War and childhood in the era of the two world wars:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Washington, DC
German Historical Institute
2019
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| Schriftenreihe: | Publications of the German Historical Institute
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | x, 299 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781108478533 1108478530 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a War and childhood in the era of the two world wars |c edited by Mischa Honeck (German Historical Institute, Washington DC), James Marten (Marquette University, Wisconsin) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC |b German Historical Institute |c 2019 | |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Patriotic fun : toys and mobilization in China from the Republican to the Communist era / Valentina Boretti -- Forging a patriotic youth : penny dreadfuls and military censorship in WWI Germany / Kara Ritzheimer -- Recruiting Japanese boys for the Pioneer Youth Corps of Mongolia and Manchuria / L. Halliday Piel -- Defining the ideal Soviet childhood : reportage about child evacuees from Spain as didactic literature / Karl Qualls -- Learning more than letters : alphabet books in the Soviet Union and the United States during World War II / Julie K. deGraffenried -- Boys and girls in the service of total war : defense service training in Swedish schools during World War II / Esbjorn Larsson -- Good soldiers all? Democracy and discrimination in the Boy Scouts of America, 1941-1945 / Mischa Honeck -- Combatant children : ideologies and experiences of childhood in the Royal Navy and British Army, 1902-1918 / Kate James -- Drawing the Great War : children's personal representations of war and violence in France, Germany, and Russia / Manon Pignot -- Bellicists, feminists, and deserters : youth, war, and the German youth movement, 1914-1918 / Antje Harms -- Boys without a country : Ottoman orphans in Germany during the First World War / Nazan Maksudyan -- In their own words : children in the world of the Holocaust / Patricia Heberer Rice -- The dark side of the 'Good War' : children and medical experimentation in the United States during World War II / Birgitte Soland -- Attacking children with nuclear weapons: the centrality of children in American understandings of the 'bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki / Robert Jacobs | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of Figures List of Contributors Acknowledgements page vii ix x Introduction More than Victims: Framing the History of Modern Childhood and War Mischa Honeck and fames Marten i PART I: INSPIRING AND MOBILIZING Introduction to Part I 1 2 3 4 5 15 Patriotic Fun: Toys and Mobilization in China from the Republican to the Communist Era Valentina Boretti Forging a Patriotic Youth: Penny Dreadfuls and Military Censorship in World War I Germany Kara L. Ritzheimer Recruiting Japanese Boys for the Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia L. Halliday Piel Defining the Ideal Soviet Childhood: Reportage About Child Evacuees from Spain as Didactic Literature Karl D. Qualls Learning More than Letters: Alphabet Books in the Soviet Union and the United States During World War II Julie K. deGraffenried v 17 35 53 71 87
Contents VI 6 7 Boys and Girls in the Service of Total War: Defense Service Training in Swedish Schools During World War II Esbjörn Larsson 113 Good Soldiers All? Democracy and Discrimination in the Boy Scouts of America, 1941-1945 Mischa Honeck 128 PART II: ADAPTING AND SURVIVING 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Index Introduction to Part II 149 Combatant Children: Ideologies and Experiences of Childhood in the Royal Navy and British Army, 1902-1918 Kate James ışı Drawing the Great War: Children’s Representations of War and Violence in France, Russia, and Germany Manon Pignot 170 Bellicists, Feminists, and Deserters: Youth, War, and the German Youth Movement, 1914-1918 Antje Harms Boys Without a Country: Ottoman Orphan Apprentices in Germany During World War I Nazan Maksudyan In Their Own Words: Children in the World of the Holocaust Patricia Heberer Rice The Dark Side of the “Good War”: Children and Medical Experimentation in the United States During World War II Birgitte Søland Attacking Children with Nuclear Weapons: The Centrality of Children in American Understandings of the Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Robert Jacobs 189 20 6 229 248 267 283
Index abecedaria. See alphabet books Adams, Arthur (boy in British military), i54, 158 adolescents. See youth Afanas’ev, G. E., 17z African Americans, in Boy Scouts of America, 131, 141-143 age. See also ege, enlistment; age restrictions and recommendations and children’s drawings, 173, i8o-i8z, 184,185-186 and sources from Hoktcaust period, 23 z age, enlistment. See also British military, boy service in “boy” status, 153 and masculinity, 154 during WWI, 15Z-155, 161, 162, 165-166 during WWII, 139-141 age restrictions and recommendations and BSA duties, 137-138, 140 and BSA recruiting, 133-134, 135 for defense training in Swedish schools, lié, XI7, I18-IZO, IZI, I23-IZ4, 125, iz6 agriculture, 56, 61, 216. See also Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia air surveillance (Sweden), 113, 115, 117, 127 alcohol abstinence from, 191, 198, 218 restrictions on young people’s consumption of, 3 6, 44 Allen (boy in British military), 15 3-154, 158,159, 161 “All I have left to eat is my own head” (student drawing), 175f alphabet books, 5, 87-112. See also Samuel Lowe Company alphabet book; Zhivye bukvy (Living Letters) analysis of, 87-88 cultural meanings attached to, 88-91, 107-110 and effects of WWII on childhood, 9 т-92 history of, 89-90 language acquisition vs image choice in, 97ՈՅ5 layout of, 92-95, 98, 102-104 texts of, no-112 as toys, 97Ո35 Ambaras, David, 59 American Medical Association, 253, 265 amputations, in children’s drawings, 186-187, 187Ո63 Aoki Kunio (Pioneer Youth Corps member), 53 Appeltus, Hugo, 38-39 apprenticeships. See Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany
Arai Emikö, 5 3 Army Council Instruction (British military), 165 Army Institute of Pathology (US), 272
Index 284 Army’s Regulations for Mobilization, The (British military regulations), 161 Arnold (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258 art. See drawings Arrières, Philippe, 17г, 174Ш5 atomic bombs. See nuclear weapons, children as victims of Atomic City, The (1952), 282 “Attack of Koz’ma Kriuchkov on the German officers, the” (student drawing), 177 Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, 172 Augusta Victoria (Empress), in children’s drawings, 176 aviation, 26-27, 94/į 115 Baden-Powell, Robert, 164 Bamford, F. G. H. (boy in British military), 166 bandits, mounted (Japan), 63 Battling the Soil (Tsuchi о tatakau) (Sugano), 63 Beatty, David, 151 Belgium, 73 Benjamin, Walter, 201 Berliner Kreis (Berlin Circle), 189-190 Berliner Tageblatt (newspaper), 217 Bernard, Claude, 253 Bessel, Richard, 40 Bethell, John, 139 Bey, Nazim, 212 “Birthday Wish I” (Weissová), 241, 242 f Bittel, Karl (member of German youth movement), 200 Blitz Scouts (Britain), 139 Block, Elisabeth (Jewish youth, Holocaust victim), 241-244 Blum, Léon, 130 boarding schools, 74, 86, 251 “Boches doing ‘kamarad’” (student drawing), 176 bodies, stigmatization of in children’s drawings, 174-176 Boer War, 157, 158, 160 Boretti, Valentina, 6 “Bosches robbing a house and stealing a child” (student drawing), 179 Bosque Arin, Ana del (Spanish evacuee), 74-75 boys. See also British military, boy service in; gender; Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany drawings by, 183-185 play in the Holocaust, 238-239 Boy Scouts (Britain), 164 Boy Scouts of America (BSA), 128-147 African-American scouts, 131, 141-143 Boys’ Life, 131-132, 139 during Cold War,
