From peoples into nations: a history of Eastern Europe
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Princeton ; Oxford
Princeton University Press
[2020]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 956 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780691167121 9780691208954 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV046628348 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20220316 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 200313s2020 xxua||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9780691167121 |c hardback |9 978-0-691-16712-1 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780691208954 |c pbk |9 978-0-691-20895-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1135504723 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV046628348 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c XD-US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-M457 |a DE-Bo133 |a DE-521 |a DE-12 |a DE-19 |a DE-Re13 |a DE-11 |a DE-29 |a DE-384 |a DE-739 | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 943.7 | |
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 084 | |a NK 1500 |0 (DE-625)125875: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a NK 6710 |0 (DE-625)126105: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Connelly, John |d 1960- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)171716531 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a From peoples into nations |b a history of Eastern Europe |c John Connelly |
| 264 | 1 | |a Princeton ; Oxford |b Princeton University Press |c [2020] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2020 | |
| 300 | |a viii, 956 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1780-2013 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Osteuropa |0 (DE-588)4075739-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Nationalism / Europe, Eastern / History | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe, Eastern / History | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe, Eastern / History / Autonomy and independence movements | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe, Eastern / Politics and government | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Osteuropa |0 (DE-588)4075739-0 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1780-2013 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-0-691-18918-5 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |u https://www.recensio.net/r/254b7e928492468688476425ce6b69d3 |y rezensiert in: Bohemia, 61 (2021), 1, S. 97-100 |3 Rezension |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20200420 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032039936 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0903 |g 437 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804181312699891712 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
PART I. THE EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL MOVEMENTS
1 PEOPLES OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE 31
2 ETHNICITY ON THE EDGE OF EXTINCTION 63
3 LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM 80
4 NATIONALITY STRUGGLES: FROM IDEA TO MOVEMENT 108
5 INSURGENT NATIONALISM: SERBIA AND POLAND 130
PART II. THE DECLINE OF EMPIRE AND THE RISE OF MODERN POLITICS
6 CURSED WERE THE PEACEMAKERS: 1848 IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE 157
7 THE REFORM THAT MADE THE MONARCHY
UNREFORMABLE: THE 1867 COMPROMISE 187
8 THE 1878 BERLIN CONGRESS: EUROPE S NEW ETHNO-NATION-STATES 210
9 THE ORIGINS OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM: FIN DE
SIECLE HUNGARY AND BOHEMIA 241
10 LIBERALISMS HEIRS AND ENEMIES: SOCIALISM VERSUS NATIONALISM 266
11 PEASANT UTOPIAS: VILLAGES OF YESTERDAY AND SOCIETIES OF TOMORROW 296
PART III. INDEPENDENT EASTERN EUROPE
12 1919: A NEW EUROPE AND ITS OLD PROBLEMS 327
13 THE FAILURE OF NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION 362
14 FASCISM TAKES ROOT: IRON GUARD AND ARROW CROSS 390
15 EASTERN EUROPE S ANTIFASCISM 409
PART IV. EASTERN EUROPE AS PART OF THE NAZI AND SOVIET EMPIRES
16 HITLER S WAR AND ITS EAST EUROPEAN ENEMIES 435
17 WHAT DANTE DID NOT SEE: THE HOLOCAUST IN EASTERN EUROPE 465
VII
VLIL CONTENTS
18 PEOPLE S DEMOCRACY: EARLY POSTWAR EASTERN EUROPE 501
19 THE COLD WAR AND STALINISM 533
20 DESTALINIZATION: HUNGARY S REVOLUTION 561
21 NATIONAL PATHS TO COMMUNISM: THE 1960S 590
22 1968 AND THE SOVIET BLOC: REFORM COMMUNISM 622
23 REAL EXISTING SOCIALISM: LIFE IN THE SOVIET BLOC 648
PART V. FROM COMMUNISM TO ILLIBERALISM
24 THE UNRAVELING OF COMMUNISM 685
25 1989 715
26 EASTERN EUROPE EXPLODES: THE WARS OF YUGOSLAV SUCCESSION 741
27 EASTERN EUROPE JOINS EUROPE 763
CONCLUSION 787
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 801
APPENDIX: TABLES 805
ABBREVIATIONS 811
NOTES 813
INDEX 939
69/18833
CONTENTS —^— Introduction і Part I. The Emergence of National Movements 1 Peoples of East Central Europe 31 2 Ethnicity on the Edge of Extinction 63 3 Linguistic Nationalism 80 4 Nationality Struggles: From Idea to Movement 108 5 Insurgent Nationalism: Serbia and Poland 130 Part II. The Decline of Empire and the Rise of Modern Politics 6 Cursed Were the Peacemakers: 1848 in East Central Europe 157 7 The Reform That Made the Monarchy Unreformable: Ihe 1867 Compromise 187 8 The 1878 Berlin Congress: Europe’s New Ethno-Nation-States 210 9 The Origins of National Socialism: Fin de Siècle Hungary and Bohemia 241 10 Liberalisms Heirs and Enemies: Socialism versus Nationalism 266 11 Peasant Utopias : Villages of Yesterday and Societies of Tomorrow 296 Part III. Independent Eastern Europe 12 1919: A New Europe and Its Old Problems 327 13 The Failure of National Self-Determination 362 14 Fascism Takes Root: Iron Guard and Arrow Cross 390 15 Eastern Europe s Antifascism 409 Part IV. Eastern Europe as Part of the Nazi and Soviet Empires 16 Hitler s War and Its East European Enemies 435 17 What Dante Did Not See: The Holocaust in Eastern Europe vii 465
viii CONTENTS 18 People s Democracy: Early Postwar Eastern Europe 19 The Cold War and Stalinism 501 533 20 Destalinization: Hungary’s Revolution 561 21 National Paths to Communism: The 1960s 590 22 1968 and the Soviet Bloc: Reform Communism 622 23 Real Existing Socialism: Life in the Soviet Bloc 648 Part V. From Communism to llliberalism 24 The Unraveling of Communism 25 1989 685 71s 26 Eastern Europe Explodes: The Wars of Yugoslav Succession 27 Eastern Europe Joins Europe Conclusion 787 Acknowledgments 801 Appendix: Tables 805 Abbreviations Notes 813 Index 939 811 763 741
INDEX νήμ Abdulhamid II, 217 Abrud Banya, 182 Acterian, Haig, 403 Adamec, Ladislav, 732 Adler, Viktor, 247,269,272 Austrian Social Democratic Party (SDAP), 272 Austro-Slavism, 172 Averescu, Alexandru, 367 Axman, Miloš, 636 Albright, Madeleine, 761 Alecsandri, Vasile, 19,235 Alexander I (Russia), 140 Baczko, Bronislaw, 613 Badeni, Count Kazimierz, 248, 250 Alexander I (Yugoslavia), 425-427 Alexander II (Russia), 290 Bahr, Hermann, 247 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, Endre, 491, 497 Alliance Israelite Universelle, 234 Баку, László, 495 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 768, 772 Anderson, Benedict, 797 Andrássy, Gyula, 200,204,206,211,238 Andropov, Yuri, 704 Andrzejewski, Jerzy, 508,639 Angola, 532,708 Antifascist Committee for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, 457,796 Antonescu, Ion, 485,492,525 Antonescu, Mihai, 487,490 Arendt, Hannah, 527 Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 83,84,85 Bah, Sándor, 587 Balibar, Etienne, 58 Balicki, Zygmunt, 284,293 Baltic Sea, 3,59 Banat, 43,163,331,354,451,514, S19 BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union), 267,313,371,527 Barańczak, Stanislaw, 690 Bárdossy, László, 493-94 Barthel, Kurt, 570 Battenberg, Prince Alexander of, 229 Batthyány, Lajos, 160,166-68 Battle of Nations (Leipzig, 1813), 140 Arrow Cross, 390-394, 398-408, 492-496 Ash, Timothy Garton, 667,715 Atlee, Clement, 504 Auersperg, Prince Carlos von, 242 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 471,496 Austria: 1848 revolutions in, 158-166, 177-185; Anschluss (1938), 436; Compromise with Hungary (1867), Bauer, Otto, 273-2-75, 2-94, 298, 334, 8S7, 867, 886 Bauman, Janina, 468,473 Bauman, Zygmunt, 613, 638 Bavaria, 35, 63, 82,83,1Ć2,176,194,
238,350, 359,387,725 BBWR (Non-party Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, Poland), 417, 187-208; flight of East German refugees to, 716-723; Napoleonic Wars in, 81-83; Theresian/Josephine Reforms in, 67,68, 77; War ofAustrian Succession in, 63-65; WWII in, 476,477 Austria-Hungary, 1,3,9,12,47,202,208, 420, 429 Becher, Johannes R., 549 Beck, Józef, 511 Becker, Johann Phillip, 271 Beckerle, Adolf, 483 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 73 210-228,238, 283, 295, 306, 316-321, 329-ՅՅ51339 939
940 Belarus, 25, зѕ, 776 Belcredi, Count Richard, 196,199 Belgrade: destruction of (1941), 450 Belorussia, 17,38,356 Bełżec, 470 Bem, Józef, 182,581 Benda, Václav, 664 Benedikti, Ján, 86 Beneš, Edvard, 322,332,347,351,437,475, 509,517) 530,57°) 632 Benešov, 499 Benjamin, László, 574 Beran, Rudolf, 438,477 Berchtold, Leopold von, 317 Berdahl, Daphne, 666 Berecz, János, 719 INDEX Bohemia: Bohemian Chancellery reinstated, 242; Bohemian Museum, 91,93,108-118; Czech historical claims, 90-103,106,198; destruction of ehtes in, 56-80; diet of, 110-111,320; German minority in, 246, 254, 278; in 1848, 168-180,185,186; industrialization in, 121, 126,271,304; State s Rights Movement in, 245,254,275,295. See aho Czechoslovakia Bolsheviks, 1,17,328,329,339,34°, 353,357, 366,440, 471,54I) 575,604, 630,719 Boris III (Bulgaria), 374,430,481-485,511 Bosnia: Austro-Hungarian Occupation of, 208,210,221,240,298; incorporation into Yugoslavia, 378; in Wars ofYugoslav Beria, Lavrentiy, 444,537) 560,571-572 Berlin: Congress of (1878), 220, 229,267; Succession, 750-760,786-788; national identity in, 220-228,230,238 Brandys, Kazimierz, 640 Braşov/Kronstadt, 180,513 building of Berlin Wall (1961), 596 Berling, Zygmunt, 461 Berlinguer, Enrico, 698 Bratiami, Ion, 234,236,259,349 Bratislava, 15,63,91,99,101,124,288,346, 414,479,636. See aho Pressburg Berman, Jakub, 572,614 Bernstein, Eduard, 271 Bessarabia, 220,336,368,394,464,486-487, Brecht, Bertolt, 570 Bredy, Hugo von, 178 Bremen, 82 501,518 Bethlen, Count István, 343,366,388,393,496 Breslau, 46,61,63,65,134,800 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of, 329
Brezhnev, Leonid, 2,631,648,746 Berend, Ivan T., 771 Beust, Count Friedrich Ferdinand von, 203 Bibo, István, 520 Bieńkowski, Władysław, 693 Bierut, Bolesław, 538,547,572, S77 Brioni, 743 Brno, 124,126, 249,273,288,299,349, Յ81, Bihać, 215 412,477,516,542 Brouk, Bohuslav; 523 Bijeljina, 753 Bismarck, Otto von, 11,12,17,26,194, 197-198,202,218,220,228,238,241,242, Bruck, Karl Ludwig, 199 Brus, Włodzimierz, 613 Brystigierowa, Juha, 572 2-47,279) 280, 360,435 Bitterfeld, 592,724 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 643 Bucharest: murders ofJews in (1941), 486 Black Hand, 306 Black Madonna, 27,41,607,796 Blaj, 180 Blanc, Louis, 788 Blum, Robert, 179 Budapest: 1956 Revolution, 577,582-584; crowning of Francis Joseph at, 205; Bodganovka, 489 Bogumil Church, 223 Bukovina, 247,331,336,394,464,487, formation of ideas for Slavic unity at, 9, 116-118; liberal projects to modernize, 122; murder ofJews in (1944/45), 496-497 498,519
INDEX Bulgaria: authoritarianism in, 374; fascism in, 428-430; independence (1878), 210, 218-220, 228-230, 240; National Communism, 615; National renaissance, 263-264; peasant power in, 370-371; Stalinization of, S26, 555,559; under Ottoman Rule, 52-54; transition after 1989,735-738; World War II in, 481-484, 497-498,535 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union. See BANU Bulgarian Socialist Party, 738,771,778 Bulgaria’s Commissariat for the Jewish Qpestion, 482 Bund, The (Jewish Socialist Party), 282 Burke, Edmund, 133 Călăraşi, 713 Calfa, Marian, 732 Camp of National Unification (OZON, Poland), 420,429-431 Čapek, Karel, 304 Čarnogurský, Jan, 781 Caro, Leopold, 28Ć 941 Chervenkov, Valko 615 Chetniks, 451-455,458-459 Chopin, Frédéric, 104,140 Chotek, Sophie von, 319 Christian Socialism (Austria), 248,258, 263, 265,291-293 Christopher, Warren, 759 Chrobry, Bolesław, 38 Churchill, Winston, 298, S04, Տ33 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 425 Cioran, Emile, 403 Cisleithania, 12,187,191,196,202,205-208, 242-247,.251, 265-266, 272, 276, 277; ՅՕ7, 317; ՅՅ6 Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 697,732 Clinton, Bill, 759 Clit, Radu, 679 Club of Seekers of Contradictions (Poland), 612 Cluj/Kolozsvár, 617 Codreanu, Comeliu, 210,394,396-39 9; 403-407,432 COMECON (Committee of Mutual Economic Assistance), 596,599,619,713 Carol II of Romania, 370,374,398,403,485 Comenius, Jan Amos, 301,338,715 Carpatho-Rusyns, 359 Carter, Jimmy, 621,698 Cominform, 534-535,53*, Տ63, 593 Comintern, 440, 491,527,547,571 Commissariat for the Jewish Question Catherine II ‘The Great’ of Russia, 133 Catholic University in Lublin, 547
