Neuroanatomy: text and atlas
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| Sprache: | English |
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New York
McGraw-Hill
[2021]
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| Ausgabe: | Fifth edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 525 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781259642487 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Guide to Using This Book SECTION I 1 xi xiii xv THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Organization of the Central Nervous System Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System All Neurons Have a Common Morphological Plan Neurons Communicate With Each Other at Synapses Glial Cells Provide Structural Support for Neurons and Additionally Serve a Broad Set of Diverse Functions The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions 3 5 6 7 7 9 11 The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements 12 The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus 14 The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Shape of All Central Nervous System Divisions The Subcortical Components of the Cerebral Hemispheres Mediate Diverse Motor, Cognitive, and Emotional Functions The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Each Have Distinct Functions Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid 14 14 Neurons of the Raphe Nuclei Use Serotonin as Their Neurotransmitter Guidelines for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System 41 The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons 43 Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers The Cerebral Cortex Has an Input-Output Organization The Cytoarchitectonie Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function 3. Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid 38 38 39 40 40
45 45 45 53 15 55 55 55 19 19 The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms 21 The Modulatory Systems of the Brain Have Diffuse Connections and Use Different Neurotransmitters Neurons in the Basal Forebrain and Diencephalon Contain Acetylcholine The Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area Contain Dopaminergic Neurons Neurons in the Locus Ceruleus Give Rise to a Noradrenergic Projection 33 Neural Tissue Depends on Continuous Arterial Blood Supply The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System and Corticospinal Tract Have a Component at Each Level of the Neuraxis 33 The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons The Direction of Information Flow Has Its Own Set of Terms Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures The Organization of the Medulla Varies From Caudal to Rostral The Pontine Nuclei Surround the Axons of the Corticospinal Tract in the Base of the Pons The Dorsal Surface of the Midbrain Contains the Colliculi The Thalamus Transmits Information From Subcortical Structures to the Cerebral Cortex The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System 2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System 33 27 30 31 32 33 33 The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem 57 The Internal Carotid Artery Has Four Principal Portions 60 The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
Collateral Circulation Can Rescue Brain Regions Deprived of Blood Deep Branches of the Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply Subcortical Structures Different Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Are Supplied by Different Cerebral Arteries Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of the Rest of the Body 61 61 62 62 64 67 ѴІІ
viii Contents CSF Serves Many Diverse Functions Most of the CSF Is Produced by the Choroid Plexus CSF Circulates Throughout the Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space CSF Is Drawn From the Lumbar Cistern The Dural Sinuses Provide the Return Path for CSF SECTION II 69 71 71 71 73 I SENSORY SYSTEMS 4. Somatic Sensation: Spinal Mechanosensory Systems 79 81 Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System 82 Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System The Peripheral Axon Terminals of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Contain the Somatic Sensory Receptors Dermatomes Have a Segmental Organization The Spinal Cord Gray Matter Has a Dorsoventral Sensory-Motor Organization Mechanoreceptor Axons Terminate in Deeper Portions of the Spinal Gray Matterand in the Medulla The Ascending Branches of Mechanoreceptive Sensory FibersTravel in Dorsal Columns The Dorsal Column Nuclei Are Somatotoplcally Organized The Decussation of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System Is in the Caudal Medulla Mechanosensory Information Is Processed in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Somatotopic Organization The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Columnar Organization Higher-Order Somatic Sensory Cortical Areas Are Located in the Parietal Lobe, Parietal Operculum, and Insular Cortex 5. Somatic Sensation: Spinai Systems for Pain, Temperature, and Itch Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems Pain, Temperature, and Itch Are Mediated by the Anterolateral System Visceral Pain Is Mediated by Dorsal Horn Neurons Whose Axons Ascend in the Dorsal Columns
