The archaeology of the Holocaust: Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels
In the summer of 2016 acclaimed archaeologist Richard Freund and his team made news worldwide when they discovered an escape tunnel from the Ponar burial pits in Lithuania. This Holocaust site where more than 100,000 people perished is usually remembered for the terrible devastation that happened th...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Rowman & Littlefield
[2019]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | In the summer of 2016 acclaimed archaeologist Richard Freund and his team made news worldwide when they discovered an escape tunnel from the Ponar burial pits in Lithuania. This Holocaust site where more than 100,000 people perished is usually remembered for the terrible devastation that happened there. In the midst of this devastation, the discovery of an escape tunnel reminds us of the determination and tenacity of the people in the camp and the hope they continued to carry. The Archaeology of the Holocaust takes readers out to the field with Freund and his multi-disciplinary research group as they uncover the evidence of the Holocaust, focusing on sites in Lithuania, Poland, and Greece in the past decade. Using forensic detective work, Freund tells the micro- and macro-histories of sites from the Holocaust as his team covers excavations and geo-physical surveys done at four sites in Poland, four sites in Rhodes, and 15 different sites in Lithuania with comparisons of some of the work done at other sites in Eastern Europe. The book contains testimonies of survivors, photographs, information about a variety of complementary geo-science techniques, and information gleaned from pin-point excavations. It serves as an introduction to the Holocaust and explains aspects of the culture lost in the Holocaust through the lens of archaeology and geo-science. -- |
| Beschreibung: | xxii, 273 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9781538102664 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV045892272 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20220811 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 190521s2019 xx a||| b||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781538102664 |c hbk. |9 978-1-5381-0266-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1119017247 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV045892272 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-M352 | ||
| 084 | |a HIST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 084 | |a v 10.1 |2 ifzs | ||
| 084 | |a n 93 |2 ifzs | ||
| 084 | |a v 74.7 |2 ifzs | ||
| 084 | |a n 10.1 |2 ifzs | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Freund, Richard A. |d 1955-2022 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1175973653 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The archaeology of the Holocaust |b Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels |c Richard A. Freund |
| 264 | 1 | |a Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London |b Rowman & Littlefield |c [2019] | |
| 300 | |a xxii, 273 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a What If: Geoscience and Archaeology -- Discoveries in the Archaeology of the Holocaust -- An Archaeological Discovery "Hidden" in Plain Sight -- The significance of tunnels: geoscience and archaeology from the ancient world to the Holocaust -- Why I Came to Rhodes -- The Secret of Jewish Rhodes -- The Origins of the "Final Solution" in a Forest and a Fort in Lithuania -- The Road to Vilna -- An Altruistic Nazi and the Descendants of Hope -- Why the Discovery of the "Holocaust Escape Tunnel" Gives the World Hope | |
| 520 | 3 | |a In the summer of 2016 acclaimed archaeologist Richard Freund and his team made news worldwide when they discovered an escape tunnel from the Ponar burial pits in Lithuania. This Holocaust site where more than 100,000 people perished is usually remembered for the terrible devastation that happened there. In the midst of this devastation, the discovery of an escape tunnel reminds us of the determination and tenacity of the people in the camp and the hope they continued to carry. The Archaeology of the Holocaust takes readers out to the field with Freund and his multi-disciplinary research group as they uncover the evidence of the Holocaust, focusing on sites in Lithuania, Poland, and Greece in the past decade. Using forensic detective work, Freund tells the micro- and macro-histories of sites from the Holocaust as his team covers excavations and geo-physical surveys done at four sites in Poland, four sites in Rhodes, and 15 different sites in Lithuania with comparisons of some of the work done at other sites in Eastern Europe. The book contains testimonies of survivors, photographs, information about a variety of complementary geo-science techniques, and information gleaned from pin-point excavations. It serves as an introduction to the Holocaust and explains aspects of the culture lost in the Holocaust through the lens of archaeology and geo-science. -- | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1939-1945 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Judenvernichtung |g Motiv |0 (DE-588)4122228-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Judenvernichtung |0 (DE-588)4073091-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schauplatz |0 (DE-588)4179437-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Osteuropa |0 (DE-588)4075739-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Litauen |0 (DE-588)4074266-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Rhodos |0 (DE-588)4049859-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1939-1945 | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Litauen |0 (DE-588)4074266-0 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Polen |0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Rhodos |0 (DE-588)4049859-1 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Archäologie |0 (DE-588)4002827-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Judenvernichtung |g Motiv |0 (DE-588)4122228-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Osteuropa |0 (DE-588)4075739-0 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Judenvernichtung |0 (DE-588)4073091-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Schauplatz |0 (DE-588)4179437-0 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1939-1945 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-5381-0267-1 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |n DHB | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20190925 | |
| 940 | 1 | |q DHB_BSB_FID | |
