Dance with death: a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust
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adam_text | Contents List of Tables ix Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations and Terms xiii Editor’s Introduction xix Introduction 1 1 Christians and Jews in Poland: Cohabitation and Conflict 9 2 The Invasion and Occupation of Poland 39 3 The Extermination of Polish Jews 51 4 The Polish Underground 87 5 Help from individuals and Legal and Resistance Organizations 151 6 Żegota: The Council to Aid Jews 20 ! 7 Aid from Abroad 239 8 Criminals, Collaborators, and Antisemites 251 Conclusions 265 Bibliography 273 Index 287 About the Author 299 vii
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Index Ágúdat Yisrael, 25,189, 257 Akiba. See Zionism and Zionists Aktion. See extermination camps; resettlement in place Allied powers, 5, 131, 135, 136, 147nl, 148n7, 239-48, 263 America. See United States American Joint Distribution Committee. See JOINT Anielewicz, Mordechaj, П2 Antall, Jozef, 191, 196 anti-Polish German propaganda, 40, 49 antisemitism, 1, 20,29, 30-35, 49, 51, 80, 163, 240, 251, 263, 265-66 anti-Jewish German wartime propaganda and incitement, 4, 5, 45, 49, 65, 68, 152, 251, 262, 264n7; violence against Jews, interwar period, 31-34. See also Home Army (AK) and Jews; National Armed Forces (NSZ) Apfelbaum, David Moryc, 181 Arczyński, Ferdynand, 182, 204-6, 213, 224, 229 Arrow Cross Party, 192 aryan (term), 6, 52, 53 Austria and Austrians, 6,12, 18,19, 20, 22, 27, 36n20, 37n29, 53, 54, 70, 192, 197, 229 Babi Yar, 65 bandits, rural, 80,107, 108,109, П0, 145,169, 262 Bank Polski S.A., 232 Bardossy, Laszlo, 194 Barski, Ignacy, 202 Bartoszewski, Władysław, 45, 48, 161, 183, 184, 187, 198ml 1,202, 203, 204, 234, 264ո9, 270 ВВС, 239, 240 Belarus, 12, 26, 41, 44, 69, 79, 81, 164, 172 Belarusians, 9, 25, 26, 33, 38ո35, 44, 80-81, 110,120, 142, 169, 172 Belgium, 267 Berman, Adolf, 204, 205, 212, 253, 271 Biała Podiaska, 69,101,107,110,122, 130, 138, 140, 146, 271 Białystok, 141, 223, 262 Bielski, Tuvia, 85ո22 Bieńkowski, Witold, 187, 202, 204 Biuletyn Informacyjny, 111, 125, 137, 138,187 black market. See common crimes during WWII blood libel, 10, 263 Blue Police, 47, 50nl0, 50nl3, 57, 58, 109, 113, 119, 123, 129, 138, 287
288 Index 149ո21, 162, 168, 174, 175, 179-81, 197, 253, 255, 256-57, 270 Bor-Komorowski, Tadeusz, 80, 185-86 Bormann, Martin, 52 Bracket, Brendan, 240-41 Britain, 131, 132, 134, 135, 147nl, 148n7, 231-32, 239, 246 Bulgaria, 131, 196, 200n37 Bund party, 25, 28, 41, 115, 189, 203-9, 214, 219, 234, 240-42, 244, 246, 248, 259, 261 Bureau of Information and Propaganda (BIP) of the Polish Underground State, 111, 185-87, 201 Burki, Franz, 102 Camp of National Unity, 28 Canada, 231 Carpathian Mountains, 132, 191-92 Catholic Church and its institutions during WWH: aid to Jews, 153, 156, 163-74, 184, 188, 237n24, 267, 269, 270; anti-Jewish actions or indifference, 163-64; hierarchy and Jews, 163, 164. See also Home Army (AK) and Jews, actions to help Jews; Jews in Poland during WWII; Polish Underground State and Jews, actions to help Jews Catholic Church before WWII, 4, 12-18, 30, 32, 163 Catholics, 26,154, 163 