Rubber technology: compounding and testing for performance
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| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich ; Cincinnati
Hanser Publishers ; Hanser Publications
[2020]
|
| Ausgabe: | 3rd Edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXI, 774 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781569906156 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781569906156 |c Festeinband : EUR 199.99 (DE) (freier Preis), circa EUR 205.60 (AT) (freier Preis) |9 978-1-56990-615-6 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9781569906156 | |
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| 084 | |a UV 9150 |0 (DE-625)146921: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a ZM 5300 |0 (DE-625)157065: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 660 |2 sdnb | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rubber technology |b compounding and testing for performance |c John S. Dick |
| 250 | |a 3rd Edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich ; Cincinnati |b Hanser Publishers ; Hanser Publications |c [2020] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2020 | |
| 300 | |a XXXI, 774 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gummi |0 (DE-588)4022538-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gummiverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4278968-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kautschuk |0 (DE-588)4030108-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kautschukverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4163521-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a brass wire adhesion | ||
| 653 | |a chemical blowing agents | ||
| 653 | |a Compoundieren | ||
| 653 | |a Elastomere | ||
| 653 | |a Elastomers | ||
| 653 | |a flame retardants | ||
| 653 | |a Kautschuk | ||
| 653 | |a Materialprüfung | ||
| 653 | |a Mischen | ||
| 653 | |a recycled rubber | ||
| 653 | |a rubber compounding | ||
| 653 | |a rubber mixing | ||
| 653 | |a Thermoplastische Elastomere | ||
| 653 | |a FBKTKAUT: Elastomere und Kautschuk | ||
| 653 | |a PLAS2018 | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kautschuk |0 (DE-588)4030108-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Kautschukverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4163521-8 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Dick, John S. |d 1945- |0 (DE-588)1145742114 |4 edt | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Hanser Publications |0 (DE-588)1064064051 |4 pbl | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-56990-616-3 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031715167&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031715167 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804180834701279232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
.......................................................................................................
V
ABOUT
THE
EDITOR
......................................................................................
VII
LIST
OF
CONTRIBUTORS
.................................................................................
IX
1
RUBBER
COMPOUNDING:
INTRODUCTION,
DEFINITIONS,
AND
AVAILABLE
RESOURCES
...............................................................
1
JOHN
S.
DICK
1.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
1
1.2
THE
RECIPE
.........................................................................................
2
1.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
RUBBER
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
...................
3
1.4
STANDARD
ABBREVIATIONS
FOR
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
.............
5
1.5
THE
DIVERSITY
OF
RUBBER
RECIPES
.....................................................
5
1.6
COMPATIBILITY
OF
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
..................................
8
1.7
RUBBER
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
*
SPECIFICATIONS
......................
9
1.8
RAW
MATERIAL
SOURCE
BOOKS
.............................................................
10
1.9
KEY
SOURCE
REFERENCES
FOR
FORMULATIONS
......................................
11
1.10
TECHNICAL
ORGANIZATIONS
...................................................................
13
1.11
KEY
TECHNICAL
JOURNALS
AND
TRADE
MAGAZINES
..............................
14
1.12
REGULARLY
SCHEDULED
TECHNICAL
CONFERENCES
................................
15
1.12.1
REGULARLY
SCHEDULED
COURSES
..........................................
16
1.13
WEB
SITES
AVAILABLE
...........................................................................
17
2
COMPOUND
PROCESSING
CHARACTERISTICS
AND
TESTING
.................
19
JOHN
S.
DICK
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
19
2.2
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
.....................................................................
19
2.2.1
TWO
ROLL
MILL
.....................................................................
19
2.2.2
INTERNAL
MIXERS
.................................................................
20
2.2.3
FURTHER
DOWNSTREAM
PROCESSING
.....................................
21
2.2.4
CURING
PROCESS
...................................................................
23
2.2.5
FACTORY
PROBLEMS
...............................................................
23
2.3
PROCESSABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS
AND
MEASUREMENTS
......................
25
2.3.1
VISCOSITY
.............................................................................
25
2.3.1.1
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETERS
..........................
26
2.3.1.2
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
..............................
27
2.3.1.3
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETERS
..........................
28
2.3.1.4
COMPRESSION
PLASTIMETERS
.............................
31
2.3.2
SHEAR
THINNING
.................................................................
31
2.3.2.1
SHEAR
THINNING
BY
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
....
32
2.3.2.2
SHEAR
THINNING
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
..
33
2.3.3
ELASTICITY
.............................................................................
34
2.3.3.1
MOONEY
STRESS
RELAXATION
............................
35
2.3.3.2
ELASTICITY
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
..............
36
2.3.3.3
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
DIE
SWELL
....................
37
2.3.3.4
COMPRESSION
PLASTIMETER
ELASTIC
RECOVERY
..
38
2.3.3.5
DIRECT
SHRINKAGE
MEASUREMENTS
..................
38
2.3.4
TIME
TO
SCORCH
...................................................................
38
2.3.4.1
SCORCH
BY
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETER
..................
39
2.3.4.2
SCORCH
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
..................
39
2.3.4.3
SCORCH
BY
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
....................
41
2.3.5
CURE
RATE
...........................................................................
42
2.3.5.1
CURE
RATE
BY
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETER
............
43
2.3.5.2
CURE
TIMES
AND
CURE
RATE
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.......................................................
43
2.3.6
ULTIMATE
STATE
OF
CURE
.......................................................
45
2.3.6.1
RING
TESTING
.....................................................
45
2.3.6.2
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.....................................
46
2.3.7
REVERSION
RESISTANCE
.......................................................
47
2.3.8
GREEN
STRENGTH
.................................................................
47
2.3.9
TACKINESS
...........................................................................
47
2.3.10
STICKINESS
...........................................................................
48
2.3.11
DISPERSION
.........................................................................
48
2.3.12
STOCK
STORAGE
STABILITY
.....................................................
49
2.3.13
MIS-COMPOUNDING
.............................................................
49
2.3.14
CELLULAR
RUBBER
BLOW
REACTION
.......................................
50
3
VULCANIZATE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES,
PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS,
AND
TESTING
.........................................................
53
JOHN.
S.
DICK
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
53
3.2
DENSITY
...............................................................................................
54
3.3
HARDNESS
...........................................................................................
55
3.4
TENSILE
STRESS-STRAIN
.......................................................................
56
3.5
STRESS-STRAIN
PROPERTIES
UNDER
COMPRESSION
..............................
57
3.6
STRESS-STRAIN
PROPERTIES
UNDER
SHEAR
............................................
58
3.7
DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
.........................................................................
58
3.8
LOW
TEMPERATURE
PROPERTIES
...........................................................
61
3.8.1
BRITTLE
POINT
.......................................................................
63
3.8.2
GEHMANTEST
.....................................................................
63
3.9
STRESS
RELAXATION,
CREEP,
AND
SET
...................................................
63
3.10
PERMEABILITY
(TRANSMISSION)
...........................................................
66
3.11
CURED
ADHESION
.................................................................................
67
3.12
TEAR
RESISTANCE
.................................................................................
68
3.13
DEGRADATION
PROPERTIES
.....................................................................
70
3.13.1
FLEX
FATIGUE
RESISTANCE
...................................................
70
3.13.2
HEAT
RESISTANCE
.................................................................
73
3.13.3
OZONE
RESISTANCE
...............................................................