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Mediate Pain, Temperature, and Itch Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Terminate Primarily in the Superficial Laminae of the Dorsal Horn Anterolateral System Projection Neurons Are Located in the Dorsal Horn and Decussate in the Ventral Commissure Vascular Lesions of the Medulla Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem Several Nuclei in the Thalamus Process Pain, Temperature, and Itch Limbic and Insular Areas Contain the Cortical Representations of Pain, Itch, and Temperature Sensations 6. Somatic Sensation: Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems Cranial Nerves and Nuclei Important Differences Exist Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and Those of the LimbsandTrunk There Are Seven Functional Categories of Cranial Nerves Functional Anatomy of theTrigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses The Viscerosensory System Originates From the Caudal Solitary Nucleus Regional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems Somatic Sensations Mechanical Sensations Are Mediated by the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System Cranial Nerve Nuclei are Organized into Distinctive Columns 82 82 82 83 89 89 90 90 90 90 93 94 95 99 101 101 101 105 105 Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head The Three Trigeminal Nuclei Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem The Caudal Solitary and Parabrachial
Nuclei Are Key Brain Stem Viscerosensory Integrative Centers Somatic and Visceral Sensation Are Processed by Separate Thalamic Nuclei 7. The Visual System 126 127 127 130 131 131 133 137 137 145 Functional Anatomy of the Visual System Anatomically Separate Visual Pathways Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function The Pathway to the Primary Visual Cortex Is Important for Perception of the Form, Color, Location, and Motion ofVisual Stimuli The Pathway to the Midbrain Is Important in Voluntary and Reflexive Control of the Eyes 147 Regional Anatomy of the Visual System 149 The Visual Field of Each Eye Partially Overlaps Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli The Retina Contains Three Major Cell Layers Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells In the Ipsilateral Retina The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Ocular Motor Control and Spatial Orientation The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Transmits Retinotopically Organized Information to the Primary Visual Cortex The Magnocellular, Parvocellular, and Koniocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary Visual Cortex The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Laminar and Columnar Organization Higher-Order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects ofVisual Stimuli Object Recognition ^Transmitted by the Ventral Stream and Spatial Localization and Action, by the Dorsal Stream The Visual Field Changes in Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System 8. The Auditory System 147 147 147 149 149 149 151 153 154 155 156 158 160 160 167 105 Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System
Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways Are Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing 169 106 Regional Anatomy of the Auditory System The Auditory Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth The Cochlear Nuclei Are the First Central Nervous System Relays for Auditory Information The Superior Olivary Complex Processes Stimuli From Both Ears for Horizontal Sound Localization The Olivocochlear System Regulates Auditory Sensitivity in the Periphery Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus The Inferior Colliculus Is Located in the Midbrain Tectum The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Is the Thalamic Auditory Relay Nucleus The Primary Auditory Cortex Comprises Several Tonotopically Organized Representations Within Heschl s Gyri Caudal Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Distinguishing the Location of Sounds 171 109 110 111 113 119 121 124 125 169 171 173 173 173 175 175 176 177 178
Contents Rostral Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Processing the Linguistic Characteristics of Sounds Damage to Frontotemporal Regions in the Left Hemisphere Produces Aphasias 9. Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell The Gustatory System: Taste The Ascending Gustatory Pathway Projects to the ipsilateral Insular Cortex Regional Anatomy of the Gustatory System Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral Cavity The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Taste The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the Insular Cortex and Operculum The Olfactory System: Smell The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay Through theThalamus Regional Anatomy of the Olfactory System The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Olfactory Input The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input From the Olfactory Bulb Olfactory and Gustatory Information Interacts in the Insular and Orbltofrontal Cortex for Sensing Flavors 179 179 185 187 187 188 188 189 190 191 191 194 194 197 197 197 11. Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Brain Stem Motor Functions Organization of Cranial Motor Nuclei There Are Three Columns of Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei Neurons in the Somatic Skeletal Motor Column Innervate Tongue and Extraocular Muscles The Branchiomerlc