CDU (Christian Democratic Union), 729 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 618-620,643,660,679, 710-712,733-736 Čepička, Alexej, Ճ23 (Bulgaria), 482 Committee for the Defense ofWorkers (KOR, Poland), 612,690 Compromise of 1867 (Habsburg lands), Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 435 Chamberlain, Neville, 4 205, 211,427,594 Comte, Auguste, 310 Congress of Berlin (1878), 220,229,267 Charlemagne, 6i Charles I of Austria, 335 Charles IV, 73 Connolly, James, 271 Constantinople, 33,38,143,223 Convention of Novi Pazar (1879), 221 Charles VI (Austria), 63,193 Copenhagen Council (1993); 776 Corfu Declaration (1917), 378 Ćosić, Dobriča, 747-748 Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 232 Charles University (Prague), 536, 634 Charter ‘77 (Czechoslovakia), 2,696, 698,731 Chernenko, Konstantin, 704,713 Coward, Noel, 77s Crémieux, Adolphe, 234 Crimean War (1853-1856), 188,317
941 Cristea, Miron, 348 Croat Central Committee of League of Communists, 744 Croatia: Croatian Spring (1970-71), 744-745,751,779; EU Accession of, 783; peasant movement, 308-315; problems of integration in Yugoslav state, 345,349, 378; role in 1848/49 revolutions, 178; wars ofYugoslav Succession in, 19, 740-760. See ako Independent State of Croatia; IHyrianism; Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; Yugoslavia Csányi, László, 181 Curie, Marie Skłodowska, 279 Curtis, W. E., 227 Cuza, Alexander, 231-234,236,394 Cvetkovič, Dragiša, 427,448 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 572,614 Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 148 Czech Agrarians, 276,304,387,415 Czech National Council, 276 Czech National Theater, 126 Czecho-Slovak Committee, 331 Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak Church in, 381,508; democratic stability of, 363, 365-367,375,411-415; destabilization in, 622,624,629; destruction by Hitler of, 435-436,440; First Repubbc, 331-338, 346,354,386; German minority in, ՅՏ1-352,359,377,512; National Sociabst party, 275; normalization regime of Gustav Husák, 635-636,661; origins of idea of, 105; Stabilization of, 521-522,529; Velvet Divorce (1993), 774; Velvet Revolution (1989), 733 Czechoslovak National Committee, 323 Czech People s Party, 304 Czech Progressive Party, 304 Czech Repubbc, 3,25,33,37,49,96,764, 768,772,77 6 Częstochowa, 27,41, 607 d’Esperey, Louis Franchet, 354 Dabčevič-Kučar, Savka, 744 INDEX Dąbrowska, Maria, 611 Dąbrowski, Henryk, 139 Dachau, 407,431 Dahn, Daniela, 662 Dalmatia, 212 Danzig, 16,43,38s, 437,44° Darányi, Kálmán, 399 Dardanelles, 218 Dawidowa, Jadwiga, 279,695 Dayton Accords, 760
Deák, Ferenc, 122,191,193,195,200 Debrecen, 182,585 December Constitution (Austria), 206,208 de Gaulle, Charles 385,620 de Gobineau, Arthur, 435 Demnig, Gunter, 792 Democratic Awakening (Germany), 729 Democratic Convention of Romania, 782 Denitch, Bogdan, 758 Denmark, 60,61,197,299,481,626 Destabilization, 561-566 Deutsch, Karl W., 124 di Cavour, Count Cambio Benso, 188 Die Neue Zeit, 271 Dimitrov, G. M., 527 Dinnyés, Lajos, 525 Dirlewanger Brigade, 461 Djilas, Milovan, 455,467,538,563 Dmowski, Roman, 142,268,283,289,293, 331,356,382,416,420,459; 695 Dobner, Gelasius, 71,73,788 Döbrentei, Gábor, 101 Dobrev, Nikolay, 779 Dobrovský, Josef, 72,74,80,91,93,95,100, 108 Dodik, Miorad, 79s Dollfuss, Engelbert, 388 Dragoş, loan, 182 Dresden, 8,43,88,171,203,662, 668,723, 726,729,733 Dreyfus Affair, 291 Dubček, Alexander, 629,632,730 Duca, Ion C, 398 Duchy of Warsaw, 140
INDEX Dunant, Henry, 188 Dunovists, 484 943 Ferdinand I (Austria), 111 Ferdinand I (Romania), 368-370 Đurić, Mihailt։, 747 Dušan, Stefan, the Mighty (Serbia), 39,143 Ferdinand II (Austria), 65 Dvořák, Antonin, 96,732 Feuchtenegg, Ernst Seidler von, 336 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 8,83-85 Działyński, Ignacy, 134 Dzurinda, Mikuláš, 780,782 Eagleburger, Lawrence, 7S9 East Anglia, 37 Ebert Foundation, 779 Ebert, Friedrich, 329 Ecoglasnost, 737 Eger, 249 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 573 Eichmann, Adolf, 477,49s Einsatzgruppe D, 488 Einsatzgruppen, 445,479 Eisenach, 8s Elbląg, 640 Ehade, Mircea, 403 Eliáš, Alois, 439,477 Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress (“Sisi”), 195, 204-206 Eminescu, Mihai, 235,237 Endecja, 267,284,285,290,419 Endre, László, 495 Ferenczy, Ida, 205 Field, Noel, 539 Filipovič, General Josip, 225 Fischhof, Adolf, 161,243,269 Flying University (Poland), 279 Ford, Henry, 551 Forman, Miloš, 625 Fourteen Points speech (1918), 329 France: at Congress of Berlin (1878), 228; and East European security (1930s), 436-37; French fascism compared to East European, 391; influence of French Nationalism on East Central Europe, 79-82; at Paris peace settlement (1919), 33° Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, 228,306, 318,319 Francis Joseph I (Austria), 12,13,180, 183-188,191,193-196,200,203-205,208, 212,220-221,240,244,248-249,257, 316-317,310,333,366,793 Frank, Josef, 543 Frank, Josip, 309, 455,480 Engels, Friedrich, 17,270,271,274,276,283, 564,648 Eörsi, István, 585 Eötvös, József, 191,19s, 269,797 Evans, Arthur, 212 Frankfort, 83,161,172,174,176,179,194 Frederick II (Prussia), 63-65,518 Farkas, Mihály,
537 Fascism: origins ofin Austria, 264-265; in Poland 16,392,409-411,416; in Romania and Hungary, 390-407; and students, 395; weakness of in interwar Eastern Europe, 408-430; Fehérváry, Krisztina, 658 Fein, Helen, 499 Feine, Gerhart, 497 Fejti, György, 719 Feketehalmi-Zeisler, General, 493 Führer, Christian, 725 Füster, Anton, Rev., 159,186 Friedjung, Heinrich, 306 Front of National Salvation (Romania), 734, 771 FSO Żerań (Poland), 580 Gaj, Ljudevit, 9,10,15,19,105,116,149,151, 163,308,311,323,345 Galaţi, 713 Gałczyński, Konstanty Ildefons, 549 Galicia: under Austro-Hungarian rule, 189-190,193,195; events of 1846 in, 142,162 Garašanin, Ilija, 148,150 Garrigue, Charlotte, 299
944 Gasser, Hanns, 199 Gavrilo Princip, 1,4,6,9,228,318,320, 343,789 Gazeto Mazowsze (Poland), 708 INDEX Gott, Karel, 636 Gottwald, Klement, 506,530,542-543,623 Goździk, Lechosław, 580 Gradašević, Husein-Kapetan, 223 Gdańsk, 38s, 640,689,700-702,772 Gdynia, 38s, 422,529,643,689,701 Great Britain, 16,82,157,188,217,236-237, Generalgouvernement, 443 Generalplan Ost, 1,445 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 723 797,798; and appeasement of Germany, 437; and Georgiev, Kimon, 373,429,527 Gerasimov, Gennady, 731 Geremek, Bronislaw, 613 Great Depression, 3Ć3,373,409 German Democratic Republic, 25,518,647; as police state, 667-670; denazification Greece, 50,52,152,218,238-239,283, зоб, of, 501-503; division from West, 500-501; Stabilization of, 532-533; Workers’ Revolt (1953), 5°S, 568-569 Germany: events of 1848 in, 172-176; exclusion ofAustria from, 194-198,247 German Confederation, 10,61,197 German Empire, 238; nationabsm in, 83; November revolution (1918), 326-328; reunification of, 764,795; WWII in, 434-450 Gerő, Ernő, 539,576,578 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 616,617,618 Gierek, Edward, 688-690,698-699,701,712 Gladstone, Wilbam, 199 Glasnost and Perestroika, 731,737,746 Gleig, George, 57,58,108 Goebbels, Joseph, 404,440 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 6,82,84,85, 87,103,105,149,518,592 Goldmark, Josef, 161 Goldstiicker, Eduard, 624-625 Gohichowski, Agenor, 317 Gohichowski, Agenor Romuald, 189 Gömbös, Gyula, 367,389,394,399 Gomułka, Władysław, 534,547,547,572,577, 580,590, 617, 689, 796 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 630, 681,704-710, 712-720,729-730,736-738,741,745 Goring, Hermann, 527 256,331,
362,390,411,490,5Ճ0,651, phony war (1939/40), 443 Great Poland Camp, 418 Great Pobsh Emigration in Paris, 140 313-322,3Ć2,369,387,446-449,4Ճ3, 480-481,783 Greifswald, 659,705 Grillparzer, Franz, 177 Gross, Jan X, 612 Grósz, Károly, 717 Grotewohl, Otto, 570 Grynberg, Henryk, Ć41 Ha’am, Ahad, 291 Habsburg, Otto von, 723 Hager, Kurt, 705 Hainfeld Program, 272 Hála, František, 523 Hahk, Tomáš, 646 Habe (Saale), 53,307,723 Haller, Józef, 335 Hamann, Johann Georg, 84 Hamburg, 23,72,82,794 Hanka, Václav, 95,96,300 Hankiss, Elemér, 664 Haşdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu, 236 Havel, Václav, 2,24,613,628,636,650,676, 697-698, 709,715; 732; 773 Haviv, Ron, 753 Havhček-Borovský, Karel, 173 Hayes, Carlton J., 362 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 85,94 Helen of Greece, 370 Hebade, Ion, 236 Heber, Agnes, 622
INDEX Helsinki Accords (197s), 2,647,692-694,713 Heidein, Konrad, 414,436-439 Hennecke, Adolf, 551 Herbst, Eduard, 243 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 6,8,9,13,79,84, 86,89, 93, ιοί, 103,145,149 Hermannstadt (Sibiu), 119 Herseni, Traían, 402 Herzl, Theodor, 290,293 945 Human Rights: and East European dissidents, 301,365,671,686,692,724,737 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 84,518 Hume, David, 302 Hungaria-Balaton Tourism and Holiday Company, 595 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 739 Hungarian Councils Republic, 341 Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania, Hdsner, Leopold, 303 Himmler, Heinrich, 443, 487 Hindenburg, Paul von, 251,253 Hirszowicz, Maria, 613 782 Hungarian National Independence Hitler, Adolf: visions of Eastern Europe, Hungarian Party of Unity, 3Ć7 Hungarian Smallholder Party, 366-367,387, 434-435 Hitler, Alois, 241 Hlávka, Josef, 253 Hlinka, Andrej, 344,376,415,478 Hlinka Guard, 415 Front, 524 Hungarian Party of National Unity, 363 495, 497, S°6,522-54,718 Hungary: in 1848/49,161,177-180; Autonomous Region in Romania, 618; Compromise with Austria, 187-209; Hlinka Peoples Party, 478 Hlond, August, 420 Hodonín, 299 fascism of, 391-401; Jews in, 257; Josephine reforms in, 75; “national awakening” of, 109,118; New Economic Mechanism, Hoensch, Jörg, 499 Hohenwart, Count Karl, 242 Hofiman, Eva, 768 597,705; nobility’s sense of identity in, 66; Revolution (i9s6), 571-588,617-618, Holbrooke, Richard, 760,761,795 Republic (1919), 392,524; Stabilization of, 522,530,537; transition of (1989), Holocaust/Shoah, 465-500; in Bulgaria, 481-485; in Czechoslovakia, 475-479; in Hungary, 491-497; in
Poland, 470-474; in Romania, 485-491 Holy Roman Empire (of German nation) : dissolution of, 82 Holzer, Jerzy, 422 Home Army (Poland), 459-461,474, 507-508,549,588, 609-610, 694 Honecker, Erich, 518,645,648,674,687,705, 712, 715, 74 Horn, Gyula, 769 Horthy, Miklós, 342,362-36S, 368,389,392, 408,431, 495,498, sn Horvath, Ödön von, 414 Hrabovszky, Janos, 167 Hroch, Miroslav, 126, 806 Hrúzova, Anežka, 303 621,717; Social Democrats, 367; Soviet 720-733, 738; trauma of Trianon, 354, 366, 464; women’s associations in Pest and Buda (1850s), 114; WWII in, 447, 464,485. See also Austria-Hungary Hus, Jan, 56, 73,95, 98,301,302, 338 Husák, Gustav, 629, 634, 709, 715, 730,793 Hussarek von Heinlein, Max, 336 Hussite Church Assembly, 508 Iaşi, 230, 233, 259,394-395,4°3,486 Iglau/Jihlava, 246 Ignacy Paderewski, 332,358 Ikarus buses (Hungary), 599 Iliescu, Ion, 734,764 IUyrianism, 166,331 Imrédy, Béla, 491,493
94б Independent State of Croatia (NDH), 452-453,750; and genocide of Serbs and Jews, 452-454) 480 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 373,425,430 International Monetary Fund, 598,713, 77b 779 Ionescu, Eugene, 403 Iorga, Nicolae, 403 Iron Guard (Romania): and intellectuals, 403; membership of, 395-397; social and cultural activities of, 404-405; terror INDEX Johannsen, Günter, 724,960 John XXIII, Pope, 697 John Paul II, Pope, 41,606-607,698,702 Joseph II (ofAustria), 62,72,74-84,92, 106-109,116,119) 12I) 123, HS, 179,199, 379-380,789,798; and language reforms in Bohemia and Hungary, 69-77 Judeo-Communism, Myth of, 357,394,402, 41S) 493,614 Jugendweihe (GDR), 646,648 Jungmann, Josef, 74,91,108,149,788, 807,813 activities of, 406 Islaz Declaration (1848), 231 Jürgens, Curd, 793 Israel, 292,514,543,638-640,710 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 764 Istanbul, so, 58,113,166,215,217,218,223, Kádár, János, 541,543,587,595,617,632,645, 23І) 306 Italy: Austrian campaign in (1848), 167, 177; role in the Independent State of Croatia (WWII), 449; war against Austria (1859), 188 luba, Alba, 337,348 Izetbegović, Abja, 753 Jabłonna (internment camp), 357 Jabłoński, Henryk, 639 793,79б Kafka, Franz, 624 Kaiserfeld, Moritz von, 202 Kábay, Benjamin, 221,239 Kábay, Miklós, 494 Kania, Stanislaw, 703 Kaplan, Robert D., 759 Kapuściński, Ryszard, 606 Karadjordje (Karadjordje Petrovič), Jäger, Harald, 729 Jagiełło, Louis, 49 146-148,153,30s Karadžič, Radovan, 758,795 Karadžič, Vuk, 19,117,144,151,239 Kardelj, Edvard, 455,563 Jagiellonian University, 190 Jagielski, Mieczysław, 702 Károlyi,