| 940 | 1 | |q DHB_IFZ | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09044 |g 43 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 930.1 |e 22/bsb |g 495 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 930.1 |e 22/bsb |g 4793 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909.04924 |e 22/bsb |f 09044 |g 4793 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909.04924 |e 22/bsb |f 09044 |g 495 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909.04924 |e 22/bsb |f 09044 |g 438 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 930.1 |e 22/bsb |g 438 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031275276 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1818420811932893184 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents List ofPhotos vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii 1 What If: Geoscience and Archaeology 2 Discoveries in the Archaeology of the Holocaust 27 3 An Archaeological Discovery “Hidden” in Plain Sight 47 4 The Significance of Tunnels: Geoscience and Archaeology from the Ancient World to the Holocaust 81 5 Why I Came to Rhodes 97 6 The Secret ofJewish Rhodes 119 7 The Origins of the “Final Solution” in a Forest and a Fort in Lithuania 141 8 The Road to Vilna 165 9 An Altruistic Nazi and the Descendants of Hope 193 Why the Discovery of the “Holocaust Escape Tunnel” Gives the World Hope 213 10 1 Notes 245 Selected Bibliography 251 Index 259 About the Author 273 v
Index Adam (adamah), 245nl aediculae (shrines), 102, 135-37 aerial photography: death camps and, 22-23, 23, 24; drones for, 81 Aktion 1005, 7, 96, 219 altruism: archaeology and moral, 204; existence of, 205; of Plagge, 71, 195֊ 202, 204-7, 209-10, 212, 242 Amir, Hannah, 226, 239 amphorae, 119, 120, 121-22 The Ancient Synagogue (Levine), 137-38 Arad, Ytzhak, 246n3 Arav, Rami, 49, 51, 119 Arendt, Hannah, 246n6 arks: interview on KS, 117; KS anomaly of, 31-32, 101-2,103\ Sephardic Jewry and, 103, 103-4; testimonies on synagogue, 117; Torah, 102, 103, 104,172; VGJSM with, 172, 177 artifacts, 19-20 Ashkenazic Jewry: Great Vilna Synagogue as, 33, 38—39, 111—12 Auschwitz: crematoria, 90; as death camp, 113-14; Drancy convoy to, 92-93; Fort IX equivalent to, 7; Frank bookending with, 44—45; Nazis destroying, 10; Ponar, Vilnius on par with, 215-16, 216\ reconstruction of, 13; Rhodes Jews to, 32, 74,104,106, 112-14 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 15, 45 Awad, Nicole, 28, 29 Babylonian Exile, 138-39 Bar Kokhba, 86, 154, 205 Batei-Knesset (gathering places), 138 batei midrash (great study houses), 168-70 bathhouses (bod)\ daily rituals in, 187, 188, 189; excavation of Vilna Synagogue, 178-92, 179,185,188, 19T, Jewish culture and, 109-10, 181-82; mikveh/mikvaot different from, 190; of Rhodes, 117; Vilna Synagogue with, 145, 148 Baubonis, Zenonas, 165 Bauman, Paul, 227, 227-28, 230, 231 Belzee, Poland, 10—11, 13-14, 232, 232 Bern, Marek, 11, 18 Bendigamos (Blessed Are We), 116-17 Bensimon, Ken, 84-85 Bernhard, Irene, 75 Bethsaida, Israel, 61; Arav and, 49, 51, 119; Bedouin leader on, 35-36;
earthquakes and, 49, 51, 60, 84; GPR for, 48, 48-51; international 259
260 Index trade center, 121; mikveh in, 182; Rhodes ceramic pots at, 119, 120, 121; Rhodes connected with, 121-22 Beth Shearim burial caves, 134—35,135 the Bible: on cremation, 222; “D” and “R” in Hebrew, 125-26; earthquakes in, 51; escape tunnels in, 84; Jerusalem acquired in, 40 bimah (Torah-reading altar), 146-47, 147, 173-74 Black Plague, 153, 161-62 Blatt, Thomas “Torvi,” 20, 242 Blessed Are We {Bendigamos), 116-17 blood libel, 112, 153 bod (bathhouse), defined, 181 The Book Smugglers (Fishman), 178 Burgos, Spain, 87 burial pits, 143, 218՛, aerial photographs on mass, 22-23, 23, 24՛, Eastern Europe locals and, 231; fiiel depots originating, 220, 227; Nazi killings in, 220; of Ponar, 145, 234; tunnel from, 219-24, 227, 227, 230, 2ЪЬ. See also Pit #6 Burning Brigades: cremations by, 7, 220; evidence collected by, 222; on “figures,” 235; Fort IX escape by, 8—9, 96; scavenging and burning by, child capture order (Kinderaktion), 202, 207 children: descendants as, 212, 238-40, 24T, hidden, 64, 65; Holocaust world of, 209; Kinderaktion rounding up, 202, 207; malinęs hiding, 207-9, 208՛, survivors with, 36-37, 65-66, 117 Chmielnicki pogroms, 154 Christianity, 153-54, 171-72, 186 Church of the Victory, Rhodes: first synagogue site, 101, 106; micro superimposition site, 109-10 clausum (closed), 169 Cohen, Carmen, 102 Cohen, Nissim, 97-99, 98 Cohen, Rachel, 97-99, 98 Cohn, Karoline, 14—15 Colls, Caroline Sturdy, 245n2 Colossus of Rhodes, 131-32 Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, US, 13 created hiding places {malinęs), 198 cremation: Aktion 1005
ordering, 7, 96, 219; Auschwitz, Sobibor and, 90; the Bible on, 222; by Burning Brigades, 7; crimes hidden with, 44; Jewish objection to, 222; at Ponar, 235; Soviets and sites of, 9 221-22 Cave of Letters, Dead Sea, 58-59, 221; HKP 562 like, 195; second-century letters and, 205 caves: Beth Shearim burial, 134-35, 135; GPR and ERT for, 59—60; IP and Nazareth, 229; Letters and Dead Sea, 58-59, 195, 205, 221; resistance using, 221 cemeteries: dignified burials in, 70, 72, 161, 204; of Kos, 117; Kovno Jewish, 95-96, 145; no development and Jewish, 61; Rhodes and Jewish, 101, 111; students and prayer at, 233-34. See also graves Chelmo, Poland, 13 Dachau, 78-79 Daubaras, Mantas, 192 Dawidowicz, Lucy S., 245n2 Dead Sea: Bar Kokhba, 86, 154, 205; Cave of Letters, 58-59, 195, 205, 221; Qumran, 60-70; scrolls of, 83, 174; second-century letters and, 205 death camps: aerial photographs of, 22-23, 23, 24՛, Auschwitz, 113-14; small keys at, 19-20 deicide, 153 Delos, Greece, 124, 128, 139 DEMs. See digital elevation models descendants of hope, 212, 238-40, 241՛, Holocaust Escape Tunnel for, 213, 225, 227, 238
Index De Vecchi, Cesare Maria, 111 devoid of Jews {Judenrein), 111 Diasporas: allowed sites in, 108; Jerusalem versions from, 40-41; of Jews, 34; mikveb of, 153; rabbis emerging in, 152; of Rhodesii, 101, 117-18; Synagogue Judaism from, 151; synagogues in, 137 digital elevation models (DEMs), 83 dignity of the dead (Kavod Hamet), 70 Dombé, Sabina, 239 doors: arks near, 31-32, 101-2,103; Dura-Europos Synagogue showing, 134-37, 135, 137՛, Herod’s Temple with central, 134, 2J5; Torah ark, 172 drafted margin stones, 132,133, 134 Drancy, Paris, 92-93 drone photography, 81 Dugin, Itzhak, 220-22, 224, 236, 239, 242 Dura-Europos Synagogue, Syria, 13437, 135, 137 earthquakes: Bethsaida with, 49, 51, 60, 84; in the Bible, 51; Judea influenced by, 130-31; Rhodes and, 102, 130-32 EDM. See electronic distance measurement Egyptian Jewish community, 138 electrical resistivity tomography (ERT): bullet holes guiding, 204; cave use of, 59-60; destroyed layers and, 107; excavations and maps from, 6, 6-9, 67, 69; find and verify with, 228-29; Fort VII mass burial by, 62; Great Synagogue photos helping, 174-75; mass burials and, 54; oil and gas industry developing, 58-59; Ponar tunnel and, 238; subsurface mapped with, 52, 53, 54, 59, 67; tunnel search with, 217, 218, 223, 228-29, 238; workings of, 57-58. See also induced polarization 261 electronic distance measurement (EDM), 217, 218, 219 elementary schools {heder), 168 Eliach, Yaffa, 187, 189 Embers Pluckedfrom the Fire (Fishman), 177 Ephorate of Antiquities of Rhodes, 32, 109 ERT. See electrical resistivity tomography escapes, 225; Dugin and