75
3.13.4
WEATHERING
RESISTANCE
.....................................................
76
3.13.5
RESISTANCE
TO
LIQUIDS
.......................................................
77
3.13.6
ABRASION
AND
WEAR
RESISTANCE
........................................
77
4
RUBBER
COMPOUND
ECONOMICS
.....................................................
81
JOHN
M.
LONG
4.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
81
4.2
COMPOUND
COST
CALCULATIONS
...........................................................
81
4.2.1
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
.................................................................
82
4.2.2
COST/LB
...............................................................................
82
4.2.3
LB-VOLUME
COST
.................................................................
82
4.2.4
PART
COST
.............................................................................
82
4.2.5
CONVERSION
FACTORS
FOR
CALCULATING
PART
COST
................
83
4.2.5.1
IN
3
AND
COSL/LB
.................................................
83
4.2.5.2
CM
3
AND
COSL/KG
...............................................
83
4.2.5.3
FT
3
AND
COST/LB
...................................................
83
4.2.5.4
CM
3
AND
COSL/LB
...............................................
83
4.2.5.5
RELATIVE
COSTS
...................................................
83
4.2.5.6
DEVELOPING
CONVERSION
FACTORS
....................
83
4.3
MEASURING
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
(DENSITY)
.............................................
84
4.4
COST
CALCULATIONS
...............................................................................
85
4.4.1
BASE
COMPOUND
.................................................................
85
4.4.2
SAME
INGREDIENT
VOLUME
AND
EQUAL
COST
......................
85
4.4.3
LOW
COST/LB
.......................................................................
87
4.4.4
HIGH
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
.......................................................
87
4.5
COMPOUND
DESIGN
AND
COST
.............................................................
88
4.6
REDUCING
COMPOUND
COST
...............................................................
89
4.6.1
HIGH-STRUCTURE
CARBON
BLACKS
.........................................
89
4.6.2
WHITE
COMPOUNDS
.............................................................
89
4.6.3
ANTIOXIDANTS/ANTIOZONANTS
.............................................
89
4.6.4
POLYMER
SUBSTITUTIONS
.......................................................
91
4.6.4.1
HIGH
COST/HIGH
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
POLYMERS
..
91
4.6.4.2
CLEAR
AND
OIL-EXTENDED
POLYMER
REPLACEMENTS
...................................................
92
4.6.4.3
CARBON
BLACK/OIL
MASTERBATCHES
REPLACING
FREE
MIX
COMPOUNDS
.......................................
94
4.6.4.4
EXTRUSION
PRODUCTIVITY
...................................
96
4.6.4.5
VULCANIZATION
PRODUCTIVITY
............................
97
APPENDIX
4.1
...............................................................................................
98
5
THE
TECHNICAL
PROJECT
APPROACH
TO
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
AND
COMPOUND
DEVELOPMENT
..............................................
101
ALAN
G.
VEITH
5.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................................................................
101
5.2
PART
1:
STEPS
IN
A
TECHNICAL
PROJECT
.................................................
103
5.2.1
INITIAL
ACTION
REQUIRED
.....................................................
103
5.2.1.1
PLANNING
MODEL
...............................................
104
5.2.1.2
WORK,
TIME,
AND
COST
PROPOSAL
.....................
104
5.2.2
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
.......................................................
104
5.2.2.1
SELECTING
VARIABLES
OR
FACTORS
.....................
104
5.2.2.2
SELECTING
TEST
INSTRUMENTS
AND
PROCEDURES
.
105
5.2.2.3
DEVELOPING
A
RESPONSE
MODEL
......................
105
5.2.2.4
SELECTING
AN
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
...............
107
5.2.3
CONDUCT
MEASUREMENTS
AND
OBTAIN
DATA
.............
112
5.2.4
CONDUCT
ANALYSIS
AND
EVALUATE
PRELIMINARY
MODEL
...
112
5.2.5
PREPARE
REPORT
.........................................................
113
5.3
PART
2:
USING
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
..............................................
113
5.3.1
SCREENING
DESIGNS
-
SIMPLE
TREATMENT
COMPARISONS
..
113
5.3.1.1
DESIGN
CL
FOR
UNIFORM
REPLICATION
CONDITIONS
.......................................................
114
5.3.1.2
DESIGN
CL
FOR
NON-UNIFORM
REPLICATION
CONDITIONS
.......................................................
114
5.3.1.3
DESIGN
C2
FOR
MULTI-TREATMENT
COMPARISONS
115
5.3.2
SCREENING
DESIGNS
-
MULTIFACTOR
EXPERIMENTS
..............
116
5.3.2.1
TWO-LEVEL
FACTORIAL
DESIGNS
..........................
116
5.3.2.2
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
DESIGNS
................................
118
5.3.2.3
CALCULATING
THE
EFFECT
COEFFICIENTS
..................
118
5.3.2.4
REVIEWING
DESIGNS
SI
TO
SIL
..........................
120
5.3.3
EXPLORATORY
DESIGNS
-
MULTIFACTOR
EXPERIMENTS
..........
121
5.3.4
EVALUATING
THE
STATISTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
EFFECT
COEFFICIENTS
.......................................................................
122
5.3.4.1
EVALUATING
STANDARD
ERRORS
FOR
EFFECT
COEFFICIENTS:
SCREENING
DESIGNS
....................
122
5.3.4.2
FOUR-FACTOR
SCREENING
DESIGN:
AN
EXAMPLE
..
124
APPENDIX
5.1
-
A
CATALOG
OF
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
..............................
130
6
ELASTOMER
SELECTION
........................................................................
147
RUDY
SCHOOL
6.1
OVERVIEW
...........................................................................................
147
6.1.1
COMMODITY
AND
GENERAL
PURPOSE
ELASTOMERS
..............
150
6.1.1.1
NATURAL
RUBBER
(NR)
........................................
150
6.1.1.2
STYRENE
BUTADIENE
RUBBER
(
SBR)
...................
151
6.1.1.3
POLYBUTADIENE
RUBBER
(BR)
...........................
152
6.1.2
HIGH-VOLUME
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
................................
153
6.1.2.1
POLYISOPRENE
(IR)
..............................................
153
6.1.2.2
NITRILE
RUBBER
(NBR)
......................................
153
6.1.2.3
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE
(EPDM)
...............
155
6.1.2.4
POLYCHLOROPRENE
(CR)
....................................
155
6.1.2.5
BUTYL
AND
HALOGENATED
BUTYL
ELASTOMERS
...
156
6.1.2.6
CHLORINATED
AND
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
.....................................................
158
6.1.3
LOW-VOLUME
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
..................................
158
6.1.3.1
FLUOROELASTOMERS
..............................................
159
6.1.3.2
SILICONE
AND
FLUOROSILICONE
RUBBER
...............
160
6.1.3.3
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER
......................................
161
6.1.3.4
ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC
RUBBER
..................................
161
6.1.3.5
POLYACRYLATE
RUBBER
........................................
162
6.1.3.6
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
RUBBER
..................................
162
6.1.3.7
POLYOLEFIN
ELASTOMERS
......................................
163
6.1.3.8
POLYSULFIDE
RUBBER
..........................................
163
6.1.4
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
...............................................
163
7
GENERAL
PURPOSE
ELASTOMERS
AND
BLENDS
...................................
165
GARY
DAY
1A
INTRODUCTION
........................................................................................
165
7.2
NATURAL
RUBBER
AND
POLYISOPRENE
...................................................