146-147 duties of, 128-129, 131-132-, 133։ І3б֊137. 143 duties of, dissatisfaction with, 137-138, 140 and Emergency Service Corps, 135 during Great Depression, 132-133, 142-143 home army mobilization, 132-133, 137 intergenerationality in, 136, 137 1RS in, 141, 142-143, 144 Japanese-American scouts, 131, 14г, 143-I45 members feel infantilized, 131, 137-138 membership numbers, 129, 146 press coverage of war, 139-140 propaganda and recruitment, 13 2-136, 141-142, 143, 146-147 racial discrimination in, 131, 138-139, 141-145 statistics of duties performed, 128, 136-137 waste removal, 128-129, 136-137, 143 during WWI, 130, 133 during WWII, 128-130, 135-141, 143-145։ 146 in WWI propaganda, 1-2f boy service, 153. See also British military, boy service in Boys’ Life (BSA magazine), 131-132, 139 Boys’ Manchuria, The (Arai), 53 Boy’s Own Paper (periodical), 166 Brauner, Alfred, 171Ո7, 178, 182 Bright, Hugh, 139 Britain. See Great Britain British Army, boy service in, 152, 155 in India, 156 prewar organizational changes in, 157-158 terms of service, Г57-158 training curriculum, 159
Index British military, boy service in, 10, 149, 15i-i69 Army’s Regulations for Mobilization, 161 “boy” status, 153-154 British Army, 152, 155, 156, 157-158, 159 casualties, 167, 168 drummers and buglers, 156, 160, 161162, 163-165 heroism honored, 151-152, 166, 168 motivations for joining, 154-15 5 prewar organizational changes, 15 7-161 recruitment, 152, 154-157 Royal Navy, 151, 152, 153-154, 157, 158-159, 161, 166-167 terms of service, 157-158 witnessing death, 163-164 during WWII, 168 Bruckner, Karl, 278 Brunner, Karl, 51-52 BSA. See Boy Scouts of America (BSA) Buffalo Bill (pulp fiction series), 37, 51 Burns, Ken, 128 butterflies, 237-238 Cain, Arthur (boy in British military), 164165 Callaway, Jack (boy in British military), 156, 163 Cenitagoya, Adolfo (Spanish evacuee), 74 censorship aspirational use of, 3 7 definition of, 37 and Soviet writing on Spanish children, 73 censorship, military peacetime precedents for restrictions, 3 536 Samuleit’s call for, 3 5 of wartime fiction series, 48-49, 50-52 and WWI’s effects on German youth, 4445 Chabot, Charles, 172, 183 Chambers of Trade and Industry, German, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221 Chaplin, Charlie, 100, 100Ո41 Charles (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258, 263 Chen Heqin, 23 Chiang Kai-shek, images of in children’s games, 17, 28, 30 Chicago Defender (black newspaper), 143 Chickering, Roger, 42-43 285 childcare, 120-121 child development, 4-5, 120, 158 childhood constructed character of, 6 historians of, 7, 170-171, 236Ո19 ideal version of, in Soviet media, 80 and labor, 152-153 romantic view of, 5 8 as sheltered, 3-4, 130,
133, 140, 146 child labor. See labor Children and War, 183 children and youths agency of, 6-7, 10—ii, 16 in the background vs as primary sources, 230-233 as communal national resource, 35, 39 and documents produced during war, 7, 230-233 levels of exposure to armed conflict, 5-6 public policy shaping, 35-36 (German) state’s intervention into lives of, 35-36, 37-39 children’s literature, 154. See also pamphlet fiction; Samuel Lowe Company alphabet book (untitled); Zhivye bukvy (Living Letters) (Marshak) alphabet books as, 88-91 Malen’kie ispantsy (Little Spaniards), 73, 80-83, 84, 85, 86 war in, 109 Children’s World (periodical), 23 child soldiers, 9-10. See also British military, boy service in China, war toys in, 6, 15, 17-34. See also Manchuria in 1950S, 29-33 and anti-imperialist mobilization, 23-27 and aviation, 26-27 under Communist regime, 27-29 and defense training, 25-26, 33-34 and martial spirit, Г8-23 and peace, 31-33 and political awareness, 29-30 Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 255, 2562-57 citizens, children as in China, 18-19 and images of child victims, 15 and Japanese Pioneer Youth Corps, 55, 57-58, 62 and play/toys, 19
շ86 Index citizens, children as (cont.) and state’s interest in family life, 4, 35, 38-39 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 132 class in alphabet books, 98, 100, 102 and boy soldiers, 140, 155, 157 and BSA, 140, 146 and children’s living conditions, in Sweden, 114 and German youth movement, 196, 198199, 201 and military enlistment, 155 and Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 227-228 Spanish evacuee children’s experiences of, 81, 85 Clayton, L. L., 273 clothing in children’s drawings, 176-177 in Ottoman orphanages, 210 of Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 218-219 of Spanish evacuee children in USSR, 77 Coakley, Robert J., 273 Cold War and BSA, 146-147 and nuclear readiness, 279-280, 281-282 Cole (boy in British military), 154, 158 Coles, Robert, 11 collective war memory, 12 Collier’s magazine, 140 colonialism. See also Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia and Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 213, 223, 223Ո74, 228 combat in children’s drawings, 179-182, 183f German youths’ disillusionment with, 193-194 “Combat” (student drawing), 178 comic books, 104Ո50. See also pamphlet fiction Commissariat of Enlightenment (USSR), 73 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Ottoman), 207, 217, 226-227 Committee on Medical Research (US), 254155. *57 2·59 communism. See also Soviet Union and children’s discipline in USSR, 85-86 and German youth movement, 200, 201 Japanese crackdown on, 60 and war toys in China, 27-29 youth initiates in, 130, 134 Communist Party of Euskadi, 73 Cooper, Merlin, 255-256, 257, 259 Cornwell, Alice, 151 Cornwell, John Travers, 151-15 2
Cossacks, in children’s drawings, 176, 179180 “Country Hospital” (student drawing), 186 Cousins, Norman, 275-276 craftsmen, apprentices to, 206-207, 213-2Г5,217-218, 226 Crain, Patricia, 89, 93-94 criminality. See delinquency, juvenile Cub Scouts, 138. See also Boy Scouts of America (BSA) Daddy’s Gone to War (Tuttle), 9Ш0, 249 Das eiserne Kreuz (pulp fiction series), 45, 51 Davis, Roy, 139 Dawson, Graham, 153 death, in children’s drawings, 180-181, 182 Death in Life (Lifton), 278-279 “Declaration of the Rights of the Child” (League of Nations), 13 defense service training. See Swedish schools, gendered defense service training in deGraffenried, Julie, 5 delinquency, juvenile BSA aims to lower/address, 131, 133, 135 child environment blamed, 156-157 in Japan, 59-60 in WWI Germany, 44 Der Krieg (pulp fiction series), 45, 51 Detizdat (Soviet children’s literature publishing house), 80, 92 Deutsch-Türkische Vereinigung (GermanTurkish Association, DTV), 207 and agricultural apprentices, 216 and clothing of Ottoman apprentices, 219 expenses paid by, 211, 224, 227-228 and return of Ottoman orphan apprentices, 223-225 and selection of Ottoman apprentices, 219-220 and sending of Ottoman orphans to Germany, 211-212, 213 as source, 223
