Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925: James K. Libbey
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| Beschreibung: | xii, 242 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS ІХ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi 1. Preparing the Way 1 2. On the Eve and Start of the Great War 20 3. Fall 1914 Campaign 41 4. New Roles for Aircraft in 1915 58 5. Flight during the Great Retreat 73 6. The Height of the Air War 89 7. The 1917 Revolution Impacts Squadrons 106 8. Reds versus Whites 123 9. Aviation and the Civil War 143 10. Soviet Victories in 1920 and 1921 161 11. Aircraft Development, 1918-1924 177 Conclusion 192 NOTES 199 BIBLIOGRAPHY 221 INDEX 227 vii
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Churchill, Winston S. The Unknown War: The Eastern Front. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931. Cochrane, Dorothy, Von Hardesty, and Russell Lee. The Aviation Careers of Igor Sikorsky. Seattle: University of Washington Press for the National Air Space Museum, 1989. Corum, James S., and Richard R. Muller. The Luftwaffes Way of War: German Air Force Doctrine 1911-1969. Baltimore: Nautical Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1998. Creveld, Martin van. The Age ofAir Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2011. Cross, Wilbur. Zeppelins of World War I. New York: Barnes Noble, 1991. 221
222 BIBLIOGRAPHY Crouch, Tom D. The Bishops Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1989. ------- . Lighter Than Air: An Illustrated History of Balloons and Airships. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. ------- . Wings: A History ofAviation from Kites to the Space Age. New York: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in association with W. W. Norton Company, 2003. Cynk, Jerzy B. Polish Aircraft: 1893-1939. London: Putnam Company, 1971. Daffi, Pol, and Andrei Kandalov. A. N. Tupolev: Chelovek i evo samolety. Moskva: Moskovskii rabochii, 1999. Daniels, Robert Vincent. The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969. Delear, Frank J. Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation. New York: Dodd, Mead Company, 1976. Denikin, General A. I. The White Army. Cambridge, UK: Ian Faulkner Publishing, 1992. Donaldson, Robert H., and Joseph L. Nogee. The Foreign Policy ofRussia: Changing Systems, Enduring Interests. New York: Μ. E. Sharpe, 2002. Durkota, Alan, et al. The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War One. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press, 1996. Duz’, Petr D. Istoriia vozdukhoplavaniia i aviatsii v Rossii: (Period do 1914 g). 2nd ed. Moskva: Mashinostroenie, 1995. Duz’, P(etr) D. Istoriia vozdukhoplavaniia i aviatsii v SSSR. Period pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914-1918 g.g.). Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Izdatel’stvo Oborongiz, 1960. Evtuhov, Catherine, et al. A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Farber, James. “Major de Seversky—Engineer.” Popular Aviation 17 (August 1935), 87-88, 116, and 132. Finne, K. N., edited by Carl J. Borrow and Von Hardesty. Igor Sikorsky: The Russian Years. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1967. Florinsky, Michael T., ed. Encyclopedia ofRussia and the Soviet Union. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961. Franks, Norman. NieuportAces of World War I. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2008. Gaddis, Barbara Jackson. “American Economic Interests in Russia, August 1914-March 1917.” M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1966. Gaddis, John Lewis. Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Garthoff, Raymond L. Soviet Military Doctrine. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1953. Gilbert, Felix, with David Clay Large. The End of the European Era, 1890 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1991. Glushko, V. P., ed. “Zhukovskii, Nikolai Egorovich (1847-1921),” Kosmonavtika entsiklopediia. Moskva: Sovietskaiia entsiklopediia, 1985. Golovine, Nicholas N. The Russian Army in the World War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931. Graf, H(arold K.). The Russian Navy in War and Revolution: From 1914 up to 1918. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Grambow, Marion E„ ed. Who’s Who in World Aviation and Astronautics, vol. 2. Washington: American Aviation Publications, 1958.