Vilna, 220-22, 224, 236, 239, 242; from Fort IX, 94-96, 95, 220, 246n4; Jewish Soviets and, 89-90; Nowogrodek and tunnel, 93-94; Pechersky, 90; Ponar tunnel, 96, 221-24, 227, 236, 239, 242; small spaces and planning, 21; Stalag Luft III, 224; testimonies about, 91; tunnels for, 84-85, 89-92, 96, 222-23; WorleyParsons discovering tunnel, 229, 230. See also Holocaust Escape Tunnel Esterowicz, Samuel, 203, 206 ethnic markers: mikveh as, 183; tunnels as Jewish, 85-87; will to survive as, 221 evidence, 3, 11; Burning Brigades collecting, 222; Jewish history and Holocaust, 2, 4-5; Nazis destroying, 10, 44, 92, 235; not destroyed, 231; Soviets collecting, 10 excavations: geoscience and maps of, 6, 6-9, 67, 69; GPR for, 67; GPRSLICE for, 55-56; of Great Vilna bathhouse, 178-92, 179,185,188, 191·, Great Vilna Synagogue and potential, 175; human remains and, 4, 10-11; memorials created in, 12-13; mikveh/mikvaot and, 191, 191՛, military style, 10; noninvasive, 70; Soviets and, 6, 6-8 executions. See killing fields exterminations: Kaunas for increasing, 63-64; small spaces for systematized, 21, 23; Treblinka for, 89
262 Index Faitelson, Alex, 94 Färber, Yuri, 220, 224, 236, 242 Final Solution, 42-44; Lithuania first in, 141, 143, 216; Treblinka part of, 89 Fishman, David, 177, 178 forensic anthropology, 9-10 Fort IV, 12 Fort IX, Kaunas, Lithuania, 242; as Auschwitz equivalent, 7; Drancy convoy to, 92-93; escape film, 246n4; Faitelson escaping, 94; geoscience and maps of, 6, 6-9, 61, 67, 69; Kovno killing in, 7, 95-96, 145; Ponar escape inspired by, 96, 223-24, 227·, second investigation at, 11-12; Soviet archaeologists and, 8; tunnel escape from, 94—95, 95, 220 Fort VII, Kaunas, Lithuania: geoscience maps of, 61; mass burials mapped at, 58, 62; neighbors and killing wall of, 66; Nemenchik surviving, 53, 64-67, 65, 242; Star of David monument at, 58, 62 fourth investigation, 14 Frank, Anne: Auschwitz bookending with, 44-45; diary influence of, 158֊ 59; Olkin similar to, 157; relative of, 14-15 Gaon of Vilna: kloyz of, 151, 169; as modern Jewish embodiment, 151; Solomon as, 148-50,149-, statue of, 150 gathering places (Batei-Knesset), 138 Gediminas, 152-53 Gens, Ada, 75, 242 Gens, Jacob, 203, 242; DNA testing on, 80; eyewitness testimonies on, 74—79 geographic information system (GIS), 83 geoscience: ancient and Holocaust uses of, 41; with archaeology, 115; archaeology after, 48, 51-52; earlier history shown by, 62, 62-63; gas and oil industries using, 228; Great Vilna Synagogue and, 147, 247; higher perspective with, 20; history, archaeology with, 33-34, 240; Lidar for, 14; malinęs with, 201, 206-7; maps and, 6, 6-9, 61, 67, 69; for marking, 61-62, 157; mass burials found with, 201-2;
Nazi photos for, 25; as noninvasive archaeology, 69, 167; Olkin grave with, 157; periodic checkups with, 83; Ponar and Total Stations, 217, 218, 219; Qumran graves identified by, 60—70; subsurface maps and, 52, 53, 54, 59, 67; in third investigation, 13; tunnels and, 81, 217; uses of, 51-52; “what if’ answered by, 1-2; WorleyParsons supporting, 58 Geoscience, Part I, 13 Geoscience, Part II, 14 ghettos: Jewish history in, 109-10; Jewish history preserved by, 62; Plagge creating, 200-201 GIS. See geographic information system Gol, Abe, 239 Gol, Schiomo, 221, 239, 242 Good, Michael, 198-200, 206 Goodman, Dean, 115 good Nazi, 193-95, 198-99 The Good Nazi, 199, 200 GPR. See ground-penetrating radar GPR-SLICE: data evaluated by, 81; excavations after, 55-56; Goodman director of, 115 graves: accountability on, 13; Olkin, 157; Qumran, 60-70 Great Aktion, 96 great study houses {hatéi midrash), 168-70 Great Synagogue and Shulhoyf, Vilnus, 67, 68՛, as Ashkenazic Jewry, 33; bathhouse and mikvaot of, 147, 184,188,190; bathhouse excavation, 178-92,179,185,188, 191; bathhouse plans of, 186, 188՛,
Index bathhouses of, 145, 148; bimah of, 146-47,147, 173-74; building of, 169-72; Christians plundering, 171-72; Christian Vingrių springs and, 186; columns, pillars, naves of, 173, 175; excavation potential on, 175; GPR, ERT and photos of, 174—75; GPR and searching for, 28, 28-30; height restriction on, 145-46, 146; international archaeology on, 168; iron gates of, 169; as Jerusalem of Lithuania, 148-49; mikvaot of, 147; Nazis capturing, 178; NOVA documentary on, 145-46, 173; public clocks at, 148; Ramayles Yeshiva, 165-66,166\ re-creation of, 110, 146, 146-47; rescued artifacts from, 175,176,177; secret of, 170-71,171-, Soviets building over, 12, 30, 143, 146, 170, 174,197; uniqueness of, 143,144, 145; water and, 180,182 Greco-Romans, 122, 129 Greece, 35, 111-13; Delos, 124, 128, 139. See also Kos; Rhodes ground-penetrating radar (GPR), 53, 73; for Bethsaida, 48, 48-51; bullet holes guiding, 204; cave use of, 59-60; destroyed layers and, 107; excavations and maps from, 6, 6-9, 61, 67, 69; find and verify with, 228-29; Fort VII mass burial by, 58, 62; Great Vilna Synagogue and, 28, 28-30, 174-75; Holocaust Escape Tunnel and Ultra, 81-82; Jol using, 28, 28-29; at Luta, 15-17; mass burials and, 54—56; maximum depth of, 53-54; photos and, 174—75; Ponar tunnel and, 238; reading expertise on, 56-57; right angles shown by, 56; Sea of Galilee with, 47-51, 48; students learning, 54—55; third investigation using, 13; 3-D maps from, 57; tunnel search with, 81, 217; WWII beginnings of, 47-48 Guzenberg, Irina, 194,197 263 Haimi, Yoram, 14-15, 73-74 hamam (Turkish bathhouse), 117
Handler, Sidney, 200-201, 204, 206, 212 Hasmoneans, 124 Hasson, Aron, 118, 242 heder (elementary schools), 168 Herod the Great: central Temple doors and, 134, 135; Judea and Rhodes building by, 129-31; Temples of Jerusalem and Apollo by, 130, 132, 133, 134 heroism: Holocaust with, 241; Pechersky and, 90 Heydrich, Reinhard, 43 Himmelfahrstrasse (way to heaven), 19, 21 A History ofJewish Rhodes (Menasce), 247nl HKP 562, Vilna, 145; buildings standing at, 197; creation and hiding in, 206-7; differences of, 209; Esterowicz surviving, 203, 206; executions at, 198; Handler surviving, 200-201, 204, 206, 212; malinęs of, 198-99, 200, 205, 207; mass burials at, 198, 201, 206; memorial service at, 210-12, 211՝, Plagge and, 71,195-207, 209-10, 212, 242; skilled labor of, 71, 196; SS and, 203-4; testimonies on, 197; of World War II, 193-94,194 The H.K.P. Jewish Labor Camp (Guzenberg), 197 Holocaust: deniers, 22-23, 225; naming of, 240-41; timing and extent of, 41-42 Holocaust Archaeologies (Colls), 245n2 Holocaust by bullets, 42, 66; HKP 562 as, 198; in small villages, 157 Holocaust Escape Tunnel, 242; descendants of hope and, 238-40, 241·, IP for identifying, 52; survivor testimonies about, 213, 225, 227, 238; UltraGPR searching for, 81-82; of Vilna, 214
