone, 280-81, 283; Livno prisoner exchange, 119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local
Index prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 307-12; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 313-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); NOVJGerman political talks (see political talks); Operation Schwarz and, 180-85, 194; Operation Weiss and, 136-37,187, 188; Pisarovina neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); POW camps, 301; prisoner exchange negotiations in Macedonia in 1943-1944, 342-50; prisoner exchange on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945, 341-42; prisoner exchanges in Slovenia, 353-59; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253; request for recognition from Germany, 120; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945, 196-98; treatment of German prisoners in Croatia in 1944-1945, 291-302, 306; use of prisoner exchange talks to seek legitimization, 144. See also Yugoslav Partisans Peoples Liberation Councils, 30, 43, 66, 223 People’s Liberation Movement (NOP); Anglo-Partisan relations in 1944 and, 197-98; AVNOJ and, 118; downfall of the Užice Republic and, 54; efforts to be recognized as a legitimate belligerent force, 66, 67-68; in Macedonia, 343; official recognition of at the Tehran Conference, 197, 221; policies toward prisoners of war in 1943 in Croatia, 209-12; POW camps and, 66; prisoner exchanges in 1943 prior to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 207, 208; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253 People’s Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, 19, 30. See also Yugoslav Partisans People’s Liberation War, 74n4 Pere, Miro, 360, 369 429 Perkuhn, Dietrich, 321-22
Perovič, Stanko. See Brnčić, Josip Petar II, 9, 10,197, 258n220 Peterneli, Eduard: Boris Bakrač and, 233; biographical overview, 396; as a German agent, 281; murder of, 234, 236-37, 257; NOVJ-German economic cooperation and, 255n211; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 227, 230, 231 Petrinja, 202 Petrovič, Vladimir. See Velebit, Vladimir Pfafferott, Werner, 145,146,153,178,187, 189 Pijade, Moša, 105,140 Pisarovina neutral zone: Boris Bakrač and, 231-34, 237-38; Josip Brnčić and, 225, 230-31; choosing candidates for exchange, 228-29; data on prisoner exchanges at, 390-92; description of the exchange system, 227-28; drafting the exchange cartel agreement, 213-25, 303; effects on local prisoner exchanges, 373, 378; “exchange on receipt” policy, 239-40; first exchange of the cartel, 219-20; German intelligence work in, 273-79, 281-82; German proposal to move to Lasinja, 245-46; German treatment of Partisan prisoners, 284-91, 305-06; Hitler’s 1943 policy on the treatment of captured guerrillas and, 379-80; issue of incorporating Bosnia and Herzegovina in, 223-24; issue of recognizing the Partisans and, 220-21; key figures in the exchange cartel, 225-27; murder of Eduard Partenell, 234, 236-37; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943,249-55, 304; NOVJGerman political talks in 1944, 255-61, 255-67, 304, 380; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 266-73, 304-05; overview and summary of, 302-06, 380; Partisan intelligence work in, 280-81,283; Partisan treatment of German prisoners in, 291-302; political and military context of, 196-98, 240-41; prisoner