Index and training contracts of orphan apprentices, 217, 218 Dewey, Thomas E., 134 diaries, of children in world of Holocaust, 229-230, 235-236, 241-244 Dickinson, Edward Ross, 3 8 Die deutsche Jugend und der Krieg (German Youth and the War) (Gurlitt), 49-50 Die deutsche Jugend und der Weltkrieg (German Youth and the World War) (Foerster), 50 Diény, Jean-Pierre, 28 Directorate of Orphanages (Dariileytam Müdüriyeti), 209 discipline in British military service, 160 and juvenile delinquency in Germany, 3 839 in Manchurian youth camps, 66-67 and Ottoman apprentices in Germany, 222-223 in Soviet Union, 73, 81Ш5, 86 discrimination in BSA, 131, 138-139, 141-145 against hibakusha, 275 disease. See also medical experimentation medical research on, 253-254 in Ottoman orphanages, 210 in Pioneer Youth camps, 67-68 from radiation exposure, 268, 277-278 tonkonbyõ (land reclamation camp disease), 59, 66 Ditcham, Charles (boy in British military), 155, 159, 160, 161-162 Dolores (US orphan) (pseudonym), 263264 Domansky, Elisabeth, 40, 41 Donson, Andrew, 48 Dotty (US orphan) (pseudonym), 265-266 drawings, n, 170-188 combat in, 179-182, 183f the enemy in, 174-179 and gender, 173, 183-187 of ghetto life, 240-241, 242ƒ, 244-245 as historical source, 171-174 by Jewish children in hiding, 244-245, 245-247 by Spanish evacuee children, 84 as way to adapt and cope with war, 149 drummers and buglers, British military, 156, 160, 161-162, 163-165 287 dysentery, experiments on vaccine for, 250, 255-256,257-259 Earning Their Stripes (Kirk), 249 economic value of children, 114 education. See also alphabet
books; Swedish schools, gendered defense service training in; teachers boarding schools for Spanish evacuees in Soviet Union, 74, 86 boys’ curriculum, and labor market, 152-153 children’s right to, 36, 39 drawing as part of school curricula, i73-t74 effects of WWI on, 42 extension of school hours/days, 114 industrial schools, aposa Japanese demand for, 61-62 in Jewish ghettoes, 233-236 military schools, aposa in Ottoman Empire, 212, 226-227 of Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 217, 221 of recruits to Pioneer Youth Corps, 62 in Soviet Union, 73, 88 in United States, 8 8 Education (Kyõiku) (periodical), 58, 61 Eichler, Adolf, 3 7 Eileen (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258, 264 Eisen, George, 23 8 Eisenhower, Dwight, 30 Eleanor L. (US orphan) (pseudonym), 251 Eleanor M. (US orphan) (pseudonym), 263 Elisabeth (US orphan) (pseudonym), 265 Ellen (US orphan) (pseudonym), 260 Elmer (US orphan) (pseudonym), 248, 264 Emily (US orphan) (pseudonym), 259 enemy, the in children’s drawings, 174-179 in Soviet children’s culture, 92 enlistment, voluntary among German youths, 49, 189, 193, 193П10, 196-197, 201 enlistment age. See age, enlistment Enver Pasha, 207, 209, 212 Ermolaev, Adrian Mikhailovich, 92, 95, 95Ո30, 100, 105, 106 evacuation of Spanish children, 71-86 arrangements for evacuation to Soviet Union, 73-74
Index z88 evacuation of Spanish children (cont.) children’s reception in USSR, 76-79 children’s responses to journey, 74-76 media representation of, 79-85 and political situation of late 1930s, 7273 exemption from military service, 69, 195 experimentation, medical. See medical experimentation farm emigration/settlement. See Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia Faron, Olivier, 170 fascism, youth initiates in, 130, 134 Feldman, Gerald, 36 Feldner, Jakob (member of German youth movement), 201-202, 204 Feng Zikai, 18, 22 Fernandez, José (Spanish evacuee), 77-78 Fernandez, Pilar (Spanish evacuee), 77-78 “Fifth Warning, The” (newsreel), 275 Fikri, Mehmed (Ottoman orphan), 226 films hibakusha in, 275, 277 media representation of Spanish evacuee children in, 79-80 and nuclear threat, 279-280, 282 restrictions on young people’s consumption of, 3 6, 44 fire-bombing, 271 Fischer, Walter (member of German youth movement), 197 Flory, Daniel (Boy Scout), 137 Foerster, Friedrich Wilhelm, 50 food British military rations, 159-160 given to Spanish evacuee children in Soviet Union, 78, 78Ո9, 79 in Ottoman orphanages, 210 and Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 219 shortages and foraging, in Germany, 43 vegetarianism, in German youth movement, 191, 198 forgiveness by nuclear bomb survivors, 277 by subjects of medical experiments, 264, 265 Forgotten Generation, The (Ossian), 249 foster care, 38, 211, 227, 247 France children’s drawings from, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 182 evacuation of Spanish children to, 73 Germanophobie discourse in, 174, 174Ո16 youth welfare in, 39 Franco,
Francisco, 75Ո5 Frankel, Alona (Ilona Goldman) (Holocaust survivor), 245-247 Franz Joseph I, in children’s drawings, 176 Fred S. (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258-259, 261-262 Fred W. (US orphan) (pseudonym), 261 Freud, Anna, 11 Friedman, Pavel, 237 Fright, Alfred (boy in British military), 163164 Frohman, Larry, 38 Frühstück, Sabine, 58 Fuhrmann, Malte, 213 Fulda, Friedrich Wilhelm (member of German youth movement), 194 Fundamentals of Our National Polity (Kokutai no hongi) (Japan’s Ministry of Education), 57 games. See play; war games García, Raimundo (Spanish evacuee), 77 gender. See also Boy Scouts of America (BSA); British military, boy service in; Swedish schools, gendered defense service training in in alphabet books, 105 and BSA duties, 138 and children’s drawings, 173, 183-187 and conscription of German men during WWI, 41 in German youth movement, 194—195, 202 and masculinity, during Great Depression, 132, 142 and play in the Holocaust, 238-239 role changes during WWII, 114-115 and war toys in China, 23 George (US orphan) (pseudonym), 248, 262 Geraldine (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258 German-Americans, 138 Germany. See also Germany, pulp fiction in; German youth movement; Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany
Index authority of military officials in, 36-37 children’s drawings from, 172, 173, 175-176, 177, 178, 179 laws giving military authority, 3 6, 3 8 Ottoman admiration of, 211-212, 226 Ottoman orphans’ arrival in, 214-216 sending of Ottoman orphans to, 211-212 youth soldiers in, 9 youth welfare in, 37-40 Germany, pulp fiction in, 35-52 military themes in pamphlet fiction, 45-48 peacetime precedents for restrictions, 35-36 Samuleit’s call for censorship of, 3 5 and WWI’s effects on German youth, 40-44 and youth welfare reforms, 37-40 German youth movement, 5-6, 189-205 affirmative readings of war among, 195-200 anti-war groups within, 189-190, 200-204 conceptions of youth in, 190-191 contributions to war effort, 193-195 gender in, 194-19 5 Jugendkulturbewegung (Youth Culture Movement), 192, 192Ո4, 200 prewar ideals and goals of, 191-193 Wandervogel organization, 191, 191Ո3, 19 3, 193ШО, 197 Gertrud (US orphan) (pseudonym), 264 ghettoes, life in, 11 drawings of, 240-241, 242f, 244—245 and education, 233-236 innocence and knowledge of, 239-244 and play, 236-239 records of folklore and history, 229-230 Ginz, Petr (youth in Terezin ghetto), 235-236, 236Ո18 Ginzová, Eva (youth in Terezin ghetto), 23 5, 236Ո18 girls. See also gender drawings by, 183-184, 185-186, 185f in German youth movement, 194-195 roles at play in the ghetto, 239 and war toys, 23 Girl Scouts of America (GSA), 138. See also Boy Scouts of America (BSA) GMD (Nationalist Party of China), 22 289 Goldman, Ilona (Alona Frankel) (Holocaust survivor), 245-247 Good Children (periodical), 30 Great Britain. See also