264 Index house synagogues, 138 human remains, 4, 10-11 IAA. See Israel Antiquities Authority induced polarization (IP), 59; electricity and metal with, 52-53, 229-30; Holocaust Escape Tunnel identified by, 52; tunnels found by, 229-31, 230 intentionalist-functionalist, 42-43; ethics division over, 205; fimctionalist approach of, 245n3 interviews. See testimonies IP. See induced polarization Israel, 122, 165-66; Cave of Letters, Dead Sea, 58-59, 195, 205, 221; I Maccabees and, 100, 123-24; Nazareth and, 57, 180, 189, 229; Qumran and, 60-70; Rhodes and archaeology of, 130; Sea of Galilee and, 47-51, 48\ Second Temple and, 134-37,135,137; Temple of Jerusalem and, 126, 134-37, 135, 137, 151; Western Wall, 86-87, 87, 132, 133. See ako Bethsaida; Jerusalem Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), 165-66 Italy, 110,112-13 Jan (Polish land owner), 15-17, 16 Jarockis, Romas, 160, 192 Jerusalem: Diaspora and versions of, 40-41; Great Vilna Synagogue as, 148-49; Herod and Temple of, 130, 132,133, 134; as Jewish standard, 40-41; Rhodes as La Chica, 123, 139; Western Wall, 86-87, 87, 132, 133. See ako Temple ofJerusalem Jewish culture: bathhouse and, 109-10, 181-82, 187,188, 189; Belzee and dead in, 13-14; communal water well of, 189; cremation and, 222; ethnic markers, 85-87, 183, 221; Gaon of Vilna and, 151; Holocaust and experiencing, 210-11; Holocaust archaeology of, 190; Jerusalem as, 40-41; Vilna and, 150-51; before WWII, 18 Jewish Enlightenment, 76-77, 148, 186 Jewish exodus, 111-13 Jewish history, 13, 36; cemeteries and, 61; Colossus parts carried in, 131-32; Gediminas, 152-53;
geoscience, archaeology merging with, 33-34, 240; ghettos and, 62, 109-10; Greco-Roman literature on, 129; HKP and malinęs in, 198-99, 200, 205, 207; Holocaust ending, 2, 4-5, 32-33; Jerusalem status in, 40-41; Kaunas and Vilna as, 143; Kovno community in, 96; medieval, 178, 184-85, 185, 189, 245n2; Pale of Settlement in, 154; on Rhodes, 100-101, 128; Rhodes and archaeology in, 130; Rhodes and exodus in, 111, 113; Rhodes and Vilna as, 31; Rhodes kosher in, 122, 127; Rhodes paradise in, 9799, 98\ sites reused in, 108; towns and culture in, 17-18; Vilna cheap housing in, 195-96 Jews: Burning Brigades of, 7, 220; Christian edicts against, 153-54; as compliant, 246n6; Diasporas of, 34; Fort IX and killing of, 7, 95-96, 145; Lithuania and groups of, 152-53, 155, 168; as People of the Book, 178; Vilna influenced by, 38; WWII destroying, 39 Jol, Harry, 28, 28-29, 47, 161 Josephus, Flavius, 124, 128-30 Judaism: Diasporas and synagogue, 151; Italy and anti-, 112-13; menorah/ menorot symbol, 126-27 Judea: earthquake influence on, 130-31; Herod building in, 129-31; I Maccabees in, 123-24
Index Judenrat, 76 Judenrein (devoid of Jews), 111 Kagan, Joseph (Blaser), 221, 242 Kahal Grande Synagogue (KG), Rhodes: cultural microsuperimposition and, 107; dates of, 109; investigating, 101; multiple reconstructions of, 108; as Sephardic Jewry, 33, 38-39; synagogue and church in, 118 Kahal Shalom Synagogue (KS), Rhodes: arks anomaly in, 31-32, 101-2, 103; cultural micro-superimposition on, 107; dates of, 109; DuraEuropos Synagogue and, 134-37, 135, 137; earthquakes and arks of, 102; interview on ark of, 117; investigating, 101; as miniature temple, 136; reconstructions of, 108; as Sephardic Jewry, 33, 38-39 Kanterovich, David, 242 Kaunas, Lithuania: exterminations increasing at, 63-64; Final Solution starting at, 141, 143; Fort IV, 12; Jewish lives in, 143; Kovno as, 9596, 145; Sugihara and visas for, 204. See also Fort IX; Fort VII Kavod Hamet (dignity of the dead), 70 KG. See Kahal Grande Synagogue Khazars, 248n3 killing fields, 7; burial pits and Nazi, 220; Eastern Europe locals and, 231; HKP 562 as, 198; Kaunas, 7, 66, 95-96, 145; Olkin and map of, 160-61; Ponar, 43, 219; prisoners and SS in, 91 Kinderaktion (child capture order), 202, 207 kloyz/kloyzn (prayer halls), 169-70 Kola, Andrzej, 13, 22 Kos, Greece, 247n2; interviews on, 115, 117; Jews taken from, 32, 106, 114 kosher, 122, 127 265 Kovno, Lithuania, 96, 145. See also Kaunas, Lithuania Kristallnacht, 143 KS. See Kahal Shalom Synagogue Kukliansky, Faina, 168 labor and concentration camps, 15-17, 71, 196 Ladino, 38-40, 111-12, 115-16 landowners, 15-17,16 Levin, Vladimir, 172-73 Levine, Lee L, 137-38
Lichtenstern, Ruth (Tutti), 209 light detection and ranging (Lidar): broad features shown by, 82-83; geoscience using, 14; for Ponar tunnel, 216-17, 218 di Liscia, Benjamin (Capuano), 35, 37, 242 Lithuania, 28; Final Solution starting, 141, 143, 216; Fort IV, 12; Fort IX escape film of, 246n4; German “liberators” for, 44; Jews moving to, 152-53,155, 168; Kovno, 96, 145; Lithuanians explaining, 192; Litvaks of, 101, 167; Nazis distracting Soviets in, 43; Olkin story for, 157, 160; Panemunelis, 157-60, 159, 160, 242; Poland compared with, 14, 42; Rasu Prison, 74, 145; Rokiškis, 15660,159,16 , Silute, 145, 162-63; Trakas, 161; WWII changing, 158. See also Fort IX; Fort VII; Kaunas; Ponar (Paneriai), Vilnius; Vilna Litvaks (Lithuanian Jews), 101, 167 Luta, Poland, 15-17 Lutzk, 173 I Maccabees, 100, 123-24 magnetometers, 73 , 73, 81 Maimonides statue, 150 malinęs (created hiding places), 88-89; geoscience for finding, 201, 206-7; HKP 562 and, 198-200, 205, 207-9,
266 Index 208՛, Kinderaktion and, 202, 207; toy discovered in, 207-9, 208 Mallei, Giuseppe, 117-18,118, 242 maps: Bethsaida and, 49; ERT and subsurface, 52, 53, 54, 59, 67; Fort IX archaeology, 6, 6-9, 61, 67, 69; for future archaeology, 228; geoscience for, 61, 67; GPR producing 3-D, 57; hand-drawn to computer, 69; as history, 36-37, 62, 62-63; of mass burials, 62; no development zones marked on, 61-62; Sobibor and survivor, 225; Soviets producing, 6, 6-8; testimonies for Olkin, 160-61; for unchanging data, 218, 219 marking: of mikveh/mikvaot, mass burials, 157; as no development zones, 61-62 mass burials, 218՛, compaction formula for, 162; ERT for, 54; Fort VII with, 58, 62; geoscience for finding, 2012; GPR for, 54-56; helium balloons locating, 22-23, 23, 24՛, HKP 562 with, 198, 201, 206; individuals in midst of, 71; marking, 157; Sobibor, 20-21, 21, 92; Soviet, French, plague, 161-62; Star of David map of, 58, 62; undignified, 70, 72, 73; Vilna Gaon and, 74. See also burial pit Matulionis, Joseph, 158 Matzkin, Zalman, 242 McClymont, Alastair, 7, 63-64, 81, 227 medieval period: Holocaust from, 245n2; Jewish history of, 178; Jews and growth in, 189; mikveh/mikvaot of, 184-85,185 Memorialization Period, Part I, 12 Memorialization Period, Part II, 13 Menasce, Esther Fintz, 97, 99, 242, 247nl menorah/menorot (seven-branched candelabrum), 122-23, 126-27 micro-superimposition, 107-10, 169 mikveh/mikvaot (ritual baths), 117, 168, 181; archaeology finding, 191, 191; architectural structure of, 182-83; bathhouse different from, 190; in Bethsaida, 182; of Diasporas, 153; of Great