430 Index 187; Partisan-German March-April exchanges in 1944, 219-20, 230-32, 233-34, 237-41, 303-04; prisoner 1943 truce and, 159; Partisan-German exchanges in 1945, 243, 246-49; prisoner exchanges in 1942 and, 102; prisoner exchanges parallel with the view of British-German relations, agreement talks, 214-16; setting up the 296n369 zone from July to November 1943, Popular Front, 52 198-213, 302-03; successors to Postojna, 365, 370 Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, 265-66; Posušje, 94, 95 uniqueness and significance of, 196; Pott, Eugen von, 95n66; biographical overview, 397; departure from Croatia Ustashe-related incidents in 1943-1944, 229-30; violations ofin 1944, 234-37, with Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, 242-43; wounding of the German 265n244; German Special Commando envoys and resulting cycle of reprisals, for Prisoner Exchange, 226; Edmund 243- 44 Glaise-Horstenau’s efforts in 1944 to Plan S, 12 reach an accommodation with the Pljevlja, 181, 321 Western Allies and, 261,262; on РОС. See Regional Intelligence Center Andrija Hebrang, 262ո233; on Podgorica, 184ПІ39, 317, 327 intelligence work by Willibald Podravina Detachment, 316 Nemetschek, 274n277; NOVJ-German poison gas, 101 political talks and, 256, 257; on Hans Pokay (German lieutenant colonel), 199, Ott and the German plot to assassinate 200, 208,215, 253 Tito, 275n283; Partisan-German Polish prisoners, 239 economic relations and, 254n210; political talks: 1943 March Negotiations in Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 235-36; Gornji Vakuf and, 144; failed exchange Wiener Bankverein and, 264n240 and talks in Livno from September
1942 Požarevac, 33,41, 58 to January 1943,114-30; NOVJPožega, 30, 36, 23ІПІ26 German talks in 1943,249-55, 304, 380; Predii Pass, 374 NOVJ-German talks in 1944,255-61, Preindl, Ferdinand, 254 255-67, 304; NOVJ-German talks on Preloge, 358 the terms of German surrender, 266-73, Prešern Brigade, 353 304-05; overview and summary of the Prijedor, 126-27 1942 talks, 131-34; Partisan-German Prijepolje, 15 talks in August-September 1942, Prilep, 348-49, 375 89-114; with the Studeno Vrelo Primorska, 359-61. See aho Operational prisoner exchange, 97-103 Zone Adriatic Littoral Prinz Eugen Division. See 7th SS Volunteer Pomoravlje Detachment, 31 Popivoda, Pero, 354 Mountain Division Poplat, 331 prisoner exchanges: archival records and Popovič, Čedo, 80-81 studies of Partisan-German prisoner exchanges, 4-7; historical overview, Popovič, Đorđe, 44 1-4. See also Partisan-German prisoner Popovič, Koča: 1st Proletarian Brigade and, 102,104; on the April War, 20n38; exchanges prisoner exchanges in Serbia: analysis of attitude toward German prisoners, events in 1941-1944,65-70; events and 292-93n353; March Negotiations of exchanges in 1942-1944, 53-65; events 1943 and, 142, 143-45,147-48,149, A
Index and exchanges in April-June 1941, 14-19; events and exchanges in March-April 1941, 9-13; events and exchanges in September-December 1941, 37-53; exchanges on the Syrmian Front in 1944-1945, 341-42; historical overview of, 3; historiographical difficulties connected with, 68-69; overview of Partisan-German prisoner exchanges, 379; during the uprising of 1941, 22-23, 27-28, 31, 33-36 prisoner of war (POW) camps: conditions in German camps, 287n334, 288-91, 300; established by the NOVJ, 301; inside Germany, 286-87; organization of in Croatia, 207-08n39; Partisan camps in 1944, 63-64; People’s Liberation Movement and efforts for recognition, 66 prisoners of war: German policies on the treatment of captured guerrillas in 1943, 202-06, 313, 371, 379-80; Hitler’s 1944 order to shoot captured members of Allied and Soviet military missions, 336n91; Operation Schwarz and, 182-85,195, 211; Turkestanian prisoners of war, 63nl90; Yugoslav prisoners from the April 1941 campaign, 11-12. See also German prisoners of war; Italian prisoners of war; Partisan prisoners of war Proletarian brigades, 52-53, 89 Prozor, 143, 152n47 Prützmann, Hans-Adolf, 266n245 R-40 (Royal Yugoslav Army document), 12 R-41 (Royal Yugoslav Army document), 12 Rab, 301 Rabrovo, 33, 34,41 Radić, Stjepan, 71 Radišić, Dragomir, 330 Radovanovič, Pavle, 50nl46 railway sabotage: in Croatia, 206ոՅՅ; March Negotiations of 1943 and the Partisan temporary ban on, 150-51, 158-59,171,174-75, 177,181,192,194, 431 380; Partisan-German political talks in 1942 on, 100 Rainer, Friedrich, 351, 360, 363-64, 365-66 Rajk, László,
