Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide: = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bratislava ; Nitra
Archeologický ústav SAV
2019
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| Schriftenreihe: | Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Fontes
Tomus 26 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Die Reihenangabe "Fontes" findet sich auf dem Buchrücken, neben der Titelseite und auf der Rückseite der Titelseite. "Studia Instituti Archaeologici Nitriensis Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae" dürfte irrtümlich angemerkt sein. CD-R enthält Excel Dateien |
| Beschreibung: | 335 Seiten, 6 ungezählte gefaltete Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne CD-R (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788022417396 9788081960130 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide |b = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |c Jozef Zábojník ; s príspevkami Ľudmily Illášovej [und 4 weitere] |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bratislava ; Nitra |b Archeologický ústav SAV |c 2019 | |
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| 500 | |a Die Reihenangabe "Fontes" findet sich auf dem Buchrücken, neben der Titelseite und auf der Rückseite der Titelseite. "Studia Instituti Archaeologici Nitriensis Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae" dürfte irrtümlich angemerkt sein. | ||
| 500 | |a CD-R enthält Excel Dateien | ||
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | OBSAH ÚVOD...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Ciele práce .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Kritika prameňov a metodika ich spracovania.................................................................................. 9 NÁLEZISKO ....................................................................................................................................... Fixovanie lokality v teréne............................................................................................................... Topografický opis prostredia........................................................................................................... Geologická a pedologická charakteristika, klimatické pomery....................................................... Dejiny výskumu .............................................................................................................................. Metóda a organizácia výskumu....................................................................................................... Dokumentácia.................................................................................................................................. Deponovanie materiálu................................................................................................................... 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 KATALÓG HROBOV
........................................................................................................................ 16 Hroby z výskumu Z. Liptákovej v roku 1963................................................................................... 17 Hroby z výskumov J. Zábojníka v rokoch 1981-1984 ...................................................................... 23 POHREBNÝ RÍTUS .......................................................................................................................... Spôsob pochovávania ...................................................................................................................... Tvar a rozmery hrobových jám ....................................................................................................... Úpravy hrobových jám ֊ hrobové konštrukcie ............................................................................... Orientácia ........................................................................................................................................ Spôsob uloženia tela pochovaného ................................................................................................. 57 57 58 59 70 71 Dvoj a viachroby.............................................................................................................................. 72 Jazdecké hroby................................................................................................................................. 73 Vek a pohlavie
pochovaných............................................................................................................. 74 Sekundárne zásahy do hrobov ......................................................................................................... 76 Stratigrafický vzťah......................................................................................................................... 79 Prílohy a spôsob ich deponovania................................................................................................... 79 MATERIÁLNA KULTÚRA ............................................................................................................. Súpravy opaskových kovaní............................................................................................................ Zbrane .............................................................................................................................................. Sečné zbrane .......................................................................................................................... Sekery .................................................................................................................................... Bojové nože ............................................................................................................................ Súčasti konských postrojov.... ......................................................................................................... , v , .. ,v . i k ■**·* »· ; ¿J·»*. •H.·.Ïi· Ví’ I 80 80 83 83 84 84 84 QC Funkčne súčasti
postrojov ..........1 ч .......·%............................................................................ Zubadlá.............................АГ.ГГГГ2А.............................................................................. 85 Strmene.................................................................................................................................. Pracky .................................................................................................................................... ^