Mihály, 341,354,366 Kassa (Košiče), 99,119 Jahn, Roland, 724,727 Jakeš, Miloš, 730 Katowice, 608,703 Katyn Massacre (1940), 444,511 Kaufmännisches Casino (Budapest), 113 Kaunitz, Prince Wenzel Anton von, 75 Jacobins (in Poland), 135-136 Janissary class, 145,262 Jan Kazimierz, King, 27,41 Janouch, František, 677 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 614,70Յ) 70 9) 721 Jasenovac, 480 Jászi, Oscar, 504 Jedwabne (1941 massacre), 471 Jelačič, Josip, 163,178 Jena, 6,8,19,46,79) 8Յ) 85-89, 91,93 Jewish code (Slovakia) 479 Jirečekbne, 33 Kautsky, Karl, 271,274 Kazinczy, Ferenc, 100-103,109,192,193 ,797 Kemer, Robert J., 15,344,353,808 Kersten, Adam, 613 Keynes, John Maynard, 350,744 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 563,570,572-575,59Һ 596,622, 649,652 Kidrič, Boris, 564 Kijowski, Andrzej, 641
INDEX Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 337) Յ46,355,379 Kinsley, Franz Joseph Count, 69,70,71,74 Kirsch, Egon Erwin, 321 Kis, Johann, 101,813 Kisfaludy, Sandor, 102 Kisielewski, Stefan, 580,640 Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 720 Klaus, Václav, 767,771,773,798 Kleist, Heinrich von, 83 Kliszko, Zenon, 606,610,639 Knin, 751,795 Кос, Adam, 423 Koestier, Arthur, S07 Kogălniceanu, Mihail, 234, 236 Kohl, Helmut, 729,796 Kohout, Pavel, 628 Kołakowski, Leszek, 522,613 Koldinský, Alois, 250 Kollárján, 8, 9,10, ıs, 19, 47,86-90,93, 96-99,103-10S, 116,126, 323,344,380,629 Kołłątaj, Hugo, 134 Kolman, Arnošt, 522 Kolovrat, Franz Anton, 110 Königgrätz, Battle of, 197 Konrád, George, 499,662,675,708 Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 778 Kopecký, Václav, 623 Kopitar, Jedrej, 95 Korczak, Janusz, 279 Komai, János, 706,771 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 134-137,422 Kościuszko Uprising (1794), 136,153 Košice, 99,119,348,516 Kosovo: and role in dissolution of Yugoslavia, 741,746-749; war in (1999) 760-761 Kosovo Liberation Army, 761 Kosovo Polje, Battle of (1389), 239,749 Kossuth, Lajos, 113,115,121-122,158,163-168, 178,182,19s, S73 Rostov, Ivan, 779 Rostov, Traicho, 541 Kott, Jan, 611 947 Kovács, Béla, 525 Kovaly, Heda Margolius, 499,542 Kragujevac (1941 massacre), 451 Krajina (Habsburg Military Frontier), 52, 145,427,751,760 Kraków, 417, 422,445, 47°, 507,545, 606, 6Ć7, 697,709 Kraljevo, 451 Kramář, Karel, 29s, 322,332,412 Kraszewski, Ignacy, ios Krek, Janez, 263 Kremsier/Kroměříž Assembly, 177,184 Krenz, Egon, 71s, 727,729 Kriegel, František, 632 Krzywonos, Henryka, 701 Kuchuk Kainarji, treaty of (1774), 5°
Kultura (Polish journal), 573,610,775 Kulturkampf (Germany), 280 Kundera, Milan, 24,25,26,628 Kunev, Trifon, 527 Kuroń, Jacek, 612,693,698,702 Kutschera, Franz, 460 Küttler, Thomas, 726 Kvaternik, Slavko, 450 Kwaśniewski, Alexander, 769 Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz, 423 Ladislav, František, 197,200 Lakatos, Géza, 496 Lamberg, Count Ferenc, 178 Lanckorona Pact (1923), 383 Lande, Michael, 286 Lane, Arthur Bliss, 448 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 271 Lavrov, Sergey, 785 Law and Justice Party (PiS) (Poland), 765 Lazar (Serbia), 39,40,42,143 League of Nations, is, 371,396,440 Lecca, Radu, 489 Ledóchowski, Mieczysław, 289 Leipzig, 23,46,83,85,140,299,527,687, 730,733; and the fall of 1989,724-727 Lelewel, Joachim, 10s
948 Lemberger Professorenmord (1941), 44s Lemkin, Raphael, 24 INDEX Macedonia, 3,9,23,24,31,33,118,131,148, 149,151,218,220,313,316,348,372,4SI, Lenin, Vladimir L, 1, 27, 210, 294, 328-330, 341, 361, 458, 524,562,569, 615,649 455,480-483,496, 760 Maček, Vladko, 378,425,427,450 Leninism, 738,792; decay of, 643 Lenin Ship Yard (Gdańsk), 700 Madaliński, Antoni, 134 Maginot Line, 435 Mahler, Gustav, 246 Leopold II (Austria), 80,81 Lewandowski, Janusz, 769 Lexa, Ivan, 781 Lichtenstein Family (Olomouc), 468 Liebenfels, Jörg Lanz von, 435 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 271 Linde, Samuel, 104 Lindemann, Albert, 236 Linz Program (1882), 246-247,253, 264-269,278,283,306,764 Lipski, Jan Józef, 611,614 Literární noviny (Czechoslovakia), 628 Lithuania, 8, 38,49,59,104, 105,44,182, зѕб, 363, 383,440,487, ѕц, 775 Littìe Entente (interwar alliance), 364,369 Ljotić, Dimitrije, 42s, 891 Ljubljana, 117,288,337,349 Lloyd George, David, 330,332,358 Locarno (192s agreement), 384 Łódź, S07,510,575,690, 697,702 Lombardy, 162,188 London Government (Polish exile government), 460,529 London Protocol (1830), 238 Lord Acton, 153 Lord Halifax, 437 Lorenc, Václav, 507 Lublin, 511 Luden, Heinrich, 86 Lueger, Karl, 248,285,291,293,317 Lupescu, Magda, 369 Luther, Martin, 36,85,117 Lutz, Carl, 497 Luxemburg, Rosa, 59,270, 283,328 Macierewicz, Antoni, 694 Mahmud II, 223 Majláth, Count György, 190,196 Majláth, Janos, 204 Malenkov, Grigoriy, 574,649 Malypetr, Jan, 412 Maniu, Iuliu, 370,386,398,489,525 Mann, Heinrich, 414,424 Mann, Thomas, 414 Maria Theresa, Queen, 63-69,74-79,110, 1x8, X45,193,201,242 Marin, Vasile,
401,883 Marshall, George, General, 533 Marţian, Dionisie Pop, 236 Marx, Karl: and the national question, 21, 270 Marxism-Leninism, 6x5,619,643-644 Masaryk, Jan, 517,534 Masaryk, Tomáš G.: commitment to womens equality, 299,305; founding of Realist Party, 314; and Hilsner trial, 304; lobbying for Czechoslovak sover eignty, 306-7,346; resolute style of presidential leadership, 412; theories of Czech history, 300-303; and work on suicide, 303; and Zagreb treason trial (1909), 306 Masur, Kurt, 725,727 Maurer, Ion Gheorghe, 619 Maturas, Charles, 425 May 3 Constitution (Poland, 1791), 136 Lwów, 119,124,126,189,356-357,443,444, Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 721,756,767,796 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 210,787 Mečiar, Vladimir, 764,774,780,784 Memorandum of 1986 (Serbia), 789 470,774 Lyapachev, Andrei, 374,428 Mérimée, Prosper, 96 Merkel, Angela, 729,784
INDEX Merseburger, Peter, 70s Metternich, Klemens von, 59,111,158,159, 169,174,187 Meyer, Emst Hermann, 549 Michael the Brave, 347 Michael I (Romania), 496,511,525 Michnik, Adam: editor of Gazeta Wyborcza, 768; as member of “Commandos,” 611-611; role in creating KOR, 690; role in 1968 events, 639; view on human rights, 695 Mickiewicz, Adam, 19,104,105,140,573, 638-640 949 Moravia, 37,90-92,97-98,121,169,174, i79, 183,196-197, 200,220, 254, 297, 299, 302, 334, 439, 463, 468, 477, 497 Moravian Empire, 98 Mościcki, Ignacy, 422 Moscow: Moscow protocols (1968), 634; and Napoleonic Wars, 140; in WWII, 447 Mostar, 214,215 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 72,80, 81,119 Müller, Herta, 678,680 Munich Conference (1938), 401,412,476 Muslim National Organization (Yugo slavia), 227 Mihailovič, Draža, 455 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 509,529 Milců, Stefan, 678 Mussolini, Benito 405,425,447 Mycielski, Zygmunt, 641 Militärgrenze. See Krajina (Habsburg Načertanije (Serbia), 148 Military Frontier) Military Frontier. See Krajina (Habsburg Military Frontier) Mill, John Stuart, 225 Nagy, Ferenc, 525 Miloševič, Slobodan, 741,749,758,761,764, 779,795 Milosz, Czeslaw, 24,468,509,523,612,690, Mine, Hilary, 572,614 Mindszenty, József, 539 Mirkovič, Bora, 448 Mitrany, David, 36s, 855 Mitteleuropa, ззѕ Mladenov, Petar, 738 Mladič, Ratko, 751 Mlynář, Zdeněk, 627,703 Moczar, Mieczysław, 610,614 Modráček, František 276 Modrow, Hans, 729 Modzelewski, Karol, 612 Moldavia, 33,152,157,180,188,230-233,236, 47, 49,260,347, 801 Moljevič, Stevan, 454 Molnár, Erik, S94 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 416,443 Mommsen, Theodor, 250
Montenegro, 3,9,19,31,33,43,52,146,149,150, 210-220,230,239, 455, 458,741,747,750,761 Nagy, Imre, 571, 574,582,587,592,595,619, 629, 631, 706,718, 784 Nałkowska, Zofia, 279 Napoleon, Emperor of France, 6,15, 81-85, 117,130,140,146-147,152,188,194,385 Napoleon, Louis Bonaparte, 188 Narenta, 226 National Endowment for Democracy, 782 National Indifference, 20,23,273,299,775 National Peasant Party of Romania, 370 National-Radical Camp-Falanga (Poland), 419, 423 NATO, 644, 647, 686,692, 694, 742; and Bosnian war (1992-1995), 759,760-761 Natonek, Wolfgang, 552 Nazism: and Slavs, 465; origins ofin Bohemia, 240,251 Neckář, Václav, 625 Nedič, Milan, 451,480 Nejedlý, Zdeněk, 523 Nemanja, Stefan, 38 Němcova, Božena, 23 Němec, Antonín, 274 Nemes, Sámuel Literáti, 103 Németh, Miklós, 718 Nestroy, Johann, 177
950 INDEX Neuilly-sur-Seine treaty (1919), 373 Organic Work (Poland), 278,281,507 Neurath, Konstantin von, 439,477 Orwell, George, 388 Ossowska, Ewa, 701 Nevesinje, 212-215 New Forum (GDR), 729,732 Nezval, Vítězslav, 549 Ostrava, 414,568 Otpor (Serbia), 762 Niemetschek, F. X., 72,81 Niepokorni (“defiant ones,” Poland), 278,281 Ottoman Empire: conquest of southeastern Niethammer, Lutz, 662 of, 52,231; Rule in Serbia, 39,142; and Turkish-Serbian War, 145-146 OZON. See Camp of National Unification Nikezić, Marko, 744 Nixon, Richard, 621 NKVD (Soviet secret police), 444,471,507, 511,525,529,571 Normalization (Czechoslovakia), 636,661, 709,793 Noske, Gustav, 329 Nostitz Theater (Prague), 120 Novi Sad, 91,99,225,227 Novotný, Antonín, 622 Nowa Huta, 546,605-8,697 NSDAP, 248,252 Nuremberg laws (1935), 419 Nyers, Rezső, 688 Obilić, Miloš, 144 Obradović, Dimitrije “Dositej”, 53 Obrenović, Marie, 232 Obrenović, Miloš, 146,262 Ochab, Edward, 578,609 October Diploma (Austria), 191,193,196 Oder-Neisse border, 590 Odessa: massacre ofJews in, 488 OK’98,782, Old Czechs (political party), 266,304 Olszewski, Jan, 694 Olsztyn, S78,769 Omarska Camp (Bosnia), 755 OPEC, 645 Open Society Foundation, 739 Operation Barbarossa (USSR), 447 Operation Margarethe (Hungary), 498 Opitz, Ambros, 250 Oppeln, 65 Orange Army (Bulgaria), 373 Orbán, Viktor, 3,19,25,763,784 Europe, 33,130; controversies about rule (OZON, Poland) Paczkowski, Andrzej, 463 Paderewski, IgnacyJan, 332,358 Paine, Thomas, 133 Palach, Jan, 634 Palacký, František, 21-22,91-98,100-111,119, 126-127, 17z—173; 177; Z92, ЗОЇ, ЗЧ; manuscripts
controversy and, 9s; role in events of 1848,172; youth of, 92 Palković, Juraj, 86,93 Pan-Germans (in Austria), 277 Pan-Slavism, 214,243,508; fears of in Hungarian/German ehtes, 116,216,243 Pardoe, Juha, 113 Paris: peace treaties of (1919) and, 330,332, 344,350; and Romanian students, 230 Partisan Army (Yugoslavia, WWII), 451-459; as anti-genocidal force, 457; ethos of self-sacrifice, 457; integration of women, 456 Party of Hungarian Independence, 366 Pasha, Selim, 213 Pašić, Nikola, 262,372,378 Patočka, Jan, 696 Patriarch Danilo, 40 Patriarch Teoctist, 41 Pauker, Ana, 547,617 Pavelič, Ante, 309,425,4z8,467; 480,751 Pawlak, Waldemar, 769 Peevski, Delvan, 785 Pelci, František Martin, 71 Pencho Zlatev, 429 Perovič, Latinka, 744
INDEX 951 Perthaler, Johann Ritter von, 199 Poniatowski, Stanisław August, 133,152 Peshev, Dimitar, 484 Pop, Stefan C., 368 Poplavsky, Stanislav, 578 Pétervárad, 167 Pětka (Czechoslovakia), 379,410 Popper, Karl, 339,612 Petkov, Nikola, 527,530 Post-Communists, 737,768,769,771,777,783 Petkov trial (Bulgaria), 528,535 Potocki, Prince Adam, 141 Petőfi, Sándor, 160,574 Petrova, Tsveta, 778 Poznań, 47,279,587,605,618,629,643; demonstrations in 1956,578-581 Pozsony. See Bratislava; Pressburg Petrovič, Karadjordje, 146 Piasecki, Bolesław, 614 Pieńkowska, Afina, 700-702 Pillersdorf, Baron Franz von, 159 Piłsudski, Józef, 104,141,282,293,336,355, 382,416,417,440,465 Pius XII, Pope, боб Plavšič, Biljana, 758 Plzeň, 413; demonstrations of 1953,567-570, 575» 578 Poland: anti-Semitism, 286-291,344,416, 420-421,543-544,615; Constitution of May 3,1791,133,152; January Insurrection (1863), 141,278; Kościuszko Uprising, 134-137; minorities, 103-105,357-359» 38z, 513-519» November Insurrection (1830/31), 137-138; October 1956 in, 566-582; partitions, of, 22,49,132-139, 151; Polish March (1968), 638-643; Second Republic, 3,210,330-340, 35°, 355» 364-365,374,380-391,416-423; Stalinization/Stalinism, 503-511,520,523, S30-S37,548; transition (1989), 716,722, 739-740,769; womens education (1890s), 279; WWI and, 322,333; WWII and, 440-464 Polanski, Roman, 589 Polish Legions (WWI), 283 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 31 Polish Peasant Party (PSL), 509,529 Polish Question, 138 Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 282-285, 289, 421-422, Polish Union ofYouth, 579 Pomerania, 9,16,89,501,512 Poniatowski,
Józef, 133,140 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), 63,177,178,193, 196,202,205,255 Prague Spring, 792 Prague: in 1848,169-177; in 1918,335-337; in 1989, 730-731; during national renascence, 110-111,119-123,244; Franz Kafka conference in, 624; Zionism in, 292 Prámov, Ivan, 567 Pressburg, 91-93,97» 99,101,109,121,124, 158,160,168, 346,348 Prijedor, 756 Prosvjeta (Bosnia), 227 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 438 Provisional National Bosnian Govern ment, 215 Prussia: and East German identity, 593; and Polish partitions, 134; seizure of Silesia (1740), 63-64; victory over Austria (1866), 197 Pushkin, Georgii, 525 Putin, Vladimir, 358,784 Pyjas, Stanisław, 697 Račić, Puniša, 378 Racławice, Battle of (1794), 134 Rácz, Sándor, 587 Radetzky, Field Marshall Joseph von, 162, 167,177 Radić, Stjepan, 15,264,297-298,307-315, 344,349,378, 424,428 Radio Free Europe, 572 Radom, 557,640,696,770; demonstrations in 1976,688-691 Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin, 510
