Revising history in communist Europe: constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968
Those who define the past control the present. 'Revising History in Communist Europe' shows how the manipulation of history both empowered and weakened the communist regimes of post-World War Two Europe. It demonstrates how seismic events of the recent past reverberate in the understanding...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
Anthem Press
2020
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Those who define the past control the present. 'Revising History in Communist Europe' shows how the manipulation of history both empowered and weakened the communist regimes of post-World War Two Europe. It demonstrates how seismic events of the recent past reverberate in the understandings of the present, determining perceptions and decisions. With fresh analysis on the imposed communist definition of Hungary's 1956 uprising and its effects on the definition of the Prague Spring, this study will give readers a timely and penetrating insight into both landmark events. |
| Beschreibung: | 225 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781785272080 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 1. The Export and Imposition of Stalinism 7 2. Hungarian De-Stalinization and Revising Recent History 25 3. A Revolution, a Counter-Revolution, or a National Uprising? 45 4. Stalinist Purges and De-Stalinization in Czechoslovakia 69 5. The Meaning of 1956 in 1968: March to June 95 6. June: Turning Point and the Hardening of Positions 135 7. July and August: Constructing Counter-Revolution 153 8. The Intentions of Intervention and the Shadow of 1956: Delusion and Failure 181 Conclusion 199 Epilogue 209 Appendix 211 Bibliography 213 Index 221
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic, 1999. Apor, Péter. Fabricating Authenticity in Soviet Hungary: The Afterlife of the First Hungarian Soviet Republic in the Age of State Socialism. London: Anthem Press, 2015. Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. London: Penguin, 1990. Békés, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, and János M. Rainer (eds). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Document. Budapest: CEU Press, 2002. Benziger, Karl P. Imre Nagy, Martyr of the Nation: Contested History, Legitimacy, and Popular Memory in Hungary. Lanham: Lexington, 2008. Bischof, Gunter, Stefan Karner and Peter Ruggenthaler (eds). The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Plymouth: Lexington, 2010. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union. Budapest: CEU Press, 2004. Bren, Paulina. The Greengrocer and Hü TV: The Culture of Communism efter the 1968 Prague Spring. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010. Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Crump, Laurien. The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955 to 1969. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. Dawisha, Karen. The Kremlin and the Prague Spring. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Dolack, Pete. It’s Not Over: Learningfrom the Socialist Experiment. Alresford: Zero, 2016. Dubček, Alexander. Hope Dies Last: The Autobiography of Alexander Dubček. Translated by Jiří
Hochman. New York: Kodansha, 1993. Eidlin, Fred H. The Logic of ‘Normalization’: The Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia of August 21, 1968 and the Czechoslovak Response. Boulder: Eastern European Monographs, 1980. Ekiert, Grzegorz. The State against Society: Political Crises and Thm Aftermath in East Central Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Falk, Barbara J. The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Cental Europe: Citizen Intelkctuah and Philosopher Kings. Budapest: CEU Press, 2003. Freifeld, Alice. Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848-1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Gati, Charles. Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Chicago: Stanford University Press, 2006. Gellately, Robert. Stalin’s Curse: Battlingfor Communism in War and Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
214 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE Gilbert, Mark. Cold War Europe: The Politics of a Contested Continent. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2015. Golan, Galia. ReformRukin Czechoslovakia: TheDubčekEra, 1968-1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Gough, Roger. A Good Comrade: János Kádár, Communism, and Hungary. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. Granville, Johanna. The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crist of 1956. College Station: Texas A M University Press, 2004. Hanebrink, Paul A. In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890-1944. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. Harding, Neil. Lenin’s Political Thought. Chicago: Haymarket, 2009. Hodos, George H. Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954. New York: Praeger, 1987. Jones, Polly. Myth, Метоп, Trauma: Rethinking the Statimst Past in the Soviet Union, 1953-70. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. New York: Penguin, 2005. Kaplan, Karel. Report on the Murder of the General Secretary. Translated by Karel Kovanda. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. Kenez, Peter. Hungary fiom the Nazis to be Soviets: The Estabtishment of be Communùt Regime in Hungary, 1944-1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Kertzer, David I. Ritual, Politics, and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Korbel,Josef. Detente in Europe: Real or Imaginary? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. Kusin, Vladimir V The Intellectual Origins of tiu Prague Spring: The Development of Reformist Ideas in
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 215 Rieber, Alfred J. Stalin and the Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Roper, Stephen D. Romania: The Unfinuhed Revolution. Amsterdam: Harwood, 2000. Sharp, Tony. Stalin’s American Spy: Noel Field, Allen Dulks and the East European Show Trials. London: Hurst, 2014. Skoug, Jr., Kenneth N. Czechoslovakia’s Խտէ Fightfor Freedom, 1967-1969: An American Embassy Perspective. Westport: Praeger, 1999. Slánská, Josefa. Report on My Husband. London: Hutchinson, 1969. Stibbe, Matthew and Kevin McDermott. De-Stalinising Elastern Europe: The Rehabilitation of Stalin’s Victims after 1953. Basingstoke: Paigrave Macmillan, 2015. Stolarik, M. Mark (eds) The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968. Mundelein: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2010. Swain, Geoffrey and Nigel Swain. Eastern Europe mice 1945: Fourth Edition. Basingstoke: Paigrave Macmillan, 2009. Táborsky, Edward. Communism in Czechoslovakia 1948-1960. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. Tismaneanu, Vladimir (eds) Stalinism Remsited: The Establuhment of Communist Regimes in EastCentral Europe. Budapest: CEU Press, 2009. ----------. Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel. New York: The Free Press, 1992. Tőkés, Rudolf L. Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Underhill,James W. Creating Worldviews: Metaphor, Ideology and Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011. Verdery, Katherine. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies:
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Byrne, 262. ‘Report by Czechoslovak Television Reporter on Soviet Reaction to the Events in the ČSSR, February 28, 1968’. In Navrátil, 48-50. ‘Report on the Šumava Exercises by Generals I. Olah and E Szfics of the Hungarian People’s Army to the HSWP Politburo, July 5, 1968 (Excerpts)’. In Navrátil, 192-94. ‘Report from Yurii Andropov in Budapest to the CPSU CC Presidium, November 1, 1956’. In Békés, Byrne, and Rainer, 330-31. ‘Report by P Shelest on the April 1968 Plenum of the CC CPSU (April 25, 1968)’. Wilson Center Digital Archive, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112163. ‘Resolution of Plenary Session of CPSU Central Committee Adopted April 10, 1968’. In Remington, 137-38. ‘Response by the CPCz CC Presidium to the Warsaw Letter, July 16-17, 1968’. In Navrátil, 236-42. ‘Romanian and Czech Minutes on the Meeting of Five East European States’ Leaders in Budapest (with Attached Final Communiqué), January 1-4, 1957’. The National Security Archive: The George Washington Univerrity: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/ NSAEBB76/docl l.pdf (accessed 22 December 2015). ‘Shelest’s Account of His Secret Meeting on Lake Balaton with Vasil Biïak, 20-21 July 1968’. Wibon Center Digital Archive, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117113. ‘Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, October 22, 1956’. Modern History Sourcebook, https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points. html (accessed 3 December 2015). Smrkovský Josef. ‘What Lies Ahead’ (9 February 1968). In Navrátil, 38—43. ‘Soviet Reactions to Events in Czechoslovakia and
the Dresden Meeting, as Assessed by the Italian Embassy in Moscow, April 1968’. In Navrátil, 71-73.