Dekoratívne súčasti postrojov ...................................................................................................................... 86 Pukličky.......................................................................................................................................... 86 Kovania rôznorodého tvaru.......................................................................................................... 86 Ženský šperk............................................................................................................................................. 87 Náušnice......................................................................................................................................... 87 Náramky......................................................................................................................................... 90 Koráliky.......................................................................................................................................... 90 Prstene ............................................................................................................................................ 92 Agrafy............................................................................................................................................. 92 Závesky........................................................................................................................................... 93 Iné
predmety............................................................................................................................................. 93 Zlatý terčík..................................................................................................................................... 93 Spony do vrkočov.......................................................................................................................... 94 „Ringfibel/Omegafibel ................................................................................................................. 94 Uzáver taštičky ....................................................... 95 Nákovka......................................................................................................................................... 95 Zvončeky ....................................................................................................................................... 96 Dutá kostená schránka................................................................................................................. 96 Neidentiňkovateľné fragmenty.................................................................................................... 96 Kamene, troska, mazanica........................................................................................................... 97 Predmety dennej potreby ....................................................................................................................... 97 Nože
............................................................................................................................................... 97 Pracky ............................................................................................................................................ 97 Prasleny ......................................................................................................................................... 97 Šidlá............................................................................................................................................... 98 Kresadlá a kresacie kamienky ..................................................................................................... 98 Ihelníky ......................................................................................................................................... 98 Kosák ............................................................................................................................................ 99 Pinzeta.......................................................................................................................................... 99 Brúsik............................................................................................................................................ 99 Nádoby..................................................................................................................................................... 99
Vedierka........................................................................................................................................ 99 Keramika .................................................................................................................................... 100 Črepy............................................................................................................................................. 101 Iné prílohy a nálezy .............................................................................................................................. 103 Zvieracie kosti............................................................................................................................. 103 Zvieracie kosti v zásypoch hrobov............................................................................................ 103 Vajíčka......................................................................................................................................... ЮЗ Ulity slimákov ............................................................................................................................ ЮЗ Črepy v zásypoch hrobov.......................................................................................................... IO4 Zvieracie kosti v zásypoch hrobov............................................................................................ IO5
