Toward human-level artificial intelligence: representation and computation of meaning in natural language
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
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Mineola, New York
Dover Publications, Inc.
2019
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Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XX, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9780486833002 |
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adam_text | Table of Contents Figures......................................................................................................... xii § Notation and Overview of Changes....................................................... xiii Synopsis....................................................................................................... xv Preface...................................................................................................... xvii Introduction........................................................................................ 1 1. 1.1 Can Machines Have Human-Level Intelligence?.............................. 1 1.2 Thesis Approach................................................................................4 1.3 Terminology: Tala and TalaMind...................................................... 7 1.4 TalaMind Hypotheses....................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Intelligence Kernel Hypothesis................................................ 8 1.4.2 Natural Language Mentalese Hypothesis................................ 9 1.4.3 Multiple Levels of Mentality Hypothesis............................... 11 1.4.4 Relation to the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis............. 11 2. 1.5 TalaMind System Architecture....................................................... 12 1.6 Arguments and Evidence: Strategy and Criteria for Success........ 16 1.7 Overview of Chapters..................................................................... 18 Subject Review: Human-Level Al and Natural Language................. 19 2.1 Human-
Level Artificial Intelligence................................................ 19 2.1.1 How to Define and Recognize Human-Level Al.................... 19 2.1.2 Unexplained Features of Human-Level Intelligence............. 22 2.1.2.1 Generality......................................................................... 22 2.1.2.2 Creativity and Originality.................................................. 23 2.1.2.3 Natural Language Understanding..................................... 24 2.1.2.4 Effectiveness, Robustness, Efficiency............................... 24 2.1.2.5 Self-Development and Higher-Level Learning.................. 24 2.1.2.6 Metacognition and Multi-Level Reasoning...................... 25 2.1.2.7 Imagination...................................................................... 26 2.1.2.8 Consciousness.................................................................. 26 2.1.2.9 Sociality, Emotions, Values............................................... 27 2.1.2.10 Visualization, Spatial-Temporal Reasoning................... 28 2.1.2.11 Curiosity, Self-Programming, Theory of Mind.............. 28 v
Contents 2.1.2.12 Other Unexplained Features.......................................... 29 2.2 Natural Language..........................................................................29 2.2.1 Does Thought Require Language?........................................ 29 2.2.2 What Does Meaning Mean?................................................. 33 2.2.3 Does Human-Level Al Require Embodiment?...................... 37 2.2.4 Natural Language, Metacognition, Inner Speech................. 39 2.3 Relation of Thesis Approach to Previous Research....................... 41 2.3.1 Formal, Logical Approaches.................................................... 41 2.3.2 Cognitive Approaches and Cognitive Linguistics.................... 42 2.3.3 Approaches to Human-Level Artificial Intelligence................ 45 2.3.3.1 Sloman...............................................................................45 2.3.3.2 Minsky................................................................................ 45 2.3.3.3 McCarthy........................................................................... 47 2.3.3.4 Reverse-Engineering the Brain..........................................48 2.3.3.5 Cognitive Architectures and AGI....................................... 49 2.3.3.6 Newell and Simon s Cognitive Research............................50 2.3.3.6.1 Unified Theories of Cognition................................... 50 2.3.3.6.2 The Knowledge Level and Intelligence Level ....... 51 2.3.3.7 Other Influences for Thesis Approach.............................. 53 2.3.4 Approaches to Artificial
Consciousness................................. 53 2.3.5 Approaches to Reflection and Self-Programming.................. 55 2.3.6 Johnson-Laird s Mental Models............................................. 59 2.3.7 Research on Natural Logic...................................................... 61 2.3.7.1 Natural Logic According to Lakoff......................................61 2.3.7.2 Monotonicity-Based Natural Logic....................................62 2.4 Summary......................................................................................... 64 Analysis of Thesis Approach to Human-Level Al............................. 65 3. 3.1 Overview......................................................................................... 65 3.2 Theoretical Requirements for TalaMind Architecture..................... 66 3.2.1 Conceptual Language.............................................................. 66 3.2.2 Conceptual Framework...........................................................70 3.2.3 Conceptual Processes....... ..................................................... 72 3.3 Representing Meaning with Natural Language Syntax.................. 73 3.4 Representing English Syntax in Tala................................................ 76 3.4.1 Non-Prescriptive, Open, Flexible............................................. 76 3.4.2 Semantic and Ontological Neutrality and Generality............. 77 3.5 Choices and Methods for Representing English Syntax.................. 77 3.5.1 Theoretical Approach to Represent English Syntax............... 77 vi