220 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE ‘Speeches by Leonid Brezhnev, Alexander Dubček, and Aleksei Kosygin at the čierna nad Tisou Negotiations, July 29, 1968 (Excerpts)’. In Navrátil, 277-90. ‘Statement of Communist and Workers’ Parties of Socialist Countries (August 4, 1968)’. In Remington, 256-61. ‘Statement by CPCz Presidium Condemning the Warsaw Pact Invasion, August 21, 1968’. In Navrátil, 415-16. ‘Stenographic Account of Alexander Dubcek’s Talks with Leonid Brezhnev and Other Members of the CPSU CC Politburo, August 23, 1968 (Excerpts)’. In Navrátil, 466-69. ‘Stenographic Account of the Dresden Meeting, March 23, 1968 (Excerpts)’. In Navrátil, 57-65. ‘Stenographic Account of the Soviet-Czechoslovak Summit Meeting in Moscow, May 4-5, 1968 (Excerpts)’. In Navrátil, 107-18. ‘Stenographic Record of a 4 November 1956 Meeting of Party Activists’. Wilson Center Digital Archive·, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113337 (accessed 22 December 2015). Svoboda, Ludvik. ‘The ČSSR is Not Going to Commit Suicide’. In Remington, 252-53. ‘Také Jedno Výročí’. Literárni luty (13 June, 1968, No. 16). Ustav pro českou literature Digitalizovaný archiv časopisů: http://archiv.ucl.cas.cz/index.php?path=IitL/1.1968/ 16/13.png. Translated by Kateřina Novotová. ‘Tass Statement on Military Intervention [August 21, 1968]’. HeinOnline: http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/in tlm7 div= 141 id= page= (accessed 1 March 2016). ‘The Action Program of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia’. In Remington, 88-136. The Cominform: Minutes of the Three Conferences,
1947/1948/1949, Volume 24. Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, 1994. ‘The Two Thousand Words Manifesto, June 27, 1968’. In Navrátil, 170-75. ‘To the Czechoslovak Communist Party Central Committee (July 15, 1968)’. In Remington, 225-31. ‘Transcript of Leonid Brezhnev’s Telephone Conversation with Alexander Dubček, August 13, 1968’. The National Security Archive: The George Washington Univemty: http://nsarchive. gwu.edu/coldwar/documents/doc81 .pdf. ‘Transcript of the Warsaw Meeting, July 14-15, 1968 (Excerpts)’. In Navrátil, 205-26. ‘Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance between the Hungarian People’s Republic and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Budapest, June 14, 1968)’. Ungarischen Instituts München: http://www.forost.ungarisches-institut.de/pdf/19680614l.pdf (accessed 11 February 2016) ‘Working Notes of Imre Horváth from the Session of the CPSU Politburo, November 3, 1956’. In Békés, Byrne, and Rainer, 359-60. ‘Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 4 November 1956’. Wihon Center Digital Archive: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.Org/document/l 11887 (accessed 7 December 2015). Websites Imre Nagy Memorial House: http://www.nagyimreemlekhaz.hu/en/imre-nagy.html. National Széchényi Library 1956 Institute and Oral History Archive: http://www.rev.hu.