166
7.3
POLYBUTADIENE
...................................................................................
169
7.4
COPOLYMERS
AND
TERPOLYMERS
OF
STYRENE,
BUTADIENE,
AND
ISOPRENE
.....................................................................................
173
7.5
COMPOUNDING
WITH
GENERAL
PURPOSE
POLYMERS
............................
177
7.5.1
POLYMER
CHARACTERIZATION
AND
EFFECT
ON
MIXING
............
178
7.5.2
POLYMER
EFFECT
ON
CURE
RATE
.............................................
180
7.5.3
POLYMER
EFFECT
ON
STRESS-STRAIN
.....................................
188
7.5.4
HYSTERESIS
...........................................................................
189
7.5.5
COMPATIBILITY
WITH
SIR
10
...............................................
195
7.5.6
FATIGUE
PROPERTIES
.............................................................
198
7.5.7
COMPRESSION
SET
...............................................................
199
7.6
CONCLUSION
.........................................................................................
199
8
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
.................................................
203
8.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
203
8.2
BUTYL
RUBBER
...........................................................
204
G.
E.
JONES,
D.
S.
TRACEY
AND
A.
L.
TISLER
8.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
204
8.2.2
BUTYL
RUBBER
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
...................................
204
8.2.3
BUTYL
RUBBER
PROPERTIES,
VULCANIZATION,
AND
APPLICATIONS
.......................................................................
206
8.2.4
GAS
PERMEABILITY
...............................................................
206
8.2.5
OZONE
AND
WEATHERING
RESISTANCE
.................................
207
8.2.6
BUTYL
RUBBER
VULCANIZATION
.............................................
208
8.2.6.1
ACCELERATED
SULFUR
VULCANIZATION
................
208
8.2.6.2
THE
DIOXIME
CURE
...........................................
209
8.2.6.3
THE
RESIN
CURE
...............................................
209
8.3
HALOGENATED
BUTYL
RUBBER
...............................................................
210
G.
E.
JONES,
D.
S.
TRACEY
AND
A.
L.
TISLER
8.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
210
8.3.2
COMPOUNDING
HALOBUTYL
AND
STAR-BRANCHED
HALOBUTYL
RUBBERS
.............................................................................
211
8.3.2.1
CARBON
BLACK
...................................................
211
8.3.2.2
MINERAL
FILLERS
.................................................
211
8.3.2.3
PLASTICIZERS
.......................................................
212
8.3.2.4
PROCESSING
AIDS
...............................................
212
8.3.3
PROCESSING
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
...........................................
212
8.3.3.1
MIXING
..............................................................
212
8.3.3.2
CALENDERING
.....................................................
213
8.3.3.3
EXTRUSION
.........................................................
214
8.3.3.4
MOLDING
............................................................
214
8.3.4
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
VULCANIZATION
AND
APPLICATIONS
....
214
8.3.4.1
STRAIGHT
SULFUR
CURE
.......................................
215
8.3.4.2
ZINC
OXIDE
CURE
AND
MODIFICATIONS
..............
215
8.3.4.3
ZINC-FREE
CURES
...............................................
215
8.3.4.4
PEROXIDE
CURES
.................................................
216
8.3.4.5
VULCANIZATION
THROUGH
BIS-ALKYLATION
..........
216
8.3.4.6
RESIN
CURE
.......................................................
216
8.3.4.7
SCORCH
CONTROL
.................................................
216
8.3.4.8
STABILITY
OF
HALOBUTYL
CROSSLINKS
...................
217
8.3.5
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
GENERAL
APPLICATIONS
........................
217
8.3.6
CURED
PROPERTIES
...............................................................
218
8.3.6.1
PERMEABILITY
.....................................................
218
8.3.6.2
HEAT
RESISTANCE
...............................................
218
8.3.6.3
RESISTANCE
TO
CHEMICALS
AND
SOLVENTS
.........
219
8.3.7 FLEX
RESISTANCE/DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
............................
219
8.3.8
COMPATIBILITY
WITH
OTHER
ELASTOMERS
............................
219
8.3.9
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
COMPOUND
APPLICATIONS
..................
220
8.3.9.1
TIRE
INNERLINERS
...............................................
220
8.3.9.2
PHARMACEUTICAL
CLOSURES
..............................
220
8.3.9.3
HEAT
RESISTANT
CONVEYOR
BELT
........................
221
8.4
EPM/EPDM
.......................................................................................
222
RAJAN
VARA
AND
JANET
LAIRD
8.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
222
8.4.2
ETHYLENE/PROPYLENE
CONTENT
..........................................
223
8.4.3
DIENE
CONTENT
...................................................................
224
8.4.4
RHEOLOGY
.............................................................................
225
8.5
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
........................................
226
MICHAEL
GOZDIFF
8.5.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
226
8.5.2
CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
-
RELATING
TO
APPLICATION
..........................................................................
227
8.5.2.1
ACRYLONITRILE
CONTENT
(ACN)
.............................
227
8.5.2.2
MOONEY
VISCOSITY
............................................
228
8.5.2.3
EMULSIFIER
..........................................................
228
8.5.2.4
STABILIZER
..........................................................
229
8.5.2.5
COAGULATION
.................................................
229
8.5.3
POLYMER
(ELASTOMER)
MICROSTRUCTURE
...............................
229
8.5.4
POLYMER
(ELASTOMER)
MACROSTRUCTURE
............................
229
8.5.5
GEL
.......................................................................................
230
8.5.6
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.............................................................
231
8.5.7
HOT
NBR
.............................................................................
231
8.5.8
CROSSLINKED
HOT
NBR
.......................................................
231
8.5.9
COLD
NBR
...........................................................................
232
8.5.10
CARBOXYLATED
NITRILE
(XNBR)
...........................................
233
8.5.11
BOUND
ANTIOXIDANT
NBR
...................................................
234
8.6
HYDROGENATED
NITRILE
BUTADIENE
ELASTOMERS
................................
235
MICHAEL
E.
WOOD
8.6.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
235
8.6.2
APPLICATIONS
.......................................................................
236
8.6.3
PROPERTIES
...........................................................................
236
8.6.4
FORMULATING
.......................................................................
237
8.6.5
PROCESSING
.........................................................................
238
8.7
POLYACRYLATE
ELASTOMERS
...................................................................
238
PAUL
MANLEY
AND
CHARLES
SMITH
8.7.1
POLYMER
COMPOSITION
.......................................................
238
8.7.2
BASIC
COMPOUNDING
OF
POLYACRYLATE
POLYMERS
..............
241
8.7.3
PROCESSING
GUIDELINES
.......................................................
242
8.8
POLYCHLOROPRENE
(NEOPRENE)
.............................................................
243
LEONARD
L.
OUTZS
8.8.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
243
8.8.2
BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
POLYCHLOROPRENE
......................
243
8.8.3
FAMILIES
OF
NEOPRENE
.......................................................
243
8.8.4
NEOPRENE
*
G
*
FAMILY
.......................................................
246
8.8.5
NEOPRENE
*
W
*
FAMILY
.......................................................
247
8.8.6
NEOPRENE
*
T
*
FAMILY
.........................................................
248
8.9
CHLORINATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CM)
.......................................................
248
LAURA
WEAVER
8.9.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
248
8.9.2
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
...................................................
249
8.10
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CSM)
............................................
250
CHARLES
BADDORF
8.10.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
250
8.10.2
GENERAL
PURPOSE
TYPES
OF
HYPALON
................................
