The dynamics of the linguistic system: usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford, United Kingkom
Oxford University Press
2020
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford linguistics
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxi, 397 Seiten Illustrationen |
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Contents Detailed Contents Preface and Acknowledgements List ofAbbreviations 1. Introduction ix xix yviii 1 PART I. USAGE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO FEED INTO CONVENTIONALIZATION AND ENTRENCHMENT 2. Usage events and utterance types 15 3. Co-semiosis and other interpersonal activities 29 4. Association and cognitive processing 43 5. Forces affecting usage 74 6. Summary of Part I 82 PART II. CONVENTIONALIZATION 7. Understanding the process of conventionalization 87 8. Usualization 124 9. Diffusion 178 10. Summary of Part II 200 PART III. ENTRENCHMENT 11. Understanding the process of entrenchment 205 12. The routinization of syntagmatic associations 235 13. The routinization of symbolic associations 260 14. The routinization of pragmatic associations 269 15. Summary of Part III: How the four types of associations cooperate and compete for routinization 286
viii CONTENTS PART IV. SYNOPSIS: THE EC-MODEL AS A DYNAMIC COMPLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEM 16. Summary of the EC-Model 297 17. Persistence 301 18. Variation 304 19. Change 310 20. Conclusion 339 References Author Index Subject Index 349 383 389
Detailed Contents Preface and Acknowledgements List ofAbbreviations L Introduction 1.1 Aims and questions 1.2 Trailer: Language as a Tinguely machine 1.3 General predictionsof the model 1.4 A note on terminology and the English bias 1.5 Survey of the book xix xxiii 1 1 3 9 10 11 PART I. USAGE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO FEED INTO CONVENTIONALIZATION AND ENTRENCHMENT 2. Usage events and utterance types 2.1 Usage events 2.1.1 The components of usage events: from usage to conventionalization and entrenchment 2.1.2 Utterances and the repetition of motor activities and sensory activities 2.1.3 Communicative goals 2.1.4 Cotext and contexts 2.2 Utterance types as contingent links between communicative goals and linguistic forms 2.2.1 The onomasiological contingency of utterance types 2.2.2 The semasiological contingency of utterance types 2.2.3 Syntagmatic contingency 2.2.4 Cotextual and contextual contingency 2.2.5 Defining utterance types 2.3 A survey of utterance types 2.3.1 Distinctors 2.3.2 Units 2.3.3 Patterns 2.3.4 Utterance types vs constructions 2.4 Summary 15 15 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 3. Co-semiosis and other interpersonal activities 3.1 Co-semiosis and licensing 3.1.1 Defining co-semiosis 29 29 29 15 16 17 19
X DETAILED CONTENTS 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.1.2 Licensing 3.1.3 Co-semiosis in face-to-face and asynchronous communication Co-adaptation 3.2.1 Illustrating co-adaptation 3.2.2 Potential effects of co-adaptation on conventionalization and entrenchment Co-construction Turn-taking and illocutionary and perlocutionary acts Mitigating Stance-taking Acts of identity: self-presentation and positioning Summary 32 ^ 32 34 35 36 38 38 40 42 4. Association and cognitive processing 4.1 Association and the associative network 4.1.1 Association defined 4.1.2 The associative network and spreading activation 4.2 Types of associations 4.2.1 Symbolic associations 4.2.2 Paradigmatic associations 4.2.3 Syntagmatic associations 4.2.4 Pragmatic associations 4.2.5 Patterns of associations in processing and representation 4.3 Activation 4.3.1 Predictive coding transferred to the EC-Model 4.3.2 Operationalizing predictive coding in corpus studies 4.4 Lexical-semantic processing 4.5 An associationist framework of syntactic processing 4.5.1 Requirements and demands 4.5.2 Exemplary analysis 4.5.3 The components of the model 4.5.3.1 Syntagmatic associations 4.5.3.2 Paradigmatic associations 4.5.3.3 Pragmatic associations 4.5.3.4 Symbolic associations 4.6 Summary 4.6.1 Specifications of the model 4.6.2 What about production? 43 43 43 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 50 51 53 55 55 57 64 64 67 67 68 71 71 72 5. Forces affecting usage 5.1 Processes and activities acting as forces: entrenchment and conventionalization 5.2 Production circumstances and the special role of entrenchment in spontaneous language
use 5.3 Cognitive economy and communicative efficiency 5.4 Extravagance, expressivity, foregrounding, and salience 74 74 75 76 78