Motor Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial Arches The Autonomic Motor Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons The Functional Organization of the Corticobulbar Tract The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon Bilateral CorticobulbarTract Projections Innervate the Hypoglossal Nucleus, Trigeminal Nucleus, and Nucleus Ambiguus Cortical Projections to the Facial Motor Nucleus Have a Complex Pattern Regional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei and CorticobulbarTract Lesion of the Genu of the Internal Capsule Interrupts the CorticobulbarTract TheTrigeminal Motor Nucleus Is Medial to the Main Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla A Level Through the Mid-Medulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla MOTOR SYSTEMS 10. Descending Motor Pathways and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems for Limb Control and Posture Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems Many Cortical Regions Are Recruited Into Action During Visually Guided Movements Functional Anatomy of the Descending Motor Pathways Multiple Parallel Motor Control Pathways Originate From the Cortex and Brain Stem Three Rules Govern the Logic of the Organization of the Descending Motor Pathways Two Laterally Descending Pathways Control Limb Muscles Four Medially
Descending Pathways Control Axial and Girdle Muscles to Regulate Posture Regional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways The Cortical Motor Areas Are Located in the Frontal Lobe The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain The Pontine and Medullary Reticular Formation Gives Rise to the Reticulospinal Tracts The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending Pathways 237 239 239 239 239 241 242 242 243 243 245 246 246 247 248 249 252 200 12. The Vestibular System and Eye Movements SECTION III ¡X 209 211 211 213 213 213 215 215 218 220 220 224 225 225 227 228 Functional Anatomy of the Vestibular System An Ascending Pathway From the Vestibular Nuclei to theThalamus Is Important for Perception, Orientation, and Posture The Vestibular System Regulates Blood Pressure in Response to Changes in Body Posture and Gravity The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Distinct Descending Spinal Projections for Axial Muscle Control Functional Anatomy of Eye Movement Control The Extraocular Motor Neurons Are Located in Three Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei The Vestibuloocular Reflex Maintains Direction of Gaze During Head Movement Voluntary Eye Movements Are Controlled by Neurons In the Frontal Lobe and the Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex Regional Organization of the Vestibular and Eye Movement Control Systems Vestibular
Sensory Organs Are Contained Within the Membranous Labyrinth The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections The Extraocular Motor Nuclei Are Located Adjacent to the MLF in the Pons and Midbrain Parasympathetic Neurons in the Midbrain Regulate Pupil Size Eye Movement Control Involves the Integrated Functions of Many Brain Stem Structures The Ventral Posterior Nucleus of theThalamus Transmits Vestibular Information to the Parietal and Insular Cortical Areas Multiple Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Function in Eye Movement Control 13. The Cerebellum 257 259 259 260 262 262 262 262 262 264 264 266 267 270 271 271 273 277 Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum 279 Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum Has a Basic Circuit 279 279
x Contents AN Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization Damage to the Cerebellum Produces Limb Motor Signs on the Same Side as the Lesion Regional Anatomy of the Cerebellum Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and PathsTransmitting Somatic Sensory Information to the Cerebellum The Inferior Olivary Nucleus Is the Only Source of Climbing Fibers The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Inputto the Cerebrocerebellum The Intrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is the Same for the Different Functional Divisions The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are a Major Source of Input to the Brain Stem and Cortical Motor Pathways A Major Part of the Dentate Nucleus Is Important for Nonmotor Functions The Corticopontine Projection Brings Information From Diverse Cortical Areas to the Cerebellum for Motor Control and Nonmotor Functions 14. The Basal Ganglia 279 287 289 290 291 291 291 291 295 295 295 303 Organization and Development of the Basal Ganglia 305 Separate Components of the Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output 305 The Complex Shapes and Fractionation of Basal Ganglia Components Are Understood by How the Basal Ganglia Develop 305 Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 308 Direct and Indirect Pathways Form Common Circuits Throughout All Functional Divisions of the Basal Ganglia 308 Knowledge of Basal Ganglia Connections and Neurotransmitters Provides Insight Into Their Function in Health and Disease 310 Functionally
Distinct Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia 314 Integration of Information Between the Basal Ganglia Loops Is Needed for Adaptive Behaviors 314 Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 314 The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus From the Putamen 316 The Three Components of the Striatum Are Located at the Level of the Anterior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle 316 The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum Are Separated by the Anterior Commissure 319 The Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus Are Output Tracts of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus 319 Lesion of the Subthalamic Nucleus Produces Hemiballism 321 The Substantia Nigra ContainsTwo Anatomical Divisions 321 The Pedunculopontine Nucleus Is Part of a Parallel Path From the Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem Locomotor Control Centers 322 Stimulation-Based Treatments for Movement and Nonmovement Disorders Demand a Precise Knowledge of the Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 322 The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery 323 SECTION IV I INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS 15. The Hypothalamus and Regulation of Bodily Functions 329 Gross Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 331 Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From the Anterior and Posterior Lobes of the Pituitary 333 333 The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Originate From Different Central Nervous System Locations Hypothalamic