CENTOS (Warsaw Ghetto Center for Care of Orphans), 175, 212 Central Committee of Jews in Poland, 218, 271 Central Social Welfare Council (RGO), 170, 176, 213-14, 216-18, 219, 226, 229 Ciechanowski, Jan, 245 Citizens Committee for the Care of Polish Displaced Persons in Hungary, 191 collective punishment for helping Jews. See Home Army (AK) and Jews, obstacles to saving Jews; Poles (Christian) during WWII, aid by individuals to Jews; Polish Underground State and Jews, obstacles to saving Jews civilian deaths in WWII, Polish citizens, 3, 43, 267 communism, 25, 65 communist government of Poland. See Polish communist government common crimes during WWII, 100, 109, 118, 145,
150n32, 157, 263; black market, 59, 109; profiteering, 48, 59, 63, 64. See also bandits, rural concentration camps, 43, 52, 72,106, 117, 146,174,183; Bergen-Belsen, 260; Dachau, 174, 180; Drancy camp, 50nll, 260; Mauthausen, 196; Ravensbruck, 231; Trawniki, 223. See also extermination camps; forced labor camps convents, aid to Jews. See Catholic Church and its institutions during WWII Cossacks, 11, 13 Counter-Reformation, 17-18 couriers. See Polish Underground State, couriers Cracow. See Kraków Crime and criminals. See bandits, rural; black market; common crimes during WWII Cybulski, Stanisław, 89 Czech protectorate and Czechoslovakia, 41, 53, 70, 134, 149n28, 199n27 Czerniaków, Adam, 58, 115 Częstochowa, 32, 78, 179, 224 Dargiel, Aleksandra, 213-14 Delegate. See Polish Underground State Denmark, 132,134 Democratic Alliance, 92 Democratic Party (SD), 33, 92, 111, 184, 207,217,228, 231 Dobraczyński, Jan, 175
Index Dobrowolski, Stanisław, 183, 224, 261 Drang nach Osten, 39, 42 Dror. See Zionism and Zionists Eastern Orthodox, 26 Eden, Anthony, 243 Eichmann, Adolf, 52,200n35 Einsatzgruppen, 42, 50nl5, 65 Endecja, 23, 32 England. See Britain Estonians, 9, 55, 243 extermination camps, 55, 71-73, 77, 242-43, 265; Auschwitz-Birkenau, З, 52-53,71,73,96, 125, 146, 178, 194,196, 225, 258, 260; Bełżec, 53,66,71,73,230, 231,243-44; Chełmno, 53, 71, 73; Jewish laborers in, 73; Majdanek, 53, 73, 223, 270; revolts in, 80; Sobibor, 53,66, 71, 73, 80; Treblinka, 53, 66, 67,69, 71, 73, 80, 108, 117, 178, 170, 185, 189, 193, 257, 258-59 extermination policies, German, 3, 6, 47, 51-86. See also concentration camps; extermination camps; Final Solution; forced labor camps; ghettos; Jew hunts; resettlement in place (mass shootings of Jews) 289 forest service (Polish), 47 France, 12, 29, 46, 54, 63, 90, 91, 131, 132, 133, 135, 147nl, 148n7, 150n29, 150n33, 191, 194, 231, 240, 241, 243, 249nl, 257, 260, 267; implementation of German antiJewish policies, 46 Frank, Hans, 46, 47 Frankfurter, Felix, 245 French resistance, 132-33 Frenkel,Paweł, 111 Front for the Rebirth of Poland (FOP), 184, 202-3,205,207,213 Gąsienica-Ciaplak, Jan, 132, 149n28 Gdynia, 132 gendarmerie, German (Feldgendarmerie), 120, 150n32, 172,269 Generalgouvernement, 46, 54, 79, 92, 93, 95, 106, 109, 114, 127, 134, 140, 145, 146, 148n6, 156, 170, 174, 176, 177, 178, 192, 206, 207, 209, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 231,261 Generalplan Ost, 41-42, 47 Geneva Conventions, 78 gentile (term), 6, 50n2 German anti-Jewish wartime propaganda in Poland.