CHRONOLÓGIA .......................................................... 106 Relatívna chronológia........................................................................................................................... 106 Absolútna chronológia ......................................................................................................................... 107 VYHODNOTENIE.................................................................................................................................. 109 Postup pochovávania............................................................................................................................ 109 Pohrebisko v Obide v kontexte osídlenia z obdobia avarského kaganátu.......................................... 112 LITERATÚRA ............................................................................................................................................113 GRAVEYARD FROM THE AVAR KHAGANATE PERIOD IN OBID ...................................................118 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 118 TABUĽKY.................................................................................................................................................... 123 PRÍSPEVKY PRÍRODOVEDNÝCH DISCIPLÍN Ľudmila Illášová ֊ Ján Stubna Analýza sklených korálikov a kamenných artefaktov ...................................................................... 262 Jana Mihályiová Výsledky archeobotanickej analýzy
driev a textilu z kovových predmetov ................................... 278 Ján Tirpák ֊ Anna Tirpáková Röntgenová fluorescenčná analýza predmetov z pohrebiska z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide................................................................................................................................................... 291 AUTORI....................................................................................................................................................... 335 CD Databáza hrobov a materiálu Databáza hrobových konštrukcií a úprav hrobových jám
LITERATURA Ambros 1993 Bialeková 1979 C. Ambros: Tierbeigaben in den Gräbern aus der Zeit des awarischen Reiches. In: H. Friesinger/F. Daim/E. Kanelutti/O. Cichocki (Hrsg): Bioarchäologie und Frühge schichtsforschung. Archaeologia Austriaca Monographien 2. Wien 1993, 111-122. C. Ambros/H.-H. Müller: Frühgeschichtliche Pferdeskelettfunde aus dem Gebiet der Tschechoslowakei. Archaeologica Slovaca Fontes 13. Bratislava 1980. J. Andrási: Avar kori varkocsszorítók. Archaeológiai Értesítő 123-124, 1996-1997, 85-123. Atlas krajiny Slovenskej republiky. Bratislava 2002. M. Bachner: Das awarische Gräberfeld von Münchendorf, Niederösterreich. In: H. Friesinger/F. Daim (Hrsg.): Die Bayern und ihre Nachbarn II. Wien 1985, 69-121. Cs. Balogh: Az avar kori préselt, lemezes boglárok. A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve. Studia Archaeologica 6,2000, 219-235. E. Bárdos/E. Garam: Das awarenzeitliche Gräberfeld in Zamárdi-Rétiföldek. Monumenta Avarorum Archaeologica 9. Budapest 2009. E. Bárdos/E. Garam: Das awarenzeitliche Gräberfeld in Zamárdi-Rétiföldek. Monumenta Avarorum Archaeologica 10. Budapest 2014. L. Bartosiewicz/M. Vaughan/Zs. Tóth: Roman period evidence for a special form of perimortem trauma in large livestock. A nagyállatok levágásának különleges nyomai egy római kori leleten. Archeometriai Műhely 10/4, 2013, 301-305. D. Bialeková: Orné a žatevné náradie zo slovanského hradiska v Pobedime. Agri Bialeková 1981 kultura 16, 1979, 5-25. D. Bialeková: Dávne slovanské kováčstvo. Dávnoveké umenie Slovenska. Ars Slovaca Ambros/Müller 1980 Andrási 1996-1997 Atlas 2002 Bachner1985 Balogh 2000
Bárdos/Garam 2009 Bárdos!Garam 2014 BartosiewiczIVaughanITóth 2013 Bána 1963 Bána 1973 Bána 1988 Antiqua 11. Bratislava 1981. I. Bona: Bieträge zu den ethnischen Verhältnissen des 6.-7. Jahrhundert in Westun garn. Alba Regia 2-3,1961-1962,1963, 49-68. I. Bòna: VII. századi avar települések és árpád-kori Magyar falu Dunaújvárosban. Fontes Archaeologici Hungáriáé. Budapest 1973. I. Bòna: Die Geschichte der Awaren im Lichte der archäologischen Quellen. In: Popoli delle steppe. Unni, Avari, Ungari. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull alto medioevo XXXV. Spoleto 1988, 427-481. Bòna 1990 Bána 1991 Borzová 2006 Bublová 1973 Buda] 2018 Budinský-Krička 1956 Caspart 1935 Cociş 2004 Csallány 1968 Csiky 2012 Čilinská 1960 Čilinská 1963 Čilinská 1966 Čilinská 1973 Čilinská 1975 Čilinská 1981 I. Bòna: Beiträge zum asiatischen Ursprung der awarenzeitlichen partiellen Pfer debestattungen. A Wosinsky Mór Muzeum Évkönyve 15,1990,113-124. I. Bòna: Das Hunnenreich. Budapest - Stuttgart 1991. Z. Borzová: Kosáky v hroboch z obdobia včasného stredoveku na Slovensku. Slo venská archeológia 54, 2006, 209-237. H. Bublová: Štúrovo. Výskumná správa 6366/73. Dokumentácia AU SAV. Nitra 1973. Nepublikované. M. Budaj: Denár Karola Veľkého z avarského hrobu v Podunajských Biskupiciach. Pamiatky a múzeá 1, 2018, 8. V. Budinský-Krička: Pohrebisko z neskorej doby avarskej v Žitavskej Tôni na Slo vensku. Slovenská archeológia 4,1956, 5-131. J. Caspart: Das frühgeschichtliche Gräberfeld bei Zillíngtal im Burgenlande. Mit teilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 65,1935, 1 -38.
S. Cociş: Fibulele din Dacia Romană. The Brooches from Roman Dacia. Cluj-Napoca 2004. D. Csallány: Sámáneszköz volt-e az avarkori „írtartó csonttégely ? A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve 1,1968, 61-72. G. Csiky: Saxe im awarenzeitlichen Karpatenbecken. In: T. Vida (Hrsg.): Thesaurus Avarorum. Régészeti tanulmányok Garam Éva tiszteletére. Archaeological Studies in Honour of Éva Garam. Budapest 2012, 371-393. Z. Čilinská: Nové nálezy z neskorej doby avarskej na jz. Slovensku. Archeologické rozhledy 12,1960, 834-841. Z. Čilinská: Slovansko-avarské pohrebisko v Žitavskej Tôni. Slovenská archeológia 11, 1963, 87-120. Z. Čilinská: Slawisch-awarisches Gräberfeld in Nové Zámky. Archaeologica Slovaca Fontes 7. Bratislava 1966. Z. Čilinská: Frühmittelalterliches Gräberfeld in Želovce. Archaeologica Slovaca Catalogi 5. Bratislava 1973. Z. Čilinská: Frauenschmuck aus dem 7.-8. Jahrhundert im Karpatenbecken. Slovenská archeológia 23, 1975, 63-96. Z. Čilinská: Kov v ranoslovanskom umení. Dávnoveké umenie Slovenska. Ars Slovaca Antiqua 12. Bratislava 1981. 113
