WTO law and domestic regulation: exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
C.H. Beck
2020
Oxford Hart Baden-Baden Nomos |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 441 Seiten 24 cm x 16 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783406744105 3406744109 9781509937998 9783848762064 |
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| adam_text | Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................. V Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................... XIII Introduction A. The Mission of this Book: Identifying the Determinants of the WTO’s Impact on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy.................................................................................................. B. Globalisation’s Challenges to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy................................................ C. WTO Law Ambivalences with regard to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy............................ D. Core message and structure of the book..................................................................................... 1 4 8 15 Chapter 1 The Importance of National Regulatory Autonomy and its Relevance under WTO Law and for its Conceptualization A. Regulation: its Notion, Rationales, Instruments and Convergence.......................................... I. The Notion of Regulation........................................................................................................ II. Rationales for Regulation......................................................................................................... III. Instruments of Regulation........................................................................................................ IV. Regulatory Convergence since the
1980s............................................................................... 17 17 18 20 20 B. Benefits of Domestic Regulation and Regulatory Diversity....................................................... I. Legitimacy and Self-determination.......................................................................................... II. Non-Economic Policy Choices................................................................................................ III. Constitutional Functions......................................................................................................... IV. Regulatory Competition........................................................................................................... V. Reconciling International Regulationand Regulatory Competition?................................... 22 22 23 24 24 26 C. The Specific Threats to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy in Regulating Trade in Services ... I. Peculiarities of Regulating Trade in Services Compared to Trade in Goods.................... II. The Complexity of Regulating Services.................................................................................. III. Consequences for the International Regulation of Trade in Services and its Drawbacks on Regulatory Autonomy........................................................................................................ IV. In Particular: GATS and DomesticRegulation...................................................................... V.
Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 29 29 32 D. Interpreting WTO Core Disciplines means Allocating Regulatory Jurisdiction among Trading Nations............................................................................................................................. I. Conceptualization of WTO Disciplines as an Allocation of Jurisdiction........................... II. Interpretation of WTO law as Choice between the Country of Origin or the Country of Destination Principle................................................................................................................ III. Choices for the Interpretation of Core WTORules............................................................... E. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 33 36 37 39 39 40 44 46 Chapter 2 Identifying Determinants for Intrusion into Domestic Regulatory Autonomy and Their Mechanisms: Lessons from the EU A. The Usefulness of a comparison to the EU for an Analysis of the WTO............................... B. A Very Brief Account of Core Achievements of EU Law.......................................................... I. Substantial and Progressing Transfer of Competences and Continuous Expansion of Secondary Law.......................................................................................................................... 49 51 51 VII
Table of Contents Table of Contents II. Dynamic and Purposive Conception of EU Competences, and Direct Effect of EU Law having Priority over Domestic Law...................................................................................... III. From Fundamental Freedom Non-Discrimination to Bans against Any Impediment to Trade, and its Consequences (Mutual Recognition, Country of Origin Principle, Expansion of Justifications)..................................................................................................... IV. Importance of Judicia! Law-Making, and of the Substantial Role of the Individual in EU law............................................................................................................................................... V. Elements preserving the Regulatory Autonomy of EU Member States.............................. 52 53 56 59 C. Caveat on Transferring Lessons from the EU: Differences between EU and WTO.............. I. Limited Finality of the WTO................................................................................................... II. WTO Poor Decision Making Structures, and their Consequences for the Role of the Judiciary..................................................................................................................................... III. Consequences of the WTO’s Institutional Structure: Negative Integration and Careful Interpretive Approaches.......................................................................................................... IV. The Rok of the Individual in WTO
Law.............................................................................. 61 61 D. Conclusion: Consequences for the further Development of the WTO’s legal matrix........... 75 63 66 71 Chapter 3 Determinants of the Influence on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy: Conceiving Core Principles of WTO Law for the Benefit of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy A. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... B. Interpretation and Application of WTO core rules and the “Finality” of the WTO............. I. Constitutional Concepts of the WTO................................................................................... 1. The liberal model.................................................................................................................. 2. The governance model.......................................................................................................... 3. The coordinated interdependence model.......................................................................... 4. Conclusion............................................................................................................................. II. The WTO: A mere trade agreement?..................................................................................... 1. WTO objectives according to thetext................................................................................. 2. Objectives in the subsequent treaty practice...................................................................... 3.