Vilna Synagogue, 147, 184, 188, 190; marking, 157; medieval, 184-85, 185; people making holy, 188, 190,191; snow allowed for, 186, 188; spelling of, 248n4; water and, 184-85,185,188 millennials, 1; international work for, 34—35; Mahel as religious, 117; Olkin and Lithuania, 157, 160; People of the Book and, 178 Napoleon, 155, 161 Nazareth: bathhouses of, 180; Church of Annunciation in, 57; IP and cave of, 229; Mary’s Well in, 189 Nazis, 7; burial pits of, 220; Drancy tunnel discovered by, 93; evidence destroyed by, 44, 235; Great Vilnus Synagogue and, 178; Greek Jews under, 113; in Lithuania, 43; 19421945 obsession of, 141; photography and, 25, 160, 231; Rhodes males ordered by, 113-14; Sobibor buried by, 92; Treblinka, Auschwitz destroyed by, 10; WWII tide on, 89. See also Piagge, Karl Nemenchik, Itzhak (Isaac), 53, 64-67, 65, 242 no development zones, 61-62 noninvasive imaging, 60, 81-82, 206; for archaeology, 167; excavations after, 70; Holocaust archaeology and, 3-4, 215; as macro- and microphotogrammetry, 193, 194; for tunnels, 86-87, 87 NOVA documentary, 239-40; Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, 195; on Great Vilna Synagogue, 145-46, 173; on Holocaust Escape Tunnel, 156, 213-14, 214
Index Nowogrodek, Poland, 93-94, 173 Nuremberg Laws 1935, 143 Nuremberg trials, 239 Olkin, Matilda: as Anne Frank of Lithuania, 157; finding, 159, 16Ռ, Matulionis befriended by, 158; testimony for killing map, 160-61; WWII diary and poetry of, 159, 159 Otwock, Poland, 70, 72, 7J Pale of Settlement, 154 Panemunelis, Lithuania, 157-60,159, 160, 242 Patt, Avinoam, 37 Pechersky, Alexander, 90 people: anonymous transformed into, 71; archaeology about, 28, 35, 64-67, 65, 75, 118, 122, 192, 238; backstories of, 243; excavations of, 4; as “figures,” 235; as Final Solution collaborators, 141; Holocaust and light of, 210; Holocaust deaths of, 161; killing wall neighbors as, 66; mikveh holy from, 188, 190,19Ւ, oral traditions of, 35-36; restoring names of, 74; Torah returned by, 175,177 People of the Book, 178 photogrammetry, 193,194 photography: of archaeology sites, 22627, 227; before, during and current aerial, 36, 81; GPR with, 174-75; Lidar and, 232, 232; Nazis and, 25, 160, 231; Sobibor and Nazi, 25 Pit #6, Ponar: living and escaping from, 219-20, 222, 224, 227, 227, 230, 236; partisan target for, 221; Passover escape from, 222-23 Plagge, Karl, 193-94, 200-, altruism of, 71, 195-207, 209-10, 212, 242; coded warning from, 201; ghetto creation by, 200-201; grandnephew of, 212; Jewish contacts of, 196-97, 209-10; as Righteous Among the 267 Nations, 202; self-doubt by, 207; SS and, 198-201 Poland, 16, 24; Belzee, 10-11, 13-14, 232, 232; Cheimo, 13; excavation and memorials in, 12-13; Jan from, 15-17,16; Lithuania compared with, 14, 42; Luta, 15-17; Nowogrodek, 93-94, 173; Otwock,
72, 73; Treblinka, 10, 13, 89; Włodawa, 17— 18; Zamość, 10-11. See also Sobibor Ponar (Paneriai), Vilnius, Lithuania, 61, 195; Auschwitz comparison with, 215-16, 216; burial pits of, 145, 234; cremation at, 235; Färber engineering at, 220, 224, 236, 242; Final Solution starting at, 141, 143, 216; Fort IX escape inspiring, 96; Gol, S., escaping, 221, 239, 242; GPR, ERT and tunnel of, 238; IP identifying tunnel of, 229-30, 230; Jews murdered at, 178; Kagan escaping, 24, 221; killed numbers at, 219; Lidar and tunnel of, 216—17, 218; reconstruction of, 218, 226; students and cemetery at, 233-34; survivor memories of, 225, 227; Total Stations at, 217, 218, 219; tunnel secrecy, 224, 236-37; Žaidei escaping, 221-22, 236, 239, 242. See also Pit #6 Ponedel, Lithuania, 192 Post, Florence, 64—67, 65, 94, 242 Postwar Rebuilding, Part II, 12 prayer halls (kloyz/kloyzn), 145, 151, 169-70, 173, 177 Qumran, Dead Sea, 60-70 rabbis, 151-52 Račas, Justinas, 192 Rasu Prison, Lithuania, 74, 145 reconstructions: of Auschwitz, Treblinka, 13; of Great Vilna Synagogue, 110; of KG and KS, 108; original buildings and, 12; of Ponar,
268 Index Vilna, 218, 226; Sobibor and, 11, 89-90; survivors not recognizing, 12 Reeder, Philip, 69, 217, 218 resistance: Easter and tunnel escape, 222-23; Holocaust and Jewish, 88, 241; Plagge and humanistic, 210; Ponar and Cave of Letters, 221; SS killed by Jewish, 91; tunnels and Jewish, 93-94 Rhodes, Greece, 35; antiquity of, 122-23; archaeology on, 112; archipelago and economy of, 99-100; Bethsaida connected with, 121-22; ceramic pots of, 119, 120, 121-22; as La Chica Jerusalem, 123, 139; Church of the Victory, 101, 106, 109-10; Cohen, N. and R., at, 97-99, 98\ earthquake influence on, 130-32; first-century-BCE synagogue on, 128; in Hebrew Bible, 125-26; Herod and, 129-31; Holocaust in, 110-11; Israel and Jewish archaeology in, 130; Italians changing, 99; Italy on Jews of, 110, 112-13; Jewish cemeteries in, 101, 111; Jewish exodus from, 111, 113; Jewish history on, 31, 38, 100-101; Jews in Greco-Roman, 122, 129; July 23, 1944, at, 32, 104,105, 106, 114; kosher olive press in, 122, 127; marrying overseas from, 110; Nazis and male Jews, 113-14; Rose of Rhodes, 122, 127,128\ Sephardic Jewry in, 33, 38-39; synagogue fates in, 97; Templars conquering, 132; Ulkumen and visas in, 113, 204; WWII control over, 113; yeshiva of, 110-11. See also Kahal Grande Synagogue; Kahal Shalom Synagogue Rhodesii (Rhodes Jew), 97, 242; archaeology about, 115; to Auschwitz, 32, 74, 104, 106, 112-14; Church of the Victory for, 101, 106, 109-10; Diasporas of, 101, 117—18 Righteous Among the Nations, 78-79; non-Jews recognized as, 64, 66; Plagge and numbers of, 202; Ulkumen as, 113, 204 ritual
baths. See mikveh/mikvaot Rokiškis, Lithuania, 156-60,159,160 Romaniote, 114 Rose of Rhodes, 122, 127,128 rosette, 136,137 Sakowicz, Kazimierz, 234-35 Schindler, Oskar, 202, 207 Schleunes, Karl, 245n3 Sea of Galilee, 47-51, 48 The Searchfor Major Plagge (Good), 198-99 second investigation, 11-12 Second Temple of Jerusalem: before 70 CE destruction, 136; DuraEuropos Synagogue depicting, 134-37, 135, 137; Herod’s Temple as, 134; Temple Mount and, 86, 86, 134, 137 secret hideaways, 246n2 Segovia, Spain, 18-19 Seligman, Jon, 165-66, 211, 239 Sephardic Jewry: Ashkenazic not trusting, 111-12; Bendigamos of, 116-17; government slow for, 112; history of, 114-15; integration saving, 111; KG and KS of Rhodes as, 33, 38-39; synagogues and arks of, 103, 103-4 seven-branched candelabrum (menorah/ menorot), 122—23, 126-27 Sforim, Mendele Mocher, 181 Shapiro, Philip, 156 shrines (aediculae), 102,135—37 shtibls (small prayer settings), 169 shtot shuls (synagogues), 168 Siksnianas, Mantas, 228