Contents 3.5.2 Representing Syntactic Structure of NL Sentences............... 78 3.6 Semantic Representation and Processing..................................... 80 3.6.1 Lexemes, Senses, Referents, and Variables.......................... 80 3.6.2 Multiple Representations for the Same Concept.................. 83 3.6.3 Representing Interpretations................................................ 84 3.6.3.1 Underspecification............................................................ 85 3.6.3.2 Syntactic Elimination of Interpretations........................... 85 3.6.3.3 Generic and Non-Generic Interpretations........................ 87 3.6.3.4 Specific and Non-Specific Interpretations........................ 87 3.6.3.5 Individual and Collective Interpretations.......................... 87 3.6.3.6 Count and Mass Interpretations....................................... 87 3.6.3.7 Quantificational Interpretations....................................... 88 3.6.3.8 De Dicto and De Re Interpretations................................... 90 3.6.3.9 Interpretations of Compound Noun Structures................ 92 3.6.3.10 Interpretations of Metaphors........................................ 93 3.6.3.11 Interpretations of Metonyms......................................... 93 3.6.3.12 Interpretations of Anaphora.......................................... 93 3.6.3.13 Interpretation of Idioms................................................. 94 3.6.4 Semantic Disambiguation...................................................... 95 3.6.5 Representing
Implications..................................................... 95 3.6.6 Semantic Inference................................................................ 96 3.6.6.1 Representation of Truth................................................... 97 3.6.6.2 Negation and Contradictions........................................... 97 3.6.6.3 Inference with Commonsense....................................... 101 3.6.6.4 Paraphrase and Inference.............................................. 102 3.6.6.5 Inference for Metaphors and Metonyms....................... 102 3.6.7 Representation of Contexts................................................. 103 3.6.7.1 Dimensions of Context................................................... 103 3.6.7.2 Perceived Reality............................................................ 107 3.6.7.3 Event Memory................................................................ 107 3.6.7.4 Encyclopedic and CommonsenseKnowledge................ 107 3.6.7.5 Interactive Contexts and MutualKnowledge................. 109 3.6.7.6 Hypothetical Contexts.................................................... 112 3.6.7.7 Semantic Domains.......................................................... 113 3.6.7.8 Mental Spaces................................................................ 114 3.6.7.9 Conceptual Blends.......................................................... 118 3.6.7.10 Theory Contexts........................................................... 121 3.6.7.11 Problem Contexts..........................................................123 3.6.7.12 Composite
Contexts..................................................... 124 3.6.7.13 Society of Mind Thought Context................................. 124 3.6.7.14 Meta-Contexts............................................................... 124 3.6.8 Primitive Words and Variables in Tala.................................125 vii
Contents 3.7 Higher-Level Mentalities................................................................. 128 3.7.1 Multi-Level Reasoning.............................................................. 129 3.7.1.1 Deduction............................................................................ 129 3.7.1.2 Induction...............................................................................129 3.7.1.3 Abduction............................................................................ 129 3.7.1.4 Analogical Reasoning.......................................................... 130 3.7.1.5 Causal and Purposive Reasoning....................................... 130 3.7.1.6 Meta-Reasoning................................................................... 131 3.7.2 Self-Development and Higher-Level Learning....................... 131 3.7.2.1 Learning by Multi-Level Reasoning.................................... 131 3.7.2.2 Learning by Reflection and Self-Programming.................132 3.7.2.3 Learning by Invention of Languages.................................. 134 3.7.3 Curiosity.................................................................................... 135 3.7.4 Imagination............................................................................... 138 3.7.5 Sociality, Emotions, Values..................................................... 139 3.7.6 Consciousness.......................................................................... 139 3.8 Summary........................................................................................... 141 Theoretical Issues and
Objections.................................................... 142 4. 4.1 Issues and Objections re the Possibility of Human-Level Al........ 142 4.1.1 Dreyfus Issues.......................................................................... 142 4.1.2 Penrose Objections................................................................. 144 4.1.2.1 General Claims re Intelligence.......................................... 144 4.1.2.2 Claims re Human Logical Insight.......................................146 4.1.2.3 Gödelian Arguments.......................................................... 147 4.1.2.4 Continuous Computation................................................... 154 4.1.2.5 Hypothesis re Orchestrated Objective Reduction......... 154 4.2 Issues and Objections for Thesis Approach................................... 156 4.2.1 Theoretical Objections to a Language of Thought...............156 4.2.2 Objections to Representing Semantics via NL Syntax......... 156 4.2.2.1 The Circularity Objection.................................................. 156 4.2.2.2 Objection Syntax Is Insufficient for Semantics.............. 156 4.2.2.3 Ambiguity Objections to Natural Language................... 157 4.2.2.4 Objection Thought Is Perceptual, Not Linguistic........... 158 4.2.3 Weizenbaum s Eliza Program.................................................. 159 4.2.4 Searle s Chinese Room Argument.......................................... 161 4.2.5 McCarthy s Objections to Natural Language Mentalese .... 164 4.2.6 Minsky s Issues for Representation and Learning................. 167 4.2.7