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Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse von Bronzefunden aus der Awarenzeit. In: F. Daim (Hrsg.): Das awarische Gräberfeld von Leobersdorf Niederösterreich. Studien zur Archäologie der Awaren 3/2. Wien 1987, 45-56. RONTGEN FLUORESCENCY ANALYSIS OF OBJECTS FROM THE CEMETERY OF THE AVAR KHAGANATE PERIOD IN OBID Summary Analyzed objects come from the cemetery dated to the Avar Khaganate period located within the boundaries of the village Obid, in the Fényes árok location. The finds were dated to the 8th c. AD. Examined artefacts were female jewellery, parts of belts, decorative parts of horse harness, and other items. Their detailed descriptions from the archaeological point of view are listed in the catalogue. The most of the analysed objects are depicted on the plates of pictures I-VI. Analyses of single objects are presented in the form of unnumbered tables from the point of view of ratio of single metals. The most objects were well-preserved and conserved; the remaining part of the measured findings had the patina on the surface. The alloy composition of the artefacts was examined by the X-ray fluorescence method. While during 333
ED-XEF analysis of objects classical names of historical alloys of copper - bronze and brass were used with an addition of the contents of other elements, during sorting of objects into individual groups they were marked according to their main element like tin bronze, tin-lead bronze, lead, bronze and brass (Kearns/Martinón-Tores/Rehren 2010, 49). Due to the large number of women s jewellery and belts, we used statistical methods for these categories of items to determine whether there are dependencies between the type of jewellery and the chemical composition of alloy, and to verify the accuracy of classification of bronze fittings into three groups (tin, tin-lead and lead bronze). For this purpose, Microsoft Office 2013 tools, EXCEL, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman s rank correlation coefficient and discrimi nant analysis using Statistica software were used (Markechová/Tirpáková/Stehlíková 2011, 314). The results of statistical analysis are presented on the pictures 1-16 and on tables 1-11. The results of the presented archaeometric study confirmed, inter alia, the important role that the non-destructive analytical methods play in archaeological interpretation of artefacts, about their composition, origin of the raw mate rial, and the production technology. In addition, the findings support the fact that the excavated burial site shows signs of social stratification via the contents of the graves. The objects found in the graves had been made of precious as well as common alloys, which indicates the economic level as well as the sophistication of the production
technologies in the society. With regard to the composition of female jewellery, from 39 bronze jewels, 36 can be placed to the group of tin bronze (seven of them are gold-plated) and three exemplars are from tin-lead bronze. 36 jewels were classified as bra zen, three were made of gold-plated silver; two were made of gold and four were made of copper. The group of bronze jewellery consisted of seven bracelets, 22 earrings and four rings. Brass jewellery consisted of two bracelets, 29 earrings and six rings. The bronze fittings group consisted of 31 fittings, 13 end caps, five buckles and two rings. A group of brass artefacts consisted of one piece of brazen fittings. The group of bronze horsehair fittings was made of four exemplars (one of them was silvered), two pieces of silver-plate and one piece of copper braid. The group of other items consisted of 14 bronze objects, two silver ones, one gold and one copper artefact. Fig. 1. The average weight percent of the representation of metallic elements in bronze jewelry. Fig. 2. The average weight percent of the representation of the metal elements in the copper jewelry. Fig. 3. Average percentages of the representation of metallic elements in brass jewelry. Fig. 4. The average weight percentof the representation of metallic elements in gold-plated silver jewelry. Fig. 5. The average weight percent of the representation of metallic elements in gold bronze jewelry. Fig. 6. The average weight percent of the representation of metal elements in silver jewelry. Fig. 7. The average weight percent of the representation of metal
elements in gold jewelry. Fig. 8. Average percentage of metallic elements of bronze jewelry. Fig. 9. Average percentages of the representation of metallic elements in brass jewelry. Fig. 10. The average weight percent of Cu representation in bronze jewelry. Fig. 11. The average weight percent of Cu representation in brass jewelry. Fig. 12. Representation of chemical elements Cu, Sn, Pb and Zn in individual types of bronze alloys (average values). Fig. 13. Average Cu values in bronze alloys. Fig. 14. Average Sn values in bronze compounds. Fig. 15. Average Pb values in bronze compounds. Fig. 16. Correlation - Spearman s ratio of Cu, Sn and Pb in bronze compounds. Tab. 1. Representation of metals in the individual categories of objects studied from the funeral of the period of the Avar Khaganate in Obid. Tab. 2. Average percentage by weight of individual categories of metallic elements in feminine jewelry alloys ex pressed as a percentage. Tab. 3. Average percentages of metallic elements in bronze jewelry expressed as a percentage. Tab. 4. Average percentage weight of metallic elements in brass jewelry, expressed as a percentage. Tab. 5. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test for bronze jewelry. Tab. 6. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test for brass jewelry. Tab. 7. Average percentage weight of metallic elements in jewelry, expressed as a percentage. Tab. 8. p - probability values. Tab. 9. p - probability values. Tab. 10. p - probability values. Tab. 11. Spearman s correlation coefficient values. Pl. I. Rings and earrings with marked points of measure. Pl. II. Rings and earrings
with marked points of measure. PL III. Bracelets, eings and belt adornments with marked points of measure. PL IV. Bracelets, belt and horse hraness adornments with marked points of measure. Pl. V. Belt adornements with marked points of measure. Pl. VI. Other metal objects with marked points of measure. Translated by Ján Tirpák 334