INDEX Action Programme 88, 104-5, 116, 167, 191 Aczél, Tamás 40, 58 Alapi, Gyula 19-20 Alexandrov, I. 157-59 Államvédelmi Hatóság (AVH) 15 Andrew, Christopher 103, 168 Andropov, Yurii 101-3, 136, 168 Apor, Péter 59, 61, 154 Apró, Antal 193 Arendt, Hannah 1 Arrow Gross regime 16 Austrian State Treaty 48 AVH. See Államvédelmi Hatóság (AVH) Bacilek, Karol 73, 83, 85 Batthyány, Lajos 39 Békés, Csaba 122, 173 Belgrade 114 Bem tér 195 Bem, József 47 Benziger, Kari В 40 Beria, Lavrentii 26, 28, 31, 71-72, 81 Berlin 17 Biïak, Vasű 106, 140, 167, 176-77, 184, 186-87, 189 Borhi, László 10 Brezhnev, Leonid 85-86, 89-90, 96-99, 101-11, 113, 117, 120-2, 124, 126-28, 135-36, 139, 141, 143-44, 147-48, 153, 155-57, 160, 163, 164-65, 167-68, 170-72, 175-76, 182-85, 187, 192-94, 205 Buda 47, 195 Budapest 8, 17, 20, 38, 40, 47-48, 50-52, 54-55, 59, 61, 63, 70, 75, 101, 107-8, 114-15, 128, 139, 143-44, 146, 162, 167, 174 Bulgaria 11-12, 18, 75 Čepička, Alexej 73, 82-83 Čáslavská, Věra 145 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 99-100, 190 censorship 88, 100-101, 103, 139, 144 Central Europe 2-4, 7-8, 13, 56, 64, 69 Central Publication Board 100, 139 Černík, Oldřich 106, 113, 125, 156, 160, 183, 184-85, 189, 191, 193 Chervonenko, Stepan 98, 185-87, 189 Chu, Yuan Horng 51 dementis, Vladimír 73, 83 Cominform 12-13 Comintern 7, 9, 14 Communism 1-3,8, 10, 12, 16, 19, 33, 51-52, 86 European 7, 12 History 1 Hungarian 10 communist regime 1, 3, 4, 14, 20, 21, 45, 49, 50, 62, 63 Condemnation 38, 40, 78, 83 counter-revolution 45-65, 75, 96, 101-14, 119, 120, 122-24, 127, 133, 136-38, 144, 147—49, 153-77 Cseresznyés, Sándor
17 Czechoslovakia 4, 8-10, 12-13, 18, 46, 51, 69-90, 95, 97-107, 109-14, 116-17, 120-22, 124, 126-27, 135-39, 14245, 147-49, 153-58, 160-76, 181-83, 185-95. See abo Stalinism censorship 88, 100-101, 103, 139, 144 counter-revolution. See individual entry
222 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE Czechoslovakia {cont) elections 191 Hungarian-Czechoslovak relationship 139 internal discussions and meetings 96, 99 July to August events 153-77 leaders’ role in 96-97, 110-17 March to June events 97-110 memo describing KSČ officeholder’s conviction 102-3 pressure from Soviet Union 135-36 publishing of explosive articles in the Czechoslovak press 136 Soviet invasion of 181, 190 use of Hungary’s 1956. See individual entry Warsaw Pact. See individual entry Czechoslovak National Assembly 144 Czechoslovak-Soviet summit 89 Danubian Confederation 121 Dawisha, Karen 97, 99, 105, 157 Demichev, Petr 159-60 democratic centralism 145, 147 Dittmer, Karl 170 Dubček, Alexander 81-86, 88-90, 97, 100-103, 105-17, 120-21, 123-28, 130, 135, 137, 139-43, 145-47, 153-54, 156-57, 160, 164, 166-67, 171-76, 181, 183-85, 187-94, 202-4 Dva Tisíce Slov (Two Thousand Words) 144 Exile 38-39, 70 Farkas, Mihály 17, 19, 37 Fehér, Lajos 157 Ferihegy Airport 115 Finland 11 Fock, Jenő 160 Fourteenth Congress 191 French Revolution 1 Gellately, Robert 10 geostrategic independence 143 Germany 8, 18 Gerő, Ernő 38-39, 45, 47M9, 52, 55-57 Goldstücker, Eduard 139 Gomułka, Władysław 46, 86, 103, 109-11, 113, 121-22, 124, 127, 161-62, 172-73, 182, 194-95 Gosztonyi, János 160 Gottwald, Klement 51, 69-74, 79-80, 83 Gough, Roger 15, 138, 175 Granville, Johanna 34 Grechko, Andrei 109 Griffith, William E. 37 Gromyko, Andrei 171 gulyáskommunizmus (goulash communism) 118 Habsburg allegiances 2 Hajdú, Vávro 70 Hamšík, Dušan 77 Harding, Neil 161 Havel, Václav 107 Hejzlar, Zdeněk 189
Hendrych,Jiří 100 Hodos, George 17-18, 70-71 Hoffinann, Karel 187 Holdoš, Ladislav 73 Horthy era 62 Horthy, Miklós 8 Horváth, Imre 193 Horváth, Ivan 73 Horváth, Zsolt 40 Hrušínský Rudolf 145 Hungarian Writers’ Union 107 Hungary 4, 8-16, 18, 20, 25-28, 31, 34-39, 41, 45-46, 48-49, 53-56, 60-65, 69, 71, 73-77, 80, 190, 195 1956 4, 61, 65, 75, 80, 90, 95, 97, 99, 101-2, 107-8, 110-14, 116-18, 120, 122-23, 125-27, 138, 140-41, 149, 153-56, 159-67, 169-70, 172-74, 181-82, 184, 190, 192-95, 201-6 Husák, Gustáv 70, 73, 77, 84 Hysko, Miroslav 84 Indra, Alois 185 International Brigade in Spain 16 Irodalmi Újság 40 Italy 11-12 Jones, Polly 35-36, 78 Jsme s várni; budte s námi 172 Judt, Tony 12
INDEX К-231 107 Kádárjános 20, 23, 27-28, 34, 37-39, 49, 51, 53-63, 80, 85-86, 97, 103, 109, 112-13, 117-28, 137, 139-11, 143-44, 156, 160-63, 165, 167, 169, 173-74, 182-85, 192-93, 201, 204-5 Kádárization 173-74 Kalugin, Oleg 168 KAN (Klub angažovanýchnestraníků) 107, 204 Kardelj, Edvard 141 Kazakov, General M.I. 138 Kerepesi Cemetery 38-40, 174, 210 Khrushchev, Nikita 28, 31, 33-36, 38, 46, 52-53, 55-57, 71, 73, 76, 78-79, 80, 85-86, 89, 98, 104, 108, 115, 122, 162, 172-73, 183, 193, 202 Kolder, Drahomír 81-86, 104, 167, 177, 185-87, 202 Komarov, Vladimir 17, 34 Kommunist 159 Komunistická Strana československá (KSČ) 69-77, 79, 81-85, 88-90, 96-97, 100, 102, 104-6, 109, 111-13, 115-17, 121, 123-24, 126-28, 135-36, 138—40, 146-49, 153, 156-58, 162, 164-67, 169, 172-75, 177, 182-84, 186-91, 193, 202-3, 205-6 koncepciós per 18-19 Konev, Marshal 109 Kopřiva, Ladislav 83 Kopecký, Václav 73 Koscelanskýjan 112 Kossa, István 193 Kossuth, Lajos 39-40 Kosygin, Alexei 102, 169, 182 Kovács, Béla 11-12 Kovács, István 28, 37 Köztársaság tér incident 59-60, 62-63, 107-8, 159, 204 Kramer, Mark 9-10, 116 KSČ. See Komunistická Strana československá (KSč) Kulaks 26 Kultúrny Život 84 Kun, Béla 8 Kusin, Vladimir V 77 223 László, Érvín 45 Lenárt, Jozef 81, 103, 106 Lenin, Vladimir 161 Leningrad Affair 34 Likhachev, Mikhail 17, 34-35 Litera, Jaromír 188 Literární luty 139, 140, 144, 204 Lobi, Evžen 70 London, Artur 70 Machatka, Osvald 141-44 Magyar Dolgozók Pártja (MDP) 15 Magyar Hírlap 170 Magyar Nemzet 170 Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) 53, 119, 121, 124, 137, 140, 154 Marxist theory 7
