Verfügbarkeit: User's guide to plastic

User's guide to plastic:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Bruder, Ulf 1946- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Munich Hanser [2019] Cincinnati Hanser Publications [2019]
Ausgabe:	2nd edition
Schlagworte:	Kunststoffverarbeitung Kunststofftechnik Materialbearbeitung Kunststoff Kunststoffe Polymere PLAS2019 Bildband Einführung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVIII, 357 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 27 cm
ISBN:	9781569907344 156990734X

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	FOREWORD .......................................................................................... XVII POLYMERS AND PLASTICS .................................................................... 1 1.1 THERMOSETS ........................................................................................ 3 1.2 THERMOPLASTICS ...................... 4 1.3 AMORPHOUS AND SEMI-CRYSTALLINE PLASTICS ...................................... 5 COMMODITIES .................................................................................... 7 2.1 POLYETHYLENE (PE) ................................................................ 7 2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ..................................................................... 8 2.1.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE ................................................ 8 2.1.3 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 9 2.1.4 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 9 2.2 POLYPROPYLENE (PP) ........................................................................... 11 2.2.1 PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE .............................................. 12 2.2.2 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 13 2.3 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC) .................................... 13 2.3.1 PROPERTIES OF PVC ............................................................. 14 2.3.2 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 14 2.4 POLYSTYRENE (PS) ................................................................................ 15 2.4.1 CLASSIFICATION ..................................................................... 16 2.4.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE .................................................. 16 2.4.3 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 17 2.4.4 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 17 2.5 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE (SAN) ............................................................. 17 2.6 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) ............................................. 18 2.6.1 ABS BLENDS ....................................................................... 19 2.6.2 PROPERTIES OF ABS ............................................................. 19 2.6.3 RECYCLING .................................... 19 2.6.4 APPLICATION AREAS ...................................... 20 2.7 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE (PMMA) .................................................... 21 2.7.1 PROPERTIES OF PMMA ............... .......................................... 22 2.7.2 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 22 2.7.3 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 22 ENGINEERING POLYMERS .................................................................... 23 3.1 POLYAMIDE OR NYLON ........................................................................... 23 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION .............................................................. 23 3.1.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYAMIDE ........................................ 24 3.1.3 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 25 3.1.4 APPLICATION AREAS ...................... 25 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 V CONTENTS 3.2 ACETAL ................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1 PROPERTIES OF ACETAL ............................................................ 27 3.2.2 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 28 3.2.3 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 28 3.3 POLYESTER ............................................................................................ 29 3.3.1 PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER PBT AND PET ................................. 31 3.3.2 RECYCLING .. ........................................................................ 31 3.3.3 APPLICATION AREAS .............................................................. 31 3.4 POLYCARBONATE ..................................................................................... 33 3.4.1 PROPERTIES OF POLYCARBONATE ........................................ 34 3.4.2 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 34 3.4.3 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 34 CHAPTER 4 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS ........................................................... 36 4.1 TPE-0 ........................... * .................................................................... 36 4.1.1 PROPERTIES OF TPE-0 ............................................................ 36 4.1.2 APPLICATION AREAS ........................ 37 4.2 TPE-S .................................................................................................. 38 4.2.1 PROPERTIES OF TPE-S ............................................................ 38 4.2.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 39 4.3 TPE-V ................................................................................................ 39 4.3.1 PROPERTIES OF TPE-V............................................................ 40 4.3.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 40 4.4 TPE-0 ................................................................................................ 