GRAVEYARD FROM THE AVAR KHAGANATE PERIOD IN OBID Summary Numerous activities related to exploitation of raw materials, agricultural production and construction were carried out in Slovakia in the second half of the 20th c. Some of these interventions in the landscape, i. e. in the environment, initiated many - mostly rescue - archaeological researches. They included investigation of the burial ground from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid, which is situated approx. 800 m south of the church in the centre of the village. Excava tions were carried out in two stages almost 20 years apart. The first stage meant rescue of burials disturbed in 1963 by construction of an irrigation system near the farm buildings of the Agricultural Cooperative in Obid, Fényes árok site. During the archaeological investigation led by Z. Liptákova, 25 inhumation burials were studied. Several archaeologi cal field activities initiated by planned construction of Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros waterworks on the Danube started by the end of the 1970s. With regard to the fact that the burial ground in Obid is approx. 700 m north of the Danube stream, it was also endangered by the planned construction of structures and communications associated with the waterworks. Thus, the author continued the research in 1981-1984.159 burials were studied in four excavation seasons. The total number of burials at the graveyard in Obid reached 194. The burial ground, however, has not been fully inves tigated. The aim of the presented monograph is to publish the necropolis in a complex way. The monograph includes contributions
from natural science disciplines as well, such as analysis of animal bones (Z. Bielichová), analysis of glass beads and lithic artifacts (Ľ. Illášová/J. Štubňa) and X-ray fluorescent analysis of metal artifacts (J. Tirpák). The included CD contains the following databases: a database of burials and material from them, a database of burial constructions and design of grave pits and a database of animal bones. The processed burial ground is situated approx. 800 m south of the church in the centre of the village, in the area of the farm yard of the cooperative and north of it (Fig. 1). The author has used its fixation in the terrain and three military mappings (Fig. 2-4). In 1963, during the rescue excavations led by Z. Liptákova, 12 trenches (1-1.5 m wide and 15-25 m long) were manually dug. Distribution of the trenches was inspired by the need to study endangered areas where pre sence of burials had been assumed. Thus, edges of the necropolis - with the exception of its northern and northwestern parts - were not detected. All works associated with uncovering of burials and their documentation were carried out by the leader of the excavations (Z. Liptákova). Field works in 1981-1984 were also carried out by the method of trenches. Numbers of burials and indication of the trenches followed from the investigation in 1963. The trenches were usually 1.5 m wide and their lengths were various. The burials studied in 1963 were documented by drawings and photographs. A field journal was kept, focused on descriptions and drawings of artifacts. The site report contains typed
descriptions of burials. Only four burial descriptions were hand-written and were found on the back sides of their plans. The overal plan of the studied areas was also elaborated. In 1981-1984, burials were documented by photographs and drawings after they had been trimmed. Each burial had its own record on find cards. These contained - together with description of the burial - also drawings of the material found inside them. An accession catalogue and a technical journal were also kept. The photographic documentation contains black-and-white photographs and coloured diapositives. Results of the investigation by Z. Liptákova were included in the plan. All the material (with small exceptions) from the inves tigation at the burial ground in Obid is deposited in the Institute of Archaeology of SAS in Nitra. It was not possible to obtain some artefacts from the investigation from 1963. They include a pair of bronze cast fittings of rectangular shape decorated with a motif of a gryphon from burial 8, reportedly originally 22 tin ornaments from a horse harness from burial 23 and a necklace made of a large number of beads discovered in burial 32. Numerous artefacts of material culture come from the burial grounds dated in the Avar Khaganate. Their analysis and assessment is important especially from the aspect of chronology. Study of the burial rite which is rather conserva tive is not less important. Following from the traditional concept of analysis of the burial rite, the author deals with its individual expressions and categories. The burial ground in Obid with 194 burials
(Appendix 1) is classified in the group of necropoli with inhumation burials. In the above stated burials, 201 individuals altogether were buried 55 men, 66 women, 68 children, 11 individuals in the category of undetermined adults and one individual of undeter mined gender in the age of juvenis. The 68 children from the burial ground in Obid represent more than 34 % of all buried individuals. Shape of a grave pit is determined by quantities which can be determined either by description or by number values, i. e. metrical expression of all dimension of the spatial figure. These include length, width and depth of the grave pit and are complemented with metrically expressed anomalies and irregularities. Absolute majority of grave pits had shapes of rather regular rectangles on the level of detection (i. e. in depth of 30-50 cm). 19 grave pits were more or less distinct trapezoids. Sides are usually straight. They are rounded mainly in disturbed burials. In 114 cases, adjusted walls and bottoms of grave pits or various grave constructions were observed. Double-pole constructions oc curred in two burials only. Four-pole constructions (Fig. 13) were detected in 35 burials. Grave constructions consisting of 6 poles (Fig. 14) were detected in 35 burials. So-called frame constructions are less frequent (5 graves). Stepped design of longer walls was detected in 20 burials. An irregular black stain, maybe a mat made of an organic material was dis covered on the bottom of burial 28, under the skeleton. In five grave pits, regularly distributed small depressions with round, oval or
angular cross-sections were observed on the bottoms - traces of existence of a so-called dead s bed. The author assumes that the dead bodies were placed on the mats made of organic materials (wood, leather, textile). In some 118