McDermott, Kevin 26, 76, 85 MDE See Magyar Dolgozók Pártja (MDP) Mező, Imre 108 Michnik, Adam 52 Mikoyan, Anastas 37 mitteleuropa 121 Mlynář, Zdeněk 174, 189-90, 202 Molotov 11, 31, 76, 79 Moscow 14-15, 17, 25-27, 37, 54-55, 61, 75-76, 79, 88, 101, 103, 105, 108-9, 114, 116, 123, 125-28, 140, 142-43, 146, 153-54, 156-57, 162-63, 166, 168, 170, 181, 184, 190, 192-95, 207 MSZMP. See Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) Münnich, Ferenc 193 Nagy, Imre 9, 12, 14, 16, 26-27, 30, 32-33, 45-47, 49-54, 56-58, 60-63, 73, 75, 108, 115, 119, 123-27, 133, 137, 139-44, 184, 193, 204, 207 Naimark, Norman 13 nationalfront government 11 National Guard units 50 national movement 50 Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 7 neo-Stalinist regime 56, 89 Népszabadságba, 60, 62-63, 160, 169 Neues Deutschland 170 New Course 30-31 New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 119
224 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE New York Times 140 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 99 Novomeský Ladislav 73, 83-84 Novotný, Antonin 73-88, 112-13, 121, 126, 128, 139, 171, 183, 202 NPT. See Non-Proliferation Treaty Okáli, Daniel 73 Oláh, István 137 Operation Barbarossa 8 Paris 11, 17 Pavel, Josef 70 Pavlovský, Oldřich 185 Pelikán, Jiří 189 people’s democracy 9-10 Péter, Gábor 15, 17, 20, 27, 29, 32-33 Pető, Andrea 28, 30 Petőfi Circle 36, 38, 47, 107, 111, 123, 153, 204 Piller Commission 88 Pinerová, Klára 76, 85 policy independence 143 popularfront policy 7, 10 Prague Castle 69 Prague Spring 4, 45, 77, 84—90, 95, 97, 99, 102-3, 105, 107, 110-21, 126-28, 136, 138-42, 144, 149, 154-57, 160-62, 166-70, 172-74, 181-82, 184, 190, 195, 199 Pravda Slovak Communist party 84 Soviet Community party 147, 157-58, 168, 170, 183, 191 Prchlik, Vaclav 73, 81, 140 Press law 1966 100, 139 Prozumenshchikov, Mikhail 99, 140 Quimet, Matthew 102 Radio Free Europe 34-35 Rainer, János M. 25, 32 Rais, Štefan 73 Rajk, Júlia 28-30, 37-40, 56 Rajk, László 15-20, 27-30, 32^0, 69-71 Rákosi, Mátyás 12, 15, 17-20, 25-28, 30-31, 33-34, 37-38, 40, 46, 49, 54-58, 60-61, 69-71, 73, 76, 79-80 Rákosi-Gerő clique 112 Reburial 32-41 Red Army 11, 14, 48, 52, 55, 57, 109, 115, 137, 141, 184, 201 Rév, István 2-3, 28-29, 40, 57, 63, 87 revelations 32-41 revision 32-41 revisionism 162 Revolt 32—41 revolution 1,45-65 revolutionary workers’ and peasants’ regime 184 Rieber, Alfred 8 Rigo, Emil 167, 185-87 Romania 9, 11-12, 18, 56, 58, 61, 75, 98-100, 103, 143, 154, 190 Rude Právo 71, 79, 86, 138, 187 Šabata,
Jaroslav 188 Secret Speech 33-34, 36, 42, 46, 56, 71, 74-76, 78-79 Seifert, Jaroslav 145 Shelest, Petro 102-3, 155, 158, 167, 176, 183-84 show trial model 16-17 Simmonds-Duke, EM 1, 3 Simon, Bohumil 188 Široký, Viliam 73, 75, 83-84 Slánská, Josefa 88 Slánský, Rudolf 4, 70-74, 76, 80, 82-84, 88 Sling, Otto 70 Slovakia 8, 39,81,85, 100, 121 Smrkovský Josef 70, 86-87, 97, 106-7, 112, 147, 183-84, 187 Social Democratic Party (SZDP) 15 socialism 7-8, 12, 26, 52-53, 72, 85 Soviet News Agency, TASS 186 Soviet Politburo 12, 25, 27-28, 30-33, 36, 38, 49, 50-51, 53, 56, 76, 89, 95, 101-2, 115, 148, 155, 157, 167, 183-85, 207 Soviet sphere 7, 13-14, 69-70, 72 Soviet Union 9-Ю, 12-20, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38, 48, 51-52, 56, 64, 72-73, 75, 80, 84, 88-89 counter-revolution. See individual entry Polish and Yugoslav comparison 97-98
INDEX refined tactics 155, 158 resolution of Soviet Central Committee 155 Soviet-Hungarian Friendship rally 157 stealthy counter-revolution 159 use of Hungary’s 1956. See individual entry Stalin 7, 9-17, 19, 26, 30, 34-36, 38, 47, 64, 70-71, 75, 78-79, 98, 119, 200 Stalinism 3-4, 7-21, 25-26, 31-32, 35, 38, 45, 53, 56, 57, 59, 64, 71-72, 76, 78, 89, 142 agricultural collectivization 7 in Czechoslovakia 13 export of 7-21 in Hungary 13 imposition of 7-21 industrialization 7 Stalinist Repression 14—21 Stalinist purges 69-90 delayed de-Stalinization 74-85 incremental Revision 74—85 Prague Spring, reform of 85-90 rehabilitation 85-90 Steel, Ronald 114 Steury, Donald 102, 116 Stibbe, Matthew 26 Šumava Manoeuvres, 136-39 Šváb, Karel 70 Švermova, Marie 73, 82 Švestka, Oldřich 167, 177, 185, 187 Svoboda, Ludvik 171-72, 185-86, 188-89, 192 Szabad Nép 30-31 Szász, Béla 18 SZDP. See Social Democratic Party (SZDP) Szűcs, Ferenc 137 225 Také Jedno Výročí (Another Anniversary) 139 The Spectator 175-76 Tildy, Zoltán 53 Tismaneanu, Vladimir 45 Tito 13, 15, 19, 35, 74, 98, 144 Tókés, Rudolf 119 Transcarpathia 102, 112, 188 treachery 13, 17 Ulbricht, Walter 109, 157, 164—65, 182, 194 Vaculík, Ludvík 139, 145 Valdes, Oskar 70 Verdery, Katherine 39 Vertzberger, Yaacov 175 Vysočany 188-89, 193 Warsaw Pact 48-M9, 60, 75, 95, 97-100, 103, 105, 109-12, 115-17, 120, 126-27, 136-38, 141, 149, 153, 157, 163-65, 168, 170-71, 194, 204 West Germany 98, 104, 106, 108, 116, 121, 138, 156 Wettig, Gerhard 11 WhiteBookbQ, 61-62, 143 Writers’ Union 40, 83-84, 100, 107, 139, 204 Yakubovskii, Marshal Ivan 105,
111, 138 Yugoslavia 9, 12-13, 17, 35, 56, 74, 98, 154, 162, 172 Zátopek, Emil, 145 Zhdanov, Andrei 12-13 Zhivkov, Todor 109, 163-65, 194 Zimyanin, Mikhail 147
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 1. The Export and Imposition of Stalinism 7 2. Hungarian De-Stalinization and Revising Recent History 25 3. A Revolution, a Counter-Revolution, or a National Uprising? 45 4. Stalinist Purges and De-Stalinization in Czechoslovakia 69 5. The Meaning of 1956 in 1968: March to June 95 6. June: Turning Point and the Hardening of Positions 135 7. July and August: Constructing Counter-Revolution 153 8. The Intentions of Intervention and the Shadow of 1956: Delusion and Failure 181 Conclusion 199 Epilogue 209 Appendix 211 Bibliography 213 Index 221