DETAILEDCONTENTS 5.5 Politeness and impoliteness 5.6 Solidarity and distance 5.7 Individual and institutional power 6. Summary of Part I ХІ 79 80 81 82 PART II. CONVENTIONALIZATION 7. Understanding the process of conventionalization 7.1 Convention 7.2 Degrees of conventionality 7.2.1 Conventionality as a multidimensional concept 7.2.2 Conventionalized utterance types as competing co-semiotic potentialities 7.3 Usualization and diffusion: a preliminary account 7.3.1 Usualization 7.3.2 Diffusion 7.3.3 The interaction between usualization and diffusion in the speech chain mechanism 7.4 Different conformity profiles of different kinds of conventionalized utterance types 7.5 Conventionalized utterance types as implicit and explicit norms 7.6 Innovation 7.6.1 Innovations as partly licensed utterances 7.6.2 The hidden ubiquity of innovation and the actuation problem 7.6.3 From complete novelty to salient and non-salient innovations 7.7 Forces affecting conventionalization 7.7.1 Co-semiosis and co-adaptation 7.7.2 Interpersonal activities and forces affecting usage 7.7.3 Identity and social order 7.7.3.1 Identity and social order from a social-constructivist perspective 7.7.3.2 Social order: social structures, groups, and networks and communities of practice 7.7.4 Prestige and stigma 7.7.5 Mobility 7.7.6 Multilingualism 7.7.7 Language contact 7.7.8 Entrenchment and forces affecting it 7.7.9 Frequency of repetition 7.8 Summary 8. Usualization 8.1 Understanding the process of usualization 8.1.1 How usualization works 87 87 89 89 90 92 92 93 94 96 97 100 100 101 102 104 104 105 108
108 112 114 115 116 119 121 121 122 124 124 125
xii DETAILED CONTENTS 8.1.2 How usualization contributes to structure on the macro-level of communities 8.2 How usualization contributes to the conventionalization of innovations 8.2.1 The usualization of phonological innovations 8.2.2 The usualization of lexical innovations: lexicalization 8.2.2.1 Word-formation 8.2.2.2 Loanwords 8.2.2.3 Semantic change starting with salient innovation 8.2.3 Can patterns be innovated and become usualized? ^ 129 130 HO И2 132 133 8.2.3.1 Illustration: it goes without saying 134 8.2.3.2 Fully variable patterns 8.2.4 Innovative fillers for existing patterns 8.2.5 Summary 8.3 How usualization contributes to linguistic variation 8.3.1 A survey of types of variation 8.3.1.1 Onomasiological variation: levels and conditioning factors 8.3.1.2 Semasiological variation 8.3.1.3 The traditional division of labour and the shift from variation to style and indexicality 8.3.2 A unified concept of variation based on usualization 8.3.3 A case study: multidimensional variation of the pattern that’s Adj П6 135 137 138 138 139 139 141 141 142 145 8.3.4 Summary: What is gained by this approach? 8.4 How usualization contributes to change 8.4.1 A case study: needless to say 8.4.2 Contextual symbolization 8.4.3 Paradigmaticalization 8.4.4 Syntagmaticalization and its numerous side effects related to grammaticalization 8.4.5 Contextualization and its contribution to pragmaticalization 8.4.6 A second case study: the going-то future 8.4.7 How frequency contributes to change 8.4.8 Summary 8.5 How usualization contributes to persistence 8.5.1 Defining and
operationalizing persistence 8.5.2 Selected evidence 8.5.3 Discussion: the role of usualization for persistence 8.5.4 How frequency and the other forces affecting usualization contribute to persistence 8.6 Summary 149 150 151 155 157 J76 276 9. Diffusion 9.1 Understanding the process of diffusion as a feedback-loop process 27g 178 158 162 163 169 j70 171 171 j73 175
DETAILED CONTENTS 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.1.1 Diffusion as a feedback-loop process 9.1.2 Mechanisms of difñision 9.1.3 Units of diffusion Spatial diffusion 9.2.1 Models of geographical diffusion 9.2.2 Spatial diffusion driven by power, ideology, and culture: Americanization, globalization, koinéization,standardization 9.2.3 Illustrating spatia! diffusion Social diffusion 9.3.1 The S-curve model and the five adopter categories 9.3.2 Leaders and followers: attempts at generalizing their characteristics 9.3.3 Illustrating social diffusion Stylistic diffusion 9.4.1 Vernacularization, popularization, and vulgarization vs standardization 9.4.2 Colloquialization and densification 9.4.3 Illustrating stylistic diffusion The interaction between spatial, social, and stylistic diffusion and usualization 9.5.1 Theoretical considerations 9.5.2 Illustration: -i n g vs -i n —a ‘stable sociolingüístic variable’ (Labov 2001) Summary: how diffusion contributes to variation, change, and persistence 10. Summary of Part II ХІІІ 178 180 182 183 183 185 186 188 188 189 191 192 192 193 194 195 195 196 198 200 PART III. ENTRENCHMENT 11. Understanding the process of entrenchment 11.1 Psychological underpinnings of entrenchment 11.1.1 Learning 11.1.1.1 Associative learning, Hebbian, anti-Hebbian learning, and attractors 11.1.1.2 Statisticallearning 11.1.1.3 From statistical to surprise-based learning 11.1.1.4 Summary 11.1.2 Memory consolidation 11.1.2.1 Working memory and chunking 11.1.2.2 Micro-level memory and systems memory consolidation 11.1.3 Automaticity 11.1.4 Summary 205 206 206 206 207 209 210
210 210 212 213 215