British military, boy service in Blitz Scouts, 139 Boy Scouts, 164 children’s drawings from, 172, 173 evacuation of Spanish children to, 73 perception of children in, 114 youth welfare in, 39 Great Depression, 132-133, 142-143 Greater Japan League of Youth Groups (Dai Nihon rengő seinendan), 65 Great Patriotic War (June 1941-August ). 1545 99 Great Terror, 72-73, 81 Great War. See World War I grenades. See hand grenades Gudimov, A., 84 Gurlitt, Ludwig, 49-50 Gutiérrez, Ángel (Spanish evacuee), 78 hand grenades in alphabet books, 98, 105, xo6f Swedish schoolchildren taught to throw, 113, 116, 1x8, 120, 124, 125-126 in war games, 31 “Hand-to-hand” (student drawing), 182 Harms, Antje, 5-6 Harris, Stanley, 144 Hatano Kanji, 58 Havens, Thomas, 56, 68 Heinz Brandt (pulp fiction series), 45 Hellwig, Albert, 44, 49 helmets, German, in children’s drawings, 176-177, 178-179 heroism in alphabet books, 107 Boy Scouts’ fantasies of, 137-138 of boys in British military, 151-152, 166, 168 in pamphlet fiction, 37, 45, 47~48 Hersey, John, 274, 281 hibakusha (survivors of nuclear bombs) awareness of in US, 274-279 first US representations of, 274-275 Hiroshima Maidens, 268, 275-277 Sadako Sasaki, 268-269, 277-278 High School Victory Corps, 136 Hiroshima (Hersey), 274, 281
Hiroshima, Japan, nuclear attack on framed as military base, 2.70-271, 273-274 hibakusha in American awareness, z74~279 initial press statement on, 270-271 number of people killed, 267-268 Hiroshima Maidens, 268, 275-277 Hitler, Adolf, 72 Holocaust, and children’s self-expression, it, 229-247 and education as refuge, 233-236 innocence and knowledge of, 239-244 and play, 236-239 in situ sources on, 230-233 Home Guard organizations (Sweden), 113, 121, 125, 127 Homer (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258, 260 Honeck, Mischa, 10 Hughes, Langston, 143 hygiene, 158, 210 images. See also drawings in alphabet books, 90, 92-93, 95, 100, 102-104 of children as model citizens, 1-3, 15 of children as victims in propaganda, 7 Im Kugelregen (pulp fiction series), 45 imperialism, mobilization against in China, 23-27 India, British Army recruiting in, 156 Industrial Magazine of China, 23-24 industrial schools, 15 6-і 5 7 “I Never Saw Another Butterfly” (Friedman), 237 In Feindesland (pulp fiction series), 45 Ingrid (US orphan) (pseudonym), 264 innocence, 4 in alphabet books, 107, 109 and BSA, 133 of hibakusha, 278 and the Holocaust, 239-244 and Manchurian settlement, 38, 62 intergenerationality, 136, 137 International Red Aid, 73 Inter-Racial Service (1RS), 141, 14 2-143, J44 Jäckh, Ernst, 207Ո3, Jacobs, Robert, 8 211-212, 213, 218 Jacques, Norman Lesley (boy in British military), 164 James, Kate, 10 Japan. See also nuclear weapons, children as victims of; Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia agrarian movement in, 56, 61-62 anxiety about delinquent youth in, 59-60 education in, 61-62
Ministry of Education, 57, 60, 63, 6y, 69 political radicalism in, 60 repatriation to, 54 seizure of Manchuria by, 22, 23, 24, 56-57, 58-59 Japanese-Americans, 131, 138,141, 143-145 Jewish children. See Holocaust, and children’s self-expression Jim Crow. See racism/racial intolerance; segregation Joe (US orphan) (pseudonym), 260, 261 John (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258 Joseph (US orphan) (pseudonym), 260-261 Jugendkulturbewegung (Youth Culture Movement), 192,192Ո4, 200, 203-204 Jungk, Robert, 278 Kalifa, Dominique, 171, 174Ո15 Kami Shõichirõ, 54-55, 58, 59, 64, 66, 68 Kantõgun (Kwantung/Guãndõng Army), 56, 58, 69 Karlstad secondary school, 120 Kato Kanji, 55, 56-57, 59-60, 60-61, 62, 68 Keifer Hospital, 256, 257 Kennedy, John F., 280 Kenyon, Barnet, 165-166 Kik, Colestin, 172, 181, 184, 186 Kirk, Robert, 249 Kiyohara Michihisa, 61 Klatt, Fritz (member of German youth movement), 194 Koch, Hans (member of German youth movement), 189, 190м, շօւ Kohinata Hakurõ, 63 Kollwitz, Peter (member of German youth movement), 189 Kononenko, Elena, 81П15 Malen’kie ispantsy (Little Spaniards), 73, 80—83, 84, 85, 86 Konstantinov, Konstantin Gregorivich, 139,140
Index Korean War, 2.9-30 Kosaka Masayasu, 6 5 Krauss, Christian (member of German youth movement), 199 Kriegsfreiwillig (pulp fiction series), 45, 48, 51 Kriegsschundliteratur (“wartime trash”). See pamphlet fiction Kriegsschundliteratur (Wartime Trash Literature) (Samuiéit), 35 Krieg und Liebe (pulp fiction series), 45 Kurella, Alfred (member of German youth movement), 201 labor. See also Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany; Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia childhood as preparation for labor market, 15 2-153 decrease in child labor, 114 German youth join labor force during WWI, 40, 42-43 shortage in Germany, 212 social reform/child labor pre-WWI, 39 women’s work during WWI, 41 young people taking on adult roles in wartime, 11-і 2 Ladies’ Journal, 21 “La gaire” (student drawing), 182 Landau, Nelly (child in Lvov ghetto), 244-Z45 Land Reclamation Bureau (Japan), 63, 65 Larsson, Esbjörn, 6 League of Nations, 13 Lebedev, Vladimir Vasilevich, 95, 95Ո30 Lebensreform (life reform), 198, 200 Leonhard, Susanne (member of German youth movement), 202 Leyendecker, Joseph, 1, 2f Liang Qichao, 20 Lifton, Robert Jay, 267, 275, 278-279 Lindwall, Gustaf, 113 literacy, 88-89, 96, 100, 109, 232 Little Book for Little Children, A (T. W.), 90 Little Spaniards (Malen’kie ispantsy) (Kononenko), 73, 80-83, 84, 85, 86 Living Letters. See Zhivye bukvy (Living Letters) (Marshak) Lloyd (US orphan) (pseudonym), 248 Łódź ghetto, 233 Z91 Lois (US orphan) (pseudonym), 248, 261 Lossow, Otto von, 207, 209 Louella (US orphan) (pseudonym), 262 Louis, Joe, 143 Lowe, Samuel, 96,109. See also
Samuel Lowe Company alphabet book (untitled) Lucinda (US orphan) (pseudonym), 259, 264 Lu Xun, 18 Lvov ghetto, 244, 245 Maase, Kaspar, 48-49 Macnamara, Thomas, 167 Makarenko, Anton, 73 Maksudyan, Nazan, 7 Malen’kie ispantsy (Little Spaniards) (Kononenko), 73, 80-83, 84, 85, 86 Maikki, Liisa, 13 Manchuria. See also Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia difficulties facing settlers in, 58-59,65-66 in Japanese music and fiction, 63 seizure of by Japan, 22, 23, 24, 56-57 Manchuria Illustrated (Mansbū gurafu) (periodical), 59 manhood, definition, 153 Marlene (US orphan) (pseudonym), 261 Marshak, Samuil, 87, 95, 95Ո27 martial spirit, 19-20 Martinez, Antonio (Spanish evacuee), 77 masculinity and African Americans, 142, 143 and British martial culture, 154 and Chinese discourse of martial spirit, 20 and German youth movement, 195 Great Depression disrupts, 132, 142 McTavish (boy in British military), 162 Mechling, Jay, 136 media. See also propaganda and BSA, 141-142 hibakusha in, 274-279 and recruitment to Pioneer Youth Corps, 63, 64 Soviet representation of Spanish evacuee children in, 79-85 “Medical Effects of Atomic Bombs” (US Army Institute of Pathology), 272-273 medical experimentation, 12, 248-266 administered at Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, 254-257