952 Ragged Guard (Rongyos Gárda, Hungary), 399 Rajačić, Josip, 166 Rajk, László, 525,539-544/ 575/ 577,699 Rákosi, Mátyás, 524,539/ 544/ Տ7Կ 575-577/ 595,67Յ, 792 Rambouillet Agreement (1999), 761 Ranke, Leopold, 96,149 Ranković, Aleksandar, 455,743 Rapallo Agreement (1922), 385 Ratzel, Friedrich, 435 Reale, Eugenio, 509 Rechberg, Count Johann, 139 Red Army, 329,341,440,443,447,496,500; and rapes, 518,538 Reichenberg, 15,249 INDEX Roosevelt, Franklin D., 489 Rose, Wffliam John, 359,362,874 Roth, Stephan Ludwig, 182 Royal Bohemian Learned Society, 80,118 Różański, Józef, 572 Rudé Právo (Czechoslovakia), 517,661 Russia: dealings with Vladimir Mečiar and Viktor Orbán, 784-785; interventions in Balkans, 50,211; Revolution (1917) 342, 391; in WWII 447. See Pan-Slavism; Partitions of Poland; Soviet Union Russian Social Democracy, 327 Sadova, Marietta, 403,883 Šafárik, Pavel, 19,86,89-99,104,173 Safian, Alexandru, 490 Reiswitz, Johann Albrecht von, 249 Remilitarization of Rhineland (1936), 436 Said, Edward, 797 Renner, Karl, 241,273,294 Sănătescu, Constantin, 526 San Stefano, treaty of, 218 Sapieha, Adam, 423 Revai, József, 539 Sanacja (Poland), 384,415-419,44,419,43i Rhine Confederation, 81,82 Rhineland, 65,73, 82,194,436 Sarajevo, 1,13,47,224,225,318,310, ՅՅ6, Rieger, F. L., 119,243 Riga, treaty of (1921), 356 753/ 75» Sarmatians (Poland), 54 Roma, 499, Ճ16 Roman Catholic Church, 289,605; abets anti-Semitism, 288,303,420,439,478; Sarolea, Charles, 363 claims to represent nationhood in socialist Poland, 605-609, negative role in Czech national narrative, 73,375-376; as part of
opposition to authoritarian and totalitarian rule, 422,440,690,693,695; victimized by Communist regime, S39, S47, 646; victimized by Nazi regime, 441,443 Romania: anti-Semitism, 230,234,289; constitution of 1866,233; EU Accession of, 776; fascism in, 390-409; Peasant Rebellion (1907), 2S9; pogroms (1941), 466; proto-national movements 57-58, 61; Securitate, 679-680,734; Stabiliza tion/Stalinism in, 523,525,541/ 7°9-7i3; transition (1989), 733; WWII and, 447, 464-467,485-490 Roosevelt, 489 Schabowski, Giinter, 685,729 Schaff, Adam, 612,613,642 Schauer, Hubert Gordon, 301 SchiĽer, Friedrich, 6,84,103,518 Schilbng, Ernst, 173 Schirach, Baldur von, 252 Schlegel, Friedrich, 83 Schlesinger, Max, 11 Schmerling, Anton von, 192,199 Schneider, Jörg, 726 Schönerer, Georg von, 247/ 251/ 267/ 281, 2*5 Schorske, Carl, 269,317 Schulverein, deutscher (Bohemia), 245 Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 430 Schuselka, Franz, 22,23,171 Schvan, August, 330 Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 162,168 Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von, 271 Scythians (Hungary), 255,794
INDEX 953 Second Socialist International, 271 Slovenes and first Yugoslavia, 310,333,334, Sedan, Battle of (1870), 247 344-345,349, 4Z5 Slovenia leaves second Yugoslavia, 741,746, Serbia: nationalist ideology in, 151-154; under Ottoman Rule, 132,142-145; Serb Orthodox Church, 143; uprising against 750-75Z Šmeral, Bohumil, 275,295 Ottomans, 145-147; in wars ofYugoslav secession, 741-761. See abo Kingdom of Smetana, Bedřich, 96,127 Śmigły-Rydz, Edward, 422 Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; Yugoslavia Sobibór (Nazi death camp), 471 Serb Radical Party, 262,319,378 Serge, Victor, 507 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 523 Seton-Watson, R. W., 322 Sobieski, Jan, King, 607 Social Darwinism, 216 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 734 Shoah. See Holocaust Šik, Ota, 623 Siklóvá, Jiřina, 675 723, 727, 729 Sofia, 314,372,374,429,482-484,527, SĆ7, 616,737,786 Sokol sport movement (Czech lands), Silesia, 20,23,63,65,90,169,200,354, 361-362,381-384, 471,501, sız, 518,534, 559, 605 Šimečka, Milan, 636 Singer, Vladko, 48 Skoda Works (Plzeň), 567,570,578,672 Slánský, Rudolf, 530,536,541,623 Slavic Congress (Prague, 1848), 173, !7s, 186,199 Slavic Linden, 171 Slavici, loan, 237 Slavonia, 50,77,99,150,163,264,309,329, 427,751,756,760 Slawoj-Skladkowski, Marshall Felicjan, 423 SLD, 768,769,971 Slovakia: in 1848 revolution, 181; in 1989, 732; disappointment with Czechoslovak state, 344; formation of standard language, 98; separation from Czech lands (1993), 774; Slovak role in Prague Spring, 628; in Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 537,59Z, 593, б49,662,668-670, 68s, 715, 245,424 Solferino, Battle of (1859), 188
Solidarity (Polish trade union), 603,607, 612,659,669,686,696,697,702,709, 716-723,738,768-769,793 Sonnemann, Leopold, 271 Sophie of Bavaria, Princess, 162,1Ć5,166, 174,180 Sorel, Georges, 268 Soros, George, 739 Soukupová, Blanka, 415 Soviet Union: and creation of peoples democracies, 501-505; and detente, 648, 692; and extension of economic system into Eastern Europe, 559; and Gorbachev s reforms, 704; in Hitler’s Plans, 432, 442-443; and Hungarian revolutions, 358,582-586; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 416; Poland under Soviet rule, 444; and Prague Spring, 632-634; Rejection of Marshall Plan, 534; and Tito-Stalin WWII, 439, 478 Slovenia, 35,49, 60-61,199, 203,215, 287,332, 386, 450,565; alliance with Croats in Austria-Hungary, 264-266; during split, 539 Soviet Zone of Occupation in Germany, 591 Spencer, Herbert, 268 restructuring of Austrian Empire, 200 Slovene peasant movement and clerical nationalism, 263 Srebrenica, 3,755,760,795 Sremski Karlovci, 53,166,167,168 Šrobár, Vávro, 347 Sporazum (Yugoslavia), 427, 451-452
954 Srpska Riječ (Bosnia), 225 St. Germain, treaty of, 344 St. Petersburg, 133,218 St. Sava, 144,825 St. Stephens Cathedral (Vienna), 49 St. Václav Baths (Prague), 169,170 Stadion, Franz, 162,184 Stalin, Joseph: breaks with Tito, 538; compels East Europe to reject Marshall Plan, Տ34; decimates Polish Communist Party, S02,535; as factor of intimidation, 507,527; and Polish Home Army, 462; targets Jews, 539,543 Stalinism: crisis of, 562-588; economics and, 557-560; as modernization, 531; opportunities for women, 545-547; and show trials, 540-544; and social mobility, S46-S48; world of, 549-560 Stambalov, Stefan, 314 Stambolič, Ivan, 749 Stamboliiski, Aleksandar: prime ministership of, 371-374; visions of peasant life, INDEX Sudetenland, 252,414,415,437,477,518 Šufflay, Milan, 424 Suleiman the Magnificent, 49 Sulyok, Dezső, 524,531 Supilo, Frano, 331 Šupljikac, Stephen, 166 suspension, 196 Švab, Karel, 543 Svoboda, Ludvik, 634 Svornost, 171,174 Swain, Nigel, 706 Światło, Józef, 572,575,580 Świętochowski, Aleksander, 279 Szabó, István, 366 Szálasi, Ferenc, 395, 398-402,407,431, 493) 49б Szczebrzeszyn; massacre in, 471 Széchenyi, Count Ferenc, 110 Széchenyi, Count István, 101, ա, из, 122, 193) 794 Szeged idea (Hungary), 395 Szklarska Poręba, 535 Szlajfer, Henryk, 639 313-316 Starčević, Ante, 104,310,428,454: and anti-Serbianism, 308 Sztálinváros, 546 Sztójay, Lieutenant General Döme, 495 Stasi (GDR), 668,723 Stefan of Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor, 66 Štefánik, Milan, 331 TaafiFe, Count Eduard, 244,245,248 Targowica Confederation (Poland), 133, Stelescu, Mihai, 406 Štěpánek, Jan
Nepomuk, 119,120 Teleki, Count Pál, 491 Sternberg, Kaspar, 93, no Stojadinović, Milan, 425-426 Stojanov, Petar, 778 Štokavian dialect, 118,149,343 Stoph, Alice, 674 Stratimirović, Djordje, 165,167 Strauss, Johann, 177 Stremayr Ordinance (188), 244,245,249 Strosmayer, Josip Juraj, 104,311 Student Solidarity Committee (Poland), 695,696 Štúr, Ľudovít, 97-99 Šubašić, Ivan, 427,453 Sudeten Germans, 351,359,379,437 HL iSï lhaly, Kálmán, 103 iham, Karel Ignaz, 73,74,98,108 Thatcher, Margaret, 768 Theresienstadt, 467,477 Third Balkan War (1913), 316 Thorn, 43,104,279 Tigrid, Pavel, S09,523 Tildy, Zoltán, 528 Timişoara, 670,73З-738 Tiso, Jozef, 98,414,438,477,478,499,876,902 Tisza, István, 259,33s Tito, Josip Broz, 19,80,455-459, SIS, 5i9, 538-540,562-565,574-575,580-581, 587-588,612,634,743-74Ć
INDEX 955 Togliatti, Palmiro, 550 Tokarski, Julian, 609 Vienna: 1848 Revolution in, 158-162,171, Tőkés, László, 733 Trabant (automobile), 656,671 Vietnam, Տ33,708,759 Világos, 183 Transylvania: in 1848/49 revolutions, 157; in Vilnius, 43,105,124 Vogelsang, Karl von, 293 Greater Romania, 337 Treblinka, 470,477 Trenčín, 92,93 Trianon, treaty of, 354, 364, 39L 395, 785 Trieste, 59,126,150, 332,533,914 Tripalo, Miko, 744 Tripartite Pact (1940), 447,482,48s, 493,5Ю 179-180 Voigt, Mikuláš Adaukt, 71 Vojvodina, 31, 49, 91,166,183,344, 355, 455, 746,747, 750 Vujičič, Milan, 452 Vukovar, siege of (1991) 751 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 534 Trojan, A. P., 119 Trotsky, Leon, 329 Tsankov, Aleksandar, 374,429 Tsion, Daniel, 485 Wajda, Andrzej, 549,589,64S Walentynowicz, Anna, 701 Wałęsa, Lech, 659, 700,702, 721, 765 Tudjman, Franjo, 750,764 Turek, Otakar, 661 Wallachia, 33,152,157,180,188,230-233,236, Turowicz, Jerzy, 609 Ukraine: alliance with Piłsudski, 357; in Polish national imaginary, 55,105; Soviet Republic, 445 Ulbricht, Walter, 518, 570,592, 617, Ó45,687 Union of German Nationals (Austria), 248 Union of Young Nationalists (Poland), 419 United States, 1 Urban, Jan, 696 USSR. See Soviet Union Ustasha, 425,428, 450-454, 459,464, 467, 480, 745-746 237,260,270,348 Wallenberg, Raul, 497 Warsaw: role in Kosciuszko Uprising, 134; Uprising of 1944,460 Wat, Aleksander, 444 Ważyk, Adam, 573,575,611,628 Weddington, William, 228 Wedel, Janine, 663,664, 667 Wehrmacht, 17,447, 451, 4Ճ1, 487,59°, 756, 895,906, 915 Weizman, Chaim, 292 Wekerle, Sándor, 336 Wesselényi, Miklós, 113 White Mountain, Battle of
(1620), 86,120, 271,301 Wichterle, Otto, 625 Wilhelm II (Germany), 378 Wilno, 43,60,105,124,135,140,283,357,461, Vaculík, Ludvík, 627 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandra, 368 Vance, Cyrus, 752 Vatican, 55,427,496, 608, 758 Vavra, Bohumil, 570 Velchev, Damyan, 429 Velvet Divorce, 774-782 Veneto, 162,188 Videnov, Zhan, 764,778 523; 775 Wilson, Woodrow, 1,9,15,199,210,329,331, 353; 359; 598 Windischgrätz, General Prince Alfred von, 159,168,174,186 Wisleceny, Dieter, 479 Witaszewski, Kazimierz, 609 Witos, Wincenty, 382,384,418 Wojtyła, Karol. See John Paul II, Pope
95б Wolf, Christa, 549 Wolf, Karl Hermann, 250-251 INDEX failure of, 363,374-376; expulsion of Women: continued wage discrimination under state socialism, 637, 672; denial of reproductive liberty in socialist Romania, 680-681; as leadership in Polish under ground, 696,709; opportunities under state socialism, 545-547; religious opposition of in socialist Poland, 60s World Jewish Congress, 489 World Zionist Organization, 292 Wyka, Kazimierz, 507 Wyszyński, Stefan, 547,581 Germans, 515; fascism in, 424-429; interethnic tension, 349,378-379; pact with Germany (1941), 447; in WWII 4SO-456,492 Zagreb, 9,22,43,117,163-166,170,227,288, 305-311) 337) 349) 378,395,424, 450, 454, 487, 744,751,757,762 Zahiski, Zbigniew, 614 Wyzwolenie (Polish party), 382,387 Zambrowski, Roman, 600 Zamość, 447 Zápotocký, Antonín, 567,623 Żeligowski, Lucjan, 357 Young Czechs (Czech party), 245,246,248, Zeman, Miloš, 765 Zerofsky, Elizabeth, 795 266,269,272,304 Yugoslav Committee, 344 Yugoslav Federal Army, 751 Yugoslav League of Communists, 744 Yugoslav National Union, 426 Yugoslav Radical Union, 426 Yugoslavia: alternative socialist model (worker self-management), 562-565; collapse of, 741-761; conception by Ljudevit Gaj of, 105,323,344; democratic Zhdanov, Andrei, 534,548 Zhivkov, Todor, 615,736 Žilina, 375 Zionism, 266, 290-293, 303, 414, 541, 542,637 Zionist Congress in Basel, 291 Žižka, Jan, 72 Zöld, Sándor, 544 Zveno (“The Link,” Bulgaria), 428 Zweig, Stefan, 249,252,296 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
A SWEEPING NARRATIVE HISTORY OE EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO TODAY In the 1780s, the Habsburg monarch Joseph II decreed that henceforth German would be the language of his realm. His intention was to forge a unified state from his vast and disparate possessions, but his action had the opposite effect, catalyz ing the emergence of competing nationalisms among his Hungarian, Czech, and other subjects, who feared that their languages and cultures would be lost. In this sweeping narrative history of Eastern Europe from the late eighteenth century to the twenty-first, John Connelly connects the stories of the regions diverse peoples, tracing the rise of nationalism in Polish, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman lands; the creation of new states after the First World War and their later absorption by the Nazis and Soviets; the reemergence of democracy and separatist movements after the collapse of communism; and the recent surge of populist politics throughout the region.