170ո93 Rakuša, Ines, 149 Rama River Valley, 139,140 Ranković, Aleksandar: German-Partisan cease-fire in Eastern Bosnia and, 171, 172; Livno massacre and, 91-92; March Negotiations and, 140,141-42, 176nl 10; Partisan-German MarchApril 1943 truce and, 159; view of German prisoners of war, 43,66 Ravna Gora, 17, 36, 47 Re, Giancarlo, 151 Red Army, 62, 63-64,135, 341 Red Republic of Užice, 43-45,47, 48-50, 51,54 Regional Intelligence Center (РОС), 280 Reich’s Main Security Office (RSHA), 124 Renca, 361 Rendűik, Lothar, 203, 205ո32, 320 reprisals: German guidelines in Serbia prior to the uprising, 15-16; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of prisoners and, 203-06; German reprisal policies in the pacification of Serbia, 54, 55-56, 59-60; by the Germans during the 1941 Serbian uprising, 23-24, 25, 27, 32-33, 37, 38,40-41,69; by the Germans in 1944-1945, 285-86, 380; Hermann Neubacher and the cessation of, 60nl81; by Partisans during the 1941 Serbian uprising, 35, 378; Partisan use of the threat of, 67, 84, 327, 339; Pisarovina neutral zone talks and, 216-17; prisoner exchange as a means of protecting Partisan prisoners from, 76; by the Ustashe, 77, 98, 244; for the wounding of the German envoys at Pisarovina, 243-44 Republic of Croatia, 3nll Republic of Salò, 351 Requard, Willi, 155 Resch, Hinko, 362-63 Ribar, Ivo-Lola, 101ո86
432 Index Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 152-53, 159-62, 177,194 Ripač, 78 ritual mutilations, 40η 110 Romania, 259ո224 Romanija Mountain, 75-76 Rome Agreements, 72 Rommel, Erwin, 135,164n78 Rosener, Erwin, 351-52, 365-66 Royal Air Force, 252, 271n263, 293 Royal Navy, 253, 293 Royal Yugoslav Army, 10,11-13 RSHA. See Reich’s Main Security Office Rudnik, 36-37 Ruma, 313-15 Rupnik, Leo, 365 Russian Protective Corps, 53-54nl58, 210-1ІП51 Šabac, 28,37 Sajmište concentration camp, 55,286n333 Šakić, Marko, 100-01ո85 Sandžak, 54,60nl82, 61, 89,142,144, 152-53, 158, 171,180, 192, 211n55, 321, 372 Sanski Most, 297 Sarajevo, 75,76,149-52,154,155,158, 192, 287 Šarunac, Boško, 35ո92 Sauckel, Fritz, 202nl8 Sava River, 37, 72,100,106, ПбпІЗО, 136, 147ո32,160, 241, 264ո238, 308, 358 Savska cesta (prison), 227-28, 239 Schaffer, Emanuel, 124 Scheuering, Heinrich, 313ո20 Schmidt, Johann, 84,88 Schmidt, Wilhelm, 22-23 Schmidt-Richberg, Erich, 266-67 Schutzstaffel (SS), 124-25, 281-82, 287n334 SD. See Security Service Second Phase of the Revolution, 52 Secret Field Police (German), 283 Security Service (SD), 25,281-82, 287n334, 319 Šekovići massacre, 312 Selchow, Hans-Harald von, 237-38,271, 272, 329 Senj, 24-25 Serbia: Bulgarian occupation zone, 55nl63; collaborationist administration, 53; efforts of Partisans in following the 1941 uprising, 54, 55, 56, 57-59, 61-65; formation of a regular army in 1944, 340-41; German defeat of Yugoslavia and, 11; German occupation apparatus and regime, 14-16; German pacification efforts following the 1941 uprising, 53-57; German reprisal policies in the