Index Silute, Lithuania, 145; search and closure in, 163; US airmen buried in, 162 Šimaite, Ona, 78-79 small prayer settings (shtibls), 169 Sobibor, Poland: ash heap of, 20-21, 21՛, Blatt surviving, 20, 242; breakout at, 91; Cohn dying at, 14-15; cremation and, 90; deniers disproved by, 22; destruction of, 10; first investigation at, 11; Frank relative’s pendant at, 14-15; Holocaust archaeology at, 14-19, 16, 24՝, Jan witnessing, 15-17,16՝, layout and security at, 23, 89-90; Nazi photography and, 25; Nazis burying camp at, 92; Pechersky and escape from, 90; reconstruction of, 11, 8990; survivor maps of, 225; tunnels of, 20, 90-91 Solomon, Elijah ben, 148-51, 149 Sonderkommando, 91 Soviet archaeologists: burial, cremation sites and, 9; excavations and maps by, 6, 6-9; at Fort IX, 8; records usefulness of, 11—12,151 Soviets: archaeology and structures of, 151; government, 43-44; Great Vilna Synagogue and, 30, 143, 146, 170, 174, 197; Jewish engineer, 220; mass burials and, 161-62; Nazi evidence and, 44, 235; tunnel escapes by Jewish, 89-90; WWII evidence by, 8-10, 235 SS: GPR, ERT and bullets of, 204; HKP 562 work on, 203-4; Plagge not helping, 198-201; prisoners killing, 91 Stalag Luft III escape, 224 Stalag Luft VI, 162 Star of David, 128՝, as aniconic representation, 126-27; Fort VII monument of, 58, 62; pendant with, 14; or Star of Solomon, 126 269 Strashun Library, 145, 177-78 stratigraphy, 171 students: cemetery prayer with, 233-34; fieldwork for archaeology, 34; GPR taught to, 54-55; Holocaust understanding for, 233 subsurface cores, 13-14 Sugihara, Chiune, 204
superimposition, 107 survivors: descendants and, 212, 23840, 241՝, detail memories of Ponar, 225, 227՝, Holocaust, 243; Holocaust Escape Tunnel and, 213, 225, 227, 238; motivations of, 73-74; sites unrecognizable by, 12 Synagogue Judaism, 151 synagogues, 100, 100, 101; cultural micro-superimposition of, 107; development of, 137-39; Diasporas creating, 137, 151; Eastern European Judaism and, 151; as Greek word, 138; as Jerusalem Temple replacements, 151; Rhodes and fates of, 97; Rhodes first-century-BCE, 128; Sephardic Jewry and, 103, 1034; shtot shuts, 168; Włodawa, 17-18 Tabernacle, 135-36 Templars, 132 Temple of Apollo, 130 Temple of Jerusalem: Herod and Second, 134-37,135, 137՛, menorah as symbol of, 126; synagogues as, 151 testimonies: accurate, 214—15; altruism known from, 204; archaeology from, 27-28, 115; of Burning Brigades, 221-22; about escapes, 91; on Gens, J., 74-79; on HKP 562,197; Holocaust Escape Tunnel and, 213, 225, 227, 238; Kos and, 115, 117; landowners giving, 15-17, 26; Olkin killing map from, 160-61; Otwock, Poland, and, 72; Sakowicz writing, 234-35; site selection from local, 31;
270 Index of survivors or children of, 36-37, 65-66, 117; website for, 115. See aho Holocaust Escape Tunnel theodolite, 217 There Once Was a World (Eliach), 187, 189 third investigation, 13 Torah-reading altar (bimab), 146-47, 147, 173-74 Torahs: arks containing, 102-4, 103, 172; bimah for reading, 146-47, 147, 173-74; kloyz/kloyzn using, 177; people returning, 175, 177; shrine, 136 Total Stations, 217, 218 Trakas, Lithuania, 161 Treblinka, Poland: Final Solution for, 89; Nazis destroying, 10; reconstruction of, 13 tunnels, 74, 246n3; the Bible on escape, 84; from burial pit, 219-24, 227, 227, 230, 236; compass, wooden supports, secrecy for, 224, 227; defensive and attack, 86-88; descendants of hope from, 212-13, 225, 227, 238-40, 24Ւ, Drancy with escape, 93; escape, 84—85, 89-92, 96; geoscience and archaeology on, 81, 217; GPR, ERT and search for, 217, 218, 223, 228-29, 238; Holocaust use of, 88; hope and Holocaust Escape, 213, 225, 227, 238; IP finding, 229-31, 230·, Jerusalem with, 86-87, 87; as Jewish ethnic markers, 85-87, 221; Nowogrodek with, 93-94; Passover and escape by, 222-23; secrecy for Ponar, 224, 23637; 76 days for, 222, 227; Sobibor, 20, 90-91; Soviet Jewish soldiers and, 89—90 Turiel, Benjamin, 242 Turkey, 113, 204 Turkish bathhouse {hamam), 117 Ulkumen, Selahattin, 113, 204 UltraGPR, 81-82 United States (US), 13, 66, 162 Urbanavičius, Vytautas, 224, 237 US. See United States Ustjanauskas, Ada, 75 Vengalis, Rokas, 228 VGJSM. See Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum Vilna, Lithuania: ancestors from, 165; Ashkenazic Jewry in, 38-39; Belzee mass burial site of, 232,
232; Bernhard and, 75; Dugin escaping, 220-22, 224, 236, 239, 242; Gens, J., and, 74-80, 203, 242; Great Synagogue of, 143, 144, 145; Hartford remembering, 37-38; as Jerusalem of Lithuania, 154-55; Jewish cheap housing in, 195-96; Jewish history wiped in, 31; as Jewry crossroads, 150-51; Jews impact on, 38; Jews moving to, 143, 152-53, 155, 168; Ponar executions in, 43; synagogue reconstructions in, 110; Ustjanauskas and, 75; as Vilnius, 168 Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum (VGJSM), 82,156,168; ark and prayer houses at, 177; Guzenberg at, 197; mass burial search in, 74; Ponar administered by, 216; shield, Torah ark doors, metal shell at, 172 Vince, Laima, 248n4 virtual reality excavations, 145 Vitkus, Zigmas, 228 Wannsee Conference, 43, 91, 141, 143 war crime cases, 9-10, 44 water: communal well of, 189; Great Vilna Synagogue with, 180, 182; mikveh and, 184-85,185, 188; population growth and, 189-90
Index way to heaven {Himmelfahrstrasse), 19, 21 Western Wall, Jerusalem, 86-87, 87, 132,133 Włodawa, Poland, 17-18 World War II (WWII): Eastern Europe before, 157; GPR and beginnings of, 47-48; Great Vilna Synagogue items after, 175,176,177; HKP 562 of, 193-94, 194; Italian and German control in, 113; Jewish life before, 18; Jewries destroyed in, 39; Lithuania changes with, 158; national therapy on, 19; Nazis and tide of, 89; Olkin diary and poetry on, 159,159; onslaught of, 77; photos before, during, after, 36; Rhodes control by, 113; Soviets and evidence after, 8-10, 235 271 WorleyParsons: data evaluated by, 57, 81; escape tunnel discoveiy and, 229, 230; geoscience supported by, 58 WWII. See World War II X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 60 Yad Vashem, 203 yeshiva: of Great Vilna Synagogue, 165-66,166; Rhodes, 110-11 Yiddish, 39-40,155,167, 211 Yiddish Language and Culture (YIVO), 155, 167 Žaidei, Mordechai “Motke,” 221-22, 236, 239, 242 Žarnose, Poland, 10-11 Zingeris, Markas, 228 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Freund, Richard A. 1955-2022 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1175973653 |