41 4.4.1 PROPERTIES OF TPE-U ............................................................ 41 4.4.2 APPLICATION AREAS .............................................................. 42 4.5 TPE-E .................................................................................................. 42 4.5.1 PROPERTIES OF TPE-E ............................................................ 42 4.5.2 APPLICATION AREAS .............................................................. 43 4.6 TPE-A ................................................................................................ 44 4.6.1 PROPERTIES OF TPE-A ........................................................... 44 4.6.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 45 CHAPTER 5 HIGH-PERFORMANCE POLYMERS ........................................................ 46 5.1 ADVANCED THERMOPLASTICS ................................................................. 46 5.1.1 RECYCLING ........................................................................... 47 5.2 FLUOROPOLYMERS ................................................................................ 47 5.2.1 PROPERTIES OF PTFE ............................................................ 48 5.2.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 48 5.3 * HIGH-PERFORMANCE * NYLON - PPA ..................................................... 48 5.3.1 PROPERTIES OF PPA ............................................................. 49 5.3.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 50 5.4 * LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER * - LCP ......................................................... 50 5.4.1 PROPERTIES OF LCP .................................................................... 50 5.4.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 51 VI CONTENTS 5.5 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE - PPS ........................................................... 52 5.5.1 PROPERTIES OF PPS ............................................................... 52 5.5.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 52 5.6 POLYETHER ETHER KETONE - PEEK ........................................................ 53 5.6.1 PROPERTIES OF PEEK ........................................................... 53 5.6.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 54 5.7 POLYETHERIMIDE - PEI ............................................................. 54 5.7.1 PROPERTIES OF PEI ............................................................... 55 5.7.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 55 5.8 POLYSULFONE - PSU ............................................................................. 56 5.8.1 PROPERTIES OF PSU ............................................ * ............... 56 5.8.2 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................. 57 5.9 POLYPHENYLSULFONE - PPSU ............................................................... 57 5.9.1 PROPERTIES OF PPSU ........................................................... 57 5.9.2 APPLICATION AREAS .................................. 58 BIOPLASTICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES ....................................................... 59 6.1 DEFINITION ............. ............................................................................ 59 6.1.1 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BIOPLASTIC? .................................... 60 6.2 THE MARKET ........................................................................................ 60 6.3 BIOPLASTICS ........................................................................................ 62 6.4 BIOPOLYMERS ...................................................................................... 62 6.5 BIOBASED POLYMERS: BIOPOLYESTER ...................................................... 63 6.6 BIOBASED POLYMERS: BIOPOLYAMIDES ............... . ................................ 65 6.7 BIOBASED POLYMERS FROM MICROORGANISMS ............. 66 6.8 BIOETHANOL OR BIOMETHANOL ............................................................... 67 6.9 BIOCOMPOSITES .................................................................................. 68 6.10 MORE INFORMATION ABOUT BIOPLASTICS .......................... 69 PLASTIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 70 7.1 PLASTIC IS CLIMATE-FRIENDLY AND SAVES ENERGY ................................ 70 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON PLASTIC ...................................................... 72 7.3 RECYCLING PLASTIC ............................................. 73 7.3.1 PLASTIC RECYCLING IN THE EU ............................................... 74 MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS .............................................................. 76 8.1 POLYMERIZATION ................................................... 76 8.2 ADDITIVES ................................................................. 78 8.2.1 STIFFNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH ................................... 79 8.2.2 SURFACE HARDNESS ............................................................. 79 8.2.3 WEAR RESISTANCE ......... 79 8.2.4 TOUGHNESS ............................................................ 80 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 VII CONTENTS 8.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ........................................................................... 80 8.3.1 APPEARANCE ....................................................................... 80 8.3.2 CRYSTALLINITY ....................................................................... 81 8.3.3 WEATHER RESISTANCE ............................................................ 81 8.3.4 FRICTION ............................................................................... 82 8.3.5 DENSITY ................................................... 82 8.4 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ......................................................................... 