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
PART I. THE EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL MOVEMENTS
1 PEOPLES OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE 31
2 ETHNICITY ON THE EDGE OF EXTINCTION 63
3 LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM 80
4 NATIONALITY STRUGGLES: FROM IDEA TO MOVEMENT 108
5 INSURGENT NATIONALISM: SERBIA AND POLAND 130
PART II. THE DECLINE OF EMPIRE AND THE RISE OF MODERN POLITICS
6 CURSED WERE THE PEACEMAKERS: 1848 IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE 157
7 THE REFORM THAT MADE THE MONARCHY
UNREFORMABLE: THE 1867 COMPROMISE 187
8 THE 1878 BERLIN CONGRESS: EUROPE'S NEW ETHNO-NATION-STATES 210
9 THE ORIGINS OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM: FIN DE
SIECLE HUNGARY AND BOHEMIA 241
10 LIBERALISMS HEIRS AND ENEMIES: SOCIALISM VERSUS NATIONALISM 266
11 PEASANT UTOPIAS: VILLAGES OF YESTERDAY AND SOCIETIES OF TOMORROW 296
PART III. INDEPENDENT EASTERN EUROPE
12 1919: A NEW EUROPE AND ITS OLD PROBLEMS 327
13 THE FAILURE OF NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION 362
14 FASCISM TAKES ROOT: IRON GUARD AND ARROW CROSS 390
15 EASTERN EUROPE'S ANTIFASCISM 409
PART IV. EASTERN EUROPE AS PART OF THE NAZI AND SOVIET EMPIRES
16 HITLER'S WAR AND ITS EAST EUROPEAN ENEMIES 435
17 WHAT DANTE DID NOT SEE: THE HOLOCAUST IN EASTERN EUROPE 465
VII
VLIL CONTENTS
18 PEOPLE'S DEMOCRACY: EARLY POSTWAR EASTERN EUROPE 501
19 THE COLD WAR AND STALINISM 533
20 DESTALINIZATION: HUNGARY'S REVOLUTION 561
21 NATIONAL PATHS TO COMMUNISM: THE 1960S 590
22 1968 AND THE SOVIET BLOC: REFORM COMMUNISM 622
23 REAL EXISTING SOCIALISM: LIFE IN THE SOVIET BLOC 648
PART V. FROM COMMUNISM TO ILLIBERALISM
24 THE UNRAVELING OF COMMUNISM 685
25 1989 715
26 EASTERN EUROPE EXPLODES: THE WARS OF YUGOSLAV SUCCESSION 741
27 EASTERN EUROPE JOINS EUROPE 763
CONCLUSION 787
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 801
APPENDIX: TABLES 805
ABBREVIATIONS 811
NOTES 813
INDEX 939
69/18833
CONTENTS —^— Introduction і Part I. The Emergence of National Movements 1 Peoples of East Central Europe 31 2 Ethnicity on the Edge of Extinction 63 3 Linguistic Nationalism 80 4 Nationality Struggles: From Idea to Movement 108 5 Insurgent Nationalism: Serbia and Poland 130 Part II. The Decline of Empire and the Rise of Modern Politics 6 Cursed Were the Peacemakers: 1848 in East Central Europe 157 7 The Reform That Made the Monarchy Unreformable: Ihe 1867 Compromise 187 8 The 1878 Berlin Congress: Europe’s New Ethno-Nation-States 210 9 The Origins of National Socialism: Fin de Siècle Hungary and Bohemia 241 10 Liberalisms Heirs and Enemies: Socialism versus Nationalism 266 11 Peasant Utopias : Villages of Yesterday and Societies of Tomorrow 296 Part III. Independent Eastern Europe 12 1919: A New Europe and Its Old Problems 327 13 The Failure of National Self-Determination 362 14 Fascism Takes Root: Iron Guard and Arrow Cross 390 15 Eastern Europe s Antifascism 409 Part IV. Eastern Europe as Part of the Nazi and Soviet Empires 16 Hitler s War and Its East European Enemies 435 17 What Dante Did Not See: The Holocaust in Eastern Europe vii 465
viii CONTENTS 18 People s Democracy: Early Postwar Eastern Europe 19 The Cold War and Stalinism 501 533 20 Destalinization: Hungary’s Revolution 561 21 National Paths to Communism: The 1960s 590 22 1968 and the Soviet Bloc: Reform Communism 622 23 Real Existing Socialism: Life in the Soviet Bloc 648 Part V. From Communism to llliberalism 24 The Unraveling of Communism 25 1989 685 71s 26 Eastern Europe Explodes: The Wars of Yugoslav Succession 27 Eastern Europe Joins Europe Conclusion 787 Acknowledgments 801 Appendix: Tables 805 Abbreviations Notes 813 Index 939 811 763 741
INDEX νήμ Abdulhamid II, 217 Abrud Banya, 182 Acterian, Haig, 403 Adamec, Ladislav, 732 Adler, Viktor, 247,269,272 Austrian Social Democratic Party (SDAP), 272 Austro-Slavism, 172 Averescu, Alexandru, 367 Axman, Miloš, 636 Albright, Madeleine, 761 Alecsandri, Vasile, 19,235 Alexander I (Russia), 140 Baczko, Bronislaw, 613 Badeni, Count Kazimierz, 248, 250 Alexander I (Yugoslavia), 425-427 Alexander II (Russia), 290 Bahr, Hermann, 247 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, Endre, 491, 497 Alliance Israelite Universelle, 234 Баку, László, 495 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 768, 772 Anderson, Benedict, 797 Andrássy, Gyula, 200,204,206,211,238 Andropov, Yuri, 704 Andrzejewski, Jerzy, 508,639 Angola, 532,708 Antifascist Committee for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, 457,796 Antonescu, Ion, 485,492,525 Antonescu, Mihai, 487,490 Arendt, Hannah, 527 Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 83,84,85 Bah, Sándor, 587 Balibar, Etienne, 58 Balicki, Zygmunt, 284,293 Baltic Sea, 3,59 Banat, 43,163,331,354,451,514, S19 BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union), 267,313,371,527 Barańczak, Stanislaw, 690 Bárdossy, László, 493-94 Barthel, Kurt, 570 Battenberg, Prince Alexander of, 229 Batthyány, Lajos, 160,166-68 Battle of Nations (Leipzig, 1813), 140 Arrow Cross, 390-394, 398-408, 492-496 Ash, Timothy Garton, 667,715 Atlee, Clement, 504 Auersperg, Prince Carlos von, 242 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 471,496 Austria: 1848 revolutions in, 158-166, 177-185; Anschluss (1938), 436; Compromise with Hungary (1867), Bauer, Otto, 273-2-75, 2-94, 298, 334, 8S7, 867, 886 Bauman, Janina, 468,473 Bauman, Zygmunt, 613, 638 Bavaria, 35, 63, 82,83,1Ć2,176,194,
238,350, 359,387,725 BBWR (Non-party Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, Poland), 417, 187-208; flight of East German refugees to, 716-723; Napoleonic Wars in, 81-83; Theresian/Josephine Reforms in, 67,68, 77; War ofAustrian Succession in, 63-65; WWII in, 476,477 Austria-Hungary, 1,3,9,12,47,202,208, 420, 429 Becher, Johannes R., 549 Beck, Józef, 511 Becker, Johann Phillip, 271 Beckerle, Adolf, 483 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 73 210-228,238, 283, 295, 306, 316-321, 329-ՅՅ51339 939
940 Belarus, 25, зѕ, 776 Belcredi, Count Richard, 196,199 Belgrade: destruction of (1941), 450 Belorussia, 17,38,356 Bełżec, 470 Bem, Józef, 182,581 Benda, Václav, 664 Benedikti, Ján, 86 Beneš, Edvard, 322,332,347,351,437,475, 509,517) 530,57°) 632 Benešov, 499 Benjamin, László, 574 Beran, Rudolf, 438,477 Berchtold, Leopold von, 317 Berdahl, Daphne, 666 Berecz, János, 719 INDEX Bohemia: Bohemian Chancellery reinstated, 242; Bohemian Museum, 91,93,108-118; Czech historical claims, 90-103,106,198; destruction of ehtes in, 56-80; diet of, 110-111,320; German minority in, 246, 254, 278; in 1848, 168-180,185,186; industrialization in, 121, 126,271,304; State s Rights Movement in, 245,254,275,295. See aho Czechoslovakia Bolsheviks, 1,17,328,329,339,34°, 353,357, 366,440, 471,54I) 575,604, 630,719 Boris III (Bulgaria), 374,430,481-485,511 Bosnia: Austro-Hungarian Occupation of, 208,210,221,240,298; incorporation into Yugoslavia, 378; in Wars ofYugoslav Beria, Lavrentiy, 444,537) 560,571-572 Berlin: Congress of (1878), 220, 229,267; Succession, 750-760,786-788; national identity in, 220-228,230,238 Brandys, Kazimierz, 640 Braşov/Kronstadt, 180,513 building of Berlin Wall (1961), 596 Berling, Zygmunt, 461 Berlinguer, Enrico, 698 Bratiami, Ion, 234,236,259,349 Bratislava, 15,63,91,99,101,124,288,346, 414,479,636. See aho Pressburg Berman, Jakub, 572,614 Bernstein, Eduard, 271 Bessarabia, 220,336,368,394,464,486-487, Brecht, Bertolt, 570 Bredy, Hugo von, 178 Bremen, 82 501,518 Bethlen, Count István, 343,366,388,393,496 Breslau, 46,61,63,65,134,800 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of, 329
Brezhnev, Leonid, 2,631,648,746 Berend, Ivan T., 771 Beust, Count Friedrich Ferdinand von, 203 Bibo, István, 520 Bieńkowski, Władysław, 693 Bierut, Bolesław, 538,547,572, S77 Brioni, 743 Brno, 124,126, 249,273,288,299,349, Յ81, Bihać, 215 412,477,516,542 Brouk, Bohuslav; 523 Bijeljina, 753 Bismarck, Otto von, 11,12,17,26,194, 197-198,202,218,220,228,238,241,242, Bruck, Karl Ludwig, 199 Brus, Włodzimierz, 613 Brystigierowa, Juha, 572 2-47,279) 280, 360,435 Bitterfeld, 592,724 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 643 Bucharest: murders ofJews in (1941), 486 Black Hand, 306 Black Madonna, 27,41,607,796 Blaj, 180 Blanc, Louis, 788 Blum, Robert, 179 Budapest: 1956 Revolution, 577,582-584; crowning of Francis Joseph at, 205; Bodganovka, 489 Bogumil Church, 223 Bukovina, 247,331,336,394,464,487, formation of ideas for Slavic unity at, 9, 116-118; liberal projects to modernize, 122; murder ofJews in (1944/45), 496-497 498,519
INDEX Bulgaria: authoritarianism in, 374; fascism in, 428-430; independence (1878), 210, 218-220, 228-230, 240; National Communism, 615; National renaissance, 263-264; peasant power in, 370-371; Stalinization of, S26, 555,559; under Ottoman Rule, 52-54; transition after 1989,735-738; World War II in, 481-484, 497-498,535 Bulgarian Agrarian National Union. See BANU Bulgarian Socialist Party, 738,771,778 Bulgaria’s Commissariat for the Jewish Qpestion, 482 Bund, The (Jewish Socialist Party), 282 Burke, Edmund, 133 Călăraşi, 713 Calfa, Marian, 732 Camp of National Unification (OZON, Poland), 420,429-431 Čapek, Karel, 304 Čarnogurský, Jan, 781 Caro, Leopold, 28Ć 941 Chervenkov, Valko 615 Chetniks, 451-455,458-459 Chopin, Frédéric, 104,140 Chotek, Sophie von, 319 Christian Socialism (Austria), 248,258, 263, 265,291-293 Christopher, Warren, 759 Chrobry, Bolesław, 38 Churchill, Winston, 298, S04, Տ33 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 425 Cioran, Emile, 403 Cisleithania, 12,187,191,196,202,205-208, 242-247,.251, 265-266, 272, 276, 277; ՅՕ7, 317; ՅՅ6 Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 697,732 Clinton, Bill, 759 Clit, Radu, 679 Club of Seekers of Contradictions (Poland), 612 Cluj/Kolozsvár, 617 Codreanu, Comeliu, 210,394,396-39 9; 403-407,432 COMECON (Committee of Mutual Economic Assistance), 596,599,619,713 Carol II of Romania, 370,374,398,403,485 Comenius, Jan Amos, 301,338,715 Carpatho-Rusyns, 359 Carter, Jimmy, 621,698 Cominform, 534-535,53*, Տ63, 593 Comintern, 440, 491,527,547,571 Commissariat for the Jewish Question Catherine II ‘The Great’ of Russia, 133 Catholic University in Lublin, 547
CDU (Christian Democratic Union), 729 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 618-620,643,660,679, 710-712,733-736 Čepička, Alexej, Ճ23 (Bulgaria), 482 Committee for the Defense ofWorkers (KOR, Poland), 612,690 Compromise of 1867 (Habsburg lands), Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 435 Chamberlain, Neville, 4 205, 211,427,594 Comte, Auguste, 310 Congress of Berlin (1878), 220,229,267 Charlemagne, 6i Charles I of Austria, 335 Charles IV, 73 Connolly, James, 271 Constantinople, 33,38,143,223 Convention of Novi Pazar (1879), 221 Charles VI (Austria), 63,193 Copenhagen Council (1993); 776 Corfu Declaration (1917), 378 Ćosić, Dobriča, 747-748 Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 232 Charles University (Prague), 536, 634 Charter ‘77 (Czechoslovakia), 2,696, 698,731 Chernenko, Konstantin, 704,713 Coward, Noel, 77s Crémieux, Adolphe, 234 Crimean War (1853-1856), 188,317
941 Cristea, Miron, 348 Croat Central Committee of League of Communists, 744 Croatia: Croatian Spring (1970-71), 744-745,751,779; EU Accession of, 783; peasant movement, 308-315; problems of integration in Yugoslav state, 345,349, 378; role in 1848/49 revolutions, 178; wars ofYugoslav Succession in, 19, 740-760. See ako Independent State of Croatia; IHyrianism; Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; Yugoslavia Csányi, László, 181 Curie, Marie Skłodowska, 279 Curtis, W. E., 227 Cuza, Alexander, 231-234,236,394 Cvetkovič, Dragiša, 427,448 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 572,614 Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 148 Czech Agrarians, 276,304,387,415 Czech National Council, 276 Czech National Theater, 126 Czecho-Slovak Committee, 331 Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak Church in, 381,508; democratic stability of, 363, 365-367,375,411-415; destabilization in, 622,624,629; destruction by Hitler of, 435-436,440; First Repubbc, 331-338, 346,354,386; German minority in, ՅՏ1-352,359,377,512; National Sociabst party, 275; normalization regime of Gustav Husák, 635-636,661; origins of idea of, 105; Stabilization of, 521-522,529; Velvet Divorce (1993), 774; Velvet Revolution (1989), 733 Czechoslovak National Committee, 323 Czech People s Party, 304 Czech Progressive Party, 304 Czech Repubbc, 3,25,33,37,49,96,764, 768,772,77 6 Częstochowa, 27,41, 607 d’Esperey, Louis Franchet, 354 Dabčevič-Kučar, Savka, 744 INDEX Dąbrowska, Maria, 611 Dąbrowski, Henryk, 139 Dachau, 407,431 Dahn, Daniela, 662 Dalmatia, 212 Danzig, 16,43,38s, 437,44° Darányi, Kálmán, 399 Dardanelles, 218 Dawidowa, Jadwiga, 279,695 Dayton Accords, 760
Deák, Ferenc, 122,191,193,195,200 Debrecen, 182,585 December Constitution (Austria), 206,208 de Gaulle, Charles 385,620 de Gobineau, Arthur, 435 Demnig, Gunter, 792 Democratic Awakening (Germany), 729 Democratic Convention of Romania, 782 Denitch, Bogdan, 758 Denmark, 60,61,197,299,481,626 Destabilization, 561-566 Deutsch, Karl W., 124 di Cavour, Count Cambio Benso, 188 Die Neue Zeit, 271 Dimitrov, G. M., 527 Dinnyés, Lajos, 525 Dirlewanger Brigade, 461 Djilas, Milovan, 455,467,538,563 Dmowski, Roman, 142,268,283,289,293, 331,356,382,416,420,459; 695 Dobner, Gelasius, 71,73,788 Döbrentei, Gábor, 101 Dobrev, Nikolay, 779 Dobrovský, Josef, 72,74,80,91,93,95,100, 108 Dodik, Miorad, 79s Dollfuss, Engelbert, 388 Dragoş, loan, 182 Dresden, 8,43,88,171,203,662, 668,723, 726,729,733 Dreyfus Affair, 291 Dubček, Alexander, 629,632,730 Duca, Ion C, 398 Duchy of Warsaw, 140