Nuclei Coordinate Integrated Visceral Responses to Body and Environmental Stimuli The Hypothalamus Coordinates Circadian Responses, Sleep, and Wakefulness Regional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus The Preoptic Area Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary Section Through the Median Eminence Reveals Parvocellular and Magnocellular Nuclei The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matterand in the Lateral Tegmentum Nuclei in the Pons Are Important for Bladder Control Dorsolateral Brain Stem Lesions Interrupt Descending Sympathetic Fibers Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord 16. The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Reward, Emotions, and Memory Anatomical and Functional Overview of Neural Systems for Reward, Emotions, and Memory The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Consolidating Explicit Memories The Amygdala Contains Three Major Functional Divisions for Emotions and Their Behavioral Expression The Mesolimblc Dopamine System and Ventral Striatum Are Important In Reward Connections Exist Between Components of the Limbic System and the Three Effector Systems All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System Regional Anatomy of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory, and Reward The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain Basal
Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri TheThree Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed In Coronal Section The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and MammillothalamicTract Nuclei in the Brain Stem LinkTelencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic Nervous System and the Spinal Cord SECTION V 337 340 342 344 344 344 346 346 347 347 350 357 359 359 362 366 368 368 370 371 371 371 374 374 376 378 380 I ATLAS Atlas I: Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System 387 Atlas II: Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System 403 Answers to Clinical Cases Answers to Study Questions Glossary Index 467 473 479 505
CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Guide to Using This Book SECTION I 1 xi xiii xv THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Organization of the Central Nervous System Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System All Neurons Have a Common Morphological Plan Neurons Communicate With Each Other at Synapses Glial Cells Provide Structural Support for Neurons and Additionally Serve a Broad Set of Diverse Functions The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions 3 5 6 7 7 9 11 The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements 12 The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus 14 The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Shape of All Central Nervous System Divisions The Subcortical Components of the Cerebral Hemispheres Mediate Diverse Motor, Cognitive, and Emotional Functions The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Each Have Distinct Functions Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid 14 14 Neurons of the Raphe Nuclei Use Serotonin as Their Neurotransmitter Guidelines for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System 41 The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons 43 Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers The Cerebral Cortex Has an Input-Output Organization The Cytoarchitectonie Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function 3. Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid 38 38 39 40 40
45 45 45 53 15 55 55 55 19 19 The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms 21 The Modulatory Systems of the Brain Have Diffuse Connections and Use Different Neurotransmitters Neurons in the Basal Forebrain and Diencephalon Contain Acetylcholine The Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area Contain Dopaminergic Neurons Neurons in the Locus Ceruleus Give Rise to a Noradrenergic Projection 33 Neural Tissue Depends on Continuous Arterial Blood Supply The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System and Corticospinal Tract Have a Component at Each Level of the Neuraxis 33 The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons The Direction of Information Flow Has Its Own Set of Terms Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures The Organization of the Medulla Varies From Caudal to Rostral The Pontine Nuclei Surround the Axons of the Corticospinal Tract in the Base of the Pons The Dorsal Surface of the Midbrain Contains the Colliculi The Thalamus Transmits Information From Subcortical Structures to the Cerebral Cortex The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System 2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System 33 27 30 31 32 33 33 The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem 57 The Internal Carotid Artery Has Four Principal Portions 60 The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
Collateral Circulation Can Rescue Brain Regions Deprived of Blood Deep Branches of the Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply Subcortical Structures Different Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Are Supplied by Different Cerebral Arteries Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of the Rest of the Body 61 61 62 62 64 67 ѴІІ