83 8.4.1 PERMEABILITY ..................................................................... 83 8.4.2 OXIDATION RESISTANCE ........................................................ 83 8.4.3 HYDROLYSIS RESISTANCE ........................................................ 84 8.5 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ......................................................................... 84 8.6 THERMAL PROPERTIES ....................................................... 85 8.6.1 HEAT STABILIZATION ............................................................. 85 8.6.2 HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE ............................................ 86 8.6.3 FLAME RETARDANT CLASSIFICATION ........................................ 86 8.7 MATERIAL PRICE ................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 9 MATERIAL DATA AND MEASUREMENTS ................................................ 88 9.1 TENSILE STRENGTH AND STIFIHESS .......................................................... 89 9.2 IMPACT STRENGTH ................................................................................. 92 9.3 MAXIMUM SERVICE TEMPERATURE ....................................................... 93 9.3.1 UL SERVICE TEMPERATURE .................................................... 93 9.3.2 HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE ............................................ 93 9.4 FLAMMABILITY TESTS ........................................................................... 95 9.4.1 HB RATING ........................................................................... 95 9.4.2 V RATING ............................................................................. 95 9.5 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ......................................................................... 96 9.6 FLOW PROPERTIES: MELT INDEX ............................................................. 97 9.7 SHRINKAGE .......................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 10 MATERIAL DATABASES ON THE INTERNET ............................................. 98 10.1 CAMPUS ............................................................................................ 98 10.1.1 PROPERTIES OF CAMPUS 5.2 ................................................ 99 10.2 MATERIAL DATA CENTER ......................................................................... 99 10.2.1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL DATA CENTER ................................... 100 10.3 PROSPECTOR PLASTICS DATABASE ........................................................... 100 CHAPTER 11 TEST METHODS FOR PLASTIC RAW MATERIALS AND MOLDINGS ........... 102 11.1 QUALITY CONTROL DURING RAW MATERIAL PRODUCTION ........................... 102 11.2 VISUAL QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTIC GRANULES ...................................... 103 11.3 VISUAL INSPECTION OF PLASTIC PARTS .................................................... 104 11.4 TESTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED BY THE MOLDER .................................. 105 11.5 ADVANCED TESTING METHODS ............................................................... 107 VIII CONTENTS INJECTION-MOLDING METHODS ...................... 110 12.1 HISTORY .............................................................. 110 12.2 PROPERTIES .......................................................................................... ILL 12.2.1 LIMITATIONS ............................................... ILL 12.3 THE INJECTION-MOLDING MACHINE ....................................................... 112 12.3.1 THE INJECTION UNIT ............................................................. 112 12.3.2 LOCKING UNIT ..................................................................... 113 12.3.3 INJECTION-MOLDING CYCLE .................................................... 114 12.4 ALTERNATIVE INJECTION-MOLDING METHODS .......................................... 115 12.4.1 MULTI-COMPONENT INJECTION MOLDING ................................. 115 12.4.2 GAS OR WATER INJECTION ........................................... 116 POST-MOLDING OPERATIONS .............................................................. 117 13.1 SURFACE TREATMENT OF MOLDINGS ....................................................... 117 13.1.1 PRINTING ............................................................................ 117 13.1.2 * HOT STAMP * PRINTING ....................................................... 118 13.1.3 TAMPON PRINTING ............................................................... 119 13.1.4 SCREEN PRINTING ................................................................. 119 13.1.5 IMD: IN-MOLD DECORATION .................................................. 120 13.1.6 LASER MARKING ................................................................... 121 13.1.7 PAINTING ............................................................................ 121 13.1.8 METALIZING/CHROMING ....................................................... 122 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOLDS .. ............................................................ 123 14.1 TWO-PLATE MOLDS ................................................................................ 123 14.2 THREE-PLATE MOLDS ............................................................................ 124 14.3 MOLDS WITH SLIDES ............................................................................ 124 14.4 MOLDS WITH ROTATING CORES ............................................................... 125 14.5 STACK MOLDS ...................................................................................... 125 14.6 MOLDS WITH EJECTION FROM THE FIXED HALF ........................................ 126 14.7 FAMILY MOLDS ......... .......................................................................... 126 14.8 MULTI-COMPONENT MOLDS ................................................................... 