INDEX Dunant, Henry, 188 Dunovists, 484 943 Ferdinand I (Austria), 111 Ferdinand I (Romania), 368-370 Đurić, Mihailt։, 747 Dušan, Stefan, the Mighty (Serbia), 39,143 Ferdinand II (Austria), 65 Dvořák, Antonin, 96,732 Feuchtenegg, Ernst Seidler von, 336 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 8,83-85 Działyński, Ignacy, 134 Dzurinda, Mikuláš, 780,782 Eagleburger, Lawrence, 7S9 East Anglia, 37 Ebert Foundation, 779 Ebert, Friedrich, 329 Ecoglasnost, 737 Eger, 249 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 573 Eichmann, Adolf, 477,49s Einsatzgruppe D, 488 Einsatzgruppen, 445,479 Eisenach, 8s Elbląg, 640 Ehade, Mircea, 403 Eliáš, Alois, 439,477 Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress (“Sisi”), 195, 204-206 Eminescu, Mihai, 235,237 Endecja, 267,284,285,290,419 Endre, László, 495 Ferenczy, Ida, 205 Field, Noel, 539 Filipovič, General Josip, 225 Fischhof, Adolf, 161,243,269 Flying University (Poland), 279 Ford, Henry, 551 Forman, Miloš, 625 Fourteen Points speech (1918), 329 France: at Congress of Berlin (1878), 228; and East European security (1930s), 436-37; French fascism compared to East European, 391; influence of French Nationalism on East Central Europe, 79-82; at Paris peace settlement (1919), 33° Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, 228,306, 318,319 Francis Joseph I (Austria), 12,13,180, 183-188,191,193-196,200,203-205,208, 212,220-221,240,244,248-249,257, 316-317,310,333,366,793 Frank, Josef, 543 Frank, Josip, 309, 455,480 Engels, Friedrich, 17,270,271,274,276,283, 564,648 Eörsi, István, 585 Eötvös, József, 191,19s, 269,797 Evans, Arthur, 212 Frankfort, 83,161,172,174,176,179,194 Frederick II (Prussia), 63-65,518 Farkas, Mihály,
537 Fascism: origins ofin Austria, 264-265; in Poland 16,392,409-411,416; in Romania and Hungary, 390-407; and students, 395; weakness of in interwar Eastern Europe, 408-430; Fehérváry, Krisztina, 658 Fein, Helen, 499 Feine, Gerhart, 497 Fejti, György, 719 Feketehalmi-Zeisler, General, 493 Führer, Christian, 725 Füster, Anton, Rev., 159,186 Friedjung, Heinrich, 306 Front of National Salvation (Romania), 734, 771 FSO Żerań (Poland), 580 Gaj, Ljudevit, 9,10,15,19,105,116,149,151, 163,308,311,323,345 Galaţi, 713 Gałczyński, Konstanty Ildefons, 549 Galicia: under Austro-Hungarian rule, 189-190,193,195; events of 1846 in, 142,162 Garašanin, Ilija, 148,150 Garrigue, Charlotte, 299
944 Gasser, Hanns, 199 Gavrilo Princip, 1,4,6,9,228,318,320, 343,789 Gazeto Mazowsze (Poland), 708 INDEX Gott, Karel, 636 Gottwald, Klement, 506,530,542-543,623 Goździk, Lechosław, 580 Gradašević, Husein-Kapetan, 223 Gdańsk, 38s, 640,689,700-702,772 Gdynia, 38s, 422,529,643,689,701 Great Britain, 16,82,157,188,217,236-237, Generalgouvernement, 443 Generalplan Ost, 1,445 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 723 797,798; and appeasement of Germany, 437; and Georgiev, Kimon, 373,429,527 Gerasimov, Gennady, 731 Geremek, Bronislaw, 613 Great Depression, 3Ć3,373,409 German Democratic Republic, 25,518,647; as police state, 667-670; denazification Greece, 50,52,152,218,238-239,283, зоб, of, 501-503; division from West, 500-501; Stabilization of, 532-533; Workers’ Revolt (1953), 5°S, 568-569 Germany: events of 1848 in, 172-176; exclusion ofAustria from, 194-198,247 German Confederation, 10,61,197 German Empire, 238; nationabsm in, 83; November revolution (1918), 326-328; reunification of, 764,795; WWII in, 434-450 Gerő, Ernő, 539,576,578 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 616,617,618 Gierek, Edward, 688-690,698-699,701,712 Gladstone, Wilbam, 199 Glasnost and Perestroika, 731,737,746 Gleig, George, 57,58,108 Goebbels, Joseph, 404,440 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 6,82,84,85, 87,103,105,149,518,592 Goldmark, Josef, 161 Goldstiicker, Eduard, 624-625 Gohichowski, Agenor, 317 Gohichowski, Agenor Romuald, 189 Gömbös, Gyula, 367,389,394,399 Gomułka, Władysław, 534,547,547,572,577, 580,590, 617, 689, 796 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 630, 681,704-710, 712-720,729-730,736-738,741,745 Goring, Hermann, 527 256,331,
362,390,411,490,5Ճ0,651, phony war (1939/40), 443 Great Poland Camp, 418 Great Pobsh Emigration in Paris, 140 313-322,3Ć2,369,387,446-449,4Ճ3, 480-481,783 Greifswald, 659,705 Grillparzer, Franz, 177 Gross, Jan X, 612 Grósz, Károly, 717 Grotewohl, Otto, 570 Grynberg, Henryk, Ć41 Ha’am, Ahad, 291 Habsburg, Otto von, 723 Hager, Kurt, 705 Hainfeld Program, 272 Hála, František, 523 Hahk, Tomáš, 646 Habe (Saale), 53,307,723 Haller, Józef, 335 Hamann, Johann Georg, 84 Hamburg, 23,72,82,794 Hanka, Václav, 95,96,300 Hankiss, Elemér, 664 Haşdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu, 236 Havel, Václav, 2,24,613,628,636,650,676, 697-698, 709,715; 732; 773 Haviv, Ron, 753 Havhček-Borovský, Karel, 173 Hayes, Carlton J., 362 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 85,94 Helen of Greece, 370 Hebade, Ion, 236 Heber, Agnes, 622
INDEX Helsinki Accords (197s), 2,647,692-694,713 Heidein, Konrad, 414,436-439 Hennecke, Adolf, 551 Herbst, Eduard, 243 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 6,8,9,13,79,84, 86,89, 93, ιοί, 103,145,149 Hermannstadt (Sibiu), 119 Herseni, Traían, 402 Herzl, Theodor, 290,293 945 Human Rights: and East European dissidents, 301,365,671,686,692,724,737 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 84,518 Hume, David, 302 Hungaria-Balaton Tourism and Holiday Company, 595 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 739 Hungarian Councils Republic, 341 Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania, Hdsner, Leopold, 303 Himmler, Heinrich, 443, 487 Hindenburg, Paul von, 251,253 Hirszowicz, Maria, 613 782 Hungarian National Independence Hitler, Adolf: visions of Eastern Europe, Hungarian Party of Unity, 3Ć7 Hungarian Smallholder Party, 366-367,387, 434-435 Hitler, Alois, 241 Hlávka, Josef, 253 Hlinka, Andrej, 344,376,415,478 Hlinka Guard, 415 Front, 524 Hungarian Party of National Unity, 363 495, 497, S°6,522-54,718 Hungary: in 1848/49,161,177-180; Autonomous Region in Romania, 618; Compromise with Austria, 187-209; Hlinka Peoples Party, 478 Hlond, August, 420 Hodonín, 299 fascism of, 391-401; Jews in, 257; Josephine reforms in, 75; “national awakening” of, 109,118; New Economic Mechanism, Hoensch, Jörg, 499 Hohenwart, Count Karl, 242 Hofiman, Eva, 768 597,705; nobility’s sense of identity in, 66; Revolution (i9s6), 571-588,617-618, Holbrooke, Richard, 760,761,795 Republic (1919), 392,524; Stabilization of, 522,530,537; transition of (1989), Holocaust/Shoah, 465-500; in Bulgaria, 481-485; in Czechoslovakia, 475-479; in Hungary, 491-497; in
Poland, 470-474; in Romania, 485-491 Holy Roman Empire (of German nation) : dissolution of, 82 Holzer, Jerzy, 422 Home Army (Poland), 459-461,474, 507-508,549,588, 609-610, 694 Honecker, Erich, 518,645,648,674,687,705, 712, 715, 74 Horn, Gyula, 769 Horthy, Miklós, 342,362-36S, 368,389,392, 408,431, 495,498, sn Horvath, Ödön von, 414 Hrabovszky, Janos, 167 Hroch, Miroslav, 126, 806 Hrúzova, Anežka, 303 621,717; Social Democrats, 367; Soviet 720-733, 738; trauma of Trianon, 354, 366, 464; women’s associations in Pest and Buda (1850s), 114; WWII in, 447, 464,485. See also Austria-Hungary Hus, Jan, 56, 73,95, 98,301,302, 338 Husák, Gustav, 629, 634, 709, 715, 730,793 Hussarek von Heinlein, Max, 336 Hussite Church Assembly, 508 Iaşi, 230, 233, 259,394-395,4°3,486 Iglau/Jihlava, 246 Ignacy Paderewski, 332,358 Ikarus buses (Hungary), 599 Iliescu, Ion, 734,764 IUyrianism, 166,331 Imrédy, Béla, 491,493
94б Independent State of Croatia (NDH), 452-453,750; and genocide of Serbs and Jews, 452-454) 480 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 373,425,430 International Monetary Fund, 598,713, 77b 779 Ionescu, Eugene, 403 Iorga, Nicolae, 403 Iron Guard (Romania): and intellectuals, 403; membership of, 395-397; social and cultural activities of, 404-405; terror INDEX Johannsen, Günter, 724,960 John XXIII, Pope, 697 John Paul II, Pope, 41,606-607,698,702 Joseph II (ofAustria), 62,72,74-84,92, 106-109,116,119) 12I) 123, HS, 179,199, 379-380,789,798; and language reforms in Bohemia and Hungary, 69-77 Judeo-Communism, Myth of, 357,394,402, 41S) 493,614 Jugendweihe (GDR), 646,648 Jungmann, Josef, 74,91,108,149,788, 807,813 activities of, 406 Islaz Declaration (1848), 231 Jürgens, Curd, 793 Israel, 292,514,543,638-640,710 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 764 Istanbul, so, 58,113,166,215,217,218,223, Kádár, János, 541,543,587,595,617,632,645, 23І) 306 Italy: Austrian campaign in (1848), 167, 177; role in the Independent State of Croatia (WWII), 449; war against Austria (1859), 188 luba, Alba, 337,348 Izetbegović, Abja, 753 Jabłonna (internment camp), 357 Jabłoński, Henryk, 639 793,79б Kafka, Franz, 624 Kaiserfeld, Moritz von, 202 Kábay, Benjamin, 221,239 Kábay, Miklós, 494 Kania, Stanislaw, 703 Kaplan, Robert D., 759 Kapuściński, Ryszard, 606 Karadjordje (Karadjordje Petrovič), Jäger, Harald, 729 Jagiełło, Louis, 49 146-148,153,30s Karadžič, Radovan, 758,795 Karadžič, Vuk, 19,117,144,151,239 Kardelj, Edvard, 455,563 Jagiellonian University, 190 Jagielski, Mieczysław, 702 Károlyi,
Mihály, 341,354,366 Kassa (Košiče), 99,119 Jahn, Roland, 724,727 Jakeš, Miloš, 730 Katowice, 608,703 Katyn Massacre (1940), 444,511 Kaufmännisches Casino (Budapest), 113 Kaunitz, Prince Wenzel Anton von, 75 Jacobins (in Poland), 135-136 Janissary class, 145,262 Jan Kazimierz, King, 27,41 Janouch, František, 677 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 614,70Յ) 70 9) 721 Jasenovac, 480 Jászi, Oscar, 504 Jedwabne (1941 massacre), 471 Jelačič, Josip, 163,178 Jena, 6,8,19,46,79) 8Յ) 85-89, 91,93 Jewish code (Slovakia) 479 Jirečekbne, 33 Kautsky, Karl, 271,274 Kazinczy, Ferenc, 100-103,109,192,193 ,797 Kemer, Robert J., 15,344,353,808 Kersten, Adam, 613 Keynes, John Maynard, 350,744 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 563,570,572-575,59Һ 596,622, 649,652 Kidrič, Boris, 564 Kijowski, Andrzej, 641
INDEX Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 337) Յ46,355,379 Kinsley, Franz Joseph Count, 69,70,71,74 Kirsch, Egon Erwin, 321 Kis, Johann, 101,813 Kisfaludy, Sandor, 102 Kisielewski, Stefan, 580,640 Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 720 Klaus, Václav, 767,771,773,798 Kleist, Heinrich von, 83 Kliszko, Zenon, 606,610,639 Knin, 751,795 Кос, Adam, 423 Koestier, Arthur, S07 Kogălniceanu, Mihail, 234, 236 Kohl, Helmut, 729,796 Kohout, Pavel, 628 Kołakowski, Leszek, 522,613 Koldinský, Alois, 250 Kollárján, 8, 9,10, ıs, 19, 47,86-90,93, 96-99,103-10S, 116,126, 323,344,380,629 Kołłątaj, Hugo, 134 Kolman, Arnošt, 522 Kolovrat, Franz Anton, 110 Königgrätz, Battle of, 197 Konrád, George, 499,662,675,708 Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 778 Kopecký, Václav, 623 Kopitar, Jedrej, 95 Korczak, Janusz, 279 Komai, János, 706,771 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 134-137,422 Kościuszko Uprising (1794), 136,153 Košice, 99,119,348,516 Kosovo: and role in dissolution of Yugoslavia, 741,746-749; war in (1999) 760-761 Kosovo Liberation Army, 761 Kosovo Polje, Battle of (1389), 239,749 Kossuth, Lajos, 113,115,121-122,158,163-168, 178,182,19s, S73 Rostov, Ivan, 779 Rostov, Traicho, 541 Kott, Jan, 611 947 Kovács, Béla, 525 Kovaly, Heda Margolius, 499,542 Kragujevac (1941 massacre), 451 Krajina (Habsburg Military Frontier), 52, 145,427,751,760 Kraków, 417, 422,445, 47°, 507,545, 606, 6Ć7, 697,709 Kraljevo, 451 Kramář, Karel, 29s, 322,332,412 Kraszewski, Ignacy, ios Krek, Janez, 263 Kremsier/Kroměříž Assembly, 177,184 Krenz, Egon, 71s, 727,729 Kriegel, František, 632 Krzywonos, Henryka, 701 Kuchuk Kainarji, treaty of (1774), 5°
Kultura (Polish journal), 573,610,775 Kulturkampf (Germany), 280 Kundera, Milan, 24,25,26,628 Kunev, Trifon, 527 Kuroń, Jacek, 612,693,698,702 Kutschera, Franz, 460 Küttler, Thomas, 726 Kvaternik, Slavko, 450 Kwaśniewski, Alexander, 769 Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz, 423 Ladislav, František, 197,200 Lakatos, Géza, 496 Lamberg, Count Ferenc, 178 Lanckorona Pact (1923), 383 Lande, Michael, 286 Lane, Arthur Bliss, 448 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 271 Lavrov, Sergey, 785 Law and Justice Party (PiS) (Poland), 765 Lazar (Serbia), 39,40,42,143 League of Nations, is, 371,396,440 Lecca, Radu, 489 Ledóchowski, Mieczysław, 289 Leipzig, 23,46,83,85,140,299,527,687, 730,733; and the fall of 1989,724-727 Lelewel, Joachim, 10s
948 Lemberger Professorenmord (1941), 44s Lemkin, Raphael, 24 INDEX Macedonia, 3,9,23,24,31,33,118,131,148, 149,151,218,220,313,316,348,372,4SI, Lenin, Vladimir L, 1, 27, 210, 294, 328-330, 341, 361, 458, 524,562,569, 615,649 455,480-483,496, 760 Maček, Vladko, 378,425,427,450 Leninism, 738,792; decay of, 643 Lenin Ship Yard (Gdańsk), 700 Madaliński, Antoni, 134 Maginot Line, 435 Mahler, Gustav, 246 Leopold II (Austria), 80,81 Lewandowski, Janusz, 769 Lexa, Ivan, 781 Lichtenstein Family (Olomouc), 468 Liebenfels, Jörg Lanz von, 435 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 271 Linde, Samuel, 104 Lindemann, Albert, 236 Linz Program (1882), 246-247,253, 264-269,278,283,306,764 Lipski, Jan Józef, 611,614 Literární noviny (Czechoslovakia), 628 Lithuania, 8, 38,49,59,104, 105,44,182, зѕб, 363, 383,440,487, ѕц, 775 Littìe Entente (interwar alliance), 364,369 Ljotić, Dimitrije, 42s, 891 Ljubljana, 117,288,337,349 Lloyd George, David, 330,332,358 Locarno (192s agreement), 384 Łódź, S07,510,575,690, 697,702 Lombardy, 162,188 London Government (Polish exile government), 460,529 London Protocol (1830), 238 Lord Acton, 153 Lord Halifax, 437 Lorenc, Václav, 507 Lublin, 511 Luden, Heinrich, 86 Lueger, Karl, 248,285,291,293,317 Lupescu, Magda, 369 Luther, Martin, 36,85,117 Lutz, Carl, 497 Luxemburg, Rosa, 59,270, 283,328 Macierewicz, Antoni, 694 Mahmud II, 223 Majláth, Count György, 190,196 Majláth, Janos, 204 Malenkov, Grigoriy, 574,649 Malypetr, Jan, 412 Maniu, Iuliu, 370,386,398,489,525 Mann, Heinrich, 414,424 Mann, Thomas, 414 Maria Theresa, Queen, 63-69,74-79,110, 1x8, X45,193,201,242 Marin, Vasile,