Index 292 medical experimentation (cont.) adverse physical reactions to, 2.58-259 children as involuntary subjects of, 249-250 children’s memories of, 257-259 and ethics, 252-254, 265-266 and life at Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, 251-252 responses to learning of, 260-265 medical treatment, for hibakusba, 275-276 Meister, Richard “Dick,”137 men, 40-41, 195. See also masculinity Meneaud-Lissenburg, Dudley (boy in British military), 156 mental health, 59, 66 migration, 11. See also evacuation of Spanish children; Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia Mike (US orphan) (pseudonym), 265 militancy, 18. See also martial spirit military. See also British military, boy service in; censorship, military in alphabet books, 98, 102, 102f, 103f, 104 f, morality and dishonesty regarding medical experimentation on children, 262-263 and the enemy as a barbarian, 174 justifying state’s intervention in children’s lives, 35-36, 37-40, 52 toys used for instruction in, in China, 18, 19, 2-8, 33 and wartime fiction, 48-49 of youth in Germany during WWI, 37, 43-44, 50, 198 movies. See films Murzilka (Soviet children’s magazine), 98Ո40 Musée du Vieux Montmartre, Saínte-Isaure collection of, Г73, 175f, i8o-i8r, 183 f, 185, 186 music drummers and buglers, British military, 156, 160, 161-162, 163-165 and recruitment to Pioneer Youth Corps, 63, 64 105 deferment from service, 201 depiction of in penny dreadfuls, 47-48 desertion from, 20Г-202 exemption from service, 69, Г95 German population serving in during WWI, 40-4 r Kantõgun (Kwantung/Guãndõng Army), 56, 58, 69 representations of
to Chinese children, 3 2 voluntary service in, during WWI, 49, 189, 193, Г93ШО military aviation advances, 115 military school, 155-157 Mimura Michio (Pioneer Youth Corps member), 69 miners, apprentices to, 215-216, 2Г8-219, 220, 222—223, 226 Ministry of Education, Japan’s, 57, 60, 63, 65, 69 Ministry of Education, Ottoman, 213, 216, 219,227Ո92 Mitchell, Gregg, 275 mobilization of children and youths, 9-10, 15-гб Modern Children (magazine), 25 Monzó Carbonell, Daniel (Spanish evacuee), 78 Nagano Prefecture, Japan, 60 Nagano Prefecture History Teachers’ Association, 54 Nagasaki, Japan, nuclear attack on, 270271. See also nuclear weapons, children as victims of Nakamura Akio (Pioneer Youth Corps member), 67, 68 Namık, Ishak (Ottoman orphan), 226 National Board of Education (Sweden), Г2І-І22 National Criminal Code (187г) (Prussia/ Germany), 3 8 National Education Ordinance (1940) (Japan), 55 Nationalist Party of China (GMD), 22 National Recovery Administration (NRA), t32 National Scouting Museum, 128 Nazim, Dr., 217 New Deal programs, 132 Newton, Stanley, Г39 New Yorker, 274 Nick Carter (pulp fiction series), 37, 51 Niimoto, Shigeko (survivor of Hiroshima bombing), 276 Nikolayev, Michail “Mischa,”r4o
Index niños. See Spanish evacuee children in Soviet Union nõhonshugi ( “ agriculture-as-the-essenceism”), 56, 61 Nolan, Mary, 130 Nos enfants et la guerre (Rémy), 185-186 NRA (National Recovery Administration), Г32. nuclear weapons, children as victims of, 8, 12, 149, 267-282 American children as potential future victims, 279-282 awareness of bibakusha, 274-279 Hiroshima Maidens, 268, 275-277 initial press statement on bombings, 270-271 Sadako Sasaki, 268-269, 277-278 schoolchildren as metric for lethality of bombs, 2Ճ7—268, 269, 272-274 nurses in alphabet books, 105, 107, 108f in children’s drawings, 178, 184, 185186 Office of Scientific Research and Development (US), 254, 260 Ogawa Mimei, 58 Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home conditions at, 251-252 connection with Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 256-257 establishment of, 251 medical research at, 254-257 number of children at, 251 Oohaba Hiroyuki (Pioneer Youth Corps member), 68 orientalization, 20 Orphanage Administration (Ottoman), 210—211, 213, 216 orphanages condition of in Ottoman Empire, 208-211, 225-226 Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, 251-252, 254-257 orphans, 13, 54, 81, 155. See also orphans, medical experimentation on; Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany orphans, medical experimentation on, 248-266 administered at Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, 254-257 2-93 adverse physical reactions to, 258-259 children as involuntary subjects of, 249-250 children’s memories of, 257-259 and ethics, 252-254, 265-266 and life at Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphans’ Home, 251-252 responses to
learning of, 260-265 Ortabasi, Melek, 61 Oshima, Suzue (survivor of Hiroshima bombing), 277 Osier, William, 253 Ossian, Lisa, 131, 138, 249 Ottoman Empire capitulations of, 208-209Ո6 condition of orphanages in, 208-211, 225-226 education in, 212, 226-227 modernization in, 208 Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 206-228, 215f condition of Ottoman orphanages, 208-21I contracts of, 217 journey to Germany, 214-217 living/working conditions in Germany, 217-223 numbers of, 221, 223 origin of idea, 207 and Ottoman economic planning, 226-228 passports of, 213, 214f reasons for arrangement, 209, 211-213 resistance among, 221-223 return from Germany, 223-226, 227 travel permits for, 216 and WWI, 223 Ottomans, in children’s drawings, 177 Pace, Frank Jr., 273 pacifism and peace in children’s drawings, 183 in Chinese children’s play, 31-33 and German youth movement, 50, Г90, 200-204 paper cranes for, 278 pamphlet fiction, 10 criticisms of, 37, 46-49 military themes in, 45-48 popularity of, 37, 45 restrictions on sales of, 50-52
Index 2-94 pamphlet fiction (cont.) revenues of, 45 Samuleit’s call for censorship of, 35, 52 vs war literature, 47-48 paper Boy Scouts drive for, 128, 137, 143 choice of for war-era children’s books, 92, 97, 97Ո37 shortages of, 64, 97, 97Ո37, 232 paper cranes, 268-269, 277, 278 patriotism and British military, 165 in BSA, 131, 136-137 in German youth movement, 192 and medical experimentation on children, 264-265, 265-266 as motivation for joining Pioneer Youth Corps, 55 in pamphlet fiction, 46, 47-48 Pioneer Youth Corps justified as, 57 and racism, 138-139 and toys, 18, 24 in US during WWII, 91 in USSR during WWII, 92 peace. See pacifism and peace penny dreadfuls. See pamphlet fiction perceptions of children and childhood and BSA, 133-134, 137-138 by children, 150 conceptions of youth, 5, 190—191, 198-199, 204-205 economic and emotional value, in Sweden vs. other countries, 114 by governments and institutions, 150 US criticism of military indoctrination in other countries, 134, 140, 146 Perry (boy in British military), 167 Petition Regarding the Formation of the Manchurian Pioneer Youth Corps (Kato), 56, 57, 59-60, 62 Petzold, Theodore, 137 Piel, Halliday, 11 Pignot, Manon, 11 Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia (Man-Mõ kaitaku seishõnen giyūgun), n, 53-70 discipline in, 66—67 distinct from adult farm emigration, 54-55 expectations vs realities of, 65-69 family approval/objections to joining, 64, 69 forgotten by Japanese citizens, 53-54 functions of, 57 illness in, 67-68 interactions with local Chinese, 67 motivations for joining, 55-56, 60-62, 68 number of