127 14.9 MOLDS WITH MELT CORES ..................................................................... 128 STRUCTURE OF MOLDS ......................................................................... 129 15.1 THE FUNCTION OF THE MOLD ................................................................. 130 15.2 RUNNER SYSTEMS - COLD RUNNERS ..................................................... 130 15.3 RUNNER SYSTEMS - HOT RUNNERS ....................................................... 132 15.4 COLD SLUG POCKETS/PULLERS ................................................. 133 15.5 TEMPERING OR COOLING SYSTEMS ....................................................... 134 15.6 VENTING SYSTEMS .............................................................................. 136 15.7 EJECTOR SYSTEMS ............................................. 137 15.8 DRAFT ANGLES ...................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 15 IX CONTENTS CHAPTER 16 MOLD DESIGN AND PRODUCT QUALITY ............................................... 139 16.1 MOLD-RELATED PROBLEMS ..................................................................... 139 16.1.1 TOO-WEAK MOLD PLATES ........................................................ 139 16.1.2 INCORRECT SPRUE AND NOZZLE DESIGN ................................... 140 16.1.3 INCORRECT RUNNER DESIGN .................................................. 141 16.1.4 INCORRECTLY DESIGNED, LOCATED, OR MISSING COLD SLUG POCKET ............................................ 141 16.1.5 INCORRECT GATE DESIGN ........................................................ 142 16.1.6 INCORRECT VENTING ............................................................. 143 16.1.7 INCORRECT MOLD TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT ....................... 144 CHAPTER 17 PROTOTYPE MOLDS AND MOLD FILLING ANALYSIS ............................... 145 17.1 PROTOTYPE MOLDS ................................................................................ 145 17.2 MOLD FILLING ANALYSIS - ........................................................... 146 17.3 WORKFLOW ..................... ................................................................... 147 17.3.1 MESH MODEL ..................................................... 147 17.3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION ............................................................. 148 17.3.3 PROCESS PARAMETERS ........................................................... 148 17.3.4 SELECTION OF GATE LOCATION ................................................ 148 17.3.5 SIMULATIONS ....................................................................... 149 17.3.6 RESULTS GENERATED BY SIMULATIONS ................................... 149 17.3.7 FILLING SEQUENCE ............................................................... 150 17.3.8 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ........................................................ 150 17.3.9 CLAMPING FORCE ................................................................. 150 17.3.10 COOLING TIME ..................................................................... 151 17.3.11 TEMPERATURE CONTROL ......................................................... 151 17.3.12 SHRINKAGE AND WARPAGE .................................................... 151 17.3.13 GLASS FIBER ORIENTATION .................................................... 152 17.3.14 WARPAGE ANALYSIS ............................................................. 152 17.3.15 GATE LOCATION ..................................................................... 152 17.3.16 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT ........................................................ 153 17.3.17 SIMULATION SOFTWARE ......................................................... 153 CHAPTER 18 RAPID PROTOTYPING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ......... 154 18.1 PROTOTYPES .......................................................................................... 154 18.2 RAPID PROTOTYPING (RP) ..................................................................... 155 18.2.1 SLA - STEREOLITHOGRAPHY .................................................. 156 18.2.2 SLS - SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING .. . . .................................. 159 18.2.3 THE FDM METHOD ............................................................... 161 18.2.4 3DP PRINTING ..................................................................... 162 18.2.5 3D PRINTING ....................................................................... 163 18.2.6 POLYJET ................................................................ 164 18.3 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ................................................................... 166 CONTENTS COST CALCULATIONS FOR MOLDINGS ........................................ 168 19.1 PART COST CALCULATOR ............................................................................. 169 19.2 PART COST SCENARIOS ............................................................................. 173 19.2 REPLACEMENT COST .............................................................................. 174 EXTRUSION .......................................................................................... 177 20.1 THE EXTRUSION PROCESS ....................................................................... 177 20.1.1 ADVANTAGES (+) AND LIMITATIONS (-) ................. 177 20.2 MATERIALS FOR EXTRUSION ....................................................................... 179 20.3 THE EXTRUDER DESIGN ........................................................................... 180 20.3.1 THE CYLINDER ..................................................................... 180 20.3.2 SINGLE-SCREWS ................................................................... 181 20.3.3 BARRIER SCREWS ................................................................... 