253
8.10.3
SPECIALTY
TYPES
OF
HYPALON
............................................
253
8.10.4
UNVULCANIZED
APPLICATIONS
..............................................
254
8.11
POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN
ELASTOMER
.......................................................
254
CLARK
CABLE
8.11.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
254
8.11.2
PROPERTIES
...........................................................................
255
8.11.3
FORMULATING
.......................................................................
256
8.11.4
NONLEAD
CURE
SYSTEMS
....................................................
256
8.11.5
ADJUSTMENTS
.......................................................................
257
8.11.6
PROCESSING
.........................................................................
257
8.11.7
INTERNAL
MIXER
-
PROCEDURE
..............................................
258
8.11.8
EXTRUSION
...........................................................................
258
8.11.9
MOLDING
.............................................................................
258
APPENDIX
8.1
-
LIST
OF
CHEMICALS
..................................................
259
APPENDIX
8.2
-
LIST
OF
PLASTICIZERS
................................................
260
8.12
ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC
ELASTOMERS
...........................................................
261
THERESA
M.
DOBEL
8.12.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
261
8.12.2
POLYMER
COMPOSITION
AND
EFFECT
ON
PROPERTIES
.............
262
8.12.3
POLYMER
SELECTION
.............................................................
262
8.13
POLYNORBORNENE
.................................................................................
264
CLARK
CABLE
8.13.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
264
8.13.2
APPLICATIONS
.......................................................................
264
8.13.3
COMPOUNDING
.....................................................................
264
8.13.4
FILLERS
.................................................................................
265
8.13.5
OILS/PLASTICIZERS
.................................................................
265
8.13.6
CURE
SYSTEM
.......................................................................
265
8.13.7
REBOUND/RESILIENCE
........................................................
266
8.13.8
VIBRATION
DAMPING
..........................................................
266
8.13.9
BLENDS
.................................................................................
267
8.13.10
MIXING
AND
PROCESSING
.....................................................
267
8.13.10.1
MILL
MIXING
.....................................................
267
8.13.10.2
INTERNAL
MIXERS
...............................................
267
8.13.11
CALENDERING
.......................................................................
268
8.13.12
EXTRUSION
...........................................................................
268
8.13.13
MOLDING
.............................................................................
269
8.13.14
SUMMARY
...........................................................................
269
8.14
FLUOROELASTOMER
(FKM)
.....................................................................
270
RONALD
D.
STEVENS
8.14.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
270
8.14.2
BACKGROUND
.......................................................................
271
8.14.3
APPLICATIONS
.......................................................................
271
8.14.4
VITON
TYPES
.....................................................................
272
8.15
SILICONE
ELASTOMERS
...........................................................................
275
JAMES
R.
HALLADAY
AND
RICK
A.
ZIEBELL
8.15.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................
275
8.15.2
SELECTION
.............................................................................
278
8.15.3
FILLERS
.................................................................................
280
8.15.4
ANTI-STRUCTURING
AGENTS
...................................................
281
8.15.5
HEAT
STABILIZERS
.................................................................
282
8.15.6
PEROXIDE
CURES
...................................................................
283
8.15.7
PLATINUM
CURES
.................................................................
284
8.15.8
RTV
CURES
.........................................................................
286
9
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMERS
...............................................................
287
RONALD
W.
FUEST
9.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
287
9.2
POLYURETHANE
CHEMISTRY
AND
MORPHOLOGY
.....................................
288
9.3
POLYURETHANE
PRODUCTS
......................................................................
291
9.4
CAST
POLYURETHANE
PROCESSING
OVERVIEW
.......................................
292
9.5
MOLDING
METHODS
.............................................................................
294
9.5.1
OPEN
CASTING
.....................................................................
294
9.5.2
CENTRIFUGAL
MOLDING
.........................................................
295
9.5.3
VACUUM
CASTING
.................................................................
295
9.5.4
COMPRESSION
MOLDING
.......................................................
295
9.5.5
TRANSFER
MOLDING
...............................................................
296
9.5.6
LIQUID
INJECTION
MOLDING
(LIM)
.......................................
296
9.5.7
SPRAYING
.............................................................................
296
9.5.8
MOLDLESS
ROTATIONAL
CASTING
.............................................
296
9.6 HOW
TO
SELECT
A
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMER
.......................................
297
9.6.1
TYPES
OF
PREPOLYMERS
.......................................................
298
9.6.2
TYPES
OF
CURATIVES
.............................................................
300
9.6.3
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
.....................................................
301
9.6.4
ADDITIVES
...........................................................................
303
9.7
COMPARISON
OF
POLYURETHANES
WITH
OTHER
ELASTOMERS
................
304
9.7.1
LIMITATIONS
OF
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMERS
........................
308
9.8
POLYURETHANE
SELECTION
GUIDELINES
.................................................
308
9.8.1
SELECTING
A
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMER
FOR
A
NEW
APPLICATION
...............................................................
312
9.9
MILLABLE
GUMS
...................................................................................
313
9.10
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYURETHANES
........................................................
314
10
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
.............................................................
317
CHARLES
P.
RADER
10.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
317
10.2
POSITION
IN
SPECTRUM
OF
POLYMERIC
MATERIALS
................................
317
10.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
TPES
.......................................................................
319
10.3.1
CHEMISTRY
AND
MORPHOLOGY
............................................
319
10.3.2
STYRENIC
BLOCK
COPOLYMERS
............................................
323
10.3.3
COPOLYESTERS
.......................................................................
324
10.3.4
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYURETHANES
........................................
325
10.3.5
POLYAMIDES
.........................................................................
326
10.3.6
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERIC
OLEFINS
................................
327
10.3.7
THERMOPLASTIC
VULCANIZATES
............................................
328
10.4
TPES
AND
THERMOSET
RUBBERS
.........................................................
331
10.5
FABRICATION
OF
TPES
...........................................................................
333
10.5.1
ECONOMY
OF
THERMOPLASTICS
PROCESSING
........................
333
10.5.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
.............................................................
334
10.5.3
EXTRUSION
...........................................................................
335
10.5.4
BLOW
MOLDING
.....................................................................
335
10.5.5
OTHER
PROCESSING
METHODS
..............................................
336
11
RECYCLED
RUBBER
.............................................................................
339
FRANK
P.
PAPP
11.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
339
11.2
HISTORY
...............................................................................................
339
11.3
PRODUCTION
METHODS
.........................................................................
340
11.3.1
RECLAIM
RUBBER
PROCESS
..................................................
341
11.3.2
RUBBER
POWDER
VIA
AMBIENT
AND
CRYOGENIC
PROCESSES
..
342
11.3.3
RUBBER
POWDER
VIA
ULTRA-HIGH
PRESSURE
WATER
JET
MILLING
...........................................................................
343
11.3.4
TREATED
OR
FUNCTIONALIZED
RUBBER
POWDER
....................
345
11.4
CLASSIFICATION,
CHARACTERIZATION,
AND
TESTING
OF
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDERS
...............................................................................
346
11.4.1
CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM
.......................................................
346
11.4.2
TESTING
METHODS
FOR
PARTICLE
SIZE
DETERMINATION
........
349
11.4.2.1
ASTM
D5644
METHOD
A
-
THE
RO-TAP
PROCEDURE
.........................................................
