Civil resistance: what everyone needs to know
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2021]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 334 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780190244408 9780190244392 |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE Civil Resistance: A Brief Introduction xiii xv ХІХ 1 Why call it “civil resistance ’’ and not something else? 1 How has civil resísfánce developed? 7 How successful is civil resistance? 13 What are some foundational examples of civil resistance? 14 Where this book is headed 26 1. The Basics 28 How does civil resistance create change? 28 How do you define nonviolent action? 35 What are common nonviolent actions? 37 What is the difference between civil resistance and protest? 39 What roles do art and music play in civil resistance? 40 What is the role of humor in civil resistance? 45 What are “parallel institutions”? 47 Is rioting considered civil resistance? 53
viii Table of Contents Does property destruction count as civil resistance ? 57 Are hunger strikes, self-immolation, and other forms of self-harm considered civil resistance? 58 What is the difference between civil resistance and civil disobedience? 61 Is digital hacktivism ever considered civil resistance? 62 Are most people involved in nonviolent campaigns pacifists? 68 How is civil resistance related to “civility”? 68 What is the difference between a civil resistance campaign and a social movement? 70 What are the stages of a civil resistance campaign? 71 When is it legitimate to use civil resistance? 73 Can nonviolent resistance be immoral? 76 Is it fair to expect oppressed people to fight back against oppression using only civil resistance? 78 2. How Civil Resistance Works 81 What makes civil resistance campaigns effective? 82 How do nonviolent civil resistance campaigns attract targe followings? 90 How do successful civil resistance campaigns get going? 90 Once people have the opportunity and motivation to mobilize, why do they choose nonviolent action rather than armed resistance? 93 Is there a formula for effective civil resistance campaigns? 94 Who participates in civil resistance campaigns? 95 How are women involved in civil resistance? 96 How can civil resistance movements prompt a regime’s supporters to defect? 100 What's the difference between defections and coups? 104 How do campaigns attract more supporters, even while being attacked by the regime? 108 Which civil resistance tactics are most—and least—effective? 109 How do social media and digital technology
affect nonviolent campaigns? 110 What is the 3,5% rule? 114 Does this mean that if a movement just gets 3.5% of the population into the streets, it will always win? 114
Table of Contents Are there any exceptions to the 3.5% rule? ix 115 Which campaigns have featured the largest percentages of popular participation? 116 Does the 3.5% ruie apply to campaigns that aren’t aimed at major results like removing a national leader or achieving independence—say, campaigns for climate action or against local governments, corporations, or schools? 118 What does it mean for democracy that a minority of only 3.5% can oust any government? 119 Does a civil resistance movement need a clear, single cause to succeed? 119 Which types of organizational structures are most effective? 121 Is a charismatic leader necessary? 125 Does nonviolent resistance only work in democracies, in developed coun fries, or in more liberal cultures? 126 Why do nonviolent campaigns sometimes fail? 127 Has civil resistance succeeded against corporate targets? 128 Has civil resistance succeeded against long-standing systems of oppression, like racism? 130 Can civil resistance work in deeply divided societies? 133 How does civil resistance spread? What helps or hinders that spread? 135 Have governments of one country provoked civil resistance campaigns in other countries? 135 Can civil resistance work without at least some international support? 137 Why were so many people caught off guard by the collapse of the Soviet Union—just as, twenty years later, they were surprised by the Arab uprisings? 138 Are there situations where nonviolent resistance is impossible—or where violent resistance works better? 140 3. Civil Resistance and Violence from within the Movement What counte as
violence? 142 145 How common is it for organized armed groups to fight alongside nonviolent campaigns? 147 Has there ever been a purely nonviolent campaign—that is, one without unarmed violence like street fighting or riots? 149