recruits, 66 petition for formation of, 56-57 recruitment for, 62-65 play, 8-9. See also war toys, in China for children of the Holocaust, 236-239 learning disguised as, for Jewish children in ghettos, 234 seriousness of (as influential, training young citizens), 18, 19, 27-28 Poland education in Warsaw ghetto, 233-23 5 Jewish children’s drawings from, 245246, 246f political awareness, children’s cultivation of through play, 29-30, 34 in Soviet Union, 85 Political Life of Children, The (Coles), 11 Polligkeit, Wilhelm, 38, 39 Popular Mechanics, 275 Pravda (newspaper), 72, 98Ո39 print media, Soviet. See also Zhivye bukvy (Living Letters) (Marshak) Malen’kie ispantsy (Little Spaniards) (Kononenko), 80-83 representation of Spanish evacuee children in, 80-83 professions, in alphabet books, 87, 97-100 gendered, 105 history of, 90 in Samuel Lowe book, 94f, 100-102, 103f, 104, in-112 in Zhivye bukvy, 98-100, 108/1 no-111 professions, of boys in British military, 152 professions, Ottoman orphans apprenticed to, 206, 220 propaganda and BSA, 132-136, 141-142, 143, 146-147 and children’s role in war-making, 1-3 and German youth movement, 199 images of children in, 7 influence on children’s drawings, 172, 175-176, 180 Prussian Allgemeines Landrecht (1794), 38
Index Prussian Law of Siege (1851), 36, 51 Prussian Law on Compulsory Education (1878), 38 pulp fiction. See pamphlet fiction Qualls, Karl, 7, 11 Quénioux, Gaston, 173-174 race in alphabet books, 105-106 of Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 217 racism/racial intolerance in BSA, 131, 138-139, 141-145 recruitment of boys, by British military in WWI, 152, 154-157 and BSA, 132-136, 141-142, 143, 146147 for Pioneer Youth Corps, 62-65 and WWI, 40—41 Red Cross, 113 reform movements, 4, 36, 38-39, 191-192, 198 reform schools, 38, 67, 156-157 Reichenbach, Hans (member of German youth movement), 203-204 relief efforts, 12-13 religion and BSA, 141 and mixed marriages, 235, 235m5 of Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany, 217, 2x8 of Spanish evacuee children in USSR, 77 relocation of children, 11, 43. See also evacuation of Spanish children; Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany repatriation, 54, 54Ո4, 75Ո5, 223-226 resistance, vs war, 32-33 Reulecke, Jürgen, 198 Revel, Jacques, 171 Reynolds, Quentin, 140 Rice, Patricia Heberer, 11 Richardson, Gunnar, 118 Ritzheimer, Kara, 10 Robert (US orphan) (pseudonym), 259, 260, 264 Roberts (boy in British military), 159 Robinson, Frank, 133 Rodriguez, Angel (Spanish evacuee), 76 2-95 Rogers, J. F. (boy in British military), 166 Rohrbach, Paul, 211-212 Rokicki, Hedwig (member of German youth movement), 192-193 Roldan Alcalde, Carlos (Spanish evacuee), 78 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 129, 254 Rose (US orphan) (pseudonym), 261, 262 Rotszyld, Pola (child in Warsaw ghetto), 234-235 Royal Hospital School, 156 Royal Navy, boy service in, 151, 152,
153-154. See also British military, boy service in dependence on boys in, 166-167 physical rigors for boys and men, 161 prewar organizational changes in, 157, 158 swimming training in, 158-159 Rudashevski, Yitskhok (child in Vilna ghetto), 229-230, 230Ո3 Rural Economic Revitalization Campaign, 60 rural youth. See also Pioneer Youth Corps of Manchuria and Mongolia in Japan, 59-60, 61-62 and war toys, 26 Russack, Hans Hermann, 207Ո3, 215, 223 Russia. See also Soviet Union chüdren’s drawings from, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 18 5f Ryll, Gerhard, 207Ո3, 228 Sachsenmaier, Dominic, 7 Sadak о will leben! (Bruckner), 278 Sainte-Isaure collection, Musée du Vieux Montmartre, 173, 175 f, 180-181, 183 f, 185, 186 Sakuramoto Tornio, 59, 65 Salisbury, Frank O., 151 Sampo (Greater Japan Industrial Patriotic Association), 59 Samuel Lowe Company alphabet book (untitled), 87 illustrations of, 92-93, 94f, 101-104, 103 f, 104 f military terminology in, 102, 105, 108-109, 112 physical attributes of, 92-93 production of, 96-97
Index 2.96 Samuel Lowe Company (cont.) professions in, 100-102, 103f, 104, іи-112 race and gender in, 105-106 text of, 111-і 12 Samuiéit, Paul, 2, 35, 46, 47, 49 San Baudelio Echevarria, Isidro (Spanish evacuee), 78 Sánchez-Urquijo, Araceli (Spanish evacuee), 78 Sasaki, Sadako (survivor of Hiroshima bombing), 268-269, 277-278 scars, keloid, 27on6, 276 Schacht, Hjalmar, 212 Schmidt, Franz, 212 Schmidt, Georg, 39 schools. See education; teachers Scout Corps (Sweden), 113 Scouts’ Defense Corps, 164 segregation, 141, 142-143 self-expression, and the Holocaust, 11, 229-247. See also drawings and education as refuge, 233-236 innocence and knowledge of, 239-244 and play, 236-239 in situ sources on, 230—233 written diaries, 229-230, 235-236 sensationalism, in pulp fiction, 46-47, 49 sexuality, young people’s, 44, 66, 160, 198 Shanghai News Child’s Companion, 19-20 Shibata, Tazuko (survivor of Hiroshima bombing), 277 Shinano Education Association (Nagano, Japan), 60, 64 Shiratori Michihirõ, 5 5 Shoah. See Holocaust, and children’s selfexpression “Siege of a fort by German Zeppelins” (student drawing), 179 society status of children, 114 Søland, Birgitte, 12 Soviet Union. See also Zhivye bukvy (Living Letters) awareness of Spanish Civil War in, 72-73 children’s literature in, 88, 90, 95-96, 98 education in, 88 evacuation of Spanish children to, 73-74 material abundance in, 78-79, 80, 83 media representation of Spanish children in, 79-85 political situation in late 1930s, 72-73 race in, 107Ո57 Spanish children’s reception in, 76-79 US criticism of military indoctrination of youth in,
134, 140 during WWII, 91-92, 105, 107, 134, i39-i4° Spain, 72, 73-74. See also Spanish evacuee children in Soviet Union Spanish Children in the USSR (1937), 72 Spanish Civil War, 72. See also Spanish evacuee children in Soviet Union Spanish evacuee children in Soviet Union, ii,71-86 arrival in USSR, 76-79 drawings by, 84 representation of in Soviet media, 79-8 5 responses to evacuation, 74-76 story of as tool of persuasion, 71-72, 85-86 trauma of, 81, 84 Spione (pulp fiction series), 45 Stalin, Joseph, 72, 98Ո39 Stark, Gary, 37 Strachey Committee (1911), 157 Strahlen aus der Asche (Children of the Ashes) (Jungk), 278 Sugano Masao (Pioneer Youth Corps member), 63, 67 Sugawara Kosuké, 54, 54Ո4, 63, 67, 69 Suleski, Ronald, 67 Sundevall, Fia, 115 Sutton-Smith, Brian, 34 Sven i hemvärnet (Sven in the Home Guard) (Lindwall), 113 Swedish schools, gendered defense service training in, 6, 15, 113-127 age decisions, 121, 123-124, 125, 126 age recommendations, 116, 117, 118— 120 air raid exercises, 116-117, 121 air surveillance, 113, 115, 117, 123, 127 as compulsory, 115-116 controversy, 118-120, 121Ո32, 125 curriculum decisions, 121-125 curriculum proposal outlined, 116-117 first aid training and caregiving, 116, 117, 118, 120-121, 124 government commission recommendations, 116-121, 125