See antisemitism, anti-Jewish German Father Boduen Children’s Home, 175֊ wartime propaganda 76,218 German garrison on Polish territory, Feiner, Leon, 189, 204, 205, 206, 242, 243 95 German policies targeting Gentiles in Final Solution, 3, 52, 53, 55, 65-73, occupied Poland: 3, 42-44, 46-49, 265; anti-Jewish actions, 178. See 54, 59, 61, 61, 96, 100-1,138-39, also Operation Reinhard 152, 157-58.159, 170, 256. See also Fire Brigades, 47, 112,129,140, forced labor camps 177-78, 199n21. See also Skała Gertler, David, 146-47 (Firefighters’ Resistance Movement) Gęsia women’s prison, 141 FOP. See Front for the Rebirth of Gestapo, 55, 58, 89, 90, 91, 102, 109, Poland 113-15, 119, 120, 122-23, 124, 128, forced labor camps, 43, 48, 59, 72, 76, 129, 132,133, 140, 141-42, 143, 77, 80, 82, 83n2, 104,125,165, 145, 146, 147n4, 150n32, 181, 188, 176-77, 222, 223, 225-26, 231, 233, 193, 195, 205-6, 217, 220, 222, 228, 259, 261; revolts in, 80
290 Index 241, 251, 255, 256, 257-60, 269, 270, GG. See Generalgouvernement ghettos, 3, 54-55, 56-65, 78, 82, 159֊ 62, 240, 241, 252, 265, 268; aid to by Polish gentiles, 63-64, 159, 161; Będzin, 78; Białystok, 59, 78, 224; Częstochowa, 78, 224; Jewish ghetto police, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 76, 84nl0, 150n35, 259; Kraków, 57, 224, 261; Łódź, 57, 58, 146; Lwów, 229, 237nl8, 237nl9; Otwock, 66-67; Piotrków Trybunalski, 54; Radom, 223; rural, 161; Tarnów, 78; Tuchin, 82; Warsaw, 57, 58, 60, 61-62, 63,64, 111, 112, 113-15, 127, 142, 149nl8, 149nl9, 164-65, 173, 175-76, 178, 184, 185-86, 189, 198, 213, 215, 242, 243-44, 246. See also CENTOS; Judenrat; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Giterman, Itchak, 190 Globočnik, Odile, 70-71 Goebbels, Joseph, 52, 60 Gordonia. See Zionism and Zionists Grad, Zbigniew, 142-43 Greece, 131, 132, 135 Greenbaum, Itzhok, 258 Grobelny, Julian, 182, 183, 204, 205-6, 213,214 Grynszpan, Kheel, 79 Gutkowski, Moses, 258 Hahn, Ludvig, 146-47, 260, 264n5 Hammer-Baczewski, Józef, 141-42, 150m33 Hartglas, Maximilian, 258 Hashomer Hatzair. See Zionism and Zionists Haskalah, 21, 24 Hassidic Jews, 37n22 Heydrich, Reinhard, 52, 70 Hilfswillige. See Hiwis Himmler, Heinrich, 47, 49nl, 52, 70, 100, 105, 147, 244 Hirszfeld, Ludwig, 84nl3, 165 Histadrut (Jewish Federation of Labor in Galicia), 257 Hitler, Adolf, 41, 29nl, 51, 52, 65, 88, 105, 242, 246, 261, 265 Hitlerjugend, 242,249n3 Hiwis, 55, 71, 72, 84n7 Hizowa, Emilia, 184,204, 208, 209-10, 219 Home Army (AK), 5, 93-95; assassinations and bombings, 100-5; diversionary activities, 98, 99; document forgery, 128, 243;
funds, 135; organization, 93-95; partisan units, 106, 107, 108, 112, 117; Peasant Battalions, 93, 106, 124, 183, 230; relationship to the Delegate, 94; sabotage activities, 97, 98, 99; weaknesses and betrayals, 94, 96, 138, 140-42, 144-45, 148n9, 150n33. See also Polish Underground State; ZWZ Home Army (AK) and Jews, actions to help Jews, 80, 100, 102, 104, 113֊ 16, 117, 122-23, 179, 185-86, 230. See also Bureau of Information and Propaganda (BIP); Catholic Church and its institutions during WWII; Jews in Poland during WWII; Jews in Poland during WWII, obstacles to saving Jews; Poles (Christian) during WWII, actions by individuals to help Jews; Poles (Christian) during WWII, actions by organizations to help Jews; Polish Underground State and Jews Home Army (AK) and Jews, anti-Jewish actions; antisemític elements and units that turned against Jews, 80, 81, 111, 184; oath for membership and revisions, 148nl7. See also antisemitism; Jews in Poland during WWII; Poles (Christian) during WWII, anti-Jewish actions Horthy, Miklos, 191,193,195