349
11.4.2.2
ASTM
D5644
METHOD
B
-
ULTRASONIC
AND
LIGHT
MICROSCOPY
TECHNIQUE
........................
351
11.4.2.3
LASER
PARTICLE
SIZE
ANALYSIS
..........................
351
11.4.2.4
SURFACE
AREA
DETERMINATION
...........................
352
11.4.2.5
SURFACE
CHARACTERIZATION
...............................
352
11.5
COMPARISON
OF
AMBIENT
AND
CRYOGENICALLY
PREPARED
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
.................................................................................
353
11.6
PHYSICAL
AND
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
MIXED
WITH
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
.............................................
359
11.6.1
RRP
BASELINE
STUDY
...........................................................
359
11.6.2
ADDITION
POINT
OF
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
..................
367
11.6.3
SULFUR-ACCELERATOR
OPTIMIZATION
WITH
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
.................................................................
369
11.6.4
WEATHERING
RESISTANCE
WITH
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
..
377
11.6.5
HEAT
AGING
RESISTANCE
OF
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
CONTAINING
OPTIMIZED
RECIPE
...........................................
380
11.6.6
SELECTING
THE
APPROPRIATE
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
PARTICLE
SIZE/SURFACE
AREA
...............................................
385
11.6.7
USE
OF
RECYCLED
RUBBER
POWDER
IN
SOLUTION
SBR/SILICA-SILANE
TIRE
TREAD
...........................................
389
11.7
NEW
TECHNOLOGY
FOR
RECYCLED
RUBBER
.............................................
400
11.7.1
EKODYNE*
TEST
RESULTS
IN
A
CARBON
BLACK
MODEL
COMPOUND
.............................................................
401
11.7.2
EKODYNE*
TEST
RESULTS
IN
A
SILICA-SILANE
MODEL
COMPOUND
.............................................................
407
11.8
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
.........................................................................
416
12
COMPOUNDING
WITH
CARBON
BLACK
AND
OIL
.................................
419
STEVE
LAUBE,
STEVE
MONTHEY,
AND
MENG-JIAO
WANG
12.1
INTRODUCTION:
CARBON
BLACK
AFFECTS
EVERYTHING
............................
419
12.2
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
CARBON
BLACK
...................................................
420
12.2.1
THE
PARTICLE,
THE
AGGREGATE,
AND
THE
AGGLOMERATE
....
420
12.2.2
SURFACE
AREA,
STRUCTURE,
AND
SURFACE
ACTIVITY
..............
421
12.2.3
CONSTITUENTS
OTHER
THAN
CARBON
(IMPURITIES)
..............
423
12.2.4
PELLETS
.................................................................................
424
12.2.5
ASTM
NOMENCLATURE
.........................................................
424
12.3
HANDLING
CARBON
BLACK
.....................................................................
426
12.4
MIXING
CARBON
BLACK
.......................................................................
426
12.4.1
PELLET
PROPERTIES
AND
ANALYTICAL
(ALSO
CALLED
COLLOIDAL
PROPERTIES)
..................................
426
12.4.2
EFFECT
OF
ANALYTICAL
ON
DISPERSION
................................
427
12.4.3
THE
MIXING
PROCESS
...........................................................
428
12.5
SUBSEQUENT
PROCESSABILITY
OF
THE
COMPOUND
................................
429
12.6
COMPOUNDING
CARBON
BLACK
...........................................................
429
12.6.1
OPTIMUM
LOADING
.............................................................
432
12.6.2
IMPORTANCE
OF
DISPERSION
................................................
433
12.6.3
CARBON
BLACK
COMPOUNDING
TIPS
..................................
434
12.6.3.1
HARDNESS
........................................................
434
12.6.3.2
PROCESSING
OIL
.................................................
435
12.6.3.3
OTHER
VULCANIZATE
PROPERTIES
........................
437
12.6.3.4
VULCANIZATE
HYSTERESIS
..................................
437
12.6.4
THE
TIRE
INDUSTRY
*
S
TRADEOFFS
..........................................
440
12.7
HYSTERESIS
REDUCING
TIPS
.................................................................
441
12.7.1
*
RADICAL
COMPOUNDING
*
...................................................
441
12.7.2
LOWER
LOADINGS
OF
HIGH
STRUCTURE
CARBON
BLACKS
.........
442
12.7.3
CARBON-SILICA
DUAL
PHASE
FILLERS
....................................
443
12.8
PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS:
TIRE
EXAMPLES
...........................................
444
12.8.1
OE
PASSENGER-TIRE
TREADS
.................................................
444
12.8.2
REPLACEMENT
PASSENGER-TIRE
TREADS
..............................
444
12.8.3
HP
PASSENGER-TIRE
TREADS
.................................................
444
12.8.4
MEDIUM
RADIAL
TRUCK
TREADS
..........................................
445
12.8.5
WIRE
COAT
OR
SKIM
STOCKS
................................................
445
12.8.6
INNERLINER
COMPOUNDING
................................................
445
12.9
MAJOR
TRADEOFFS
FOR
INDUSTRIAL
RUBBER
PRODUCTS
..........................
445
12.9.1
LOADING/REINFORCEMENT/COST
..........................................
446
12.10
COMPOUNDING
TIPS:
INDUSTRIAL
RUBBER
PRODUCTS
..........................
446
12.10.1
EXTRUSION
PROFILES
AND
PRODUCTS
....................................
446
12.10.2
MOLDED
PRODUCTS
...............................................................
447
12.10.3
HOSE
APPLICATIONS
.............................................................
447
13
12.11
BASICS
OF
CARBON
BLACK
MANUFACTURE
..........................................
448
12.11.1
HISTORY
...............................................................................
448
12.11.2
THE
OIL-FURNACE
PROCESS
...................................................
448
PRECIPITATED
SILICA
AND
NON-BLACK
FILLERS
...................................
451
CHENCHY
JEFFREY
LIN
AND
W.
MICHAEL
YORK
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
451
13.1.1
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
AND
COSTS
OF
NON-BLACK
FILLERS
....
452
13.1.2
USE
AND
SELECTION
OF
NON-BLACK
FILLERS
FOR
RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
...........................................................
453
13.1.3
FACTORS
CONSIDERED
FOR
REINFORCING
RUBBER
WITH
FILLERS
456
13.1.3.1
FILLER
PARTICLE
SIZE
AND
SURFACE
AREA
............
457
13.1.3.2
FILLER
ANISOMETRY
-
SHAPE
AND
MORPHOLOGY
..
458
13.1.3.3
SURFACE
ACTIVITY
AND
SURFACE
ENERGY
............
459
13.2
MINERAL
FILLERS
..................................................................................
460
13.2.1
AN
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
MOST
COMMONLY
USED
NON-BLACK
FILLERS
...............................................................
460
13.2.1.1
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
..........................................
460
13.2.1.2
CLAY
...................................................................
463
13.2.2
OTHER
MINERAL
FILLERS
.......................................................
470
13.2.2.1
TALC
...................................................................
470
13.2.2.2
BARITE
...............................................................
471
13.2.2.3
MICA
.................................................................
472
13.2.2.4
ALUMINA
TRIHYDRATE
(ATH)
..............................
472
13.3
SYNTHETIC
SILICA
................................................................................
476
13.3.1
PRECIPITATED
SILICA
.............................................................
479
13.3.2
PRECIPITATED
SILICA
CHARACTERIZATION
..............................
481
13.3.2.1
STRUCTURE
AND
SURFACE
CHEMISTRY
.................