pacification of, 54, 55-56, 59-60; Kraljevo Bridgehead, 64; Hermann Neubacher and the cessation of German reprisals, 60nl81; prisoner exchanges in (see prisoner exchanges in Serbia); types of Chetniks in, 27n67; uprising in 1941 (see Serbian uprising) Serbian collaborationist forces, 55 Serbian Commissary Council, 14 Serbian State Guard (gendarmerie): guerrilla activities and, 16; police ffinction in occupied Serbia, 14; strength in 1942, 53nl58; uprising of 1941 and, 19n37, 20, 24, 26, 30, 33 Serbian uprising (1941): beginning and escalation of, 19-22; Chetnik-Partisan rift, 28-29,47-48, 51, 52; Chetniks and, 26, 27, 28-29, 31n82, 33-36; Communist Party of Yugoslavia and, 19-20, 24,29-30; ethnic Germans and, 24-25; German pacification efforts following, 53-57; German quelling of, 37-42,48-50; Partisans and, 19-20, 21-26, 27-28, 29-36, 38-39,41-53; prisoner exchange during, 22-23, 27-28, 31,33-36; reprisals by Germans during, 23-24,25,27, 32-33 Serbian Volunteer Detachments, 51nl50. See also Ljotić’s Volunteers Serbs: prisoner exchanges in Bosnia in 1941,76-77, 78-80; resistance against the Ustashe in Croatia, 73-74, 75; targeting of Bosnian Muslims, 78nl 7
Index Seventeen Principles, 72. See also Ustashe political program Sevnica, 356 Shepherd, Ben, 31ІПІЗ Šibenk, 284, 320 Sicily invasion, 60 Siegelhuber, Othmar, 114-15 Sikorski, Władysław, 259ո224 Simović, Dušan, 9 Sinj, 326, 330-31Ո73 Sisak Special Camp 1,124 Sisevac, 24-25 Sitnica, 127 SKOJ. See Communist Youth Organization Skopje, 10, 349, 350 Slavėj Battalion, 345 Slavex Company, 253, 254-55, 264n240 Slavonia: fighting in 1942,128; Partisans in, 40nll0,129,136,150; strategic situation in late 1942,136; Thälmann Partisan Company, 316; Vladimir Velebit’s trip to during the March Negotiations of 1943,174-75, 310 Slavonian Exchange, 129nl72 Slavonski Brod, 156 Sloga (Partisan navy vessel), 322-25 Slovenec (newspaper), 365 Slovene Home Guard, 355, 365, 366 Slovenia: Axis occupation and guerrilla warfare in, 350-51; German treatment of Partisan prisoners, 351-52; local prisoner exchanges in 1943-1945, 353-59, 374-76; negotiations in the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral and the Gorizia cease-fire episode, 359-70, 375; Partisan treatment of German prisoners, 352-53 Sluistky, Boris, 63 Smederevo, 58, 59nl78 Soča River Valley, 353 Sokol (Pan-slavic Society), 12 Sokolac, 75 Šolta, 285n328 Sopiste, 350 South Herzegovina Partisan Detachment, 204-05, 331-40, 374 433 Soviet Union: Anglo-Soviet relations as a challenge for the KPJ, 109-11; counter offensive against Germany in 1941, 51-52; Milovan Dilas’s 1944 mission to, 170; German invasion of, 19; Operation Belgrade, 62, 63-64; Partisan-Soviet relations and the March Negotiations of 1943,163-70,193; Partisan-Soviet relations in
1941,43; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1943,142-43; perceptions of the German-British relationship, 164; Stalin’s contemplation of a SovietGerman rapprochement, 166-67; Tito’s relationship with, 110-11,112-13; Tito-Stalin split of 1948,170n93,193 Spanish Civil War veterans, 19 Special command for prisoner exchange (German), 4, 303 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 46nl32, 47, 348, 355nl49 Split, 301 Srebrnič, Peter, 361 SS. See Schutzstaffel SS Das Reich Division, 13 SS Kartswehr Battalion, 353-54, 374 SS Nordland Division, 201-2 SS Propaganda Regiment Kurt Eggers, 364-65 Stahl, Friedrich, 39nl09 Štajerska, 352, 355 Stalags, 290ո346 Stalin, Josef, 111, 166-67,170, 170ո93,193 Stalingrad, 135, 165,166 Stamatović, Mioš, 332 Stanišić, Stavatije, 22, 23 Stanojevič, Jovana, 317 Stara Gradiška concentration camp, 201, 207ո37, 215ո69,217,229 Stärker, Rudi, 263ո238 State Anti-fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBİH), 338 State Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), 238 Statute of Proletarian Brigades, 89 Stemmer, Hans, 298n375