x Table of Contents What are some examples of campaigns that have involved unarmed violence? 150 Don’t all nonviolent campaigns implicitly threaten violence? 151 Does some fringe violence help movements to succeed? 154 Do violent flanks undermine nonviolent campaigns? 160 Does violence always hurt a civil resistance movement in the long term—or can it help in some situations? 167 How do violent flanks affect counties in the longer term? 169 How often do provocateurs succeed in provoking fringe violence? 169 Why do some nonviolent campaigns adopt, embrace, or tolerate violent flanks? 171 Okay, so how can nonviolent campaigns prevent or limit fringe violence? 173 How can movements stay united when there are genuine disagreements about whether violence is acceptable? 178 Can movements that start violently transform into civil resistance campaigns—and succeed? 179 Is fringe violence inevitable? 180 4. Civil Resistance and Violence against the Movement 182 What is repression? 183 Can people even attempt nonviolent civil resistance campaigns against brutal tyrants? 184 How common is repression against nonviolent campaigns? 184 How does repression affect nonviolent campaigns? 185 How risky is civil resistance? 195 How often does a regime respond to nonviolent campaigns with mass killings? 196 How do civil resistance campaigns respond to repression? 197 Would the Indian Salt March have been nonviolent if they had been fighting against Hitler rather than the British Empire? 203 Is armed resistance required to fight genocidai regimes? 208 How have campaigns responded when pro-
government militias, death squads, or other armed nongovernment groups attack violently? 210 When does repression against an unarmed movement backfire? 212 How do civil resistance campaigns deal with fear among participants and potential participants who are vulnerable to repression? 214
Tabie of Contents xi Can civil resistance movements prevent or reduce atrocities? 216 Can the international community prevent atrocities against nonviolent movements? 218 Do sanctions against brutal regimes help protect civilians waging nonviolent struggle? 5. The Future of Civil Resistance 219 222 Why are nonviolent revolutions becoming more common? 224 Is civil resistance becoming more effective over time? 226 Why did civil resistance campaigns begin to decline in their effectiveness after 2010? 227 What is smart repression, and how are movements adapting to it? 233 Given these recent advances in the authoritarian playbook, does civil resistance have a future in challenging entrenched power in autocratic regimes? 238 What happens after nonviolent campaigns end? 240 Why does civil resistance sometimes result in authoritarian backsliding after the movement wins? 241 How have movements prepared themselves for transitions after they successfully force a political breakthrough? 243 Has civil resistance ever succeeded at achieving truly revolutionary goals? 244 How have civil resistance campaigns responded to the COVID pandemic? 245 Since civil resistance has proven effective in so many instances, what keeps people from embracing it more fully? 248 How can civil resistance be made easy and accessible to the public? 250 What are the five things that everyone should know about civil resistance? 251 APPENDIX SELECTED RESOURCES 253 LIST OF NONVIOLENT AND VIOLENT REVOLUTIONARY CAMPAIGNS, 1900-2019 255 NOTES 287 REFERENCES 297 INDEX 315
Civil resistance is a technique of conftict through which unarmed civilians use a variety of coordinated methods (strikes, protests, demonstrations, boycotts, and many other methods) to prosecute a conflict without directly harming or threatening to harm an opponent. Sometimes called nonviolent resistance, unarmed struggle, or nonviolent action, this form of political action is now a mainstay across the globe. It was a central form of resistance during decolonization in the 1989 revolutions and the Arab Spring, and it has featured prominently in movements pushing for climate action, land rights, labor rights, gender justice, racial justice, and more. If we are going to understand the manifold protest movements emerging around the globe, we need a thorough understanding of civil resistance and its many dynamics and manifestations. In Civil Resistance: What Everyone Needs to Know \ Erica Chenoweth—one of the world's leading scholars on the topic—explains what civil resistance is, how it works, why it sometimes fails, how violence and repression affect it, and the long-term impacts of such resistance. Featuring both historical cases of civil resistance and more contemporary examples such as the Arab Awakenings and various ongoing movements in the United States, this book provides a comprehensive yet pithy overview of this enormously important subject. |
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