Index 2-97 National Board of Education instruction manual, 121-12,5 purposes of, 126 scouting exercises, 115, 117, 121, 122, 126 weapons training, and age, 117,118-120, 123-124,126 weapons training, hand grenades, 113, 116, 118, 120, 124, 125-126 weapons training, opting out, 121 toys, foreign-made, Chinese view of, 23-24, Talat Paşa, 212 Talib, Ahmed (Ottoman orphan), 206-207, 224 teachers. See also education in alphabet books, 98, 105 in Germany, 42 in Japan, 60, 64 “Teachers with Children Wearing Black Uniforms” (Landau), 245 tenant farmer strikes, in Japan, 60 Tennant, Harold, 166 Tepper, Jack, 257 Terezin (Theresienstadt) ghetto, 235-236, 237-238, 240-241 Tessendorff, Wilhelm, 45, 46-47, 47-48, 50 Tevfik, Mehmed (Ottoman orphan apprentice), 222 Theresienstadt (Terezin) ghetto, 235-236, 237-238, 240-241 Third Liberty Loan Campaign, poster for, ī-zf Time magazine, 276 tobacco abstinence from, 191, 198 in children’s drawings, 246f restrictions on young people’s consumption of, 36, 44 Todman, Dan, 168 Tokyo, Japan, firebombing of, 27г, 281 Toll, Nelly Landau (child in Lvov ghetto), 244-245 Tõmiya Kaneo, 55, 56, 58, 59 tonkonbyõ (land reclamation camp disease), Uggla, Bertil Gustafsson, 116 Um Deutschlands Ehre (pulp fiction series), 59, 66 total war, 8, 115, 271, 281 toy-making by Chinese children, 24, 26-27, 28-29, 30-31 in Jewish ghettos, 237-238 toys. See war toys, in China 29 Truman, Harry, 17, 270-271 tuberculosis, 67, 254 Tuksavul, Muammer (Ottoman orphan), 219Ո56, 224Ո80 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Turkish students. See Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany Tuttle,
William, 13 г, 138, 249 45, 46-47 Undiano, Enrique (Spanish evacuee), 78-79 United Nations, 13 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 9, 13 United States. See also Boy Scouts of America (BSA); nuclear weapons, children as victims of; orphans, medical experimentation on bombing of Hiroshima by, 267-268 children’s literature in, 88, 96-97 education in, 8 8 effects of WWII on childhood in, 5, 9г, 105, 248-249 and perception of children, 114 race in, 107η 5 7 youth welfare in, 39 United States Atomic Energy Commission, 272 “United we stand” (student drawing), 175-176 Unsere Feldgrauen (pulp fiction series), 45, 47, 51 Vilna ghetto, 229-230, 239, 239Ո24 vocational training. See Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany Volksgemeinschaft (national community), Г96, 200 Wahlström publishing house, Г13 Walbrodt, Luise (member of German youth movement), 197-198 Wally (US orphan) (pseudonym), 258 Wandervogel organization, 191, Г91П3, 193, 193ШО, 197 war games in China, 27
2-9 8 Index war games (cont.) in France, 185 in Germany, 19z in Jewish ghettos, 238-Z39 in US, 135 War Relocation Authority (WRA), 144 Warsaw ghetto, education in, 233-235 wartime literature. See pamphlet fiction war toys, in China, 6, 15, 17—34 in 1950S, 29-33 and anti-imperialist mobilization, 23-27 and aviation, 26-27 under Communist regime, 27-29 and defense training, 25-26, 33-34 and martial spirit, 18-23 and peace, 31-33 and political awareness, 29-30 Wattenberg, Miriam (child in Warsaw ghetto), 233-234, 234Ո9 Way of Subjects, The (Shinmin no michi) (Ministry of Education, Japan), 69 waywardness. See morality weapons. See also hand grenades; nuclear weapons, children as victims of; Swedish schools, gendered defense service training in in children’s drawings, 177, 181 Weech, A. A., 257 Weissová, Helga (youth in Terezin ghetto), 240-241, 242f West, James, 135 Wilhelm II, in children’s drawings, 175, 176 Winter War (1939-1940), 98-99 women effects of WWI on, 41-42 equality of in Soviet Union, 79 in German youth movement, 194-195, 202 Hiroshima Maidens, 268, 275-277 in Manchurian youth camps, 66 role changes during WWII, 105, 114-115 Women of New China (periodical), 31 Women’s Voluntary Defense (Lotta Corps, Sweden), 113-114 work. See labor World War I. See also British military, boy service in; Germany, pulp fiction in; German youth movement; Ottoman orphan apprentices in Germany; World War I, children’s drawings of affirmative readings of among German youth movement, 195-200 BSA during, 130, 133 effects on German youth, 40-44 German youth respond to, 192-193 prewar
institutions adapt to, 149 propaganda from, 1-2f skeptical readings of among German youth movement, 202-204 World War I, children’s drawings of, 11, 170-188 combat in, 179-182, 183f drawings as historical source, 170-174 the enemy in, 174-179 and gender, 183-187 World War II. See also Holocaust, and children’s self-expression; medical experimentation; nuclear weapons, children as victims of; Swedish schools, gendered defense service training in BSA during, 128-130, T35-141, 143145, 146 education in US and USSR during, 91-92 publication of children’s books during, 95-97, 95Ո2-7, 109 WRA (War Relocation Authority), 144 Wyneken, Gustav (member of German youth movement), 199, 203-204 Wynne, Frederick (boy musician in British army), 156, 159, 160-161, 164 Yanagita Kunio, 61 Yegorov, Aleksandr, 78 Young Turks, 212, 227 youth. See also children and youths conceptions of, 5, 190-191, 198-199, 204-205 Youth Cultivation Edict (1911) (Prussia), 39-40 youth organizations. See also Boy Scouts of America (BSA); German youth movement expense of joining, 155 global popularity, 130 intergenerationality of, 136 martial ideology in, 154 youth soldiers, 9-10, 189. See also British military, boy service in Youth Under Dictators: A Study of the Lives of Fascist and Communist Youth (Brown), 134
Index youth welfare, 37-39, 133-134, 139-140 You Too Can Become a Pioneer Youth (Anata mo giyügun ni naremasu) (pamphlet), 63 Zhang Zonglin, Z4 Zhivye bukvy (Living Letters) (Marshak), 87 illustrations of, 93/į 95, 99/, 100, 101/, i o6f 2-99 letters excluded from, 98Ո38 military terminology in, 98, 105 physical attributes of book, 92, 95-96 print runs of, 92Ո24 professions in, 98-100, 108/, IIO-III race and gender in, 1 о j-i 07 text of, IIO-III Zirbel, Gerald (Boy Scout), 136 Zwigenberg, Ran, 279 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Honeck, Mischa 1976- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | m h mh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136543235 (DE-588)124536751 |
| author_facet | Honeck, Mischa 1976- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046201110 |
| contents | Patriotic fun : toys and mobilization in China from the Republican to the Communist era / Valentina Boretti -- Forging a patriotic youth : penny dreadfuls and military censorship in WWI Germany / Kara Ritzheimer -- Recruiting Japanese boys for the Pioneer Youth Corps of Mongolia and Manchuria / L. Halliday Piel -- Defining the ideal Soviet childhood : reportage about child evacuees from Spain as didactic literature / Karl Qualls -- Learning more than letters : alphabet books in the Soviet Union and the United States during World War II / Julie K. deGraffenried -- Boys and girls in the service of total war : defense service training in Swedish schools during World War II / Esbjorn Larsson -- Good soldiers all? Democracy and discrimination in the Boy Scouts of America, 1941-1945 / Mischa Honeck -- Combatant children : ideologies and experiences of childhood in the Royal Navy and British Army, 1902-1918 / Kate James -- Drawing the Great War : children's personal representations of war and violence in France, Germany, and Russia / Manon Pignot -- Bellicists, feminists, and deserters : youth, war, and the German youth movement, 1914-1918 / Antje Harms -- Boys without a country : Ottoman orphans in Germany during the First World War / Nazan Maksudyan -- In their own words : children in the world of the Holocaust / Patricia Heberer Rice -- The dark side of the 'Good War' : children and medical experimentation in the United States during World War II / Birgitte Soland -- Attacking children with nuclear weapons: the centrality of children in American understandings of the 'bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki / Robert Jacobs |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1101918034 (DE-599)BVBBV046201110 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV046201110 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-24T09:00:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108478533 1108478530 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031580249 |