Institutional Changes corresponding to non-trade objectives......................................... III. Objection: Non-economic concerns as mere “exceptions”?................................................ IV. WTO non-trade objectives....................................................................................................... V. WTO’s object(ive) and purpose: Neither free trade nor deregulation, but trade liberal isation according to defined disciplines that balance conflicting interests........................ VI. Consequences for the Interpretation of WTO law................................................................. 1. Exceptions provide for WTO objectives, reflect the respect for regulatory heteroge neity and must not be interpreted narrowly...................................................................... 2. Unbiased balancing does not privilege trade interests and makes way for deference to national concepts................................................................................................................... 3. Objective Balancing considers Policies under Contemporary Circumstances............... 4. Objective Balancing gives a Role to Non-WTO International Law................................ C. The Notion of Non-Discrimination............................................................................................. I. Theories of Non-Discrimination from the Perspective of Regulatory Autonomy............ 1. Wide versus Narrow Conceptions of Non-Discrimination and Regulatory Autonomy 2. The three basic Alternatives in
Interpreting Non-Discrimination, and their Effect on Domestic Regulation............................................................................................................. a) Market Access Rule: Non-Discrimination as Prohibition of any Restriction of Trade and Market Access................................................................................................ b) Formal Concept: Non-Discrimination as Prohibition of any Distinctive Treatment c) Material Concept: Non-Discrimination as Prohibition of Unjustified Distinctive Treatment.......................................................................................................................... d) Assessing the three Concepts.......................................................................................... aa) Wording of the Non-DiscriminationProvisions..................................................... bb) Impact on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy........................................................... VIII 79 81 81 83 84 86 88 89 89 92 93 94 95 98 101 102 103 104 106 109 109 109 110 111 111 112 լ 12 113 114 cc) Lessons from the EU and Likeness in WTO non-discrimination....................... 116 dd) Conclusion.................................................................................................................. H6 3. The Elements of the Non-Discrimination Test and the Role of Likeness..................... 117 a) WTO Non-Discrimination as an Equality Rule............................................................ 117 b) Essence of Equality and the Structure of WTO Non-
Discrimination provisions..... 118 4. Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 121 II. Non-discrimination in most-favoured nation(MFN) rules.................................................. 121 1. Interpretation of MFN non-discrimination....................................................................... 122 a) Wording: Formal Non-Discrimination Concept?......................................................... 122 b) GATT and WTO Practice: Towards Material Non-Discrimination.......................... 123 c) Oscillating between Formal and Material Non-Discrimination................................. 127 2. De facto discrimination....................................................................................................... 128 3. Likeness.................................................................................................................................. 130 III. Non-discrimination in NationalTreatment rules.................................................................. 132 1. Object and purpose of NT Non-Discrimination.............................................................. 133 2. National Treatment and Domestic Policies....................................................................... 135 3. Concept of National Treatment (1): Fiscal National Treatment in Article IIL2 GATT 136 a) State of Case Law: Different Non-Discrimination standards in the first and the second
Sentence................................................................................................................ 136 b) Different Standards of National Treatment and their Responsiveness to Regulatory Intentions.......................................................................................................................... 140 aa) First Sentence: Formal Non-Discrimination........................................................... 140 bb) Second Sentence: Towards Material Non-Discrimination.................................... 141 cc) The Impact of Likeness............................................................................................ 142 c) Strengthening the Domestic Regulatory Prerogative: The Aims and Effects Test as Material Non-Discrimination Concept.......................................................................... 143 4. Concept of National Treatment (2): Regulatory National Treatment in Article 111:4 GATT, Article 2.1 TBT Agreement, and Article XVII GATS......................................... 147 a) Structure and Wording of the NT provisions.............................................................. 147 b) State of Case Law: De jure and de facto Detrimental Impact on Competitive Conditions......................................................................................................................... 149 c) Different Detrimental Impact Standards, and their Responsiveness to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy: Individual Product Comparison versus Asymmetric Group
Effects................................................................................................................................ 131 d) From Formal to Material Non-Discrimination: Reappearance of the debate about inherent j ustifications....................................................................................................... 155 aa) The impact of EC - Asbestos, and its most recent re-interpretation by EC Seal Products.............................................................................................................. 156 bb) Post Asbestos Cases: Dominican Republic, Biotech, Clove Cigarettes, and the partial refutation by Seal Products........................................................................... 160 e) Material Notion of Non Discrimination versus Necessity or Reasonableness Standard............................................................................................................................. 121 aa) No Inherent Proportionality Check......................................................................... 171 bb) No Reasonableness Test............................................................................................ 176 cc) Non-Discrimination and Articles 2.2 TBT/SPS Agreements................................ 177 f) Summary: The Notion of “No Less Favourable” Treatment in NT Rules................. 180 5. Material Notion of Non-Discrimination and Likeness Distinctions based on PPMs.... 185 a) Likeness of Services and Service Suppliers.................................................................... 185 b)
Likeness of Goods and PPM............................................................................................ 186 c) PPM Case Law.................................................................................................................. 187 d) Market Based Likeness..................................................................................................... 188 e) Market Based Likeness and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy.................................... 189 f) Objections Against Considering PPMs.......................................................................... 191 g) The Anti-PPM Rationale................................................................................................. 192 h) PPMs and TBT Disciplines............................................................................................. 194 IV. Conclusion on the Notion of Non-Discrimination in WTO law....................................... 196 1. Applying a Material Notion of Non-Discrimination within the Treatment Standard.. 196 IX