Index 29! Jewish resistance. See Bund; Jews in Poland during WWII, resistance; Jewish Coordinating Commission; Jewish partisans; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; Zionism and Zionists; ŻKN; ŻOB; ŻZW Jews in Poland before WWIT. assimilation, 24, 25, 26, 33, 36nl8; cultural life, 16, 34; deportation by Incorporated Territories, 46, 71, 92, 178,255 Soviets, 44; economic activities and Insurekcja, 111 conditions, 15-16, 22, 27, 29-30; intelligentsia, 22, 23,25, 36nl6 education, 26; emancipation, 19; Israel, 6, 33, 34, 52, 73,112, 148nll, ethnic identity, 23-25; percent of 148nl8, 165,172, 198nll, 200n35, Polish population 26, 61; political 200n36,208,236n5,261,267,270, life, 34-35; and Russia, 20-21; urban 271 population, 14, 21-22, 27, 61, 224. Italy, xix, 30, 124, 131-32, 134, 136, See also antisemitism; Orthodox 147nl, 199n27, 241 Jews; Zionism and Zionists Jews in Poland during WWII; blackmail Jabłonowski, Roman, 206 of other Jews, 252; cooperation Jalbrzykowski, Archbishop Romuald, with Germans, 5, 56, 58, 63, 164 113, 114, 115, 145-47, 181,252, Jankowski, Jan Stanisław, 91,201 256, 259; mixed marriages, 160; JDC. See JOINT obstacles to saving Jews, 129-30, Jedwabne, 262. See also Poles 135, 152-58, 166, 168-69, 173, (Christian) during WWII, anti-Jewish 197, 198n5, 198n6, 208-10, 214, actions, pogroms 216, 257, 266; participation in Jegier, Samuel, 79 defense of Poland, 41,43; passivity Jew Hunts (Judenjagd), 4, 49, 68, 80, during the Holocaust (alleged), 144, 178, 251,262-63, 264n9 73-78; resistance, 73-83, 85n21, Jewish Affairs Bureau. See Bureau of 189-90; resistance, spiritual,
76, Information and Propaganda; Polish 173; and Soviet Union, 44-46, 52, Underground State, actions to help 65, 79, 80, 81, 105-6, 117, 251-52, Jews 264n7, 267; survivors, 267. See Jewish Aid Office. See JUS also antisemitism; Catholic Church Jewish Combat Organization. See ŻOB and its institutions during WWII; Jewish Coordinating Commission, 189 extermination policies, German; Jewish family camps, 81 ghettos; Home Army (AK) and Jews, Jewish ghetto police. See ghettos actions to help Jews; Home Army (AK) and Jews, anti-Jewish actions; Jewish Historical Commission (Poland), German policies targeting Gentiles 151 in occupied Poland; Jewish family Jewish Historical Institute, 267 Jewish Military Union. See ŻZW camps: Jewish partisans; Orthodox Jews; Poles (Christian) during Jewish partisans, 74, 79, 80,105-6, 108, WWII, actions by individuals to 117, 155, 162 Hotel Polski Affair, 251, 257-61 Hungarian Union, 192 Hungary, 2,4,131-32, 134,151, 190-97,199n27,199n28, 200n30, 200n31,200n33, 200n36, 227, 229, 241, 268,199n27,199n28,200n33 hunts for Jews. See Jew Hunts
292 help Jews; Poles (Christian) during WWII, actions by organizations to help Jews; Poles (Christian) during WWII, anti-Jewish actions; Polish Underground State and Jews; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; wartime profiteering; Zionism and Zionists; ŻOB; ŻZW Jews in the United States, 245-48 JOINT, 190, 246—48, 259 Joselewicz, Berek, 79 Judenrat, 57-59, 66, 75, 115, 186 JUS, 226, 247, 261 justice system, underground. See Polish Underground State, justice system Kalkstein, Lukwik, 144 Kallay, Miklos, 194 Karcz, Tadeusz, 122-23, 180 Karski, Jan, 132, 241-46 Katyń massacre, 44 Kazimierz, 14 Kennkarte, 127, 157,212, 231 Kiev, 65 Kirshenbaum, Menachem, 242 Koestier, Arthur, 244 Korboński, Stefan, 91 Kossak-Szczucka, Zofia, 184, 201-2, 2ւ2-13, 235nl, 255, 271 Krahelski-Filipowic, Wanda, 201-2 Kraków, 14, 21, 25, 27, 28, 55, 57, 79, 101, 103, 112, 122, 140, 145-46, 149n21, 159, 160, 164, 165, 171, 178, 179, 183, 192-93, 202, 205, 206, 224-29, 247, 261, 263, 269, 270. See also ghettos, Kraków Kripo, 58, 109,123, 148nl5, 150n32, 188, 212, 256 Kruger, Wilhelm, 103 Kutschera, Frantz, 100-2, 148n9 labor camps. See forced labor camps Labor Party (SP), 92 Lasocka, Maria, 184 Latin America, 257-61 Index Latvians, 9, 25, 55, 70, 96, 117, 125, 181,233, 252 Lebensraum, 39, 40, 42, 52 Leski, Kazimierz, 133 Lithuania, 7,18, 25, 26, 44, 258 Lithuanians, 9, 23, 25, 38n35, 55, 70, 96, 116, 117, 125, 181,233, 252, 264n7 Łódź, 21, 27, 55, 71, 83n3, 146, 223. See also ghettos, Łódź Lublin and Lublin Province, 14, 43, 55, 68, 70,71,79, 103, 106, 112, 120, 159, 165, 167, 171,222, 223,231 Lviv. See Lwów Lwów, 7,