401,883 Marshall, George, General, 533 Marţian, Dionisie Pop, 236 Marx, Karl: and the national question, 21, 270 Marxism-Leninism, 6x5,619,643-644 Masaryk, Jan, 517,534 Masaryk, Tomáš G.: commitment to womens equality, 299,305; founding of Realist Party, 314; and Hilsner trial, 304; lobbying for Czechoslovak sover eignty, 306-7,346; resolute style of presidential leadership, 412; theories of Czech history, 300-303; and work on suicide, 303; and Zagreb treason trial (1909), 306 Masur, Kurt, 725,727 Maurer, Ion Gheorghe, 619 Maturas, Charles, 425 May 3 Constitution (Poland, 1791), 136 Lwów, 119,124,126,189,356-357,443,444, Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 721,756,767,796 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 210,787 Mečiar, Vladimir, 764,774,780,784 Memorandum of 1986 (Serbia), 789 470,774 Lyapachev, Andrei, 374,428 Mérimée, Prosper, 96 Merkel, Angela, 729,784
INDEX Merseburger, Peter, 70s Metternich, Klemens von, 59,111,158,159, 169,174,187 Meyer, Emst Hermann, 549 Michael the Brave, 347 Michael I (Romania), 496,511,525 Michnik, Adam: editor of Gazeta Wyborcza, 768; as member of “Commandos,” 611-611; role in creating KOR, 690; role in 1968 events, 639; view on human rights, 695 Mickiewicz, Adam, 19,104,105,140,573, 638-640 949 Moravia, 37,90-92,97-98,121,169,174, i79, 183,196-197, 200,220, 254, 297, 299, 302, 334, 439, 463, 468, 477, 497 Moravian Empire, 98 Mościcki, Ignacy, 422 Moscow: Moscow protocols (1968), 634; and Napoleonic Wars, 140; in WWII, 447 Mostar, 214,215 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 72,80, 81,119 Müller, Herta, 678,680 Munich Conference (1938), 401,412,476 Muslim National Organization (Yugo slavia), 227 Mihailovič, Draža, 455 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 509,529 Milců, Stefan, 678 Mussolini, Benito 405,425,447 Mycielski, Zygmunt, 641 Militärgrenze. See Krajina (Habsburg Načertanije (Serbia), 148 Military Frontier) Military Frontier. See Krajina (Habsburg Military Frontier) Mill, John Stuart, 225 Nagy, Ferenc, 525 Miloševič, Slobodan, 741,749,758,761,764, 779,795 Milosz, Czeslaw, 24,468,509,523,612,690, Mine, Hilary, 572,614 Mindszenty, József, 539 Mirkovič, Bora, 448 Mitrany, David, 36s, 855 Mitteleuropa, ззѕ Mladenov, Petar, 738 Mladič, Ratko, 751 Mlynář, Zdeněk, 627,703 Moczar, Mieczysław, 610,614 Modráček, František 276 Modrow, Hans, 729 Modzelewski, Karol, 612 Moldavia, 33,152,157,180,188,230-233,236, 47, 49,260,347, 801 Moljevič, Stevan, 454 Molnár, Erik, S94 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 416,443 Mommsen, Theodor, 250
Montenegro, 3,9,19,31,33,43,52,146,149,150, 210-220,230,239, 455, 458,741,747,750,761 Nagy, Imre, 571, 574,582,587,592,595,619, 629, 631, 706,718, 784 Nałkowska, Zofia, 279 Napoleon, Emperor of France, 6,15, 81-85, 117,130,140,146-147,152,188,194,385 Napoleon, Louis Bonaparte, 188 Narenta, 226 National Endowment for Democracy, 782 National Indifference, 20,23,273,299,775 National Peasant Party of Romania, 370 National-Radical Camp-Falanga (Poland), 419, 423 NATO, 644, 647, 686,692, 694, 742; and Bosnian war (1992-1995), 759,760-761 Natonek, Wolfgang, 552 Nazism: and Slavs, 465; origins ofin Bohemia, 240,251 Neckář, Václav, 625 Nedič, Milan, 451,480 Nejedlý, Zdeněk, 523 Nemanja, Stefan, 38 Němcova, Božena, 23 Němec, Antonín, 274 Nemes, Sámuel Literáti, 103 Németh, Miklós, 718 Nestroy, Johann, 177
950 INDEX Neuilly-sur-Seine treaty (1919), 373 Organic Work (Poland), 278,281,507 Neurath, Konstantin von, 439,477 Orwell, George, 388 Ossowska, Ewa, 701 Nevesinje, 212-215 New Forum (GDR), 729,732 Nezval, Vítězslav, 549 Ostrava, 414,568 Otpor (Serbia), 762 Niemetschek, F. X., 72,81 Niepokorni (“defiant ones,” Poland), 278,281 Ottoman Empire: conquest of southeastern Niethammer, Lutz, 662 of, 52,231; Rule in Serbia, 39,142; and Turkish-Serbian War, 145-146 OZON. See Camp of National Unification Nikezić, Marko, 744 Nixon, Richard, 621 NKVD (Soviet secret police), 444,471,507, 511,525,529,571 Normalization (Czechoslovakia), 636,661, 709,793 Noske, Gustav, 329 Nostitz Theater (Prague), 120 Novi Sad, 91,99,225,227 Novotný, Antonín, 622 Nowa Huta, 546,605-8,697 NSDAP, 248,252 Nuremberg laws (1935), 419 Nyers, Rezső, 688 Obilić, Miloš, 144 Obradović, Dimitrije “Dositej”, 53 Obrenović, Marie, 232 Obrenović, Miloš, 146,262 Ochab, Edward, 578,609 October Diploma (Austria), 191,193,196 Oder-Neisse border, 590 Odessa: massacre ofJews in, 488 OK’98,782, Old Czechs (political party), 266,304 Olszewski, Jan, 694 Olsztyn, S78,769 Omarska Camp (Bosnia), 755 OPEC, 645 Open Society Foundation, 739 Operation Barbarossa (USSR), 447 Operation Margarethe (Hungary), 498 Opitz, Ambros, 250 Oppeln, 65 Orange Army (Bulgaria), 373 Orbán, Viktor, 3,19,25,763,784 Europe, 33,130; controversies about rule (OZON, Poland) Paczkowski, Andrzej, 463 Paderewski, IgnacyJan, 332,358 Paine, Thomas, 133 Palach, Jan, 634 Palacký, František, 21-22,91-98,100-111,119, 126-127, 17z—173; 177; Z92, ЗОЇ, ЗЧ; manuscripts
controversy and, 9s; role in events of 1848,172; youth of, 92 Palković, Juraj, 86,93 Pan-Germans (in Austria), 277 Pan-Slavism, 214,243,508; fears of in Hungarian/German ehtes, 116,216,243 Pardoe, Juha, 113 Paris: peace treaties of (1919) and, 330,332, 344,350; and Romanian students, 230 Partisan Army (Yugoslavia, WWII), 451-459; as anti-genocidal force, 457; ethos of self-sacrifice, 457; integration of women, 456 Party of Hungarian Independence, 366 Pasha, Selim, 213 Pašić, Nikola, 262,372,378 Patočka, Jan, 696 Patriarch Danilo, 40 Patriarch Teoctist, 41 Pauker, Ana, 547,617 Pavelič, Ante, 309,425,4z8,467; 480,751 Pawlak, Waldemar, 769 Peevski, Delvan, 785 Pelci, František Martin, 71 Pencho Zlatev, 429 Perovič, Latinka, 744
INDEX 951 Perthaler, Johann Ritter von, 199 Poniatowski, Stanisław August, 133,152 Peshev, Dimitar, 484 Pop, Stefan C., 368 Poplavsky, Stanislav, 578 Pétervárad, 167 Pětka (Czechoslovakia), 379,410 Popper, Karl, 339,612 Petkov, Nikola, 527,530 Post-Communists, 737,768,769,771,777,783 Petkov trial (Bulgaria), 528,535 Potocki, Prince Adam, 141 Petőfi, Sándor, 160,574 Petrova, Tsveta, 778 Poznań, 47,279,587,605,618,629,643; demonstrations in 1956,578-581 Pozsony. See Bratislava; Pressburg Petrovič, Karadjordje, 146 Piasecki, Bolesław, 614 Pieńkowska, Afina, 700-702 Pillersdorf, Baron Franz von, 159 Piłsudski, Józef, 104,141,282,293,336,355, 382,416,417,440,465 Pius XII, Pope, боб Plavšič, Biljana, 758 Plzeň, 413; demonstrations of 1953,567-570, 575» 578 Poland: anti-Semitism, 286-291,344,416, 420-421,543-544,615; Constitution of May 3,1791,133,152; January Insurrection (1863), 141,278; Kościuszko Uprising, 134-137; minorities, 103-105,357-359» 38z, 513-519» November Insurrection (1830/31), 137-138; October 1956 in, 566-582; partitions, of, 22,49,132-139, 151; Polish March (1968), 638-643; Second Republic, 3,210,330-340, 35°, 355» 364-365,374,380-391,416-423; Stalinization/Stalinism, 503-511,520,523, S30-S37,548; transition (1989), 716,722, 739-740,769; womens education (1890s), 279; WWI and, 322,333; WWII and, 440-464 Polanski, Roman, 589 Polish Legions (WWI), 283 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 31 Polish Peasant Party (PSL), 509,529 Polish Question, 138 Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 282-285, 289, 421-422, Polish Union ofYouth, 579 Pomerania, 9,16,89,501,512 Poniatowski,
Józef, 133,140 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), 63,177,178,193, 196,202,205,255 Prague Spring, 792 Prague: in 1848,169-177; in 1918,335-337; in 1989, 730-731; during national renascence, 110-111,119-123,244; Franz Kafka conference in, 624; Zionism in, 292 Prámov, Ivan, 567 Pressburg, 91-93,97» 99,101,109,121,124, 158,160,168, 346,348 Prijedor, 756 Prosvjeta (Bosnia), 227 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 438 Provisional National Bosnian Govern ment, 215 Prussia: and East German identity, 593; and Polish partitions, 134; seizure of Silesia (1740), 63-64; victory over Austria (1866), 197 Pushkin, Georgii, 525 Putin, Vladimir, 358,784 Pyjas, Stanisław, 697 Račić, Puniša, 378 Racławice, Battle of (1794), 134 Rácz, Sándor, 587 Radetzky, Field Marshall Joseph von, 162, 167,177 Radić, Stjepan, 15,264,297-298,307-315, 344,349,378, 424,428 Radio Free Europe, 572 Radom, 557,640,696,770; demonstrations in 1976,688-691 Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin, 510
952 Ragged Guard (Rongyos Gárda, Hungary), 399 Rajačić, Josip, 166 Rajk, László, 525,539-544/ 575/ 577,699 Rákosi, Mátyás, 524,539/ 544/ Տ7Կ 575-577/ 595,67Յ, 792 Rambouillet Agreement (1999), 761 Ranke, Leopold, 96,149 Ranković, Aleksandar, 455,743 Rapallo Agreement (1922), 385 Ratzel, Friedrich, 435 Reale, Eugenio, 509 Rechberg, Count Johann, 139 Red Army, 329,341,440,443,447,496,500; and rapes, 518,538 Reichenberg, 15,249 INDEX Roosevelt, Franklin D., 489 Rose, Wffliam John, 359,362,874 Roth, Stephan Ludwig, 182 Royal Bohemian Learned Society, 80,118 Różański, Józef, 572 Rudé Právo (Czechoslovakia), 517,661 Russia: dealings with Vladimir Mečiar and Viktor Orbán, 784-785; interventions in Balkans, 50,211; Revolution (1917) 342, 391; in WWII 447. See Pan-Slavism; Partitions of Poland; Soviet Union Russian Social Democracy, 327 Sadova, Marietta, 403,883 Šafárik, Pavel, 19,86,89-99,104,173 Safian, Alexandru, 490 Reiswitz, Johann Albrecht von, 249 Remilitarization of Rhineland (1936), 436 Said, Edward, 797 Renner, Karl, 241,273,294 Sănătescu, Constantin, 526 San Stefano, treaty of, 218 Sapieha, Adam, 423 Revai, József, 539 Sanacja (Poland), 384,415-419,44,419,43i Rhine Confederation, 81,82 Rhineland, 65,73, 82,194,436 Sarajevo, 1,13,47,224,225,318,310, ՅՅ6, Rieger, F. L., 119,243 Riga, treaty of (1921), 356 753/ 75» Sarmatians (Poland), 54 Roma, 499, Ճ16 Roman Catholic Church, 289,605; abets anti-Semitism, 288,303,420,439,478; Sarolea, Charles, 363 claims to represent nationhood in socialist Poland, 605-609, negative role in Czech national narrative, 73,375-376; as part of
opposition to authoritarian and totalitarian rule, 422,440,690,693,695; victimized by Communist regime, S39, S47, 646; victimized by Nazi regime, 441,443 Romania: anti-Semitism, 230,234,289; constitution of 1866,233; EU Accession of, 776; fascism in, 390-409; Peasant Rebellion (1907), 2S9; pogroms (1941), 466; proto-national movements 57-58, 61; Securitate, 679-680,734; Stabiliza tion/Stalinism in, 523,525,541/ 7°9-7i3; transition (1989), 733; WWII and, 447, 464-467,485-490 Roosevelt, 489 Schabowski, Giinter, 685,729 Schaff, Adam, 612,613,642 Schauer, Hubert Gordon, 301 SchiĽer, Friedrich, 6,84,103,518 Schilbng, Ernst, 173 Schirach, Baldur von, 252 Schlegel, Friedrich, 83 Schlesinger, Max, 11 Schmerling, Anton von, 192,199 Schneider, Jörg, 726 Schönerer, Georg von, 247/ 251/ 267/ 281, 2*5 Schorske, Carl, 269,317 Schulverein, deutscher (Bohemia), 245 Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 430 Schuselka, Franz, 22,23,171 Schvan, August, 330 Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 162,168 Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von, 271 Scythians (Hungary), 255,794
INDEX 953 Second Socialist International, 271 Slovenes and first Yugoslavia, 310,333,334, Sedan, Battle of (1870), 247 344-345,349, 4Z5 Slovenia leaves second Yugoslavia, 741,746, Serbia: nationalist ideology in, 151-154; under Ottoman Rule, 132,142-145; Serb Orthodox Church, 143; uprising against 750-75Z Šmeral, Bohumil, 275,295 Ottomans, 145-147; in wars ofYugoslav secession, 741-761. See abo Kingdom of Smetana, Bedřich, 96,127 Śmigły-Rydz, Edward, 422 Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; Yugoslavia Sobibór (Nazi death camp), 471 Serb Radical Party, 262,319,378 Serge, Victor, 507 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 523 Seton-Watson, R. W., 322 Sobieski, Jan, King, 607 Social Darwinism, 216 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 734 Shoah. See Holocaust Šik, Ota, 623 Siklóvá, Jiřina, 675 723, 727, 729 Sofia, 314,372,374,429,482-484,527, SĆ7, 616,737,786 Sokol sport movement (Czech lands), Silesia, 20,23,63,65,90,169,200,354, 361-362,381-384, 471,501, sız, 518,534, 559, 605 Šimečka, Milan, 636 Singer, Vladko, 48 Skoda Works (Plzeň), 567,570,578,672 Slánský, Rudolf, 530,536,541,623 Slavic Congress (Prague, 1848), 173, !7s, 186,199 Slavic Linden, 171 Slavici, loan, 237 Slavonia, 50,77,99,150,163,264,309,329, 427,751,756,760 Slawoj-Skladkowski, Marshall Felicjan, 423 SLD, 768,769,971 Slovakia: in 1848 revolution, 181; in 1989, 732; disappointment with Czechoslovak state, 344; formation of standard language, 98; separation from Czech lands (1993), 774; Slovak role in Prague Spring, 628; in Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 537,59Z, 593, б49,662,668-670, 68s, 715, 245,424 Solferino, Battle of (1859), 188
Solidarity (Polish trade union), 603,607, 612,659,669,686,696,697,702,709, 716-723,738,768-769,793 Sonnemann, Leopold, 271 Sophie of Bavaria, Princess, 162,1Ć5,166, 174,180 Sorel, Georges, 268 Soros, George, 739 Soukupová, Blanka, 415 Soviet Union: and creation of peoples democracies, 501-505; and detente, 648, 692; and extension of economic system into Eastern Europe, 559; and Gorbachev s reforms, 704; in Hitler’s Plans, 432, 442-443; and Hungarian revolutions, 358,582-586; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 416; Poland under Soviet rule, 444; and Prague Spring, 632-634; Rejection of Marshall Plan, 534; and Tito-Stalin WWII, 439, 478 Slovenia, 35,49, 60-61,199, 203,215, 287,332, 386, 450,565; alliance with Croats in Austria-Hungary, 264-266; during split, 539 Soviet Zone of Occupation in Germany, 591 Spencer, Herbert, 268 restructuring of Austrian Empire, 200 Slovene peasant movement and clerical nationalism, 263 Srebrenica, 3,755,760,795 Sremski Karlovci, 53,166,167,168 Šrobár, Vávro, 347 Sporazum (Yugoslavia), 427, 451-452