Table of Contents Table of Contents 2. Neither a Ban against any Impediment to Trade, nor a Necessity or Reasonableness Standard................................................................................................................................. 200 3. Objections against a Material Non-Discrimination.......................................................... 202 4. Burden of Proof..................................................................................................................... 204 D. Market Access Rules...................................................................................................................... I. Per se Prohibitions of Domestic Measures in Article XI GATT and Article XIV GATS and domestic regulatory autonomy....................................................................................... II. Demarcation between Article III GATT and Article XI GATT.......................................... 1. Same Rationale, but different Tests..................................................................................... 2. Inconsistent Case Law on the Scope of Article III versus Article XI GATT................. 3. In particular: The Ad Note to Article III GATT and PPMs.......................................... III. Demarcation between Article XVI and Article XVII GATS............................................... 1. Delineating Articles XVI and XVII GATS in the same way as Articles III and XI
GATT..................................................................................................................................... 2. Objections against transferring the interpretive logic for the demarcation of Article III and XI GATT to Article XVI and XVII GATS................................................................. 3. Conclusion on the demarcation between Article XVI GATS and Article XVII GATS from the perspective of domestic reguktory autonomy.................................................. IV. Conclusion: Conceptualising Market Access and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy........ 206 E. Conceptualising Exceptions Provisions....................................................................................... I. Interpreting Exceptions in WTO Law in Favour of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy..... 1. Exceptions: Confirming Regulatory Autonomy and Requiring a More Principled Reasoning............................................................................................................................... 2. The doub!e-edged Structure of Exceptions: A Threat to Regulatory Autonomy.......... 3. Undue Restraints to Exception Provisions......................................................................... II. Expanding the Closed List of Regulatory Objectivesin Justification Clauses..................... III. Cross-Agreement Application of General Exceptions?........................................................ IV. The Notion of “Necessary”...................................................................................................... 1. The notion
of “necessary”: Less restrictiveness test or weighing and balancing?......... a) Introducing Weighing and Balancing........................................................................... b) How does balancing and weighing proceed?................................................................ c) Defining the level of protection, and the dual standard of the weighing and balancing test..................................................................................................................... d) Critique of the weighing and balancing test: fragile legitimacy of the WTO judiciary............................................................................................................................. 2. Conclusion: the Notion of “necessary” from the Perspective of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy.............................................................................................................................. 3. Burden of Proof.................................................................................................................... V. The Chapeau as a unifying Necessity Test?......................................................................... VI. The Chapeau: The Final Litmus Test for Domestic Regulatory Autonomy....................... VII. Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 229 229 206 211 211 212 217 218 219 221 225 227 230 234 237 239 243 246 250 25! 255 259 262 264 265 269 272 278 F. Conclusion: Conceptualising Core Principles for
the Benefit of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy, and Identifying the Determinants for the Impact of WTO Law.......................... 281 Chapter 4 Determinants of the WTO’s Influence on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy: Standardisation, Recognition Requirements, and Harmonisation A. Restraining Regulatory Autonomy: Harmonisation, Standardisation, and Mutual Recogni tion................................................................................................................................................... B. The Need for and the Basic Structures of International Rationality Requirements and Regulatory Concepts...................................................................................................................... I. The Confines of Non-Discrimination.................................................................................... II. Disciplining Domestic Regulation byRationality Requirements......................................... III. Disciplining Domestic Regulation byInternational Regulatory Conceptions...................... X 285 C. Harmonisation from the outside: International Standards under the TBT and the SPS Agreement....................................................................................................................................... I. International Standards as Basis for Domestic Regulation.................................................. 1. “Use as Basis” is not “Conforming to”............................................................................... 2. Which kind of Relationship
then?.................................................................................... II. Deviation from International Standards................................................................................ 1. Requirements for deviation.................................................................................................. 2. Complying or Being Challenged, OR neither Complying nor Being Challenged?....... 3. Minimum standards?............................................................................................................ III. Requirements for International Standards............................................................................ IV. Conclusion: Harmonisation by International Standards and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy................................................................................................................................. 296 296 296 299 301 301 303 304 304 307 D. Rationality Requirement: Risk Assessment under the SPS Agreement................................... I. Science and Risk Assessment according to Article 5.1 to 5.5 SPS Agreement.................. !. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: Factors................................................................. 2. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: Flexibility in Methodology................................. 3. The Requirement of Risk Assessment refers to Actual and Specific Risks................... 4. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: the WTO judiciary as final arbiter about issues of
science................................................................................................................................ 5. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: Considerable Incentive but no Obligation to comply with International Standards................................................................................. II. Determination of Appropriate Level of Protection.............................................................. III. Not More Trade Restrictive than Required: Article 5.6’s Necessity Test........................... IV. Conceptualising Risk Assessment in view of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy................ 1. Preliminary Results: Risk Assessment and the Determination of the Level of Protec tion.......................................................................................................................................... 2. Scientific Requirements of Risk Assessment versus Diverse Approaches to Risks....... 3. Standard of Review and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy............................................... a) Different Standards of Review and their Interference with Domestic Regulatory Autonomy......................................................................................................................... b) In Search of the Right Standard for Reviewing Risk Assessment in SPS cases........ c) Critique.............................................................................................................................. d) Standard of Review re Necessity of Article 5.6 SPS Agreement................................. V.
Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 312 312 313 314 315 E. Procedural Harmonisation............................................................................................................ F. Recognition and Equivalency Requirements.............................................................................. I. Mutual Recognition and DomesticRegulatory Autonomy................................................... II. WTO Recognition Provisions.................................................................................................. III. Equivalence Recognition by virtue of Necessity Requirements?......................................... IV. Conclusion: Recognition Rules and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy............................... 339 343 343 345 347 351 G. Harmonization from within: WTO “secondary law” and soft law.......................................... I. Harmonization by WTO Committees providing for implementation rules..................... 1. The normative value of Committee rules........................................................................... 2. WTO normative competences: Article 12.1 SPS Agreement as an enabling provision? 3. Alternative Ways for Legal Relevance of Committee Acts............................................... II. Harmonization by enacting disciplines on domestic regulation: Article VI:4 GATS....... 1. Article VI:4 GATS and domesticsovereignty.................................................................... 2. Elaborate
disciplines............................................................................................................. 3. Legal status of disciplines..................................................................................................... 353 354 354 356 358 364 364 366 368 316 317 318 321 324 324 326 328 328 330 334 335 337 H. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................... 371 289 289 290 293 XI
Table of Contents Chapter 5 Determinants of the WTO’s influence on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy: The Role of the WTO Judiciary, and the Significance of International (Non-WTO) Law A. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... B. The Standard of Review in WTO Law........................................................................................ I. Standard of Review and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy.................................................. II. Guidance on the Standard of Review in WTO provisions.................................................. III. Determinants for the Standard of Review............................................................................. 1. Functions of the Standard of Review.................................................................................. 2. Reviewing Legal versus Factual Issues................................................................................ 3. Allocation of Competence in Determining Facts............................................................. 4. Consequences for the Standard of Review........................................................................ IV. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 377 379 379 382 384 384 386 389 390 393 C. Burden of Proof.............................................................................................................................. I. Burden of Proof
versus Standard of Review......................................................................... II. Allocation of Burden of Proof in WTO law and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy......... III. Burden of Proof in WTO Law................................................................................................ 1. WTO Judicial Practice......................................................................................................... 2. Burden of Proof and Categorisation of Norms................................................................. 3. Critique of the Vital Importance of Categorisation.......................................................... IV. Enlarging Domestic Policy Space by Raising the Standard of Proof................................. V. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 395 395 396 397 397 400 403 406 408 D. Non-WTO International Law in WTO Dispute Settlement..................................................... I. Non-WTO International Law and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy................................. II. The Role and Use of non-WTO International Law in WTO Judicial Practice................. III. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 410 410 412 419 Bibliography......................................................................................................................................... 423 XII
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| spelling | Weiß, Wolfgang 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)120401878 aut WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy by Wolfgang Weiß München C.H. Beck 2020 Oxford Hart Baden-Baden Nomos XIII, 441 Seiten 24 cm x 16 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Regulatory Handelsrecht Internationaler Handel Autonomy National Verlag C.H. Beck (DE-588)1023902869 pbl Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031332720&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Weiß, Wolfgang 1966- WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy |
| title | WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy |
| title_auth | WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy |
| title_exact_search | WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy |
| title_full | WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy by Wolfgang Weiß |
| title_fullStr | WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy by Wolfgang Weiß |
| title_full_unstemmed | WTO law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy by Wolfgang Weiß |
| title_short | WTO law and domestic regulation |
| title_sort | wto law and domestic regulation exploring the determinants for the impact of the wto on domestic regulatory autonomy |
| title_sub | exploring the determinants for the impact of the WTO on domestic regulatory autonomy |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031332720&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weißwolfgang wtolawanddomesticregulationexploringthedeterminantsfortheimpactofthewtoondomesticregulatoryautonomy AT verlagchbeck wtolawanddomesticregulationexploringthedeterminantsfortheimpactofthewtoondomesticregulatoryautonomy |