cases, combinations of several types of constructions and designs of grave pits occur. Such designs include depressions of various shapes situated mostly near the head or feet of the buried. They probably facilitated depositing of the dead body in a coffin in the grave pit. Pole constructions can be divided into two types. Most often, poles were sunken in walls and connected with horizontal beams/planks enclosing the hollow space on the upside. Such upper cover was placed usually 50- 70 cm above the bottom. Some types of burial constructions are presented by visualizations (Fig. 5-12). Orientation of the buried is an extremely important factor. Its evaluation is presented in tables and diagrams (Tab. 1; 2; Diagrams 1; 2). It can be stated that the burial ground in Obid belongs to the group of burial grounds with prevalent NW-SE orientation. If no anthropological material has been preserved, orientation of the longer axis of the burial pit was assessed. Bodies of the buried were usually deposited in straightened position on their backs with up per limbs arranged along the bodies. Indistinct flexions of upper and lower limbs, or lower limbs bent in knees are less frequently represented. Individuals deposited on the side were rare. Seven double burials were discovered at the burial ground in Obid. Most often, they contained remains of adult individuals and children. In the same number of burials, riders with their horses were buried - in all graves, there were skeletons of whole horses. Age structure of the adult in dividuals as well as children is presented in tables and
diagrams (Tab. 3-5; Diagram 3-5). Secondary interferences were observed in 35 burials. Burial 72 is a special case. A skull belonging to an old man was found on the detection level of the burial (Fig. 15). The intruders shaft was observed not only on the detection level of the burial, but also just above the bottom (Fig. 16). Dispersed parts of a skeleton of a man in adultus II-maturus I age were situated in that space (Fig. 17). At the burial ground in Obid, stratigraphic relations between burials and settlement features usually with furrows, in one case with a house, were detected. They document the fact that the burials in those relations are undoubtedly younger. Grave goods are usually deposited in the so-called functional position. There were 47 burials without goods at the studied burial ground. They are mainly burials of children (32 burials). The collection of all artifacts coming from the burial ground in Obid represents an aggregate commonly called material culture. Its typological and material diversity is its typical feature. The following text analyzes individual groups and types of artifacts of the material culture. They are extremely important for elaboration of detailed typology and - subsequently -chronological scheme of the period. Last but not least, they also enable us to state social context and demographic correlations of the population which buried their dead at the burial ground. Probably the most im portant group contains sets of belt fittings. Their frequent occurrence in burials is helpful for a rather detailed division of the period and
elaboration of generally accepted chronological system. On the other hand, belt fittings are an impor tant source for analysis of either decoration motifs or technological details and method of their production. Various types of materials were used for their production, bronze was most frequent. From the aspect of chronology, techno logy of their production is essential. It is generally accepted that in the early and middle degrees of the period, belt decorations are commonly made of wrought or pressed tin. Cast fittings are typical of the late degree. Garnitures con sisting of cast silver fittings are rare. At the analyzed necropolis, parts of belt garnitures were discovered in 13 burials, however, the burial complexes contained mainly few fittings or incomplete sets. Four of the burials contained also a horse skeleton, all of them with traces of secondary interferences (burials 24, 34, 39 and 139). Only garnitures from burials 8 and 192 can be considered complete setes. The richest set consisting of a large number of fittings was the inven tory of burial 188. The typological classification of the fittings followed from a sériation of sets from the territory of Slovakia and Austia. The fittings from the burial ground in Obid can be dated - on the basis of this sériation ֊ to first three phases of the late degree (late degree I-III). Two silver tin fittings from disturbed burial 24 are probably the only artifacts that enable its dating in the end of the middle degree. Weapons occurred only occasionally. This category in cludes two cutting weapons which might be
identified as short saxes. Axes were also found in two burials. There was no burial uncovered at the burial ground containing bone parts of a composite bow and arrow points. Spear or javelin points are also absent. Big and massive knives found in nine burials could also be considered weapons. Parts of horse harnesses - functional (tongue bits, stirrups, saddle buckles) or decorative parts (phalerae, fittings of various shapes). The category of female jewels contains mainly earrings. They were discovered in 43 complexes at the burial ground in Obid. Most of them were made of bronze. Precious metals are rarely used for their production. Golden earrings from burial 21 are an exceptional find (Fig. 18). Typological range of earrings from the burial ground in Obid is presented on an illustration (Fig. 19). Bracelets were in the inventory of five burials. They usually occur in pairs. Female jewels were most often made of bronze, however, some artifacts made of brass were also discovered. The author has attempted to assess their occurrence from the aspect of space (Appendix 2). Necklaces made of beads were found in 25 burials. Some of them consisted of a few pieces only. Almost all of them are made of glass, the bead from burial 141 is an exception made of mountain crystal. 11 burials contained rings; in 6, there was only 1 in the inventory, 6 of them contained 2 exemplars and burial 40 contained three rings. Some exemplars are simple open rings made of a smooth bar with circular cross-section. The second most frequent type is open ring made of a tin band. The collection of rings