viii Contents CSF Serves Many Diverse Functions Most of the CSF Is Produced by the Choroid Plexus CSF Circulates Throughout the Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space CSF Is Drawn From the Lumbar Cistern The Dural Sinuses Provide the Return Path for CSF SECTION II 69 71 71 71 73 I SENSORY SYSTEMS 4. Somatic Sensation: Spinal Mechanosensory Systems 79 81 Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System 82 Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System The Peripheral Axon Terminals of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Contain the Somatic Sensory Receptors Dermatomes Have a Segmental Organization The Spinal Cord Gray Matter Has a Dorsoventral Sensory-Motor Organization Mechanoreceptor Axons Terminate in Deeper Portions of the Spinal Gray Matterand in the Medulla The Ascending Branches of Mechanoreceptive Sensory FibersTravel in Dorsal Columns The Dorsal Column Nuclei Are Somatotoplcally Organized The Decussation of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System Is in the Caudal Medulla Mechanosensory Information Is Processed in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Somatotopic Organization The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Columnar Organization Higher-Order Somatic Sensory Cortical Areas Are Located in the Parietal Lobe, Parietal Operculum, and Insular Cortex 5. Somatic Sensation: Spinai Systems for Pain, Temperature, and Itch Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems Pain, Temperature, and Itch Are Mediated by the Anterolateral System Visceral Pain Is Mediated by Dorsal Horn Neurons Whose Axons Ascend in the Dorsal Columns
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Mediate Pain, Temperature, and Itch Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Terminate Primarily in the Superficial Laminae of the Dorsal Horn Anterolateral System Projection Neurons Are Located in the Dorsal Horn and Decussate in the Ventral Commissure Vascular Lesions of the Medulla Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem Several Nuclei in the Thalamus Process Pain, Temperature, and Itch Limbic and Insular Areas Contain the Cortical Representations of Pain, Itch, and Temperature Sensations 6. Somatic Sensation: Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems Cranial Nerves and Nuclei Important Differences Exist Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and Those of the LimbsandTrunk There Are Seven Functional Categories of Cranial Nerves Functional Anatomy of theTrigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses The Viscerosensory System Originates From the Caudal Solitary Nucleus Regional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems Somatic Sensations Mechanical Sensations Are Mediated by the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System Cranial Nerve Nuclei are Organized into Distinctive Columns 82 82 82 83 89 89 90 90 90 90 93 94 95 99 101 101 101 105 105 Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head The Three Trigeminal Nuclei Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem The Caudal Solitary and Parabrachial
Nuclei Are Key Brain Stem Viscerosensory Integrative Centers Somatic and Visceral Sensation Are Processed by Separate Thalamic Nuclei 7. The Visual System 126 127 127 130 131 131 133 137 137 145 Functional Anatomy of the Visual System Anatomically Separate Visual Pathways Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function The Pathway to the Primary Visual Cortex Is Important for Perception of the Form, Color, Location, and Motion ofVisual Stimuli The Pathway to the Midbrain Is Important in Voluntary and Reflexive Control of the Eyes 147 Regional Anatomy of the Visual System 149 The Visual Field of Each Eye Partially Overlaps Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli The Retina Contains Three Major Cell Layers Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells In the Ipsilateral Retina The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Ocular Motor Control and Spatial Orientation The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Transmits Retinotopically Organized Information to the Primary Visual Cortex The Magnocellular, Parvocellular, and Koniocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary Visual Cortex The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Laminar and Columnar Organization Higher-Order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects ofVisual Stimuli Object Recognition ^Transmitted by the Ventral Stream and Spatial Localization and Action, by the Dorsal Stream The Visual Field Changes in Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System 8. The Auditory System 147 147 147 149 149 149 151 153 154 155 156 158 160 160 167 105 Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System
Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways Are Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing 169 106 Regional Anatomy of the Auditory System The Auditory Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth The Cochlear Nuclei Are the First Central Nervous System Relays for Auditory Information The Superior Olivary Complex Processes Stimuli From Both Ears for Horizontal Sound Localization The Olivocochlear System Regulates Auditory Sensitivity in the Periphery Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus The Inferior Colliculus Is Located in the Midbrain Tectum The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Is the Thalamic Auditory Relay Nucleus The Primary Auditory Cortex Comprises Several Tonotopically Organized Representations Within Heschl s Gyri Caudal Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Distinguishing the Location of Sounds 171 109 110 111 113 119 121 124 125 169 171 173 173 173 175 175 176 177 178