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic, 1999. Apor, Péter. Fabricating Authenticity in Soviet Hungary: The Afterlife of the First Hungarian Soviet Republic in the Age of State Socialism. London: Anthem Press, 2015. Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. London: Penguin, 1990. Békés, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, and János M. Rainer (eds). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Document. Budapest: CEU Press, 2002. Benziger, Karl P. Imre Nagy, Martyr of the Nation: Contested History, Legitimacy, and Popular Memory in Hungary. Lanham: Lexington, 2008. Bischof, Gunter, Stefan Karner and Peter Ruggenthaler (eds). The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Plymouth: Lexington, 2010. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union. Budapest: CEU Press, 2004. Bren, Paulina. The Greengrocer and Hü TV: The Culture of Communism efter the 1968 Prague Spring. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010. Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Crump, Laurien. The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955 to 1969. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. Dawisha, Karen. The Kremlin and the Prague Spring. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Dolack, Pete. It’s Not Over: Learningfrom the Socialist Experiment. Alresford: Zero, 2016. Dubček, Alexander. Hope Dies Last: The Autobiography of Alexander Dubček. Translated by Jiří
Hochman. New York: Kodansha, 1993. Eidlin, Fred H. The Logic of ‘Normalization’: The Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia of August 21, 1968 and the Czechoslovak Response. Boulder: Eastern European Monographs, 1980. Ekiert, Grzegorz. The State against Society: Political Crises and Thm Aftermath in East Central Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Falk, Barbara J. The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Cental Europe: Citizen Intelkctuah and Philosopher Kings. Budapest: CEU Press, 2003. Freifeld, Alice. Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848-1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Gati, Charles. Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Chicago: Stanford University Press, 2006. Gellately, Robert. Stalin’s Curse: Battlingfor Communism in War and Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
214 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE Gilbert, Mark. Cold War Europe: The Politics of a Contested Continent. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2015. Golan, Galia. ReformRukin Czechoslovakia: TheDubčekEra, 1968-1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Gough, Roger. A Good Comrade: János Kádár, Communism, and Hungary. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006. Granville, Johanna. The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crist of 1956. College Station: Texas A M University Press, 2004. Hanebrink, Paul A. In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890-1944. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. Harding, Neil. Lenin’s Political Thought. Chicago: Haymarket, 2009. Hodos, George H. Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954. New York: Praeger, 1987. Jones, Polly. Myth, Метоп, Trauma: Rethinking the Statimst Past in the Soviet Union, 1953-70. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. New York: Penguin, 2005. Kaplan, Karel. Report on the Murder of the General Secretary. Translated by Karel Kovanda. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. Kenez, Peter. Hungary fiom the Nazis to be Soviets: The Estabtishment of be Communùt Regime in Hungary, 1944-1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Kertzer, David I. Ritual, Politics, and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Korbel,Josef. Detente in Europe: Real or Imaginary? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. Kusin, Vladimir V The Intellectual Origins of tiu Prague Spring: The Development of Reformist Ideas in
Czechoslovakia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. László, Ervin. Individualism, Colkctivism, and Political Power: A Relational Analysu of Ideological Conflict. Dordrecht: Springer, 1963. Mastný Vojtěch and Malcolm Byrne (eds). A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of tiu Warsaw Pact, 1955-1991. Budapest: CEU Press, 2005. Mevius, Martin. Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communtt Party and the Origins of Socialùt Patriotism 1941—1953. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Navrátil, Jaromír (eds) Tb Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader. Budapest: CEU Press, 1998. Palasik, Mária. Chess Game for Democracy: Hungary between East and West, 1944-1947. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2011. Parrish, Michael. Sacrifice of tiu Generat: Soviet Senior Officer Losses, 1939-1953. Lanham: Scarecrow, 2004. Pittaway, Mark. The Worbrs State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Socialùt Hungary, 19441958. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012. Pons, Silvio. The Global Revolution: A Hùtory of International Communism 1917-1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Puddington, Arch. Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2000. Rainer, János M. Imre Nagy: A Biography. Translated by Lyman H. Letgers. London: I.B. Tauris, 2009. Remington, Robin Alison (eds) Winter in Prague: Document on Czechoslovak Commmùm in Crisù Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969. Rév, István. Retroactive Justice: Prehùtory of Post-Communùm. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.