181 20.3.4 STRAIGHT TWIN-SCREWS ....................................................... 182 20.3.5 CONICAL TWIN-SCREWS ............. ........................................... 182 20.3.6 ROTATIONAL DIRECTION ......................................................... 183 20.3.7 COMPARISON OF SINGLE-SCREWS AND TWIN-SCREWS ............. 183 20.3.8 TOOL/DIE ............................................................................ 184 20.3.9 CALIBRATION ......................................................................... 184 20.3.10 CORRUGATION ....................................................................... 185 20.3.11 COOLING .............................................................................. 185 20.3.12 FEEDING .............................................................................. 186 20.3.13 MARKING ............................................................................ 186 20.3.14 FURTHER PROCESSING ........................................................... 186 20.3.15 CUTTING .............................................................................. 187 20.3.16 WINDING ............................................................................ 188 20.4 EXTRUSION PROCESSES ........................................................................... 188 20.4.1 STRAIGHT EXTRUSION ............................................................. 189 20.4.2 EXTRUSION WITH ANGLE TOOL/COATING .................................. 189 20.4.3 EXTRUSION OF PLATES AND SHEETS *. ......................... 190 20.4.4 CO-EXTRUSION ..................................................................... 191 20.4.5 FILM BLOWING .................................................................... 191 20.4.5.1 ADVANTAGES (+) AND LIMITATIONS (-) ................. 192 20.4.6 CABLE PRODUCTION ............................................................... 193 20.4.7 MONOFILAMENT ................................................................... 194 20.4.8 COMPOUNDING ................................................................... 195 20.5 DESIGN FOR EXTRUSION ........................................................................... 196 20.5.1 RIBBING - STIFFENING ......................................................... 197 20.5.2 CAVITY ................................................................................ 197 20.5.3 SEALING LIP ........................................................................ 197 20.5.4 HINGE ................................................................................ 198 20.5.5 GUIDE ........................ 198 20.5.6 SLIDING JOINT ............................................. 198 20.5.7 SNAP-FIT JOINT .................................................................... 199 20.5.8 BELLOW ................................................................................ 199 20.5.9 INSERT/REINFORCEMENT ....................................................... 199 20.5.10 FRICTION SURFACE ................................................................. 200 CHAPTER 19 CHAPTER 20 XI CONTENTS 20.5.11 PRINTING/STAMPING .............................. 200 20.5.12 DECORATION SURFACE ........................................................... 200 20.5.13 DRILLED SIDE HOLES ............................................................. 201 20.5.14 IRREGULAR HOLES ................................................................. 201 20.5.15 CORRUGATION ....................................................................... 201 20.5.16 SPIRAL FORMING ................................................................. 202 20.5.17 FOAMING ............................................................................. 202 20.5.18 EXTRUDED SCREW HOLES ...................................................... 202 20.5.19 MUFFING AND HOT PLATE WELDING ........................................ 203 CHAPTER 21 ALTERNATIVE PROCESSING METHODS FOR THERMOPLASTICS ............... 204 21.1 BLOW MOLDING .................................................................................... 204 21.2 ROTATIONAL MOLDING ........................................................................... 206 21.3 VACUUM FORMING ............................................................................... 207 CHAPTER 22 MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS ............................................ 209 22.1 HOW DO YOU SELECT THE RIGHT MATERIAL IN YOUR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT? ............................................................... 209 22.2 DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION ................................................................. 210 22.3 ESTABLISHING THE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS .................................. 210 22.4 MUST REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 211 22.5 WANT REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 212 22.6 SPECIFY AND SORT THE MATERIAL CANDIDATES ........................................ 213 22.7 MAKE A DETAILED COST ANALYSIS ......................................................... 214 22.8 ESTABLISH A MEANINGFUL TEST PROGRAM .............................................. 215 CHAPTER 23 REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATION FOR PLASTIC PRODUCTS ............. 216 23.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ................................................................... 216 23.2 BATCH SIZE ...................................................................... 217 23.3 PART SIZE ............................................................................................ 218 23.4 TOLERANCE REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 218 23.5 PART DESIGN ........................................................................................ 220 23.6 ASSEMBLY REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 223 23.7 MECHANICAL LOAD .............................................................................. 