Contents Rostral Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Processing the Linguistic Characteristics of Sounds Damage to Frontotemporal Regions in the Left Hemisphere Produces Aphasias 9. Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell The Gustatory System: Taste The Ascending Gustatory Pathway Projects to the ipsilateral Insular Cortex Regional Anatomy of the Gustatory System Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral Cavity The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Taste The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the Insular Cortex and Operculum The Olfactory System: Smell The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay Through theThalamus Regional Anatomy of the Olfactory System The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Olfactory Input The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input From the Olfactory Bulb Olfactory and Gustatory Information Interacts in the Insular and Orbltofrontal Cortex for Sensing Flavors 179 179 185 187 187 188 188 189 190 191 191 194 194 197 197 197 11. Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Brain Stem Motor Functions Organization of Cranial Motor Nuclei There Are Three Columns of Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei Neurons in the Somatic Skeletal Motor Column Innervate Tongue and Extraocular Muscles The Branchiomerlc
Motor Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial Arches The Autonomic Motor Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons The Functional Organization of the Corticobulbar Tract The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon Bilateral CorticobulbarTract Projections Innervate the Hypoglossal Nucleus, Trigeminal Nucleus, and Nucleus Ambiguus Cortical Projections to the Facial Motor Nucleus Have a Complex Pattern Regional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei and CorticobulbarTract Lesion of the Genu of the Internal Capsule Interrupts the CorticobulbarTract TheTrigeminal Motor Nucleus Is Medial to the Main Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla A Level Through the Mid-Medulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla MOTOR SYSTEMS 10. Descending Motor Pathways and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems for Limb Control and Posture Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems Many Cortical Regions Are Recruited Into Action During Visually Guided Movements Functional Anatomy of the Descending Motor Pathways Multiple Parallel Motor Control Pathways Originate From the Cortex and Brain Stem Three Rules Govern the Logic of the Organization of the Descending Motor Pathways Two Laterally Descending Pathways Control Limb Muscles Four Medially
Descending Pathways Control Axial and Girdle Muscles to Regulate Posture Regional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways The Cortical Motor Areas Are Located in the Frontal Lobe The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain The Pontine and Medullary Reticular Formation Gives Rise to the Reticulospinal Tracts The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending Pathways 237 239 239 239 239 241 242 242 243 243 245 246 246 247 248 249 252 200 12. The Vestibular System and Eye Movements SECTION III ¡X 209 211 211 213 213 213 215 215 218 220 220 224 225 225 227 228 Functional Anatomy of the Vestibular System An Ascending Pathway From the Vestibular Nuclei to theThalamus Is Important for Perception, Orientation, and Posture The Vestibular System Regulates Blood Pressure in Response to Changes in Body Posture and Gravity The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Distinct Descending Spinal Projections for Axial Muscle Control Functional Anatomy of Eye Movement Control The Extraocular Motor Neurons Are Located in Three Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei The Vestibuloocular Reflex Maintains Direction of Gaze During Head Movement Voluntary Eye Movements Are Controlled by Neurons In the Frontal Lobe and the Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex Regional Organization of the Vestibular and Eye Movement Control Systems Vestibular
Sensory Organs Are Contained Within the Membranous Labyrinth The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections The Extraocular Motor Nuclei Are Located Adjacent to the MLF in the Pons and Midbrain Parasympathetic Neurons in the Midbrain Regulate Pupil Size Eye Movement Control Involves the Integrated Functions of Many Brain Stem Structures The Ventral Posterior Nucleus of theThalamus Transmits Vestibular Information to the Parietal and Insular Cortical Areas Multiple Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Function in Eye Movement Control 13. The Cerebellum 257 259 259 260 262 262 262 262 262 264 264 266 267 270 271 271 273 277 Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum 279 Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum Has a Basic Circuit 279 279