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INDEX Action Programme 88, 104-5, 116, 167, 191 Aczél, Tamás 40, 58 Alapi, Gyula 19-20 Alexandrov, I. 157-59 Államvédelmi Hatóság (AVH) 15 Andrew, Christopher 103, 168 Andropov, Yurii 101-3, 136, 168 Apor, Péter 59, 61, 154 Apró, Antal 193 Arendt, Hannah 1 Arrow Gross regime 16 Austrian State Treaty 48 AVH. See Államvédelmi Hatóság (AVH) Bacilek, Karol 73, 83, 85 Batthyány, Lajos 39 Békés, Csaba 122, 173 Belgrade 114 Bem tér 195 Bem, József 47 Benziger, Kari В 40 Beria, Lavrentii 26, 28, 31, 71-72, 81 Berlin 17 Biïak, Vasű 106, 140, 167, 176-77, 184, 186-87, 189 Borhi, László 10 Brezhnev, Leonid 85-86, 89-90, 96-99, 101-11, 113, 117, 120-2, 124, 126-28, 135-36, 139, 141, 143-44, 147-48, 153, 155-57, 160, 163, 164-65, 167-68, 170-72, 175-76, 182-85, 187, 192-94, 205 Buda 47, 195 Budapest 8, 17, 20, 38, 40, 47-48, 50-52, 54-55, 59, 61, 63, 70, 75, 101, 107-8, 114-15, 128, 139, 143-44, 146, 162, 167, 174 Bulgaria 11-12, 18, 75 Čepička, Alexej 73, 82-83 Čáslavská, Věra 145 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 99-100, 190 censorship 88, 100-101, 103, 139, 144 Central Europe 2-4, 7-8, 13, 56, 64, 69 Central Publication Board 100, 139 Černík, Oldřich 106, 113, 125, 156, 160, 183, 184-85, 189, 191, 193 Chervonenko, Stepan 98, 185-87, 189 Chu, Yuan Horng 51 dementis, Vladimír 73, 83 Cominform 12-13 Comintern 7, 9, 14 Communism 1-3,8, 10, 12, 16, 19, 33, 51-52, 86 European 7, 12 History 1 Hungarian 10 communist regime 1, 3, 4, 14, 20, 21, 45, 49, 50, 62, 63 Condemnation 38, 40, 78, 83 counter-revolution 45-65, 75, 96, 101-14, 119, 120, 122-24, 127, 133, 136-38, 144, 147—49, 153-77 Cseresznyés, Sándor
17 Czechoslovakia 4, 8-10, 12-13, 18, 46, 51, 69-90, 95, 97-107, 109-14, 116-17, 120-22, 124, 126-27, 135-39, 14245, 147-49, 153-58, 160-76, 181-83, 185-95. See abo Stalinism censorship 88, 100-101, 103, 139, 144 counter-revolution. See individual entry
222 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE Czechoslovakia {cont) elections 191 Hungarian-Czechoslovak relationship 139 internal discussions and meetings 96, 99 July to August events 153-77 leaders’ role in 96-97, 110-17 March to June events 97-110 memo describing KSČ officeholder’s conviction 102-3 pressure from Soviet Union 135-36 publishing of explosive articles in the Czechoslovak press 136 Soviet invasion of 181, 190 use of Hungary’s 1956. See individual entry Warsaw Pact. See individual entry Czechoslovak National Assembly 144 Czechoslovak-Soviet summit 89 Danubian Confederation 121 Dawisha, Karen 97, 99, 105, 157 Demichev, Petr 159-60 democratic centralism 145, 147 Dittmer, Karl 170 Dubček, Alexander 81-86, 88-90, 97, 100-103, 105-17, 120-21, 123-28, 130, 135, 137, 139-43, 145-47, 153-54, 156-57, 160, 164, 166-67, 171-76, 181, 183-85, 187-94, 202-4 Dva Tisíce Slov (Two Thousand Words) 144 Exile 38-39, 70 Farkas, Mihály 17, 19, 37 Fehér, Lajos 157 Ferihegy Airport 115 Finland 11 Fock, Jenő 160 Fourteenth Congress 191 French Revolution 1 Gellately, Robert 10 geostrategic independence 143 Germany 8, 18 Gerő, Ernő 38-39, 45, 47M9, 52, 55-57 Goldstücker, Eduard 139 Gomułka, Władysław 46, 86, 103, 109-11, 113, 121-22, 124, 127, 161-62, 172-73, 182, 194-95 Gosztonyi, János 160 Gottwald, Klement 51, 69-74, 79-80, 83 Gough, Roger 15, 138, 175 Granville, Johanna 34 Grechko, Andrei 109 Griffith, William E. 37 Gromyko, Andrei 171 gulyáskommunizmus (goulash communism) 118 Habsburg allegiances 2 Hajdú, Vávro 70 Hamšík, Dušan 77 Harding, Neil 161 Havel, Václav 107 Hejzlar, Zdeněk 189
Hendrych,Jiří 100 Hodos, George 17-18, 70-71 Hoffinann, Karel 187 Holdoš, Ladislav 73 Horthy era 62 Horthy, Miklós 8 Horváth, Imre 193 Horváth, Ivan 73 Horváth, Zsolt 40 Hrušínský Rudolf 145 Hungarian Writers’ Union 107 Hungary 4, 8-16, 18, 20, 25-28, 31, 34-39, 41, 45-46, 48-49, 53-56, 60-65, 69, 71, 73-77, 80, 190, 195 1956 4, 61, 65, 75, 80, 90, 95, 97, 99, 101-2, 107-8, 110-14, 116-18, 120, 122-23, 125-27, 138, 140-41, 149, 153-56, 159-67, 169-70, 172-74, 181-82, 184, 190, 192-95, 201-6 Husák, Gustáv 70, 73, 77, 84 Hysko, Miroslav 84 Indra, Alois 185 International Brigade in Spain 16 Irodalmi Újság 40 Italy 11-12 Jones, Polly 35-36, 78 Jsme s várni; budte s námi 172 Judt, Tony 12
INDEX К-231 107 Kádárjános 20, 23, 27-28, 34, 37-39, 49, 51, 53-63, 80, 85-86, 97, 103, 109, 112-13, 117-28, 137, 139-11, 143-44, 156, 160-63, 165, 167, 169, 173-74, 182-85, 192-93, 201, 204-5 Kádárization 173-74 Kalugin, Oleg 168 KAN (Klub angažovanýchnestraníků) 107, 204 Kardelj, Edvard 141 Kazakov, General M.I. 138 Kerepesi Cemetery 38-40, 174, 210 Khrushchev, Nikita 28, 31, 33-36, 38, 46, 52-53, 55-57, 71, 73, 76, 78-79, 80, 85-86, 89, 98, 104, 108, 115, 122, 162, 172-73, 183, 193, 202 Kolder, Drahomír 81-86, 104, 167, 177, 185-87, 202 Komarov, Vladimir 17, 34 Kommunist 159 Komunistická Strana československá (KSČ) 69-77, 79, 81-85, 88-90, 96-97, 100, 102, 104-6, 109, 111-13, 115-17, 121, 123-24, 126-28, 135-36, 138—40, 146-49, 153, 156-58, 162, 164-67, 169, 172-75, 177, 182-84, 186-91, 193, 202-3, 205-6 koncepciós per 18-19 Konev, Marshal 