434 Index Stephani, von (German lieutenant colonel), 244, 267-68, 267ո252, 268, 268ո253, 269, 270-71 Stevenson, Ralph, 355ПІ49 Stilinović, Marijan: biographical overview, 397; drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina and, 214, 216, 220, 224, 225, 226; negotiation of the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 93-95; NOVJ-German political talks in 1943 and, 249, 250-51, 253; NOVJ-German political talks in 1944 and, 257-58; Hans Otto and, 275, 276-77; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 235, 236; political talks related to the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange and, 97, 98, 99,100, 102,120; as a politician, 280; setting up of the Pisarovina neutral zone, 199-200, 207, 209, 302-03; transfer to the Main Headquarters for Croatia, 102; Vladimir Velebit and, 174 Stolac, 85,132, 204-05, 376; Hill 286 prisoner exchange cartel, 331-40, 374 Stolice, 26, 30 Strathmann, Horst, 319 Strecker, Arthur: intelligence work and, 155; March Negotiations of 1943 and the exchange of, 140,141,143,145,154, 187,188; on the shooting of wounded Partisan prisoners, 183-84nl36 Street, Vivian, 294 Striider, Peter, 33-34 Struga, 343, 344, 345, 347, 373 Struga-Kičevo Road, 345, 375 Straganik, 48 Studeno Vrelo, 95-96 Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange: higher level German-Partisan contacts and, 106-14,132-33; intelligence aspects of, 103-14; negotiations and events of the prisoner exchange, 92-97; Partisan capture of prisoners at Livno, 91-92; political talks in the course of, 97-103; Tito’s motives for maintaining contact with German authorities through, 113-14 Stuka dive-bombers, 180,188 Stüwe (SS sergeant),
121-23 Styria, 11, 206n34, 350, 352, 355 Šubašić, Ivan, 258n220 Subotica, 309 Šulentić, Franjo. See Marinkovič, Ivo Supersloda, 151 .See also 2nd Italian Army Supreme Partisan HQ: American military mission to, 266; Banja Luka massacre and, 217; drafting of the exchange cartel at Pisarovina and, 216; “exchange on receipt” policy and, 218-19; German plot to assassinate Tito and, 275-76; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 235-36; policy toward German prisoners of war in 1943,211-12 Sušak, 362, 376 Šutić, Jelka, 121 Sutjeska River, 183, 312 Suvobor Mountain, 17 Svračkovac, 17 Switzerland, З Syrmia: Grgurevci massacre, 98ո75; local prisoner exchanges, 372; Partisan Syrmian Offensive, 198, 270, 277, 341-42; Ruma prisoner exchange in 1943, 313-15 Szedressy, Fritz and Emma, 96n68 T-34 tanks, 341 Tapogliano, 359-60 Tara Planina, 16 Taurinense Division, 173, 317, 318 Tausig, Marcello (Marcello Kralj), 359, 361, 369 Tehran Conference, 197, 221 Tepsié, Dušan, 230, 257 Terzič, Velimir, 104ո94,140 Thälmann, Ernst, 46-47 Thälmann Company (NOVJ), 220n85,279, 316 Thayer, Charles, 63 Tito. See Broz, Josip Todorovič, Milutin (“Žica”), 23 Tomié, Momir, 115,116 Toplica Uprising, 27n67
Index Topola, 38 Topusko, 279 Transit Camps (Dulags), 287-88, 291 Treaty of Vis, 197 Trebuša, 369 Trieste, 351, 356, 368, 368nl97, 370, 375 Tripartite Pact, 9 Trnovo, 176nll0,353 Troll-Obergfell, Herbert von, 123 Tronoša Monastery, 44 Trupps, 274-75, 285-86 Turkestanian prisoners of war, 63nl90 Tuškanac, 95 Tuzla, 79ո21, 80ո25, 82, 223ո98, 315, 328ո66 typhus, 152ո47, 168-69, 176, 288ո336, 289ո340, 298 Udine, 351, 352, 353 Umberto, Prince of Italy, 163,164nn78,79 Unger, Othmar, 227-28, 243, 246, 262n233 United States Military Tribunal V, 28n74 UNS. See Ustashe Surveillance Service Ustashe: assault on Partisan and German envoys in May 1945, 272; Bosnian Muslims and, 78nl7; formation and aim of, 71-72; German efforts to curb activities of, 98; Edmund GlaiseHorstenau’s efforts in 1944 to reach an accommodation with the Western Allies and, 261; imbroglio with Germany over the Livno prisoner exchange, 121-24; local prisoner exchanges in Dalmatia in 1944, 326; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 145-46; militia members captured at Livno, 91; Partisan-Home Guard prisoner exchanges and, 199, 201; Partisan treatment of Ustashe prisoners, 309; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 229-30, 233, 247, 304; political and military weakness ofin 1943,197; prisoner exchanges prior to the Pisarovina neutral zone, 217, 218; prisoner exchanges with the Partisans, 12ІПІ41,129nl72; reprisals and, 77, 98, 435 244; resistance to in Croatia, 73-74; Seventeen Principles, 72; use of terror against insurgents, 76, 77; Ustashe Returnees, 72; Ustashe Surveillance Service (UNS), 121-23; violations of the Pisarovina