x Contents AN Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization Damage to the Cerebellum Produces Limb Motor Signs on the Same Side as the Lesion Regional Anatomy of the Cerebellum Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and PathsTransmitting Somatic Sensory Information to the Cerebellum The Inferior Olivary Nucleus Is the Only Source of Climbing Fibers The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Inputto the Cerebrocerebellum The Intrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is the Same for the Different Functional Divisions The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are a Major Source of Input to the Brain Stem and Cortical Motor Pathways A Major Part of the Dentate Nucleus Is Important for Nonmotor Functions The Corticopontine Projection Brings Information From Diverse Cortical Areas to the Cerebellum for Motor Control and Nonmotor Functions 14. The Basal Ganglia 279 287 289 290 291 291 291 291 295 295 295 303 Organization and Development of the Basal Ganglia 305 Separate Components of the Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output 305 The Complex Shapes and Fractionation of Basal Ganglia Components Are Understood by How the Basal Ganglia Develop 305 Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 308 Direct and Indirect Pathways Form Common Circuits Throughout All Functional Divisions of the Basal Ganglia 308 Knowledge of Basal Ganglia Connections and Neurotransmitters Provides Insight Into Their Function in Health and Disease 310 Functionally
Distinct Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia 314 Integration of Information Between the Basal Ganglia Loops Is Needed for Adaptive Behaviors 314 Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 314 The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus From the Putamen 316 The Three Components of the Striatum Are Located at the Level of the Anterior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle 316 The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum Are Separated by the Anterior Commissure 319 The Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus Are Output Tracts of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus 319 Lesion of the Subthalamic Nucleus Produces Hemiballism 321 The Substantia Nigra ContainsTwo Anatomical Divisions 321 The Pedunculopontine Nucleus Is Part of a Parallel Path From the Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem Locomotor Control Centers 322 Stimulation-Based Treatments for Movement and Nonmovement Disorders Demand a Precise Knowledge of the Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia 322 The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery 323 SECTION IV I INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS 15. The Hypothalamus and Regulation of Bodily Functions 329 Gross Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 331 Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From the Anterior and Posterior Lobes of the Pituitary 333 333 The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Originate From Different Central Nervous System Locations Hypothalamic
Nuclei Coordinate Integrated Visceral Responses to Body and Environmental Stimuli The Hypothalamus Coordinates Circadian Responses, Sleep, and Wakefulness Regional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus The Preoptic Area Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary Section Through the Median Eminence Reveals Parvocellular and Magnocellular Nuclei The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matterand in the Lateral Tegmentum Nuclei in the Pons Are Important for Bladder Control Dorsolateral Brain Stem Lesions Interrupt Descending Sympathetic Fibers Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord 16. The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Reward, Emotions, and Memory Anatomical and Functional Overview of Neural Systems for Reward, Emotions, and Memory The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Consolidating Explicit Memories The Amygdala Contains Three Major Functional Divisions for Emotions and Their Behavioral Expression The Mesolimblc Dopamine System and Ventral Striatum Are Important In Reward Connections Exist Between Components of the Limbic System and the Three Effector Systems All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System Regional Anatomy of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory, and Reward The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain Basal
Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri TheThree Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed In Coronal Section The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and MammillothalamicTract Nuclei in the Brain Stem LinkTelencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic Nervous System and the Spinal Cord SECTION V 337 340 342 344 344 344 346 346 347 347 350 357 359 359 362 366 368 368 370 371 371 371 374 374 376 378 380 I ATLAS Atlas I: Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System 387 Atlas II: Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System 403 Answers to Clinical Cases Answers to Study Questions Glossary Index 467 473 479 505
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| spelling | Martin, John Harry 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)173033792 aut Neuroanatomy text and atlas John H. Martin, PhD Fifth edition New York McGraw-Hill [2021] xvi, 525 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Neuroanatomie (DE-588)4171577-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content (DE-588)4143303-8 Atlas gnd-content Neuroanatomie (DE-588)4171577-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031564237&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031564237&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Neuroanatomy text and atlas |
| title_auth | Neuroanatomy text and atlas |
| title_exact_search | Neuroanatomy text and atlas |
| title_full | Neuroanatomy text and atlas John H. Martin, PhD |
| title_fullStr | Neuroanatomy text and atlas John H. Martin, PhD |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuroanatomy text and atlas John H. Martin, PhD |
| title_short | Neuroanatomy |
| title_sort | neuroanatomy text and atlas |
| title_sub | text and atlas |
| topic | Neuroanatomie (DE-588)4171577-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neuroanatomie Lehrbuch Atlas |
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