Chalmers Hard Problem of Consciousness.......................... 169 4.2.8 Smith s Issues for Representation and Reflection................ 172 4.3 viii Summary........................................................................................... 177
Contents Design of a Demonstration System............................................... 178 5. 5.1 Overview....................................................................................... 178 5.2 Nature of the Demonstration System........................................... 179 5.3 Design of Conceptual Language................................................... 180 5.3.1 Tala Syntax Notation............................................................ 181 5.3.2 Nouns.................................................................................... 182 5.3.3 Verbs..................................................................................... 185 5.3.4 Prepositions.......................................................................... 188 5.3.5 Pronouns.............................................................................. 190 5.3.6 Determiners.......................................................................... 190 5.3.7 Adjectives............................................................................. 192 5.3.8 Adverbs................................................................................. 193 5.3.9 Conjunctions......................................................................... 193 5.3.9.1 Coordinating Conjunctions............................................. 194 5.3.9.2 Subordinating / Structured Conjunctions....................... 196 5.3.9.3 Correlative Conjunctions.................................................198 5.3.10 Interjections..................................................................... 199 5.3.11 Tala
Variables and Pointers............................................. 199 5.3.12 Inflections........................................................................ 199 5.3.12.1 Determiner-Complement Agreement........................... 200 5.3.12.2 Subject-Verb Agreement.............................................. 200 5.4Design of Conceptual Framework..................................................... 201 5.4.1 Requirements for a Conceptual Framework........................ 201 5.4.2 Structure of the Conceptual Framework..............................202 5.4.3 Perceived Reality - Percepts and Effepts............................. 204 5.4.4 Subagents, Mpercepts, and Meffepts................................. 205 5.4.5 Tala Lexicon.......................................................................... 205 5.4.6 Encyclopedic Knowledge and Semantic Domains................ 206 5.4.7 Current Domains.................................................................. 207 5.4.8 Mental Spaces and Conceptual Blends................................. 207 5.4.9 Scenarios............................................................................... 207 5.4.10 Thoughts.......................................................................... 208 5.4.11 Goals................................................................................ 208 5.4.12 Executable Concepts....................................................... 208 5.4.13 Tala Constructions and Metaphors................................. 209 5.4.14 Event-Memory................................................................. 209
5.4.15 Systems............................................................................ 209 5.4.16 The Reserved Variable ?self........................................ 209 5.4.17 Virtual Environment........................................................ 210 5.5 Design of Conceptual Processes................................................. 211 5.5.1 TalaMind Control Flow......................................................... 211 ix
Contents 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 Design of Executable Concepts............................................ 214 Pattern-Matching................................................................. 217 Tala Constructions............................................................... 218 Tala Processing of Goals....................................................... 222 5.6 Design of User Interface............................................................... 223 5.6.1 Design of the TalaMind Applet............................................ 223 5.6.2 FlatEnglish Display................................................................ 227 5.7 Summary......................................................................................228 Demonstration................................................................................ 230 6. 6.1 Overview......................................................................................230 6.2 Demonstration Content............................................................... 231 6.2.1 The Discovery of Bread Story Simulation............................. 231 6.2.2 The Farmer s Dilemma Story Simulation............................. 234 6.3 Illustration of Higher-Level Mentalities........................................ 236 6.3.1 Natural Language Understanding........................................ 236 6.3.2 Multi-Level Reasoning.......................................................... 237 6.3.2.1 Deduction....................................................................... 237 6.3.2.2