481
13.3.2.2
SURFACE
AREA
...................................................
483
13.3.2.3
PORE
VOLUME
AND
VOID
VOLUME
.......................
485
13.3.2.4
VOID
VOLUME
.....................................................
485
13.3.2.5
SILICA
DISPERSION
AND
SILANIZATION
................
486
13.3.3
HIGHLY
DISPERSIBLE
SILICA
(HDS)
.......................................
487
13.3.4
RICE
HUSK
SILICA
.................................................................
491
13.3.5
SILICA
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.................................................
492
13.3.6
PRE-TREATED
SILICA
498
13.3.7
MASTERBATCHING
.................................................................
498
13.4 NON-BLACK
NANOPARTICLES
AND
POLYMERIC
NANOCOMPOSITES
.........
505
13.4.1
NANO-PRECIPITATED
CACO
3
(ULTRAFINE
PRECIPITATED
CACO
3
)
...............................................................................
505
13.4.1.1
NANO-CACO
3
SURFACE
MODIFICATION
AND
THEIR
USE
FOR
NANO-COMPOSITES
....................
507
13.4.1.2
APPLICATION
EXAMPLES
OF
NANO-CACO
3
IN
VARIOUS
RUBBERS
..................
507
13.4.2
LAYERED
SILICATES
AND
THEIR
NANOCOMPOSITES
................
508
13.4.2.1
ORGANOCLAY
(ORGANIC
LAYER
SILICATE)
-
MONTMORILLONITE
...............................................
509
13.4.2.2
CATIONIC
CLAYS
-
HECTORITE
AND
THEIR
APPLICATIONS
IN
RUBBER
NANOCOMPOSITES
...
511
13.4.2.3
ANIONIC
CLAYS
-
LAYERED
DOUBLE
HYDROXIDE
(LDH)
AND
THEIR
APPLICATIONS
IN
RUBBER
COMPOSITES
......................................................
512
13.4.3
POLYMERIC
CORE-SHELL
NANOPARTICLES
..............................
514
13.4.3.1
SYNTHESIS
OF
CORE-SHELL
POLYMERIC
NANOPARTICLES
...................................................
515
1
3.4.3.2
REINFORCEMENT
AND
PERFORMANCE
OF
RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
BY
ADDING
TAILORED
POLYMERIC
CORE-SHELL
NANOPARTICLES
..............................
515
13.5
APPLICATIONS
OF
NON-BLACK
FILLERS
IN
SELECTED
SEGMENTS
OF
THE
RUBBER
INDUSTRY
...............................................................................
521
13.5.1
TIRES
...................................................................................
521
13.5.1.1
TREAD
COMPOUNDS
..........................................
522
13.5.1.2
INNERLINER
COMPOUND
....................................
523
13.5.1.3
WHITE
SIDEWALL
COMPOUNDS
..........................
524
13.5.2
WIRES
AND
CABLES
...............................................................
526
13.5.2.1
RUBBERS
FOR
HIGH
VOLTAGE
INSULATION
.............
527
13.5.3
AUTOMOTIVE
HOSE
...............................................................
528
13.5.4
SHOE
AND
FOOTWEAR
PRODUCTS
..........................................
529
13.5.5
SILICONE-RUBBER
COMPOUNDING
......................................
530
14
ESTER
PLASTICIZERS
AND
PROCESSING
ADDITIVES
.............................
533
14.1
ESTER
PLASTICIZERS
FOR
ELASTOMERS
....................................................
533
WESLEY
H.
WHITTINGTON
14.1.1
DERIVATION
...........................................................................
533
14.1.2
PHILOSOPHICAL
.....................................................................
538
14.1.3
APPLICATIONS
.......................................................................
539
14.1.3.1
LOW-ACN
CONTENT
NBR
..................................
539
14.1.3.2
NEOPRENE
BLEND
GN
88/WHV
12
...................
541
14.1.3.3
DIFFERENT
ELASTOMERS
WITH
THE
SAME
PLASTICIZER
........................................................
542
14.1.3.4
MEDIUM
ACRYLONITRILE-CONTENT
NBR
............
542
14.1.3.5
MEDIUM
ACN
NBR
...........................................
544
14.1.3.6
MEDIUM-HIGH
ACN-CONTENT
NBR
..................
547
14.1.3.7
NBR/PVC
POLYBIENDS
.....................................
549
14.1.3.8
ETHYLENE
ACRYLIC
AND
POLYACRYLATE
ELASTOMERS
.......................................................
549
14.1.3.9
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CSM)
..........
551
14.1.3.10
CHLORINATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CPE)
....................
552
14.1.4
APPLICATION
TRENDS
...........................................................
554
14.2
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
.............................................................................
556
CHRISTOPHER
R.
STONE
14.2.1
CONTROL
OF
VISCOSITY
...........................................................
557
14.2.1.1
VISCOSITY
CONTROL
OF
NATURAL
RUBBER
............
557
14.2.1.2
VISCOSITY
CONTROL
OF
SYNTHETIC
RUBBER
........
562
14.2.2 MODE
OF
ACTION
OF
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
..............................
562
14.2.2.1
SURFACE
LUBRICANTS
.........................................
565
14.2.2.2
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
FOR
HOMOGENIZING
AND
IMPROVING
FILLER
DISPERSION
..........................
566
14.2.3
APPLICATION
OF
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
.....................................
567
APPENDIX
14.1
-
COMMON
ESTERS
FOR
RUBBER
...........................................
572
APPENDIX
14.2
-
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
DEFINITIONS
.....................................
574
15
SULFUR
CURE
SYSTEMS
......................................................................
575
BYRON
H.
TO
15.1
INTRODUCTION
AND
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
.......................................
575
15.2
VULCANIZING
AGENTS
...........................................................................
577
15.3
ACTIVATORS
...........................................................................................
577
15.4
ACCELERATORS
.......................................................................................
579
15.5
CONVENTIONAL,
SEMI-EFFICIENT,
AND
EFFICIENT
CURES
........................
583
15.6
RETARDERS
AND
INHIBITORS
.................................................................
583
15.7
RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
.......................................................................
585
16
CURES
FOR
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
....................................................
593
BYRON
H.
TO
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
593
16.2
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
EPDM
....................................................................
593
16.3
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
NITRILE
..................................................................
600
16.4
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
POLYCHLOROPRENE
.................................................
603
16.5
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
BUTYL
AND
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
.............................
605
17
PEROXIDE
CURE
SYSTEMS
..................................................................
611
LEONARD
H.
PALYS
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
611
17.1.1
WHAT
IS
AN
ORGANIC
PEROXIDE?
........................................
611
17.1.2
CLASSES
OF
ORGANIC
PEROXIDES
..........................................
611
17.1.3
GENERAL
PEROXIDE
SELECTION
GUIDELINES
............................
613
17.1.3.1
HALF-LIFE
...........................................................
613
17.1.3.2
MINIMUM
CURE
TIME
......................................
614
17.1.3.3
SADT
(SELF
ACCELERATING
DECOMPOSITION
TEMPERATURE)
...................................................
614
17.1.3.4
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
TEMPERATURE
(MST)
........
615
17.1.3.5
ENERGY
OF
PEROXIDE
FREE
RADICALS
................
615
17.1.3.6
PEROXIDE
POLYMER
MASTERBATCHES
..................