223 23.8 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE ......................................................................... 224 23.9 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ......................................................................... 225 23.10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ....................................................................... 226 23.11 COLOR ................................................................................................. 227 23.12 SURFACE PROPERTIES ............................................................................ 228 23.13 OTHER PROPERTIES .............................................................................. 230 23.14 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ................................................................. 231 23.15 RECYCLING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 232 23.16 COST REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 233 XII CONTENTS 23.17 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION - CHECKLIST ........................................... 234 23.17.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................. 234 23.17.2 BATCH SIZE ......................................................................... 234 23.17.3 PART SIZE ............................................................................ 235 23.17.4 TOLERANCE REQUIREMENTS ................................................... 235 23.17.5 PART DESIGN ...................................................................... 235 23.17.6 ASSEMBLY REQUIREMENTS .................................................. 235 23.17.7 MECHANICAL LOAD ............................................................... 235 23.17.8 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE ......................................................... 235 23.17.9 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ......................................................... 235 23.17.10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ..................................................... 236 23.17.11 COLOR .................................................................................. 236 23.17.12 SURFACE PROPERTIES ........................................................... 236 23.17.13 OTHER PROPERTIES ......................................................... 236 23.17.14 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ................................................ 237 23.17.15 RECYCLING .......................................................................... 237 23.17.16 COSTS ........................................... 237 DESIGN RULES FOR THERMOPLASTIC MOLDINGS ................................. 238 24.1 RULE 1 - REMEMBER THAT PLASTICS ARE NOT METALS ........................... 239 24.2 RULE 2 - CONSIDER THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTICS .............. 240 24.2.1 ANISOTROPIC BEHAVIOR ........................ 241 24.2.2 TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR .................................... 241 24.2.3 TIME-DEPENDENT STRESS-STRAIN CURVE .............................. 242 24.2.3.1 CREEP ................................................................. 242 24.2.3.2 RELAXATION ................... 242 24.2.4 SPEED-DEPENDENT CHARACTERISTICS .................................... 243 24.2.5 ENVIRONMENTALLY DEPENDENT CHARACTERISTICS ................... 244 24.2.6 EASY TO DESIGN ................................................................... 244 24.2.7 EASY TO COLOR .................................................................... 244 24.2.8 EASY TO ASSEMBLE ............................................................. 245 24.2.9 RECYCLING .......................................................................... 245 24.3 RULE 3 - DESIGN WITH REGARD TO FUTURE RECYCLING ........................... 246 24.3.1 DISMANTLING ...................................................................... 246 24.3.2 REUSED MATERIALS ............................................................... 248 24.3.3 CODING .............................................................................. 248 24.3.4 CLEANING ............................................................................ 249 24.4 RULE 4 - INTEGRATE SEVERAL FUNCTIONS INTO ONE COMPONENT ......................................................................... 249 24.5 RULE 5 - MAINTAIN AN EVEN WALL THICKNESS ..................................... 251 24.6 RULE 6 - AVOID SHARP CORNERS .......................................................... 252 24.7 RULE 7 - USE RIBS TO INCREASE STIFFNESS ............................................. 254 24.7.1 LIMITATIONS WHEN DESIGNING RIBS .................................... 254 24.7.2 MATERIAL-SAVING DESIGN ................................................. 255 24.7.3 AVOID SINK MARKS AT RIB JOINTS ........................................ 255 CHAPTER 24 XIII CONTENTS 24.8 RULE 8 - BE CAREFUL WITH GATE LOCATION AND DIMENSIONS ............... 256 24.8.1 WELD LINES ......................................................................... 257 24.9 RULE 9 - AVOID TIGHT TOLERANCES ........................................................ 258 24.10 RULE 10 - CHOOSE AN APPROPRIATE ASSEMBLY METHOD ..................... 259 CHAPTER 25 ASSEMBLY METHODS FOR THERMOPLASTICS ..................................... 260 25.1 ASSEMBLY METHODS THAT FACILITATE DISASSEMBLY ............................. 260 25.2 INTEGRATED SNAP-FITS ................................................................ 261 25.3 PERMANENT ASSEMBLY METHODS ........................................................ 262 25.3.1 ULTRASONIC WELDING ........................................................... 262 25.3.2 VIBRATION WELDING ............................................................. 263 25.3.3 ROTATIONAL WELDING ........................................................... 