xiv DETAILED CONTENTS 11.2 Forces affecting entrenchment 11.2.1 Frequency of repetition 11.2.2 Self-priming 11.2.3 Similarity and analogy 11.2.4 Embodiment and other types of basic experience 11.2.5 Salience 11.2.6 konicity 11.3 Routinization 11.3.1 Routinization and schematization 11.3.2 The cognitive perspective on utterance types: differentially routinized patterns of associations 11.3.3 Summary: a set of criteria for assessing the likelihood of schematic representations 216 շ16 218 219 221 223 225 շշ6 227 12. The routinization of syntagmatic associations 12.1 Syntagmatic strengthening 12.1.1 The syntagmatic-strengthening principle 12.1.2 Syntagmatic strengthening on different levels of language 12.1.3 Methodological aspects: predictions of the syntagmatic-strengthening principle 12.2 The lexical level 12.2.1 The internal phonological and graphemic coherence of lexemes 12.2.2 Inflectional morphology 12.2.3 Derivational morphology 12.2.4 Compounds 12.3 The supra-lexical level 12.3.1 The idiom principle and the phraseological tendency 12.3.2 Collocations and lexical bundles 12.3.3 Multi-word lexemes and idioms 12.4 The lexico-grammatical level 12.4.1 Valency and compiementation 12.4.2 Collostruction 12.5 The level of grammar: phrases and clauses 12.6 Beyond simple clauses: complex sentences 12.7 Case study: individual variation in syntagmatic strengthening of the pattern that’s Adj 12.8 Summary 235 235 235 237 13. The routinization of symbolic associations 13.1 Effects of the routinization of symbolic associations of content words 13.2 Semasiological symbolic associations
13.2.1 Polysemy 13.2.2 The semasiological symbolic-strengthening principle and prototype effects 260 229 234 239 240 240 241 243 244 245 245 246 247 248 248 249 249 253 254 258 250 261 26լ 26շ
DETAILED CONTENTS 13.3 Onomasiological symbolic associations 13.3.1 Onomasiological salience and the onomasiological symbolic-strengthening principle 13.3.2 Basic-level and synonym-preference effects 13.4 The impact of syntagmatic associations: simplex vs multi-word lexemes 13.5 The impact of pragmatic associations 13.6 Summary 14. The routinization of pragmatic associations 14.1 Routinizing commonalities of participants and settings 14.1.1 Deixis 14.1.2 Reference 14.1.3 Tense, aspect, and modality 14.1.4 Summary 14.2 Routinizing commonalities of communicative goals 14.2.1 Sentence mode 14.2.2 Intonation, stress, and information structure 14.2.3 More or less indirect speech acts as more or less strongly routinized pragmatic associations 14.3 Routinizing commonalities of inferences 14.3.1 The cooperative principle as routinized pragmatic associations? 14.3.2 Implicatures 14.3.3 Inferential mechanisms: metaphor, metonymy, irony, and others 14.3.4 Connotation and the contribution of routinized pragmatic associations to contextual symbolization 14.3.5 The contribution of the routinization of pragmatic associations to pragmaticalization 14.4 Routinizing commonalities of social aspects of situations 14.4.1 Style and register awareness 14.4.2 Text type and genre awareness 14.5 Summary 14.5.1 The fundamental contribution of pragmatic associations to structure and change 14.5.2 Four pragmatic-strengthening principles 15. Summary of Part III: How the four types of associations cooperate and compete for routinization 15.1 What about paradigmatic associations? 15.1.1 Paradigmatic
strengthening and its contribution to structure, persistence, change, and variation 15.1.2 Paradigmatic extension: similarity, analogy, productivity, and change 15.1.3 Paradigmatic support and its great potential to affect change 15.1.4 Summary: Three principles related to paradigmatic associations XV 263 263 264 266 266 267 269 270 270 271 272 273 273 274 275 275 277 277 278 279 280 281 282 282 283 283 283 284 286 286 286 288 289 291
XVI DETAILED CONTENTS 15.2 Survey: how the cooperation and competition of associations supply the cognitive side of structure 291 PART IV. SYNOPSIS: THE EC-MODEL AS A DYNAMIC COMPLEX-ADAPTIVE SYSTEM 16. Summary of the EC-Model 16.1 Usage activities 16.2 Feedback-loop processes and their main effects 16.3 Forces 17. Persistence 17.1 The idealized scenario of dynamic persistence 17.2 Forces promoting persistence 18. Variation 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Onomasiologica! and semasiological structural variation Situational variation Social and regional variation Individual differences Summary: the dynamic nature of variation 19. Change 19.1 Sources of change in usage: from borrowing and salient innovation to repetition 19.1.1 Innovation and variation: from complete novelty to non-salient innovation 19.1.2 Unaltered repetition as a trigger of change 19.1.3 Summary 19.2 The processes and forces in language change; how they work and how their role can be diagnosed 19.2.1 Diffusion 19.2.2 Usualization 19.2.3 Routinization (including schematization), and whether and how it can lead change 19.3 Modules of change 19.3.1 Change led by diffusion 19.3.1.1 Module 1: Diffusion of complete novelty and salient innovation 19.3.1.2 Module 2: Change led by stylistic, spatial, or social diffusion 19.3.2 Change driven by usualization and routinization on the paradigmatic dimension 19.3.2.1 Module 3; Paradigmatic extension 19.3.2.2 Module 4: Paradigmatic support 19.3.2.3 Module 5: Paradigmaticalization 297 297 298 299 30! 301 302 304 305 305 307 308 309 310 310 310 311 313 313 314 315 317 320 321 321