21, 25, 27, 55, 101, 107, 167, 171, 184, 206, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229-31, 270 Madagascar, 53-54 Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, 268 Małysiak, Bishop Albin, 164 Mendelson, Kalman, 113 Miecz i Pług (МІР), 142-44 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 240, 243 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 39 Mond, Bemard (Major General), 41, 43 Municipal Women’s Houses, 176 National Armed Forces (NSZ), 50nl4, 107, 199n24, 203, 218 National Council of Jewish Trade Unions, 41 National Democratic Party, 27, 31 National Institute of Remembrance, 268 nationalism, Polish, 23 National Party (SN), 92 National Radical Camp (ONR), 184-85 Nazi (term), 6 Netherlands, 267 New York Jewish Labor Committee, 248 New York Times, 240 NKVD, 44, 90, 227, 248 nobility. See Poles, Christian
Index Norwid-Neugebauer, Mieczysław (Lieutenant General), 41 Nowak, Jan, 246 Odwet, 100,118 Operation N, 103,125 Operation Reinhard, 70, 83 Operation Tannenberg, 42 Ordnungspolizei, 52, 140 Orpo, 52 Orthodox Jews, 2,4, 11,21-22,24, 33, 34-35, 54, 78, 153, 159, 160, 173, 183, 257, 266 OW-КВ (Military OrganizationSecurity Corps), 111,113,114,115, 149nl8 Palestine, xix, 31, 37ո21, 75,190,194, 200ո36, 241, 258-60, 264, 264ոՅ Palestine List, 258, 260 Palestine Rescue Committee, 257 partisans, unaffiliated, 109, 252 Party of Polish Democracy (PPD), 184 Pawiak Prison, 102, 141, 218, 257 Peasant Battalions. See Home Army (AK) Peasant Party (SL), 92,93, 111, П9, 183-84, 203, 205, 270 peasants during WWII, 80, 108,165; anti-Jewish actions, 254-55, 262; actions to he!p Jews, 108,109, 111, 162, 183, 269; German reprisals against, 108, 109; Home Army defense of, 110; robbery of, 108, 109. See also Poles (Christian) before Wíl, peasants People’s Army (Armia Ludowa), 79, 107,108 Piekalkiewicz, Jan, xi, 5,91, 92,115, 119, 139, 146, 183,202, 256, 264 Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław, personal testimonies, 42, 47, 62, 69, 70, 77, 89,94, 95,96, 101, 107,110,120, 122, 124, 129, 130, 131, 136, 138, 146, 157, 164, 209 293 Piekałkiewicz, Kazimiera, 237nl4 Piekalkiewicz, Stanisław, 50n7 Piłsudski, Józef, 26, 27, 30, 58, 84ո9, 147ո5 Poale Zion. See Zionism and Zionists political parties. See names of individual parties; Polish Underground State Poland before WWII: interwar, 28-35; partitions, 18-22. See also antisemitism; Jews; Lithuania; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Ukraine Poles (Christian) before
WWII: middle class, 21, 37n29; nobility, 10, 12-14, !6-18, 22, 35n2; peasants, 22. See also Catholic Church; Protestantism and Protestants Poles (Christian) during WWII, actions by individuals to help Jews, 152, 158-63, 185, 190-97, 202, 268, 269-70; paid helpers, 254; “sudden helpers,” 162, 268. See also Catholic Church and its institutions during WWII; German policies targeting Polish “Gentiles”; ghettos, aid to by Polish “Gentiles”; Home Army (AK) and Jews, actions to help Jews; Jews in Poland during WWII, obstacles to saving Jews; peasants in WWII, actions to help Jews; Poles (Christian) during WWII, actions by organizations to help Jews; Polish Underground State and Jews, actions to help Jews; Żegota (Council to Aid Jews) Poles (Christian) during WWII, actions by organizations to help Jews, 174-86, 203, 268, 269. See also Fire Brigades; Jews in Poland during WWII, obstacles to saving Jews; Polish Underground State and Jews, actions to help Jews; Żegota (Council to Aid Jews) Poles (Christian) during WWII, antiJewish actions: blackmail of Jews,
294 Index 5, 119, 121, 124, 149ո21, 152, 187, 214, 251, 252-56; “bystanders,” 266; collaboration with Germans, 251-52, 256; denunciations of Jews and those hiding them, 119, 145, 149n21, 180, 205, 214, 215, 251, 252, 254-55, 266; killings, 149n21, 263; “paid helpers,” 254; pogroms, 251, 263, 264n8; szmalcowniki, 121, 180, 252-57, 264nl. See also antisemitism; Catholic Church and its institutions during WWII; Home Army (AK) and Jews, anti-Jewish actions; Jew Hunts; peasants during WWII, anti-Jewish actions; Polish Underground State and Jews Poles (Christian) during WWII, antiUnderground actions, 118-19, 121, 252, 255-56, 262, 266; “survival strategies,” 266. See also peasants during WWII; Poles (Christian) during WWII, anti-Jewish actions Polish 2nd Corps, 124,147nl Polish Armed Forces, 40, 41, 43, 74, 90, 93,94, 111, 148n7 Polish communist government, 1, 45, 110, 124, 133, 144-45, 149n28, 150n30, 151, 173, 174, 185, 236n6, 237nl9, 251,261, 263, 266, 270-71, 271nl Polish Communist Militia (People’s Guard), 116 Polish communist party, 25, 100, 105, 263, partisan units, 105, 108. See also Jews, and the Soviet Union; People’s Army; Polish Communist Militia (People’s Guard); Polish United Communist Party (PZPR); Polish Workers’ Party (PPR) Polish Democratic Organization (POD), 203-4 Polish Govemment-in-Exile (London), 1, 4, 5, 80, 90-92, 94, 112, 131, 135, 141, 150n33, 184,187,190, 193, 196, 201, 203-4, 227, 231-33, 239֊ 41,243-44, 246-48, 261 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 12-18, 23, 25, 36n8 Polish Jewish Coordination Committee, 248 Polish Jewish National Committee, 248