264 25.3.4 HOT PLATE WELDING ............................................................. 265 25.3.5 INFRARED WELDING ................................................................ 266 25.3.6 LASER WELDING ................................................................... 266 25.3.7 RIVETING ............................................................................. 268 25.3.8 GLUING ................................................................................ 269 CHAPTER 26 THE INJECTION-MOLDING PROCESS ..................................................... 270 26.1 MOLDING PROCESSING ANALYSIS ........................................................... 270 26.2 CONTACT INFORMATION ......................................................................... 272 26.3 INFORMATION PANE .............................................................................. 272 26.4 MATERIAL INFORMATION ......................................................................... 273 26.5 INFORMATION ABOUT THE MACHINE ........................................................ 274 26.6 INFORMATION ABOUT THE MOLD ............................................................. 276 26.7 DRYING ................................................................................................ 278 26.8 PROCESSING INFORMATION ..................................................................... 280 26.9 TEMPERATURES ..................................................................................... 281 26.10 PRESSURE, INJECTION SPEED, AND SCREW ROTATION SPEED ..................... 286 26.11 HOLD PRESSURE .................................................................................... 287 26.12 INJECTION .................................................................... 289 26.13 SCREW ROTATION SPEED ............................................... 290 26.14 TIME AND LENGTH SETTINGS ................................................................... 292 CHAPTER 27 INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS PARAMETERS ........................................ 297 CHAPTER 28 PROBLEM SOLVING AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT ................................. 301 28.1 INCREASED QUALITY DEMANDS ............................................................. 301 28.2 ANALYTICAL TROUBLESHOOTING - ATS .................................................... 301 28.2.1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM .................................................. 302 28.2.2 DEVIATION DEFINITION ......................................................... 302 28.3 DEFINING A PROBLEM .......................................................................... 303 28.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS ................................................ 304 28.3.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS ............................................................. 306 XIV CONTENTS 28.3.3 BRAINSTORMING ................................................................... 308 28.3.4 VERIFICATION OF CAUSES ....................................................... 308 28.3.5 PLANNING OF ACTIONS TO TAKE .............................................. 309 28.4 STATISTICAL DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS - DOE ........................................ 309 28.4.1 FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS ..................................................... 310 28.5 FAILURE MODE EFFECT ANALYSIS - FMEA .............................................. 313 28.5.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF FMEA .............................................. 314 TROUBLESHOOTING - CAUSES AND EFFECTS ...................................... 316 29.1 MOLDING PROBLEMS ............................................................................ 316 29.2 FILL RATIO ........................................................................................... 318 29.2.1 SHORT SHOTS - THE PART IS NOT COMPLETELY FILLED ............. 318 29.2.2 FLASHES .............................................................................. 319 29.2.3 SINK MARKS ...................................................................... 319 29.2.4 VOIDS OR PORES ................................................................... 320 29.3 SURFACE DEFECTS ................................................................................ 321 29.3.1 BURN MARKS ...................................................................... 321 29.3.1.1 DISCOLORATION, DARK STREAKS, OR DEGRADATION ... 321 29.3.1.2 BLACK SPECKS ..................................................... 321 29.3.1.3 SPLAYS OR SILVER STREAKS (PARTLY OVER THE SURFACE) .................................. 322 29.3.1.4 DIESEL EFFECT - ENTRAPPED AIR ........................... 323 29.3.2 SPLAYS OR SILVER STREAKS (ALL OVER THE SURFACE) ............... 324 29.3.3 COLOR STREAKS - BAD COLOR DISPERSION .............................. 324 29.3.4 COLOR STREAKS - UNFAVORABLE PIGMENT ORIENTATION .......... 325 29.3.5 SURFACE GLOSS - MATTE/SHINY SURFACE VARIATIONS ............. 325 29.3.6 SURFACE GLOSS - CORONA EFFECT .......................................... 326 29.3.7 SPLAYS, STRIPES, AND BLISTERS .............................................. 326 29.3.8 GLASS FIBER STREAKS ........................................... 327 29.3.9 WELD-LINES (KNIT-LINES) ................................................... 327 29.3.10 JETTING ................................................................................ 328 29.3.11 DELAMINATION .................................................................... 329 29.3.12 RECORD GROOVES (ORANGE PEEL) .......................................... 329 29.3.13 COLD SLUG ......................................................................... 330 29.3.14 EJECTOR PIN MARKS ............................................................. 330 29.3.15 OIL STAIN - BROWN OR BLACK SPECKS .................................. 331 29.3.16 WATER STAIN ...................................................................... 