617
17.1.3.7
HIGH
PERFORMANCE
(HP)
PEROXIDE
FORMULATIONS
FOR
IMPROVED
PRODUCTIVITY
....
619
17.2
PEROXIDES
USED
IN
CROSSLINKING
.......................................................
622
17.2.1
DIACYL
PEROXIDES
...............................................................
622
17.2.2
PEROXYESTER
AND
MONOPEROXYCARBONATE
PEROXIDES
........
623
17.2.3
PEROXYKETAL
AND
DIALKYL
TYPE
PEROXIDES
........................
624
17.2.4
PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
DIALKYL
TYPE
PEROXIDES
630
17.2.5
T-AMYL
AND
T-BUTYL
TYPE
PEROXIDES
................................
631
17.2.6
EFFECT
OF
ADDITIVES
WHEN
CROSSLINKING
WITH
PEROXIDES
..
632
17.3
ROLE
OF
MONOMERIC
COAGENTS
IN
PEROXIDE
CROSSLINKING
..............
634
17.3.1
CROSSLINKING
PE
WITH
COAGENTS
AND
PEROXIDES
..............
634
17.3.2
CROSSLINKING
EPDM
WITH
COAGENTS
AND
PEROXIDES
....
635
17.3.3
CROSSLINKING
HNBR
WITH
COAGENTS
AND
PEROXIDES
........
636
17.4
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
PEROXIDE
CROSSLINKING
VERSUS
SULFUR
VULCANIZATION
.............................................................
637
18
TACKIFYING,
CURING,
AND
REINFORCING
RESINS
...............................
641
BONNIE
STUCK
18.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
641
18.2
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESINS
...........................................................
642
18.2.1
TYPES
OF
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESINS
..........................
643
18.2.1.1
REINFORCING
RESINS
........................................
643
18.2.1.2
TACKIFYING
RESINS
..........................................
647
18.2.1.3
CURING
RESINS
.................................................
648
18.3
METHYLENE
DONOR
RESINS
.................................................................
649
18.4
RESORCINOL-BASED
RESINS
...................................................................
650
18.5
HIGH
STYRENE
RESINS
.........................................................................
650
18.6
PETROLEUM-DERIVED
RESINS
...............................................................
650
18.7
WOOD-DERIVED
RESINS
.......................................................................
650
19
ANTIDEGRADANTS
...............................................................................
653
FRED
IGNATZ-HOOVER
19.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
653
19.2
PROPERTIES
OF
ANTIDEGRADANTS
...........................................................
654
19.2.1
DISCOLORATION
AND
STAINING
...............................................
654
19.2.2
VOLATILITY
.............................................................................
655
19.2.3
SOLUBILITY
AND
MIGRATION
...................................................
655
19.2.4
CHEMICAL
STABILITY
.............................................................
656
19.2.5
PHYSICAL
FORM
...................................................................
656
19.2.6
ANTIDEGRADANT
CONCENTRATION
......................................
657
19.3
ANTIDEGRADANT
TYPES
.......................................................................
657
19.3.1
NON-STAINING,
NON-DISCOLORING
ANTIOXIDANTS
.................
658
19.3.1.1
HINDERED
PHENOLS
...........................................
658
19.3.1.2
HINDERED
*
BIS
*
PHENOLS
................................
658
19.3.1.3
SUBSTITUTED
HYDROQUINONES
..........................
659
19.3.1.4
PHOSPHITES
.......................................................
659
19.3.1.5
ORGANIC
SULFUR
COMPOUNDS
..........................
659
19.3.1.6
HINDERED
AMINE
AND
NITROXYL
COMPOUNDS
..
659
19.3.2
STAINING/DISCOLORING
ANTIOXIDANTS
.................................
660
19.3.2.1
PHENYLNAPHTHYLAMINES
..................................
660
19.3.2.2
DIHYDROQUINOLINES
...........................................
660
19.3.2.3
DIPHENYLAMINE
DERIVATIVES
..........................
661
19.3.2.4
SUBSTITUTED
PARAPHENYLENEDIAMINES
(PPDS)
661
19.3.2.5
AMINE-BASED,
*
BOUND-IN
*
OR
*
POLYMER
BOUND
*
ANTIOXIDANTS
.......................................
661
19.3.3
ANTIOZONANTS
.....................................................................
662
19.3.3.1
PETROLEUM
WAXES
.............................................
663
19.3.3.2
NICKEL
DIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
(NBC)
..........
663
1
9.3.3.3
6-ETHOXY-2,2,4-TRIMETHYL-L,2-
DIHYDROQUINOLINE
(ETMQ)
..............................
663
19.3.3.4
SUBSTITUTED
PARAPHENYLENEDIAMINES
(PPDS)
664
19.4
EXAMPLES
OF
ANTIDEGRADANT
ACTIVITY
...............................................
665
19.4.1
OXIDATION
RESISTANCE
.........................................................
665
19.4.2
EFFECT
OF
ANTIDEGRADANTS
ON
FATIGUE
LIFE
........................
666
19.4.3
COMBINATIONS
OF
ANTIOZONANTS
AND
ANTIOXIDANTS
........
668
19.4.4
RESISTANCE
TO
METAL
POISONING
.........................................
668
20
COMPOUNDING
FOR
BRASS
WIRE
ADHESION
.....................................
671
ALEX
PETERSON
20.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
671
20.2
WIRE
BONDING
SYSTEMS
.....................................................................
672
20.2.1
COBALT
.................................................................................
672
20.2.2
RF
RESIN-COBALT
.................................................................
673
20.3
THE
ADHESION
MECHANISM
...............................................................
674
20.4
COMPOUND
INGREDIENT
EFFECTS
.........................................................
674
20.4.1
MIXING
...............................................................................
675
20.4.2
TESTING
...............................................................................
675
20.4.3
REGRESSION
PLOTS
...............................................................
676
20.4.3.1
CARBON
BLACK
...................................................
676
20.4.3.2
ZINC
OXIDE/STEARIC
ACID
................................
677
20.4.3.3
SULFUR/DCBS
.....................................................
678
20.4.3.4
COBALT
...............................................................
678
20.4.3.5
RF
RESIN/HMMM
............................................
679
20.4.3.6
CARBON
BLACTYSILICA
.........................................
680
20.4.3.7
SUMMARY
OF
TEST
RESULTS
..............................
681
20.5
MODEL
NR
PLY
COMPOUNDS
...............................................................
681
20.5.1
BLACK
CONTROL
COMPOUND
.................................................
682
20.5.2
BLACK/COBALT
COMPOUND
...................................................
682
20.5.3
BLACK/COBALT/RF
RESIN
.....................................................
682
20.5.4
BLACK/SILICA/COBALT/RF
RESIN
...........................................
682
20.6
SUMMARY
...........................................................................................
683
21
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.............................................................
685
RALPH
A.
ANNICELLI
21.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
685
21.2
TERMINOLOGY
.......................................................................................
685
21.2.1
OPEN
CELL
STRUCTURE
...........................................................
686
21.2.2
CLOSED
CELL
STRUCTURE
.......................................................
686
21.3
INORGANIC
BLOWING
AGENTS
...............................................................
687
21.4
ORGANIC
BLOWING
AGENTS
...................................................................
688
21.4.1
AZODICARBONAMIDE
(ADC)
................................................
689
21.4.1.1
PROPERTIES
........................................................
690
21.4.1.2
ACTIVATION
.........................................................
690
21.4.1.3
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE
.......................