Polish National Council-in-Exile, 240, 244, 246 Polish resistance, 89, 139; assumption war would be short, 89-90; level of participation, 74, 138. See also Home Army (AK); Jewish Family Camps; Jewish Partisans; Jews, resistance; National Armed Forces (NSZ); People’s Army (Armia Ludowa); Polish Underground State; ŻOB; ŻZW; and names of Polish political parties Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 25, 27, 33, 92, 111, 149n26, 182,191, 215, 222, 223, 230, 242, 262, 269. See also PPS-WRN; WRN Polish Socialist Workers Party (RPPS), 204 Polish-Soviet War 1920, 26 Polish Underground State, 74, 87-150; Civilian Underground State, 91-92; communication and information gathering, 130-38; couriers, 88-89, 130-31, 136, 192, 193, 240, 246; Delegate and Delegate’s Bureau, 91, 92, 94, 135, 137, 140, 149n26, 2013, 213,233, 235, 242,270; delegates, regional, 92, 115; document forgery, 125-30; financing, 135-36, 232; justice system, 118-25,146; organization, 88-89; uprising as a policy imperative, 90; weaknesses, 138-41. See also Catholic Church and its institutions during WWII; Home Army (AK); Polish Underground State and Jews Polish Underground State and Jews, actions to help Jews, 111-18,
Index 295 railroad workers (Christian and Jewish), 225, 268,270; court sentences for 47, 119, 178-79, 182, 223 crimes against Jews, 121-25,146, 149n22, 256-57; court sentences, Ratajski, Cyryl, 91 Red Cross (national and international insufficiencies, 121-22, 124,235, 256; court sentences, publicity for, branches), 176, 177, 194, 195, 246, 125, 235; Delegate and Delegate’s 247, 261 Bureau, 113,115, 119, 135,183, Rek, Tadeusz, 183, 204, 207 187,229,256; Delegate and RELICO, 257 Delegate’s Bureau, insufficiencies, Relief Committee for the War Stricken 235; forged documents, provision Jewish Population. See RELICO of, 125-26,229; informing the west, resettlement in place (mass shootings of 239-46; Jewish Affairs Bureau, Jews), 65, 66, 68-70, 77, 172 187-88; Jewish participation in, resettlement in the East, 56, 62,115 111-18. See also Catholic Church Reserve Police Battalion, 101, 66, 68, and its institutions during WWII; 71,77 Home Army (AK) and Jews; Jews resistance, Polish. See Home Army in Poland during WWII, obstacles to (AK); Polish Underground State saving Jews; Poles (Christian) during RGO. See Central Social Welfare WWII, actions by individual to Council help Jews; Poles (Christian) during Ringelblum, Emmanuel, 63, 173, 223, WWII, actions by organizations to 268 help Jews; Polish Govemment-inRodai, Leon, 111 Exile; Żegota (Council to Aid Jews) Roma (Gypsies), 6, 51, 82, 169, 262, Polish United Communist Party (PZPR), 263 124 Romania, 106, 131, 195, 196, 199n27, Polish Workers’ Party (PPR), 11,184, 200n36, 200n37 203 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 245 postal service
(Polish), 47, 119, 270 Rostkowski, Ludwig, 218-19, 221-22 Potocki, Przemek, 107 Roszkiewicz-Litwinowicz, Anna, 121, Poznań, 36nl4, 37ո29, 124, 126, 144 271 PPS. See Polish Socialist Party; PPSRowecki, Stefan, 75, 88, 91, 139, 143, WRN 147n3, 185-86, 201 PPS-WRN, 182, 203, 204, 205, 228-29, Rudnicka, Zofia, 128, 205 231 Rufiesen, Oswald, 109,120,172 Prokopowicz-Wierzbowska, Maria, 175 Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 58 Protestantism and Protestants, 9, 12, Russians, 25, 38n35, 45, 55, 126. See 15,26, 36n9; actions to help to help also Soviet Union Jews, 163 Rzeczpospolita Polska, 125, 137 Provisional Council to Aid Jews, 202-3 Rzeszów, 49 Prussia, 12, 18, 19 Sanacja, 27,28, 31 Racławice, 92 Sapieha, Archbishop Adam Stefan, 163 Raczyński, Edward В., 246 Schindler, Oskar, 226 Radkiewicz, Władysław, 243 Schultz, Irena, 175, 213 Radom, 55, 101,149n21,159,179, 223 Scouts, 117,137,188-89, 269