331 29.4 POOR MECHANICAL STRENGTH ................................................................. 332 29.4.1 BUBBLES OR VOIDS INSIDE THE PART ...................................... 332 29.4.2 CRACKS .............................................................................. 332 29.4.3 UNMELTS (ALSO CALLED PITTING) .......................................... 333 29.4.4 BRITTLENESS ........................................................................ 334 29.4.5 CRAZING .............................................................................. 334 29.4.6 PROBLEMS WITH REGRIND ............................................... 335 CHAPTER 29 CONTENTS 29.5 DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS ..................................................................... 335 29.5.1 INCORRECT SHRINKAGE ......................................................... 335 29.5.2 UNREALISTIC TOLERANCES ...................................................... 336 29.5.3 WARPAGE ............................................................................. 337 29.6 PRODUCTION PROBLEMS ......................................................................... 338 29.6.1 PART STICKS IN THE CAVITY .................................................... 338 29.6.2 PART STICKS ON THE CORE ...................................................... 338 29.6.3 PART STICKS ON THE EJECTOR PINS ........... 339 29.6.4 SPRUE STICKS IN THE MOLD .................................................. 340 29.6.5 STRINGING ........................................................................... 341 CHAPTER 30 STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) .......................... 342 30.1 WHY SPC? ............................................................................................ 342 30.2 DEFINITIONS IN SPC ............. ................................................................ 343 30.2.1 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (GAUSSIAN DISPERSION) ......................... 343 30.3 STANDARD DEVIATIONS .................................... 343 30.3.1 ONE STANDARD DEVIATION ....................................................... 343 30.3.2 SIX STANDARD DEVIATIONS (SIX SIGMA) ................................... 344 30.3.3 CONTROL LIMITS ....................................................................... 344 30.3.4 TARGET VALUE ........................................................................... 346 30.3.5 TARGET VALUE CENTERING (TO) ................................................ 347 30.3.6 CAPABILITY MACHINE (CM) ..................................................... 347 30.3.7 CAPABILITY MACHINE INDEX (CMK) ........................................ 348 30.3.8 CAPABILITY PROCESS (CP) ........................................................ 348 30.3.9 CAPABILITY PROCESS INDEX (CPK) ............................................ 349 30.3.10 SIX IMPORTANT FACTORS ......................................................... 349 30.3.11 MACHINE CAPABILITY ............................................................. 350 30.3.12 PROCESS CAPABILITY ............................................................. 350 30.4 HOW SPC WORKS IN PRACTICE ............................................................... 351 30.4.1 SOFTWARE ................................................................................ 351 30.4.2 PROCESS DATA MONITORING ..................................................... 352 CHAPTER 31 INTERNET LINKS .................................................................................. 354 INDEX .......................................................................................... ... 355 XVI
any_adam_object	1
author	Bruder, Ulf 1946-
author_GND	(DE-588)1069561614
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discipline	Chemie / Pharmazie Physik
edition	2nd edition
format	Book
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spelling	Bruder, Ulf 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)1069561614 aut User's guide to plastic Ulf Bruder 2nd edition Munich Hanser [2019] Cincinnati Hanser Publications [2019] © 2019 XVIII, 357 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 27 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd rswk-swf Kunststofftechnik (DE-588)4166076-6 gnd rswk-swf Materialbearbeitung (DE-588)4139082-9 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffe Kunststoffverarbeitung Polymere PLAS2019 (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 s DE-604 Kunststofftechnik (DE-588)4166076-6 s Materialbearbeitung (DE-588)4139082-9 s 1\p DE-604 Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-735-1 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031444551&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Bruder, Ulf 1946- User's guide to plastic Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd Kunststofftechnik (DE-588)4166076-6 gnd Materialbearbeitung (DE-588)4139082-9 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4114335-8 (DE-588)4166076-6 (DE-588)4139082-9 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4145395-5 (DE-588)4151278-9
title	User's guide to plastic
title_auth	User's guide to plastic
title_exact_search	User's guide to plastic
title_full	User's guide to plastic Ulf Bruder
title_fullStr	User's guide to plastic Ulf Bruder
title_full_unstemmed	User's guide to plastic Ulf Bruder
title_short	User's guide to plastic
title_sort	user s guide to plastic
topic	Kunststoffverarbeitung (DE-588)4114335-8 gnd Kunststofftechnik (DE-588)4166076-6 gnd Materialbearbeitung (DE-588)4139082-9 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd
topic_facet	Kunststoffverarbeitung Kunststofftechnik Materialbearbeitung Kunststoff Bildband Einführung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031444551&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT bruderulf usersguidetoplastic AT hanserpublications usersguidetoplastic

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