is comple mented with an incomplete shield ring made of tin which has a widened disc with struck dots. Two brooches made of gilded bronze tin and set with glasses of various colours were discovered in burial 138 (Fig. 20). Its decoration is com plemented with a struck ornament along the edge of all glasses. A golden disc from burial 24 is a unique find (Fig. 21). It might be an imitation of a so-called obol coin. Besides the golden disc, grave goods from burial 24 included two luxu rious braid pins in form of hollow pipes. They are made of silver tin and conected with three profiled bronze rings. In burial 15, a bronze artifact was found which can be considered a Ringfibel/Omegafibel. The burial also contained a bronze object which can be considered a fragment of a purse clasp. The group of other artifacts includes a small anvil from burial 169, and a set of a bell, together with a hollow bone box from child burial 191. Items of everyday use include knives, buckles, spindle whorls, awls, strike-a-lights with striking flints, needle cases, a sickle, tweezers and a whet stone. Another group is represented by wooden iron-bound buckets and ceramics. Ceramic vessels were found only in 119
34 burials, which is a rather small number. Most of them are undecorated or decorated pot-shaped vessels - coiled or hand-made. A cup with a handle from burial 2 from the sphere of the so-called yellow pottery is an exception. Four vessels had marks on their bottoms. Methods of decoration of the vessels are presented by an illustration (Fig. 22). Ani mal bones were detected in many burials. In several burials, probably skeletons of whole individuals were found. They were mainly poultry bones. 10 burials from the burial ground in Obid contained eggshells. Five of them were burials of children and five were burials of adult individuals. Gastropod shells were a specific phenomenon observed in some burials. They were detected in the filling of 18 grave pits. Filling of 109 burials contained various large sherds. Aggre gates of finds with 10 sherds or more are presented in Table 6. The author assumes that they were intentionally depo sited in burials during funerals. Animal bones (some of them burned) were discovered in backfill of 75 burials. Chro nological position of the burial ground in Obid is determined by dating of the oldest and the youngest burials. From this point of view, we can say that burials at the necropolis started at the end of the middle degree and its final phase is represented by complexes dated to the third phase of the late degree. Artifacts typical of the youngest phase of the late degree are absent in the material. However, we must add that the necropolis has not been completely excavated. The southern border of the burial ground has not been
detected. Thus, we cannot exclude the possibility that burial com plexes with dating in late degree IV were situated in the area south of the area with burials which remained un searched. Unfortunately, the burial ground in Obid has not provided any support for stating clear conclusions related to absolute chronology. We can only assume that the beginnings of burials fall to the end of the 7th c. or the beginning of the 8th c. The last burials can only be assumed before the end of the 8th c. To assess the process of burials, several categories of artifacts of the material culture were used. The spatial analysis of occurrence of belt fitting sets is pre sented by an illustration (Appendix 3). To determine the process of burials, we can also use the finds of earrings and their cartographic evaluation on the plan of the burial ground (Appendix 4). The finds of beads are also important (Ap pendix 5). The most frequently occurring types are miniature yellow and black beads in shape of millet grain and beads shaped as watermelon seeds. Inhumation burials without grave goods are an important group (Tab. 7). There were 48 such burials at the burial ground in Obid, which is almost 25 % of all burials. Spatial analysis of the burials without grave goods (Appendix 6) documents their rather high concentration in the northern part of the burial ground. On the other hand, there are much fewer such burials in the central - the oldest - part of the necropolis. Burials without grave goods can be assessed also from the aspect of age and gender of the buried individuals (Tab. 8; Diagram
6). In more than two thirds of such complexes children were buried. Female burials without grave goods are rare (8 burials) and male burials without grave goods are rather unique (4 burials). Evaluation of the chronological position of the burials without grave goods (Tab. 9; Diagram 7) provides the conclusion that complexes dated to the middle phase of use of the burial ground (LS II) clearly dominate in this group. It is logical, since more than a half of all burials at the burial ground (114 burials) belong to this phase of burying, as documented by their assessment (Tab. 10; Diagram 8). The burial ground in Obid is situated near the confluence of the Hron and Danube rivers, near today s Štúrovo. This territory was mainly strategically important. It is documented by numerous burial grounds, burials and individual finds confirming the intensity of settlement mostly in the late degree of the Avar Khaganate. First burials from the burial ground in Štúrovo I can be dated as early as the previous period (middle degree).141 This large necropolis was discovered as early as the 1930s. During the investigation in the 1950s, 280 burials were discovered. The burial ground was not studied completely. As for the number of burials, the burial ground in Obid is the second largest in the studied territory. If the whole ground was studied, it would probably be the largest. A settlement which could be dated in the middle and late degrees of the period was uncovered in its immediate surroundings. Even superposition of burials with an older settlement feature containing numerous fragments