neutral zone and, 242 Uvac River, 50 Uzelac, Ilija, 24 Užice, 30,43-45, 47, 48-50, 51, 54, 66, 67, 69, 103,105,144 V-l flying bomb, 277 Valjevo, 16-17, 21, 22, 25-26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 47nl37,48nl40, 5ІПІ49, 68 Valjevo Detachment, 22, 25-26, 26-27 Vanselow, Fritz, 327 Varaždin, 308 Vasié, Dragiša, 105ո97 Vassary, Julius, 85, 86 Vatican, 163,164n78 Vela Luka, 323 Velebit, Ljubomir, 178 Velebit, Vladimir (“Vlado”): biographical overview, 397-98; British holding of German prisoners and, 323; GermanPartisan cease-fire and, 171-72,174-75; Edmund Glaise-Horstenau discovers the identity of, 178; Herta Haas and, 173,175-76; Livno prisoner exchange and, 116,120-21,123; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 142-50 passim, 154,156-59,169,173-79 passim, 187,189,194, 310; on the NOVJ-German political talks in November 1943,253; NOVJ-German talks on the terms of German surrender, 268-69, 270; Hans Ott and the Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 92, 95; Pisarovina exchange cartel and, 236; pseudonym, 142, 268; Ines Rakuša and, 149-50n41; on Tito and Operation Schwarz, 182 Veles, 348 Velika Mlinska, 128 Veliko Gradište, 33-35, 68 Veric, Žarko, 216
436 Index Vernić, Vuk, 147ոՅՅ Vidmar, Milan, 354 Virovitica, 214-15 Vis, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298 Vis POW camp, 323. See also Biševo Vitez, 330 Vlasov, Andrei, 210 Voegeli, Rudolf, 64 Voinović, Stevo, 79-80 Vojvodina, 25n59, 58nl73, 313-15 Vokić, Ante, 264 Volunteer Anti-Communist Militia, 103. See also Italian auxiliary militia Volunteer Army, 89-90 Vrnik, 324 Vujasinović, Todor, 80, 81 Vukčevič, Stojan, 334, 335-36 Waffen-SS units, 219, 372 Wagner, Richard, 327 War Cabinet (Great Britain), 293 war criminals, 294-95 War Merit Cross, 96 Water Protection Police, 33-35, 68 weapons: Partisan-German prisoner exchanges and, ЗІОпІО, 330-31n73 Wehrmacht. See Nazi Germany Weichs, Maximilian von, 16, 205, 209, 221, 259n223, 269, 270 Weil, Richard, 211-12 WeisungNr. 25, 10 Weisung Nr. 47, 136 Western Bosnia: military events in 1945, 198; move of the Partisans to in 1942, 90, 91; Partisan treatment of German prisoners of war in 1944, 297; prisoners of the 373rd German Legionnaire Division, 284n327; strategic situation in late 1942,135 Western Herzegovina: German economic interest in, 83; local prisoner exchanges in 1944, 325; Operation Weiss and, 137; prisoner exchanges in 1942, 83-89 White Russian émigrés, 210-11 Wiener Bankverein, 255n212, 264 Wilkinson, Peter A., 355nl49, 356-57nl53 Wilson, Henry Maitland, 293, 298-99 Wolter, Willi, 246, 247 Women’s Anti-fascist Front (AFŽ), 326 World War I, 3,311nl3 World War II: prisoner exchange and, 2, 3-4 Yugoslav 4th Army, 245-46 Yugoslav Army, 270, 272-73, 277 Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (JVuO), 17n30, 55. See also Chetniks Yugoslavia:
alleged mutilations of dead German soldiers, 39-40nll0; conditions and factors affecting prisoner exchange in, 377-78; German economic interest in, 11; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas, 202-06, 313, 371, 379-80; Germany’s April 1941 campaign against, 9-11; historical overview of prisoner exchange, 2-4; overview of German attitudes toward and policies on prisoner exchange in, 378-80; prisoners of war from the April 1941 campaign, 11-12; strategic situation in late 1942,135-36; the Šubašić government, 258n220; summary of political and military events in 1943-1945,196-98; surrender of German troops, 272-73; Tito’s rise to power in 1945,64-65; traditional historical perspectives on the war and prisoner exchange in, 377 Yugoslav Military Tribunal, 289n340 Yugoslav “Order of Valor,” 301n387 Yugoslav Partisans: alleged mutilations of dead German soldiers, 39-40nll0; ambivalence toward Nazi Germany, 89; Anglo-Partisan relations (see AngloPartisan relations); capture of Bihač, 117; capture of Jajce, 114-15; creation of, 19; defectors from, 206; Milovan Đilas’s 1944 mission to the Soviet Union, 170; efforts in Serbia following the 1941 uprising, 54, 55, 56, 57-59,61-65; execution of German prisoners of war in
Index Serbia, 39,41-42,46,50; Geneva Convention and, 28ո74; German concerns about a Partisan-Chetnik truce, 190-91; German policies in 1943 on the treatment of captured guerrillas and, 202-06, 313, 371, 379-80; Hitlers 1942 Order for the suppression of bandits” and, 138-39; intelligence work (see intelligence); Livno prisoner exchange, 114-17,119-30 (see also Livno prisoner exchange); local prisoner exchanges in January-July 1943, 307-12, 322-25; local prisoner exchanges in September-December 1943, 313-19; local prisoner exchanges in 1944-1945, 319-31; March Negotiations of 1943 (see March Negotiations); Marxist ideology and the changing policy toward German prisoners, 46-47, 65-66, 302,378; massacre of wounded German soldiers at Banja Luka, 216-17; military reform in 1942,117-18; move to Western Bosnia in 1942,90, 91; NDH offensive against in 1942, 89; negotiations in the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral and the Gorizia cease-fire episode, 359-70, 375; New Model Army and Proletarian brigades, 52-53; no quarter-no negotiations policy, 58; NOVJ-German political talks (see political talks); official recognition of at the Tehran Conference, 197, 221; Operation Schwarz and, 180-85,194,195,211; Operation Trio and retreat to Montenegro in 1942,90; Operation Weiss and, 136-40,186-88; Hans Ott as an agent for, 276-78; Partisan-German truce of 1943,140, 142, 145,151,157-59,171-73,174-75, 191,192; Partisan salute, 30; PartisanSoviet relations and the March Negotiations of 1943,163-70, 193; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1941,43; Partisan-Soviet relations in 1943, 142-43; Pisarovina
neutral zone and (see Pisarovina neutral zone); policies toward prisoners of war in Croatia in 1943, 437 209-12; political goals and the policy toward German prisoners, 66-67; political goals tied to prisoner exchange, 67-68; prisoner exchanges in Serbia (See prisoner exchanges in Serbia); prisoner exchanges with the Germans (see Partisan-German prisoner exchanges); prisoner exchanges with the Ustashe, 12ІПІ41,129nl72; Proletarian brigades, 52-53,89; propaganda value of German prisoners of war, 28; reeducation of German prisoners of war and, 46-47; relationship with the Allies in late 1943, 253; reprisals and (see reprisals); resistance in Croatia and, 75; rift with the Chetniks, 28-29,47-48, 51, 52; Second Phase of the Revolution, 52; Serbian uprising of 1941 and, 19-20, 21-26, 27-28,29-36, 38-39,41-53; strategic situation in late 1942,135-36; Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange, 91-114 (see also Studeno Vrelo prisoner exchange); Syrmian Offensive, 198, 270, 277, 341-42; Titos move to Eastern Bosnia in December 1941, 89; treatment and handling of German prisoners following the fall of Belgrade, 62-64; treatment of German prisoners and the effort to gain recognition, 28, 30,43, 66-67, 144,217, 284; written duels with the 369th German Infantry Division, 335n87. See also Partisan prisoners of war Yugoslav Red Cross, 292n351 Zadar, 301 Zagreb: Boris Bakrač and, 232-33; captured by Germany in 1941,10; German “Special command for prisoner exchange,” 4; German transit camps, 287-88; March Negotiations of 1943 and, 151,156-59,173-74,175-79,192; NOVJ-German negotiations to save at the