954 Srpska Riječ (Bosnia), 225 St. Germain, treaty of, 344 St. Petersburg, 133,218 St. Sava, 144,825 St. Stephens Cathedral (Vienna), 49 St. Václav Baths (Prague), 169,170 Stadion, Franz, 162,184 Stalin, Joseph: breaks with Tito, 538; compels East Europe to reject Marshall Plan, Տ34; decimates Polish Communist Party, S02,535; as factor of intimidation, 507,527; and Polish Home Army, 462; targets Jews, 539,543 Stalinism: crisis of, 562-588; economics and, 557-560; as modernization, 531; opportunities for women, 545-547; and show trials, 540-544; and social mobility, S46-S48; world of, 549-560 Stambalov, Stefan, 314 Stambolič, Ivan, 749 Stamboliiski, Aleksandar: prime ministership of, 371-374; visions of peasant life, INDEX Sudetenland, 252,414,415,437,477,518 Šufflay, Milan, 424 Suleiman the Magnificent, 49 Sulyok, Dezső, 524,531 Supilo, Frano, 331 Šupljikac, Stephen, 166 suspension, 196 Švab, Karel, 543 Svoboda, Ludvik, 634 Svornost, 171,174 Swain, Nigel, 706 Światło, Józef, 572,575,580 Świętochowski, Aleksander, 279 Szabó, István, 366 Szálasi, Ferenc, 395, 398-402,407,431, 493) 49б Szczebrzeszyn; massacre in, 471 Széchenyi, Count Ferenc, 110 Széchenyi, Count István, 101, ա, из, 122, 193) 794 Szeged idea (Hungary), 395 Szklarska Poręba, 535 Szlajfer, Henryk, 639 313-316 Starčević, Ante, 104,310,428,454: and anti-Serbianism, 308 Sztálinváros, 546 Sztójay, Lieutenant General Döme, 495 Stasi (GDR), 668,723 Stefan of Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor, 66 Štefánik, Milan, 331 TaafiFe, Count Eduard, 244,245,248 Targowica Confederation (Poland), 133, Stelescu, Mihai, 406 Štěpánek, Jan
Nepomuk, 119,120 Teleki, Count Pál, 491 Sternberg, Kaspar, 93, no Stojadinović, Milan, 425-426 Stojanov, Petar, 778 Štokavian dialect, 118,149,343 Stoph, Alice, 674 Stratimirović, Djordje, 165,167 Strauss, Johann, 177 Stremayr Ordinance (188), 244,245,249 Strosmayer, Josip Juraj, 104,311 Student Solidarity Committee (Poland), 695,696 Štúr, Ľudovít, 97-99 Šubašić, Ivan, 427,453 Sudeten Germans, 351,359,379,437 HL iSï lhaly, Kálmán, 103 iham, Karel Ignaz, 73,74,98,108 Thatcher, Margaret, 768 Theresienstadt, 467,477 Third Balkan War (1913), 316 Thorn, 43,104,279 Tigrid, Pavel, S09,523 Tildy, Zoltán, 528 Timişoara, 670,73З-738 Tiso, Jozef, 98,414,438,477,478,499,876,902 Tisza, István, 259,33s Tito, Josip Broz, 19,80,455-459, SIS, 5i9, 538-540,562-565,574-575,580-581, 587-588,612,634,743-74Ć
INDEX 955 Togliatti, Palmiro, 550 Tokarski, Julian, 609 Vienna: 1848 Revolution in, 158-162,171, Tőkés, László, 733 Trabant (automobile), 656,671 Vietnam, Տ33,708,759 Világos, 183 Transylvania: in 1848/49 revolutions, 157; in Vilnius, 43,105,124 Vogelsang, Karl von, 293 Greater Romania, 337 Treblinka, 470,477 Trenčín, 92,93 Trianon, treaty of, 354, 364, 39L 395, 785 Trieste, 59,126,150, 332,533,914 Tripalo, Miko, 744 Tripartite Pact (1940), 447,482,48s, 493,5Ю 179-180 Voigt, Mikuláš Adaukt, 71 Vojvodina, 31, 49, 91,166,183,344, 355, 455, 746,747, 750 Vujičič, Milan, 452 Vukovar, siege of (1991) 751 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 534 Trojan, A. P., 119 Trotsky, Leon, 329 Tsankov, Aleksandar, 374,429 Tsion, Daniel, 485 Wajda, Andrzej, 549,589,64S Walentynowicz, Anna, 701 Wałęsa, Lech, 659, 700,702, 721, 765 Tudjman, Franjo, 750,764 Turek, Otakar, 661 Wallachia, 33,152,157,180,188,230-233,236, Turowicz, Jerzy, 609 Ukraine: alliance with Piłsudski, 357; in Polish national imaginary, 55,105; Soviet Republic, 445 Ulbricht, Walter, 518, 570,592, 617, Ó45,687 Union of German Nationals (Austria), 248 Union of Young Nationalists (Poland), 419 United States, 1 Urban, Jan, 696 USSR. See Soviet Union Ustasha, 425,428, 450-454, 459,464, 467, 480, 745-746 237,260,270,348 Wallenberg, Raul, 497 Warsaw: role in Kosciuszko Uprising, 134; Uprising of 1944,460 Wat, Aleksander, 444 Ważyk, Adam, 573,575,611,628 Weddington, William, 228 Wedel, Janine, 663,664, 667 Wehrmacht, 17,447, 451, 4Ճ1, 487,59°, 756, 895,906, 915 Weizman, Chaim, 292 Wekerle, Sándor, 336 Wesselényi, Miklós, 113 White Mountain, Battle of
(1620), 86,120, 271,301 Wichterle, Otto, 625 Wilhelm II (Germany), 378 Wilno, 43,60,105,124,135,140,283,357,461, Vaculík, Ludvík, 627 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandra, 368 Vance, Cyrus, 752 Vatican, 55,427,496, 608, 758 Vavra, Bohumil, 570 Velchev, Damyan, 429 Velvet Divorce, 774-782 Veneto, 162,188 Videnov, Zhan, 764,778 523; 775 Wilson, Woodrow, 1,9,15,199,210,329,331, 353; 359; 598 Windischgrätz, General Prince Alfred von, 159,168,174,186 Wisleceny, Dieter, 479 Witaszewski, Kazimierz, 609 Witos, Wincenty, 382,384,418 Wojtyła, Karol. See John Paul II, Pope
95б Wolf, Christa, 549 Wolf, Karl Hermann, 250-251 INDEX failure of, 363,374-376; expulsion of Women: continued wage discrimination under state socialism, 637, 672; denial of reproductive liberty in socialist Romania, 680-681; as leadership in Polish under ground, 696,709; opportunities under state socialism, 545-547; religious opposition of in socialist Poland, 60s World Jewish Congress, 489 World Zionist Organization, 292 Wyka, Kazimierz, 507 Wyszyński, Stefan, 547,581 Germans, 515; fascism in, 424-429; interethnic tension, 349,378-379; pact with Germany (1941), 447; in WWII 4SO-456,492 Zagreb, 9,22,43,117,163-166,170,227,288, 305-311) 337) 349) 378,395,424, 450, 454, 487, 744,751,757,762 Zahiski, Zbigniew, 614 Wyzwolenie (Polish party), 382,387 Zambrowski, Roman, 600 Zamość, 447 Zápotocký, Antonín, 567,623 Żeligowski, Lucjan, 357 Young Czechs (Czech party), 245,246,248, Zeman, Miloš, 765 Zerofsky, Elizabeth, 795 266,269,272,304 Yugoslav Committee, 344 Yugoslav Federal Army, 751 Yugoslav League of Communists, 744 Yugoslav National Union, 426 Yugoslav Radical Union, 426 Yugoslavia: alternative socialist model (worker self-management), 562-565; collapse of, 741-761; conception by Ljudevit Gaj of, 105,323,344; democratic Zhdanov, Andrei, 534,548 Zhivkov, Todor, 615,736 Žilina, 375 Zionism, 266, 290-293, 303, 414, 541, 542,637 Zionist Congress in Basel, 291 Žižka, Jan, 72 Zöld, Sándor, 544 Zveno (“The Link,” Bulgaria), 428 Zweig, Stefan, 249,252,296 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
A SWEEPING NARRATIVE HISTORY OE EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO TODAY In the 1780s, the Habsburg monarch Joseph II decreed that henceforth German would be the language of his realm. His intention was to forge a unified state from his vast and disparate possessions, but his action had the opposite effect, catalyz ing the emergence of competing nationalisms among his Hungarian, Czech, and other subjects, who feared that their languages and cultures would be lost. In this sweeping narrative history of Eastern Europe from the late eighteenth century to the twenty-first, John Connelly connects the stories of the regions diverse peoples, tracing the rise of nationalism in Polish, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman lands; the creation of new states after the First World War and their later absorption by the Nazis and Soviets; the reemergence of democracy and separatist movements after the collapse of communism; and the recent surge of populist politics throughout the region. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Connelly, John 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171716531 |
| author_facet | Connelly, John 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Connelly, John 1960- |
| author_variant | j c jc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046628348 |
| classification_rvk | NK 1500 NK 6710 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1135504723 (DE-599)BVBBV046628348 |
| dewey-full | 943.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 943 - Germany & central Europe |
| dewey-raw | 943.7 |
| dewey-search | 943.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3943.7 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1780-2013 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1780-2013 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02981nam a2200553 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046628348</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220316 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">200313s2020 xxua||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780691167121</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-691-16712-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780691208954</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-691-20895-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1135504723</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV046628348</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">XD-US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-M457</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Bo133</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">943.7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NK 1500</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)125875:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NK 6710</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)126105:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Connelly, John</subfield><subfield code="d">1960-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)171716531</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">From peoples into nations</subfield><subfield code="b">a history of Eastern Europe</subfield><subfield code="c">John Connelly</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Princeton ; Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Princeton University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2020]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">viii, 956 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1780-2013</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Osteuropa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075739-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Nationalism / Europe, Eastern / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Eastern / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Eastern / History / Autonomy and independence movements</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Eastern / Politics and government</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Osteuropa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075739-0</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1780-2013</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-691-18918-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="u">https://www.recensio.net/r/254b7e928492468688476425ce6b69d3</subfield><subfield code="y">rezensiert in: Bohemia, 61 (2021), 1, S. 97-100</subfield><subfield code="3">Rezension</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">SWB Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Klappentext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20200420</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032039936</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0903</subfield><subfield code="g">437</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV046628348 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:10:05Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:49:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780691167121 9780691208954 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032039936 |
| oclc_num | 1135504723 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M457 DE-Bo133 DE-521 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-29 DE-384 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-M457 DE-Bo133 DE-521 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-29 DE-384 DE-739 |
| physical | viii, 956 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200420 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Princeton University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Connelly, John 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)171716531 aut From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe John Connelly Princeton ; Oxford Princeton University Press [2020] © 2020 viii, 956 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1780-2013 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Nationalism / Europe, Eastern / History Europe, Eastern / History Europe, Eastern / History / Autonomy and independence movements Europe, Eastern / Politics and government Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Geschichte 1780-2013 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-691-18918-5 https://www.recensio.net/r/254b7e928492468688476425ce6b69d3 rezensiert in: Bohemia, 61 (2021), 1, S. 97-100 Rezension SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Connelly, John 1960- From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe |
| title_auth | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe |
| title_full | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe John Connelly |
| title_fullStr | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe John Connelly |
| title_full_unstemmed | From peoples into nations a history of Eastern Europe John Connelly |
| title_short | From peoples into nations |
| title_sort | from peoples into nations a history of eastern europe |
| title_sub | a history of Eastern Europe |
| topic_facet | Osteuropa |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/254b7e928492468688476425ce6b69d3 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032039936&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT connellyjohn frompeoplesintonationsahistoryofeasterneurope |
Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.
Inhaltsverzeichnis