322 323 323 324 325
DETAILED CONTENTS ХѴІІ 19.3.3 Change driven by usualization and routinization on the syntagmatic dimension 19.3.3.1 Module 6: Syntagmaticalization 19.3.3.2 Module 7: Proceduralization 19.3.4 Change driven by usualization and routinization on the contextual dimension 19.3.4.1 Module 8: Pragmaticalization 19.3.4.2 Module 9: Contextual symbolization 19.3.5 Summary: Survey of the modules 19.4 Application to the history of do-periphrasis 19.4.1 Origins 19.4.2 The conventionalization of do-periphrasis 19.4.3 Summary 19.5 Summary 327 327 328 329 329 329 333 336 337 20. Conclusion 20.1 What distinguishes the EC-Model? 20.2 Outlook 20.3 So what is the linguistic system and where can it be found? 339 339 345 347 References Author Index Subject Index 349 383 389 325 325 327
This volume outlines a model of language that can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complexadaptive. The core idea is that linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed by the interaction between three components: usage, the communicative activities of speakers; conventionalization, the social processes triggered by these activities and feeding back into them; and entrenchment, the individual cognitive processes that are also linked to these activities in a feedback loop. Hans-Jörg Schmid explains how this multiple feedback system works by extending his Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, showing how the linguistic system is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. Fulfilling the promise of usage-based accounts, the model explains how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book is exceptionally broad in scope, with insights from a wide range of linguistic subdisciplines. It provides a coherent account of the role of multiple factors that influence language structure, variation, and change, including frequency, economy, identity, multilingualism, and language contact. |
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| series2 | Oxford linguistics |
| spelling | Schmid, Hans-Jörg 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)1036145778 aut The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment Hans-Jörg Schmid First edition Oxford, United Kingkom Oxford University Press 2020 xxi, 397 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford linguistics Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd rswk-swf Sprachsystem (DE-588)4182536-6 gnd rswk-swf Sprachnorm (DE-588)4056483-6 gnd rswk-swf Sprachsystem (DE-588)4182536-6 s Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 s Sprachnorm (DE-588)4056483-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-254637-1 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031707298&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031707298&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Schmid, Hans-Jörg 1963- The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Sprachsystem (DE-588)4182536-6 gnd Sprachnorm (DE-588)4056483-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4191506-9 (DE-588)4182536-6 (DE-588)4056483-6 |
| title | The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment |
| title_auth | The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment |
| title_exact_search | The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment |
| title_full | The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment Hans-Jörg Schmid |
| title_fullStr | The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment Hans-Jörg Schmid |
| title_full_unstemmed | The dynamics of the linguistic system usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment Hans-Jörg Schmid |
| title_short | The dynamics of the linguistic system |
| title_sort | the dynamics of the linguistic system usage conventionalization and entrenchment |
| title_sub | usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment |
| topic | Sprachgebrauch (DE-588)4191506-9 gnd Sprachsystem (DE-588)4182536-6 gnd Sprachnorm (DE-588)4056483-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sprachgebrauch Sprachsystem Sprachnorm |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031707298&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031707298&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schmidhansjorg thedynamicsofthelinguisticsystemusageconventionalizationandentrenchment |