| author_facet | Freund, Richard A. 1955-2022 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Freund, Richard A. 1955-2022 |
| author_variant | r a f ra raf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045892272 |
| contents | What If: Geoscience and Archaeology -- Discoveries in the Archaeology of the Holocaust -- An Archaeological Discovery "Hidden" in Plain Sight -- The significance of tunnels: geoscience and archaeology from the ancient world to the Holocaust -- Why I Came to Rhodes -- The Secret of Jewish Rhodes -- The Origins of the "Final Solution" in a Forest and a Fort in Lithuania -- The Road to Vilna -- An Altruistic Nazi and the Descendants of Hope -- Why the Discovery of the "Holocaust Escape Tunnel" Gives the World Hope |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1119017247 (DE-599)BVBBV045892272 |
| era | Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1939-1945 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV045892272</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220811</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">190521s2019 xx a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781538102664</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-5381-0266-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1119017247</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV045892272</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M352</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">v 10.1</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">n 93</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">v 74.7</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">n 10.1</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Freund, Richard A.</subfield><subfield code="d">1955-2022</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1175973653</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The archaeology of the Holocaust</subfield><subfield code="b">Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels</subfield><subfield code="c">Richard A. Freund</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">Rowman & Littlefield</subfield><subfield code="c">[2019]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxii, 273 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">What If: Geoscience and Archaeology -- Discoveries in the Archaeology of the Holocaust -- An Archaeological Discovery "Hidden" in Plain Sight -- The significance of tunnels: geoscience and archaeology from the ancient world to the Holocaust -- Why I Came to Rhodes -- The Secret of Jewish Rhodes -- The Origins of the "Final Solution" in a Forest and a Fort in Lithuania -- The Road to Vilna -- An Altruistic Nazi and the Descendants of Hope -- Why the Discovery of the "Holocaust Escape Tunnel" Gives the World Hope</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In the summer of 2016 acclaimed archaeologist Richard Freund and his team made news worldwide when they discovered an escape tunnel from the Ponar burial pits in Lithuania. This Holocaust site where more than 100,000 people perished is usually remembered for the terrible devastation that happened there. In the midst of this devastation, the discovery of an escape tunnel reminds us of the determination and tenacity of the people in the camp and the hope they continued to carry. The Archaeology of the Holocaust takes readers out to the field with Freund and his multi-disciplinary research group as they uncover the evidence of the Holocaust, focusing on sites in Lithuania, Poland, and Greece in the past decade. Using forensic detective work, Freund tells the micro- and macro-histories of sites from the Holocaust as his team covers excavations and geo-physical surveys done at four sites in Poland, four sites in Rhodes, and 15 different sites in Lithuania with comparisons of some of the work done at other sites in Eastern Europe. The book contains testimonies of survivors, photographs, information about a variety of complementary geo-science techniques, and information gleaned from pin-point excavations. It serves as an introduction to the Holocaust and explains aspects of the culture lost in the Holocaust through the lens of archaeology and geo-science. --</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1939-1945</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Judenvernichtung</subfield><subfield code="g">Motiv</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122228-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Archäologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4002827-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Judenvernichtung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073091-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Schauplatz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4179437-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Osteuropa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075739-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Litauen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4074266-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Rhodos</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4049859-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Excavations (Archaeology)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Excavations (Archaeology)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">1939-1945</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Litauen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4074266-0</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Polen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046496-9</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Rhodos</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4049859-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Archäologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4002827-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Judenvernichtung</subfield><subfield code="g">Motiv</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122228-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Osteuropa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075739-0</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Judenvernichtung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4073091-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Schauplatz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4179437-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1939-1945</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-5381-0267-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">DHB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20190925</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">DHB_BSB_FID</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">DHB_IFZ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09044</subfield><subfield