end of the war, 271, 305; Partisan reports on the effects of Allied bombing in, 281
438 Index Zagreb-Belgrade railway: March Negotiations of 1943 and the Partisan temporary ban on sabotage, 150-51, 158-59,171,174-75,177,181,192,194, 380; threat of Partisan sabotage and, 100,136 Zagreb-Klinča Sela-Pisarovina road, 222 Zagvozd, 325 Zangen, Gustav von, 364 Zavadlav, Zdenko, 360, 361, 368, 369 ZAVNOBiH. See State Anti-fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ZAVNOH. See State Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Croatia Zbor movement, 5ІПІ50 Zdenčina, 230-31, 242, 256n216, 280 Zečević, Vlado, 27ո67 Zemun, 72,124, 286 Zlatibor Mountain massacre, 49-50 Žnidarič, Riko, 147ոՅՅ Žumberak Detachment, 234 Žumberak Partisan Brigade, 242,244,248 Župančič, Oton, 246-47nl82 Zvornik, 78-80 |
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| author | Trifković, Gaj 1981- Schmider, Klaus 1966- |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:19:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:50:30Z |
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| series2 | New perspectives on the Second World War |
| spelling | Trifković, Gaj 1981- Verfasser (DE-588)1014076048 aut Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 Gaj Trifkovic ; foreword by Klaus Schmider Lexington Andarta Books [2020] © 2020 xii, 438 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New perspectives on the Second World War Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 gnd rswk-swf Gefangenenaustausch (DE-588)4212450-5 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 s Gefangenenaustausch (DE-588)4212450-5 s DE-604 Schmider, Klaus 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)124186580 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, pdf 978-1-949668-10-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 978-1-949668-11-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032070127&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032070127&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Trifković, Gaj 1981- Schmider, Klaus 1966- Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 gnd Gefangenenaustausch (DE-588)4212450-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4044782-0 (DE-588)4212450-5 (DE-588)4028966-7 |
| title | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 |
| title_auth | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 |
| title_exact_search | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 |
| title_full | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 Gaj Trifkovic ; foreword by Klaus Schmider |
| title_fullStr | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 Gaj Trifkovic ; foreword by Klaus Schmider |
| title_full_unstemmed | Parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 Gaj Trifkovic ; foreword by Klaus Schmider |
| title_short | Parleying with the devil |
| title_sort | parleying with the devil prisoner exchange in yugoslavia 1941 1945 |
| title_sub | prisoner exchange in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 |
| topic | Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Partisan (DE-588)4044782-0 gnd Gefangenenaustausch (DE-588)4212450-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zweiter Weltkrieg Partisan Gefangenenaustausch Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032070127&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032070127&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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