296 Index Selbstschutz, 43 Sendłak, Stefan, 204, 222-23 Sendler, Irena, xi, 175,199n20, 210-11, 213-15,218, 270 Sicherheitspolizei, 52, 139 Sikorski, Władysław, 90, 91, 141, 243, 245 Silberschein, Abraham, 257-58 Skała (Firefighters’ Resistance Movement), 115, 177. See also Fire Brigades Sławik, Hemyk, 191, 193-96, 200n38 Slovakia, 70, 132 Słowikowski, Anatol, 142—43 Social Self-Defense Organization (SOS), 213 Social Welfare Department, Warsaw, 175,214 Sokhnut, 258 Sonderkommando, 140-44 Soviet POWs: died in captivity, 84nl7; escaped, 70, 71, 84n7, 107, 108, 109, 110, 263 Soviet Union, 26, 39, 44-46, 54, 65, 70, 131, 135, 147nl, 199n27, 148nl3, 248-49 Spain, 132, 133, 150n29, 243 Spielker, Alfred, 140, 146 Spitz, Szymon, 146 Sprawa (Association of Polish Syndicalists), 203 SS, 43, 47, 49nl, 53, 71, 72, 117, 147n4, 120 Statute of Kalisz, 10 Steinberg, Baruch (Major, Chief Rabbi of Polish Armed Forces), 44 Stimson, Henry, 245 Straszyński, Stefan, 58 sudden helpers, 162, 268 Sweden and Swedes, 53, 131,132, 149n26 Switzerland, 53, 132, 196, 241, 247, 257-58, 261 Szapary, Erzsébet, 193 Szare Szeregi (Grey Ranks). See Scouts Szmalcowniki. See Poles (Christian) during WWII, anti-Jewish actions Szpilman, Władysław, 84nl6 Szwarcbart, Ignacy, 240 Teleki, Pal, 192, 194, 200n30 Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, Michał, 87-88, 90, 228 Tołłoczko-Wyganowska, Helena, 211-12, 236n6 Tołłoczko, Zdzisław, 5, 109, 209, 237n21 Topf Shoene, 72 Trawniki. See Hiwis Treaty of Versailles, 25-26, 39 Tsukunft, 41 Tyszko, Celina, 128 Ukraine, 7, 11, 12, 26, 41, 44, 65, 79, 81, 135,267, Ukrainians, 9, 18,23,
25,26, 32, 38n35, 44, 53, 55, 67, 70, 71-72, 80-83, 96, 106, 110, 125, 139, 169, 171, 177, 181, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 243, 252, 262, 263, 264n7; peasants, 80, 81 underground, Polish. See Home Army (AK); Polish Underground State Underground Security Corps, 181 United Kingdom. See Britain United Nations War Crimes Commission, 244 United States, 134, 135, 239, 241, 246 Vilnius. See Wilno Volhynia, 81-83, 139 Volksdeutsche, 46, 71, 84nl8, 104, 125, 140, 145, 177,218, 220, 252 Wannsee Conference, 55 Warsaw, 21, 55, 100-1, 141, 146, 156, 172, 180, 184,218, 264; Jewish population, 61. See also ghetto, Warsaw
Index Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 4, 73, 75, 78, 79, 82-83,87, 111, 112, 113-17, 148nll, 148-49nl 8,177,186, 18889, 199ո21, 213, 214, 215, 256, 259. See also ghettos, Warsaw; Home Army (AK) and Jews, activities to help Jews; OW-КВ (Military Organization-Security Corps); Polish Communist Militia (People’s Guard); Scouts; ŻOB; ŻZW Warsaw Sanitary-Epidemiological Station, 175 Warsaw Uprising, 4,48,79,93, 97, 133, 134-35, 139, 176, 186, 188, 189, 199n21, 206, 210, 217, 222, 225, 227,237nl4, 248, 263 Wehrmacht, 43, 109,133 Weichen, Michal, 226,247,251,261 Wells, H.G., 244 Wiadomości Polskie, 111 Wilner, Izrael Chaim, 186, !88 Wilno, 7, 27, 144, 164, 167, 172, 188, 223, 258 Woliński, Henryk, 185-86, 201-2 World Jewish Congress, 247 WRN (Wolność, Równość, Niepodległość), 182. See also PPSWRN Wrocław, 144 297 Żagiew, 113-15 Zamość Province, 139 Żegota (Council to Aid Jews), 4, 8n5, 88, 89, 111, 115, 119, 170, 173, 201-38,253-54, 256, 270-71; Bureau, 206-12, 219; couriers, 206-8, 226, 227, 231; Children’s Department, 212-18; Council to Aid Jews (Britain), 233; Department for the Provinces, 222-31; Doctor’s Committee, 219; document forgery, 128, 225; financing, 203, 204-5, 217, 219, 225, 231-35; Housing Department, 208-12; Medical Department, 218-22; Presidium, 204-6. See also Jews in Poland during WWII, obstacles to saving Jews Zimmermann, Henryk Zvi, 193, 196, 200n36 Zionism and Zionists, 21, 24, 25, 31, 36-37n21, 73, 74, 75,78, 111, 189֊ 90, 241, 242, 248 ŻKN (Jewish National Committee), 189-90, 203-7, 217, 219, 223, 261 ŻOB (Jewish Combat Organization), 79, 104, 111-12, 116, 180,