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 223 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Barnes Noble, 1998. Greger, René. The Russian Fleet 1914-1917. London: Jan Allan, Ltd., 1972. Griffith, H. E RAF in Russia. London: Hammond and Company, 1942. Gunston, Bill. The Development of Piston Aero Engines. Newbury Park, CA: Haynes North America, 1999. -------- . The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995. London, UK: Osprey Aero space, 1995. Hallion, Richard P. “Unlikely Partners: German-Soviet Aeronautical Cooperation, 19191933.” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (January 2018), 1-21. Hammer, Armand. The Quest of the Romanoff Treasure. New York: Paisley Press, 1932. Hammer, Armand, with Neil Lyndon. Hammer. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1987. Hardesty, Von. “Early Flight in Russia,” in Higham, Greenwood, and Hardesty, eds. Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 1998, 25-36. Herring, George C. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Hicks, John D. Republican Ascendancy: 1921-1933. New York: Harper Brothers Publishers, 1960. Higham, Robin, and Jacob W. Kipp, eds. Soviet Aviation and Air Power: A Historical View. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977. Higham, Robin, John T. Greenwood, and Von Hardesty, eds. Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. London: Frank Cass Publishing, 1998. Homze, Edward L. Arming the Luftwaffe: The Reich Air Ministry and the German Aircraft Industry 1919-39. Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press, 1976. Ironside, W[illiam] EIdmund], Archangel, 1918-1919. London: Constable Company, 1953. Jackson, Robert. The Red Falcons: The Soviet Air Force in Action, 1919-1969. London: Clifton Books, 1970. Johnson, Herbert A. Wingless Eagle: U.S. Army Aviation through World War I. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Jones, David R. “The Beginnings of Russian Air Power, 1907-1922.” In Higham and Kipp, eds. Soviet Aviation and Air Power. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977,15-33. -------- . “The Birth of the Russian Air Weapon 1909-1914.” Aerospace Historian 21 (Fall 1974), 169-171. Karman, Theodore von. Aerodynamics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1954. Kennan, George E The Decision to Intervene. New York: Atheneum, 1967. -------- . Russia Leaves the War. New York: Atheneum, 1967. Kennett, Lee. The First Air War 1914-1918. New York: The Free Press, 1991. Kilmarx, Robert A. A History of Soviet Air Power. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962. -------- . “The Russian Imperial Air Forces of World War I.” Air Power Historian, 10 (July 1963), 90-95. Kipp, Jacob W. “Development of Naval Aviation, 1908-1975,” in Higham and Kipp, eds. Soviet Aviation and Air Power, 140-141. Kiuchariants, DIzhul’etta] Afrturovna]. Gatchina: Khudozhestvennyepamiatniki. Leningrad: Leninzdat, 1990. Kort, Michael. The Soviet Colossus: A History of the USSR. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
224 BIBLIOGRAPHY Kozlov, V. P„ and V. G. Kazashvili. Aviatsiia Rossit. Monino: Muzei Voenno-Vozdushykh Sil, 2000. Kulikov, Viktor. “Aeroplanes of Lebedev’s Factory.” Air Power History 48 (Winter 2001), 4-17. Lapchinskii, Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Vozduzhnaia razvedka. Moskva: Gosvoenizdat N.K.O., 1938. Layman, R. D. Naval Aviation in the First World War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996. Lee, Asher. The Soviet Air Force. New York: John Day, 1962. ------- . The Soviet Air and Rocket Forces. New York, Praeger, 1959. Libbey, James K. Alben Barkley: A Life in Politics. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2016. --------. Alexander Gumberg and Soviet-American Relations 1917-1933. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977. ------- . Alexander P. de Seversky and the Quest for Air Power. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2013. ------- . “Flight Training and American Aviation Pioneers.” American Aviation Historical Society Journal 49 (Spring 2004), 28-36. --------. “The Making of a War Hero.” Aviation History 20 (March 2010), 54-59. ------- . Russian-American Economic Relations 1763-1999. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic Interna tional Press, 1999. --------. “Sikorsky, Igor I. (1889-1972)” in Boyne, ed. Air Warfare, 567. Lieven, Dominic. The End of Tsarist Russia. New York: Viking, 2015. Lincoln, W. Bruce. Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ------- . Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York Da Capo Press, 1999. ------- . The Romanovs: Autocrats