| oclc_num | 1101918034 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B496 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B496 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | x, 299 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20191115 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | German Historical Institute |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Publications of the German Historical Institute |
| spelling | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars edited by Mischa Honeck (German Historical Institute, Washington DC), James Marten (Marquette University, Wisconsin) Washington, DC German Historical Institute 2019 Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2019 x, 299 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publications of the German Historical Institute Patriotic fun : toys and mobilization in China from the Republican to the Communist era / Valentina Boretti -- Forging a patriotic youth : penny dreadfuls and military censorship in WWI Germany / Kara Ritzheimer -- Recruiting Japanese boys for the Pioneer Youth Corps of Mongolia and Manchuria / L. Halliday Piel -- Defining the ideal Soviet childhood : reportage about child evacuees from Spain as didactic literature / Karl Qualls -- Learning more than letters : alphabet books in the Soviet Union and the United States during World War II / Julie K. deGraffenried -- Boys and girls in the service of total war : defense service training in Swedish schools during World War II / Esbjorn Larsson -- Good soldiers all? Democracy and discrimination in the Boy Scouts of America, 1941-1945 / Mischa Honeck -- Combatant children : ideologies and experiences of childhood in the Royal Navy and British Army, 1902-1918 / Kate James -- Drawing the Great War : children's personal representations of war and violence in France, Germany, and Russia / Manon Pignot -- Bellicists, feminists, and deserters : youth, war, and the German youth movement, 1914-1918 / Antje Harms -- Boys without a country : Ottoman orphans in Germany during the First World War / Nazan Maksudyan -- In their own words : children in the world of the Holocaust / Patricia Heberer Rice -- The dark side of the 'Good War' : children and medical experimentation in the United States during World War II / Birgitte Soland -- Attacking children with nuclear weapons: the centrality of children in American understandings of the 'bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki / Robert Jacobs Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd rswk-swf Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Weltkriege (DE-588)4189600-2 gnd rswk-swf Children and war / History / 20th century Youth and war / History / 20th century World War, 1914-1918 / Children World War, 1914-1918 / Youth World War, 1939-1945 / Children World War, 1939-1945 / Youth World War (1914-1918) World War (1939-1945) Children Children and war Youth Youth and war 1900-1999 History (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Weltkriege (DE-588)4189600-2 s Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 s Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 s DE-604 Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s 1\p DE-604 Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s 2\p DE-604 Honeck, Mischa 1976- (DE-588)136543235 edt Marten, James Alan 1956- Sonstige (DE-588)124536751 oth Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031580249&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031580249&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars Patriotic fun : toys and mobilization in China from the Republican to the Communist era / Valentina Boretti -- Forging a patriotic youth : penny dreadfuls and military censorship in WWI Germany / Kara Ritzheimer -- Recruiting Japanese boys for the Pioneer Youth Corps of Mongolia and Manchuria / L. Halliday Piel -- Defining the ideal Soviet childhood : reportage about child evacuees from Spain as didactic literature / Karl Qualls -- Learning more than letters : alphabet books in the Soviet Union and the United States during World War II / Julie K. deGraffenried -- Boys and girls in the service of total war : defense service training in Swedish schools during World War II / Esbjorn Larsson -- Good soldiers all? Democracy and discrimination in the Boy Scouts of America, 1941-1945 / Mischa Honeck -- Combatant children : ideologies and experiences of childhood in the Royal Navy and British Army, 1902-1918 / Kate James -- Drawing the Great War : children's personal representations of war and violence in France, Germany, and Russia / Manon Pignot -- Bellicists, feminists, and deserters : youth, war, and the German youth movement, 1914-1918 / Antje Harms -- Boys without a country : Ottoman orphans in Germany during the First World War / Nazan Maksudyan -- In their own words : children in the world of the Holocaust / Patricia Heberer Rice -- The dark side of the 'Good War' : children and medical experimentation in the United States during World War II / Birgitte Soland -- Attacking children with nuclear weapons: the centrality of children in American understandings of the 'bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki / Robert Jacobs Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Weltkriege (DE-588)4189600-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030550-8 (DE-588)4028859-6 (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4189600-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars |
| title_auth | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars |
| title_exact_search | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars |
| title_full | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars edited by Mischa Honeck (German Historical Institute, Washington DC), James Marten (Marquette University, Wisconsin) |
| title_fullStr | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars edited by Mischa Honeck (German Historical Institute, Washington DC), James Marten (Marquette University, Wisconsin) |
| title_full_unstemmed | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars edited by Mischa Honeck (German Historical Institute, Washington DC), James Marten (Marquette University, Wisconsin) |
| title_short | War and childhood in the era of the two world wars |
| title_sort | war and childhood in the era of the two world wars |
| topic | Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Weltkriege (DE-588)4189600-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kind Jugend Erster Weltkrieg Zweiter Weltkrieg Weltkriege Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031580249&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031580249&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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