690
21.4.1.4
EFFECT
OF
PARTICLE
SIZE
....................................
692
21.4.1.5
EFFECT
OF
TEMPERATURE
....................................
693
21.4.1.6
ADC
ACTIVATION
AND
CELL
SIZE
........................
693
21.4.2
SULFONYL
HYDRAZIDES
.........................................................
694
21.4.2.1
PROPERTIES
.........................................................
694
21.4.2.2
ACTIVATION
.........................................................
694
21.4.2.3
APPLICATIONS
.....................................................
694
21.4.3
DINITROSOPENTAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
(DNPT)
..................
695
21.4.3.1
PROPERTIES
.........................................................
695
21.4.3.2
ACTIVATION
.........................................................
695
21.5
METHODS
OF
EXPANSION
....................................................................
696
21.5.1
LOW
PRESSURE
MOLDING
PROCESS
.......................................
696
21.5.2
HIGH
PRESSURE
MOLDING
PROCESS
.......................................
696
21.5.2.1
PRECURE
STAGE
...................................................
696
21.5.2.2
FINAL
CURE
STAGE
.............................................
697
21.5.3
CONTINUOUS
VULCANIZATION
(CV)
.......................................
697
22
FLAME
RETARDANTS
............................................................................
699
KELVIN
K.
SHEN
AND
DAVID
R.
SCHULTZ
22.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
699
22.2
FIRE
STANDARDS,
TESTING,
AND
APPLICATIONS
.....................................
700
22.3
COMMONLY
USED
FLAME
RETARDANTS
IN
ELASTOMERS
........................
701
22.3.1
ALIPHATIC
AND
ALICYCLIC
HALOGEN
SOURCES
......................
701
22.3.2
AROMATIC
HALOGEN
SOURCES
...............................................
702
22.3.3
SYNERGISTS
OF
HALOGEN
SOURCES
.........................................
702
22.3.3.1
ANTIMONY
OXIDE
...............................................
702
22.3.3.2
ZINC
BORATE
.......................................................
702
22.3.3.3
PHOSPHORUS
COMPOUNDS
................................
703
22.3.4
FLAME
RETARDANT
FILLERS
...................................................
703
22.3.4.1
ALUMINA
TRIHYDRATE
(ATH)
............................
703
22.3.4.2
MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE
..................................
703
22.3.4.3
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
.........................................
703
22.3.4.4
CLAY,
TALC,
AND
SILICA
.......................................
704
22.3.4.5
CARBON
BLACK
...................................................
704
22.4
COMPOUNDING
AND
DISPERSION
CONSIDERATIONS
..............................
704
22.4.1
POLYCHLOROPRENE
(CR)
.......................................................
705
22.4.2
CHLORINATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CM)
.......................................
706
22.4.3
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CSM)
............................
707
22.4.4
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE-MONOMER
(EPDM)
................
708
22.4.5
STYRENE-BUTADIENE
(SBR)
.................................................
711
22.4.6
NITRILE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
(NBR)
AND
HYDROGENATED-
NITRILE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
(HNBR)
...................................
711
22.4.7
SILICONE
ELASTOMER
.............................................................
713
22.4.8
ETHYLENE-VINYL
ACETATE
(EVM)
.........................................
713
22.4.9
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
ELASTOMER
(EPR)
..............................
714
22.4.10
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
(TPE)
....................................
714
23
RUBBER
MIXING
.................................................................................
717
W.
J.
HACKER
23.1
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................
717
23.2
HISTORY
...............................................................................................
717
23.3
EQUIPMENT
.........................................................................................
718
23.3.1
MILLS
...................................................................................
718
23.3.2
INTERNAL
MIXERS
.................................................................
719
23.3.2.1
TANGENTIAL
ROTOR
TYPE
....................................
720
23.3.2.2
INTERMESHING
ROTOR
TYPE
..............................
720
23.3.2.3
VARIABLE
INTERNAL
CLEARANCE
MIXER
..............
720
23.3.2.4
CONTINUOUS
MIXERS
........................................
721
23.3.2.5
EXTRUDERS
.........................................................
722
23.4
MIXING
...............................................................................................
723
23.4.1
MILL
MIXING
.......................................................................
723
23.4.2
INTERNAL
MIXER
...................................................................
725
23.4.2.1
BATCH
SIZE
.........................................................
725
23.4.2.2
BATCH
CONVERSION
FACTOR
................................
727
23.4.2.3
DENSITY
AND
COST
CALCULATIONS
......................
727
23.4.2.4
MIXING
PROCEDURES
........................................
727
23.4.2.5
MIXING
TEMPERATURES
....................................
728
23.5
MIXING
METHODS
...............................................................................
729
23.5.1
NATURAL
RUBBER
MASTICATION
............................................
729
23.5.2
MASTERBATCH
MIXING
.........................................................
730
23.5.3
PHASE
MIXING
.....................................................................
730
23.5.4
SINGLE-STAGE
MIX
...............................................................
732
23.5.5
SINGLE-CYCLE
MIX
...............................................................
732
23.5.6
TWO-STAGE
MIX
...................................................................
732
23.5.7
TANDEM
MIXING
.................................................................
733
23.5.8
THREE-STAGE
MIX
.................................................................
733
23.5.9
UPSIDE
DOWN
MIX
.............................................................
734
23.5.10
VARIABLE
SPEED
MIXING
.....................................................
734
23.5.11
FINAL
MIX
...........................................................................
735
23.5.12
CONTINUOUS
MIXING
..........................................................
735
23.5.13
E-SBR
CARBON
BLACK
MASTERBATCH
..................................
736
23.5.14
ENERGY
MIXING
...................................................................
737
INDEX
..........................................................................................................
739
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Dick, John S. 1945- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | j s d js jsd |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1145742114 |
| author_facet | Dick, John S. 1945- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046338472 |
| classification_rvk | UV 9150 ZM 5300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1220884250 (DE-599)DNB1201505399 |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 3rd Edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046338472 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:42:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1064064051 |
| isbn | 9781569906156 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031715167 |
| oclc_num | 1220884250 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-210 DE-1050 DE-92 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-210 DE-1050 DE-92 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXXI, 774 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Hanser Publishers ; Hanser Publications |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance John S. Dick 3rd Edition Munich ; Cincinnati Hanser Publishers ; Hanser Publications [2020] © 2020 XXXI, 774 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd rswk-swf Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd rswk-swf Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd rswk-swf Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd rswk-swf brass wire adhesion chemical blowing agents Compoundieren Elastomere Elastomers flame retardants Kautschuk Materialprüfung Mischen recycled rubber rubber compounding rubber mixing Thermoplastische Elastomere FBKTKAUT: Elastomere und Kautschuk PLAS2018 Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 s Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 s Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 s Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 s DE-604 Dick, John S. 1945- (DE-588)1145742114 edt Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-616-3 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031715167&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4022538-0 (DE-588)4278968-0 (DE-588)4030108-4 (DE-588)4163521-8 |
| title | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_auth | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_exact_search | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_full | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance John S. Dick |
| title_fullStr | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance John S. Dick |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance John S. Dick |
| title_short | Rubber technology |
| title_sort | rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_sub | compounding and testing for performance |
| topic | Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gummi Gummiverarbeitung Kautschuk Kautschukverarbeitung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031715167&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dickjohns rubbertechnologycompoundingandtestingforperformance AT hanserpublications rubbertechnologycompoundingandtestingforperformance |