of hand-made pottery was detected in the southern part of the burial ground. Several settlement features which can be dated to the period of the Avar Khaganate were studied in Chl’aba. During aerial prospecting, a large burial ground containing approx. 150 burials was discovered at the site of Obidská pusta (Obid III). Verifying trenches uncovered two burials containing material typical of the period of the Avar Khaganate. In the neighbouring village of Mužľa, Jurský Chim II site, another burial ground with assumed 50-80 bu rials was detected also by aerial prospecting. Verifying excavations were carried out there too; they studied three burials dated to the Avar Khaganate period. Four burials containing ceramic vessels - one of them from the so-called yellow pottery - were disturbed by exploitation of sand approx. 1100 m east, near the farm at Jurský Chim I. During construction of water pipeline in the residential area of Štúrovo at the end of the 1960s, an inhumation burial with a ceramic vessel and a tore made of bronze wire were discovered. The tore split into pieces while being taken out of the burial. A unique find - a ceramic vessel from an unknown location in Obid - may come from a disturbed burial. Despite the numerous found sites and finds, it is obvious that the area near today s Štúrovo was not as important as the area of the confluence of the Váh and Danube rivers. The high concentration of burial grounds in the territory of today s Komárno and near the town clearly documents the importantce of the territory mainly from the aspect of power. This fact is
emphasised by the unusually rich grave goods or by rider burials. The territory around the so-called Bratislavská brána gorge was also of extreme importance. Numerous necropoli documenting the high intensity of settlement were also discovered there. Thus, there were three significant areas in the territory of Southwestern Slovakia which played an important role at conquering of the territory along the Danube as an important route connecting the Carpathian basin with the territories in the west. The area between the confluences of the Danube and Hron and the Danube and Ipeľ rivers, is an entrance gate to the territory of the so-called Vacov bend of the Danube. There, an extremely dense network of settlements was documented mainly with numerous large burial grounds. A rather narrow valley surrounded by steep hills provided control and successful protection of the pass to the central parts of the Carpathian basin using roads along the large river. 141 Sites with indexes are presented according to publication Zábojník 2009. 120
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Zábojník, Jozef 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1220256234 (DE-588)1222140780 |
| author_facet | Zábojník, Jozef 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Zábojník, Jozef 1952- |
| author_variant | j z jz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046264024 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1128840486 (DE-599)OBVAC15511907 |
| era | Geschichte 600-800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600-800 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowakei Südwest (DE-588)4472624-7 gnd Obid (DE-588)1203338562 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei Südwest Obid |
| id | DE-604.BV046264024 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:39:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1011784-2 |
| isbn | 9788022417396 9788081960130 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031641965 |
| oclc_num | 1128840486 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 335 Seiten, 6 ungezählte gefaltete Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne CD-R (12 cm) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200123 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Archeologický ústav SAV |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Fontes |
| series2 | Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Fontes Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Studia Instituti Archaeologici Nitriensis Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae |
| spelling | Zábojník, Jozef 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1220256234 aut Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid Jozef Zábojník ; s príspevkami Ľudmily Illášovej [und 4 weitere] Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid Bratislava ; Nitra Archeologický ústav SAV 2019 335 Seiten, 6 ungezählte gefaltete Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne CD-R (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Fontes Tomus 26 Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Studia Instituti Archaeologici Nitriensis Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae Die Reihenangabe "Fontes" findet sich auf dem Buchrücken, neben der Titelseite und auf der Rückseite der Titelseite. "Studia Instituti Archaeologici Nitriensis Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae" dürfte irrtümlich angemerkt sein. CD-R enthält Excel Dateien Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 600-800 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei Südwest (DE-588)4472624-7 gnd rswk-swf Obid (DE-588)1203338562 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei Südwest (DE-588)4472624-7 g Obid (DE-588)1203338562 g Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 600-800 z DE-604 Illášová, L'udmila (DE-588)1222140780 wst Archeologický ústav (Nitra) (DE-588)1011784-2 isb Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Fontes Tomus 26 (DE-604)BV012446205 26 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zábojník, Jozef 1952- Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid Archaeologica Slovaca monographiae. Fontes Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4472624-7 (DE-588)1203338562 |
| title | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |
| title_alt | Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |
| title_auth | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |
| title_exact_search | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |
| title_full | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid Jozef Zábojník ; s príspevkami Ľudmily Illášovej [und 4 weitere] |
| title_fullStr | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid Jozef Zábojník ; s príspevkami Ľudmily Illášovej [und 4 weitere] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid Jozef Zábojník ; s príspevkami Ľudmily Illášovej [und 4 weitere] |
| title_short | Pohrebisko z obdobia avarského kaganátu v Obide |
| title_sort | pohrebisko z obdobia avarskeho kaganatu v obide graveyard from the avar khaganate period in obid |
| title_sub | = Graveyard from the Avar Khaganate period in Obid |
| topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausgrabung Funde Gräberfeld Slowakei Südwest Obid |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031641965&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012446205 |
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