109 Kopřiva, Ladislav 83 Kopecký, Václav 73 Koscelanskýjan 112 Kossa, István 193 Kossuth, Lajos 39-40 Kosygin, Alexei 102, 169, 182 Kovács, Béla 11-12 Kovács, István 28, 37 Köztársaság tér incident 59-60, 62-63, 107-8, 159, 204 Kramer, Mark 9-10, 116 KSČ. See Komunistická Strana československá (KSč) Kulaks 26 Kultúrny Život 84 Kun, Béla 8 Kusin, Vladimir V 77 223 László, Érvín 45 Lenárt, Jozef 81, 103, 106 Lenin, Vladimir 161 Leningrad Affair 34 Likhachev, Mikhail 17, 34-35 Litera, Jaromír 188 Literární luty 139, 140, 144, 204 Lobi, Evžen 70 London, Artur 70 Machatka, Osvald 141-44 Magyar Dolgozók Pártja (MDP) 15 Magyar Hírlap 170 Magyar Nemzet 170 Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) 53, 119, 121, 124, 137, 140, 154 Marxist theory 7
McDermott, Kevin 26, 76, 85 MDE See Magyar Dolgozók Pártja (MDP) Mező, Imre 108 Michnik, Adam 52 Mikoyan, Anastas 37 mitteleuropa 121 Mlynář, Zdeněk 174, 189-90, 202 Molotov 11, 31, 76, 79 Moscow 14-15, 17, 25-27, 37, 54-55, 61, 75-76, 79, 88, 101, 103, 105, 108-9, 114, 116, 123, 125-28, 140, 142-43, 146, 153-54, 156-57, 162-63, 166, 168, 170, 181, 184, 190, 192-95, 207 MSZMP. See Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) Münnich, Ferenc 193 Nagy, Imre 9, 12, 14, 16, 26-27, 30, 32-33, 45-47, 49-54, 56-58, 60-63, 73, 75, 108, 115, 119, 123-27, 133, 137, 139-44, 184, 193, 204, 207 Naimark, Norman 13 nationalfront government 11 National Guard units 50 national movement 50 Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 7 neo-Stalinist regime 56, 89 Népszabadságba, 60, 62-63, 160, 169 Neues Deutschland 170 New Course 30-31 New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 119
224 REVISING HISTORY IN COMMUNIST EUROPE New York Times 140 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 99 Novomeský Ladislav 73, 83-84 Novotný, Antonin 73-88, 112-13, 121, 126, 128, 139, 171, 183, 202 NPT. See Non-Proliferation Treaty Okáli, Daniel 73 Oláh, István 137 Operation Barbarossa 8 Paris 11, 17 Pavel, Josef 70 Pavlovský, Oldřich 185 Pelikán, Jiří 189 people’s democracy 9-10 Péter, Gábor 15, 17, 20, 27, 29, 32-33 Pető, Andrea 28, 30 Petőfi Circle 36, 38, 47, 107, 111, 123, 153, 204 Piller Commission 88 Pinerová, Klára 76, 85 policy independence 143 popularfront policy 7, 10 Prague Castle 69 Prague Spring 4, 45, 77, 84—90, 95, 97, 99, 102-3, 105, 107, 110-21, 126-28, 136, 138-42, 144, 149, 154-57, 160-62, 166-70, 172-74, 181-82, 184, 190, 195, 199 Pravda Slovak Communist party 84 Soviet Community party 147, 157-58, 168, 170, 183, 191 Prchlik, Vaclav 73, 81, 140 Press law 1966 100, 139 Prozumenshchikov, Mikhail 99, 140 Quimet, Matthew 102 Radio Free Europe 34-35 Rainer, János M. 25, 32 Rais, Štefan 73 Rajk, Júlia 28-30, 37-40, 56 Rajk, László 15-20, 27-30, 32^0, 69-71 Rákosi, Mátyás 12, 15, 17-20, 25-28, 30-31, 33-34, 37-38, 40, 46, 49, 54-58, 60-61, 69-71, 73, 76, 79-80 Rákosi-Gerő clique 112 Reburial 32-41 Red Army 11, 14, 48, 52, 55, 57, 109, 115, 137, 141, 184, 201 Rév, István 2-3, 28-29, 40, 57, 63, 87 revelations 32-41 revision 32-41 revisionism 162 Revolt 32—41 revolution 1,45-65 revolutionary workers’ and peasants’ regime 184 Rieber, Alfred 8 Rigo, Emil 167, 185-87 Romania 9, 11-12, 18, 56, 58, 61, 75, 98-100, 103, 143, 154, 190 Rude Právo 71, 79, 86, 138, 187 Šabata,
Jaroslav 188 Secret Speech 33-34, 36, 42, 46, 56, 71, 74-76, 78-79 Seifert, Jaroslav 145 Shelest, Petro 102-3, 155, 158, 167, 176, 183-84 show trial model 16-17 Simmonds-Duke, EM 1, 3 Simon, Bohumil 188 Široký, Viliam 73, 75, 83-84 Slánská, Josefa 88 Slánský, Rudolf 4, 70-74, 76, 80, 82-84, 88 Sling, Otto 70 Slovakia 8, 39,81,85, 100, 121 Smrkovský Josef 70, 86-87, 97, 106-7, 112, 147, 183-84, 187 Social Democratic Party (SZDP) 15 socialism 7-8, 12, 26, 52-53, 72, 85 Soviet News Agency, TASS 186 Soviet Politburo 12, 25, 27-28, 30-33, 36, 38, 49, 50-51, 53, 56, 76, 89, 95, 101-2, 115, 148, 155, 157, 167, 183-85, 207 Soviet sphere 7, 13-14, 69-70, 72 Soviet Union 9-Ю, 12-20, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38, 48, 51-52, 56, 64, 72-73, 75, 80, 84, 88-89 counter-revolution. See individual entry Polish and Yugoslav comparison 97-98
INDEX refined tactics 155, 158 resolution of Soviet Central Committee 155 Soviet-Hungarian Friendship rally 157 stealthy counter-revolution 159 use of Hungary’s 1956. See individual entry Stalin 7, 9-17, 19, 26, 30, 34-36, 38, 47, 64, 70-71, 75, 78-79, 98, 119, 200 Stalinism 3-4, 7-21, 25-26, 31-32, 35, 38, 45, 53, 56, 57, 59, 64, 71-72, 76, 78, 89, 142 agricultural collectivization 7 in Czechoslovakia 13 export of 7-21 in Hungary 13 imposition of 7-21 industrialization 7 Stalinist Repression 14—21 Stalinist purges 69-90 delayed de-Stalinization 74-85 incremental Revision 74—85 Prague Spring, reform of 85-90 rehabilitation 85-90 Steel, Ronald 114 Steury, Donald 102, 116 Stibbe, Matthew 26 Šumava Manoeuvres, 136-39 Šváb, Karel 70 Švermova, Marie 73, 82 Švestka, Oldřich 167, 177, 185, 187 Svoboda, Ludvik 171-72, 185-86, 188-89, 192 Szabad Nép 30-31 Szász, Béla 18 SZDP. See Social Democratic Party (SZDP) Szűcs, Ferenc 137 225 Také Jedno Výročí (Another Anniversary) 139 The Spectator 175-76 Tildy, Zoltán 53 Tismaneanu, Vladimir 45 Tito 13, 15, 19, 35, 74, 98, 144 Tókés, Rudolf 119 Transcarpathia 102, 112, 188 treachery 13, 17 Ulbricht, Walter 109, 157, 164—65, 182, 194 Vaculík, Ludvík 139, 145 Valdes, Oskar 70 Verdery, Katherine 39 Vertzberger, Yaacov 175 Vysočany 188-89, 193 Warsaw Pact 48-M9, 60, 75, 95, 97-100, 103, 105, 109-12, 115-17, 120, 126-27, 136-38, 141, 149, 153, 157, 163-65, 168, 170-71, 194, 204 West Germany 98, 104, 106, 108, 116, 121, 138, 156 Wettig, Gerhard 11 WhiteBookbQ, 61-62, 143 Writers’ Union 40, 83-84, 100, 107, 139, 204 Yakubovskii, Marshal Ivan 105,