186, 261 Zorin, Shlomo, 81 Zuckerman, Yitzhak, 104,112,148nll, 186, 189, 261 Yad Vashem, World Holocaust ZWZ (Union for Armed Struggle), Remembrance Center, 158, 165, 211, 90-91,92, 111, 118, 187 236n5, 264n3, 267, 268, 271n3 Zygielbojm, Artur, 214 Yiddish, 34 Zygielbojm, Szmul, 240, 244,246,248 Yugoslavia, 4,47, 94,131,132,134, ŻZW (Jewish Military Union), 85n22, 135, 194, 195, 196, 199ո27, 200ո30, 111, 112-16, 148-49nl8, 181, 186, 200ո37, 241, 27ІП2 230
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any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław 1926- |
author2 | Drzewieniecki, Joanna |
author2_role | edt |
author2_variant | j d jd |
author_GND | (DE-588)1206941545 |
author_facet | Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław 1926- Drzewieniecki, Joanna |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław 1926- |
author_variant | j p jp |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV046434340 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1146053548 (DE-599)BVBBV046434340 |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV046434340 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:44:30Z |
institution | BVB |
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language | English |
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physical | 299 Seiten |
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spelling | Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław 1926- Verfasser (DE-588)1206941545 aut Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust Jarosław Piekałkiewicz ; edited by Joanna Drzewienicki Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Hamilton Books [2020] © 2020 299 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Untergrund Politik (DE-588)4354742-4 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust / Poland World War, 1939-1945 / Jews / Rescue / Poland World War, 1939-1945 / Jewish resistance / Poland World War, 1939-1945 / Underground movements / Poland Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Jews rescue (1939-1945 : World War) World War (1939-1945) Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust Underground movements, War Poland 1939-1945 Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Untergrund Politik (DE-588)4354742-4 s Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s DE-604 Drzewieniecki, Joanna edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-0-7618-7167-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031846507&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031846507&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031846507&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
spellingShingle | Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław 1926- Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust Untergrund Politik (DE-588)4354742-4 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4354742-4 (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4231103-2 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
title | Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust |
title_auth | Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust |
title_exact_search | Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust |
title_full | Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust Jarosław Piekałkiewicz ; edited by Joanna Drzewienicki |
title_fullStr | Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust Jarosław Piekałkiewicz ; edited by Joanna Drzewienicki |
title_full_unstemmed | Dance with death a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust Jarosław Piekałkiewicz ; edited by Joanna Drzewienicki |
title_short | Dance with death |
title_sort | dance with death a holistic view of saving jews during the holocaust |
title_sub | a holistic view of saving Jews during the Holocaust |
topic | Untergrund Politik (DE-588)4354742-4 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Untergrund Politik Judenvernichtung Rettung Zweiter Weltkrieg Juden Polen |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031846507&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031846507&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031846507&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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