code="g">43</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">930.1</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">495</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">930.1</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">4793</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909.04924</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09044</subfield><subfield code="g">4793</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909.04924</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09044</subfield><subfield code="g">495</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909.04924</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09044</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">930.1</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031275276</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd Rhodos (DE-588)4049859-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa Litauen Polen Rhodos |
| id | DE-604.BV045892272 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-14T13:00:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538102664 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031275276 |
| oclc_num | 1119017247 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| physical | xxii, 273 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20190925 DHB_BSB_FID DHB_IFZ |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Rowman & Littlefield |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Freund, Richard A. 1955-2022 Verfasser (DE-588)1175973653 aut The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels Richard A. Freund Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Rowman & Littlefield [2019] xxii, 273 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier What If: Geoscience and Archaeology -- Discoveries in the Archaeology of the Holocaust -- An Archaeological Discovery "Hidden" in Plain Sight -- The significance of tunnels: geoscience and archaeology from the ancient world to the Holocaust -- Why I Came to Rhodes -- The Secret of Jewish Rhodes -- The Origins of the "Final Solution" in a Forest and a Fort in Lithuania -- The Road to Vilna -- An Altruistic Nazi and the Descendants of Hope -- Why the Discovery of the "Holocaust Escape Tunnel" Gives the World Hope In the summer of 2016 acclaimed archaeologist Richard Freund and his team made news worldwide when they discovered an escape tunnel from the Ponar burial pits in Lithuania. This Holocaust site where more than 100,000 people perished is usually remembered for the terrible devastation that happened there. In the midst of this devastation, the discovery of an escape tunnel reminds us of the determination and tenacity of the people in the camp and the hope they continued to carry. The Archaeology of the Holocaust takes readers out to the field with Freund and his multi-disciplinary research group as they uncover the evidence of the Holocaust, focusing on sites in Lithuania, Poland, and Greece in the past decade. Using forensic detective work, Freund tells the micro- and macro-histories of sites from the Holocaust as his team covers excavations and geo-physical surveys done at four sites in Poland, four sites in Rhodes, and 15 different sites in Lithuania with comparisons of some of the work done at other sites in Eastern Europe. The book contains testimonies of survivors, photographs, information about a variety of complementary geo-science techniques, and information gleaned from pin-point excavations. It serves as an introduction to the Holocaust and explains aspects of the culture lost in the Holocaust through the lens of archaeology and geo-science. -- Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung Motiv (DE-588)4122228-3 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Schauplatz (DE-588)4179437-0 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Rhodos (DE-588)4049859-1 gnd rswk-swf Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Excavations (Archaeology) 1939-1945 Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Rhodos (DE-588)4049859-1 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Judenvernichtung Motiv (DE-588)4122228-3 s DE-604 Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Schauplatz (DE-588)4179437-0 s Geschichte 1939-1945 z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5381-0267-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Freund, Richard A. 1955-2022 The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels What If: Geoscience and Archaeology -- Discoveries in the Archaeology of the Holocaust -- An Archaeological Discovery "Hidden" in Plain Sight -- The significance of tunnels: geoscience and archaeology from the ancient world to the Holocaust -- Why I Came to Rhodes -- The Secret of Jewish Rhodes -- The Origins of the "Final Solution" in a Forest and a Fort in Lithuania -- The Road to Vilna -- An Altruistic Nazi and the Descendants of Hope -- Why the Discovery of the "Holocaust Escape Tunnel" Gives the World Hope Judenvernichtung Motiv (DE-588)4122228-3 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Schauplatz (DE-588)4179437-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122228-3 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4179437-0 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4074266-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4049859-1 |
| title | The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels |
| title_auth | The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels |
| title_exact_search | The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels |
| title_full | The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels Richard A. Freund |
| title_fullStr | The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels Richard A. Freund |
| title_full_unstemmed | The archaeology of the Holocaust Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels Richard A. Freund |
| title_short | The archaeology of the Holocaust |
| title_sort | the archaeology of the holocaust vilna rhodes and escape tunnels |
| title_sub | Vilna, Rhodes, and escape tunnels |
| topic | Judenvernichtung Motiv (DE-588)4122228-3 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Schauplatz (DE-588)4179437-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Motiv Archäologie Judenvernichtung Schauplatz Osteuropa Litauen Polen Rhodos |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031275276&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT freundricharda thearchaeologyoftheholocaustvilnarhodesandescapetunnels |