Induction......................................................................... 237 6.3.2.3 Abduction, Analogy, Causality, Purpose.........................238 6.3.2.4 Meta-Reasoning.............................................................. 239 6.3.3 Self-Development and Higher-Level Learning...................... 240 6.3.3.1 Analogy, Causality, and Purpose in Learning..................240 6.3.3.2 Learning by Reflection and Self-Programming............... 240 6.3.3.3 Learning by Invention of Languages............................... 241 6.3.4 Curiosity............................................................................... 241 6.3.5 Imagination.......................................................................... 241 6.3.5.1 Imagination via Conceptual Blends................................ 242 6.3.5.2 Imagination via Nested Conceptual Simulation.............. 244 6.3.6 Consciousness...................................................................... 246 6.4 Summary...................................................................................... 247 Evaluation....................................................................................... 248 7. 7.1 Criteria for Evaluating Plausibility................................................ 248 7.2 Theoretical Issues and Objections................................................ 248 7.3 Affirmative Theoretical Arguments.............................................. 249 7.4 Design and Demonstration.......................................................... 250 7.5 Novelty in Relation to Previous
Research.................................... 251
Contents 7.6 Areas for Future Al Research........................................................ 252 7.7 Plausibility of Thesis Approach...................................................... 254 Future Potentials................................ 8. 8.1 256 Potential Economic Consequences............................................... 257 8.2 Toward Beneficial Human-Level Al and Superintelligence......... 260 8.2.1 Importance of TalaMind for Beneficial Al.............................. 261 8.2.2 Al s Different Concept of Self-Preservation...........................261 8.2.3 Symbolic Consciousness * Human Consciousness................ 262 8.2.4 A Counter-Argument Invoking PSSH...................................... 262 8.2.5 Acting As If Robots Are Fully Conscious................................. 263 8.2.6 Avoiding Artificial Slavery....................................................... 263 8.2.7 Theory of Mind and Simulations of Minds............................264 8.2.8 A Mind Is a Universe Unto Itself............................................ 264 8.2.9 Uploading Human Consciousness...........................................265 8.2.10 The Possibility of Superintelligence.................................. 266 8.2.11 Completeness of Human Intelligence............................... 268 8.2.12 Nature of Thought and Conceptual Gaps......................... 269 8.2.13 Is Strong՛ Superintelligence Possible?..............................269 8.2.14 Two Paths to Superintelligence......................................... 270 8.2.15 Human-Level Al and
Goals................................................. 271 8.2.16 TalaMind s Role in Beneficial Superintelligence.............. 272 8.2.17 Future Challenges for Human-Level AI+ via TalaMind.... 272 8.2.18 When Will Human-Level Al Be Achieved?........................ 273 8.3 9. Humanity s Long-Term Prosperity and Survival............................273 Summation......................................................................................... 275 Glossary......................................................................................................... 278 Appendix A. Theoretical Questions for Analysis of Approach................ 283 Appendix B. Processing in Discovery of Bread Simulation....................... 286 Bibliography..................................................................................................310 Index............................................................................................................. 346 xi
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spelling | Jackson, Philip C. 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)1050969707 aut Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language Philip C. Jackson, Jr. Mineola, New York Dover Publications, Inc. 2019 XX, 362 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 gnd rswk-swf Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd rswk-swf Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 s Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031676252&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Jackson, Philip C. 1949- Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 gnd Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4116579-2 (DE-588)4033447-8 |
title | Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language |
title_auth | Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language |
title_exact_search | Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language |
title_full | Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language Philip C. Jackson, Jr. |
title_fullStr | Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language Philip C. Jackson, Jr. |
title_full_unstemmed | Toward human-level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language Philip C. Jackson, Jr. |
title_short | Toward human-level artificial intelligence |
title_sort | toward human level artificial intelligence representation and computation of meaning in natural language |
title_sub | representation and computation of meaning in natural language |
topic | Sprachverarbeitung (DE-588)4116579-2 gnd Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd |
topic_facet | Sprachverarbeitung Künstliche Intelligenz |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031676252&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT jacksonphilipc towardhumanlevelartificialintelligencerepresentationandcomputationofmeaninginnaturallanguage |