111, 138 Yugoslavia 9, 12-13, 17, 35, 56, 74, 98, 154, 162, 172 Zátopek, Emil, 145 Zhdanov, Andrei 12-13 Zhivkov, Todor 109, 163-65, 194 Zimyanin, Mikhail 147 |
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| author | Reynolds, David A. J. ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1206661364 |
| author_facet | Reynolds, David A. J. ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Reynolds, David A. J. ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| dewey-full | 909.82 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 909 - World history |
| dewey-raw | 909.82 |
| dewey-search | 909.82 |
| dewey-sort | 3909.82 |
| dewey-tens | 900 - History & geography |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046627173 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:09:42Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:49:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781785272080 |
| language | English |
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| physical | 225 Seiten |
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| publishDate | 2020 |
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| publisher | Anthem Press |
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| spelling | Reynolds, David A. J. ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1206661364 aut Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 David A. J. Reynolds London Anthem Press 2020 225 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Those who define the past control the present. 'Revising History in Communist Europe' shows how the manipulation of history both empowered and weakened the communist regimes of post-World War Two Europe. It demonstrates how seismic events of the recent past reverberate in the understandings of the present, determining perceptions and decisions. With fresh analysis on the imposed communist definition of Hungary's 1956 uprising and its effects on the definition of the Prague Spring, this study will give readers a timely and penetrating insight into both landmark events. Anti-communist movements / Europe / History / 20th century Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Prager Frühling (DE-588)4175577-7 gnd rswk-swf Ungarischer Volksaufstand (DE-588)4127049-6 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd rswk-swf Ungarischer Volksaufstand (DE-588)4127049-6 s Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 s Prager Frühling (DE-588)4175577-7 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-78527-209-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032038782&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032038782&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032038782&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Reynolds, David A. J. ca. 20./21. Jh Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 Anti-communist movements / Europe / History / 20th century Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Prager Frühling (DE-588)4175577-7 gnd Ungarischer Volksaufstand (DE-588)4127049-6 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4175577-7 (DE-588)4127049-6 (DE-588)1041864515 |
| title | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 |
| title_auth | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 |
| title_exact_search | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 |
| title_full | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 David A. J. Reynolds |
| title_fullStr | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 David A. J. Reynolds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Revising history in communist Europe constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 David A. J. Reynolds |
| title_short | Revising history in communist Europe |
| title_sort | revising history in communist europe constructing counter revolution in 1956 and 1968 |
| title_sub | constructing counter-revolution in 1956 and 1968 |
| topic | Anti-communist movements / Europe / History / 20th century Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Prager Frühling (DE-588)4175577-7 gnd Ungarischer Volksaufstand (DE-588)4127049-6 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd |
| topic_facet | Anti-communist movements / Europe / History / 20th century Kollektives Gedächtnis Prager Frühling Ungarischer Volksaufstand Geschichtspolitik |
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