ofAll the Russias. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1981. Lovett, Christopher C. “Russian and Soviet Naval Aviation,” in Higham, Greenwood, and Hardesty, eds., Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century, 108-125. “Maj. Alexander P. de Seversky,” in Biographies of Pioneer Aviators, Orvil A. Anderson Collection, U.S. Air Force Historical Research Agency, 168.7006-47, p. 2. Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus Books, 2005. Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. Mikheyev, Vadim. Sikorsky S-16. Stratford, CT: Flying Machines Press, 1997. Miller, Russell. The Soviet Air Force at War. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. Montefiore, Simon Sebag. The Romanovs 1613-1918. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016. Moolman, Valerie. The Road to Kitty Hawk. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1980. Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House, 2001. Morrow, John H. Jr. The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909 to 1921. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. Nekrasov, George. North of Gallipoli. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1992. Neshkin, Μ. S„ and V Μ. Shabanov, comps. Aviatory-kavaleri ordena Sv. Georgita iGeorgievskovo oruzhiia perioda Pervoi mirovoi voiny 1914-1918 godov. Moskva: Rosspen, 2006. Nowarra, Heinz J., and G. R. Duval. Russian Civil and Military Aircraft 1884-1969. London: Fountain Press, 1971. Opdycke, Leonard E. French Aeroplanes Before the Great War. Atglen, PA: Schilfer Publishing, 1999.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 Palmer, Scott W. Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Phillips, Hugh D. Between the Revolution and the West: A Political Biography ofMaxim Μ. Litvinov. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. “Report of the November Meeting.” The Adventurer (December 1940), 8. Riaboff, Alexander. Gatchina Days: Reminiscences of a Russian Pilot. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986. Robertson, Bruce. Air Aces of the 1914-1918 War. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1964. Roos, Hans. A History ofModern Poland. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966. “Russian Flyer with One Leg Seeks U.S. Job.” San Francisco Examiner, April 22,1918. Sanford, George. Poland: The Conquest of History. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999. Sanger, Ray. Nieuport Aircraft of World War One. Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2002. Saul, Norman E. Sailors in Revolt: The Russian Baltic Fleet in 1917. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1978. Saul, Norman E. War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914-1921. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. Schapiro, Leonard, ed. Soviet Treaty Series, 1917-1928, vol. 1. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1950. Schatunowski, George. “The Civil War to the Second World War,” in Asher Lee, ed., The Soviet Air and Rocket Forces. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. Schmitt, Gunter, translated by Charles E. Scurrell. Hugo Junkers and His Aircraft. Berlin: VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, 1988. Sergievsky, Boris. Airplanes, Women, and Song:
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226 BIBLIOGRAPHY Streckfuss, James. “Caudron Aircraft (Early Years),” in Boyne, ed. Air Warfare, vol. 1,121. ------- . “De Havilland Aircraft (Early Years and World War I),” in Boyne, ed. Air Warfare, vol. 1,167. ------- . “Royal Aircraft Factory,” in Boyne, ed. Air Warfare, vol. 2, 534-535. ------- . “Sopwith Aircraft,” in Boyne, ed. Air Warfare, vol. 2, 574-575. Taylor, A. J. P. The First World War. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1980. Taylor, John W. R., ed. Combat Aircraft of the Worldfrom 1909 to the Present. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1969. ------- . The Lore of Flight. New York: Barnes Noble, 1996. Taylor, Michael A. J. The Aerospace Chronology. London: Tri-Service Press, 1989. Taylor, Swanee. “Seversky: An Ace’s Place Is in the Air.” New York World Telegram Metropolitan Weekend Magazine (December 12,1936), 16. Tokaev, Gregori Aleksandrovich. Betrayal of an Ideal. London: The Harvel Press, 1954. Trunov, Konstantin I. Petr Nesterov. Moskva: Sovetskaiia Rossiia, 1975. Tuchman, Barbara W. The Guns ofAugust. New York: Bantam Books, 1989. Ulam, Adam B. Expansion and Coexistence: The History of Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-67. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968. Vitarbo, Gregory. Army of the Sky: Russian Military Aviation before the Great War, 1904-1914. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2012. Vrangel’, General Petr N. Always With Honour. New York: Robert Speller Sons, 1957. Wade, Rex A. The Russian Revolution, 1917. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. White, D. Fedotoff. The Growth of the Red Army. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944. White, John A. The
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INDEX Albania, Balkan League and, 26 Albatros planes, 163; C.Ia, 95,97; D. 1 and D. 2,144; W.4, 111 Albion, Operation (German), 120 Alekhnovich, Georgii V., 85-86 Aleksandr, 103,106 Aleksandr Mikhailovich, Grand Duke: air operations under, 91,193; aircraft purchases and, 24; Blérioťs flight and, 9-10,192; escape from Soviet Russia, 200nl7; fired as Russia’s military aviation leader, 61; flight training and, 18,19,23; on foreign planes, 51-52; on Gatchina Palace air show, 16; on Iľia Muromets, 58; military air arm inspectorate and, 35; problems of multiple machines and, 46; Sevasto pol’ Aviation School and, 20-21; on Shidlovskii’s promotion and the EVK, 59; Tkachev replaces, 41 Aleksandra Feodorovich, 92 Alekseev, Mikhail V., 84,90,129 Alexis, Bishop (Russian Orthodox Church), 21 Allied Powers: on Brest-Litovsk Treaty and Russia fighting Germans, 139; on Decree on Peace, 128; on German aircraft and construction, 188-89; German and Russian reparations owed to, 185-86; Great War and, 1; Kolchak recognized as White leader by, 146; war materiel for Kolchak, 148. See aho France; Great Britain; Italy; Russia; United States All-Russian Aero Club, 124 Page numbers in italics indicate maps. Ader, Clément, З aerodynamics, 16 Aeronautical Training Park, Volkhov Field, 4,5,6,22 Aeronautics Unit (Section), 26,28, 29-30, 34,46 aircraft, imported: obsolescence of, 130; previous year models, 13-14,193; for Soviet squadrons, 143-44,168; for Whites, 156. See also specific types of aircraft Aircraft Company, Ltd. (Airco), 140 aircraft production: early Soviet era, 130-31; in January 1916
versus August 1914,90-91; by Poles at Mokotov Aerodrome, Warsaw, 167; in Russia, for Great War, 7,10-14; Russian, during Great War, 194; Russian Revolution (1917) and, 63-64; Soviets nationalize factories for, 133. See aho Anatra Aircraft Company; Dukh Company; Grigorovich, Dimitrii P.; Lebedev Aeronautics Company; Odessa Aero Club; Russo-Baltic [Railroad] Wagon Company; Shchetinin Works aircraft repairs and support personnel: numerous aircraft types/models and, 46,194; for Poland at Mokotov Aerodrome in Warsaw, 166-67; skills needed for, 45-46; train cars and, 133, 145,183 Akashev, Konstantin V., 130 227
228 All-Russian Board for the Administration of the Air Fleet, 130 All-Russian Cooperative Society, Ltd. (Arcos), 162,179-80 Almaz, 65, 77, 79,103 Amalia (Turkey), 77 amphibious operations, Black Sea Fleet and, 103-4 Anatra Aircraft Company, 12,13,90,148 Angern, Lake, Germans encroaching in the Baltic and, 96-98, 99 ANT-4 aircraft, 179,197 “Antoinette” aircraft engine, 9 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 129 Anzani, Alessandro, 9 Anzani motors, 9,11,12,179 Apsheron, 78 Arensburg naval air station, 73,119-20 Argeev, Pavel V., 114-15 Argus engines, 14,28, 53, 99 Arkhangelsk: Allied troops and planes land in, 141; aviation engines imported through, 91; British and U.S. embassies escape route to, 139; foreign commerce during Great War through, 48; Soviet military closing land connection with Murmansk, 147. See also North Russia; Slavic-British Aviation Corps Arkhangelskii, Aleksandr A., 133 armed forces, Russian, Soviet Order No. 1 disruption of, 109 Armed Forces of South Russia, 152, 153-54,161,169. See also Denikin, Anton L; Vrangel , Petr Nikolaevich Artseulov, Konstantin K., 182 Astra (dirigible), 8,85 Atlantic Ocean, Lindbergh’s flight across, 9 Augsburg, 64 Austria (Austro-Hungarian Empire): Brusilovs attack on, 100; Czech and Slovak soldiers against, 138; Fourth Army, 67, 79; Great War and, 1; Russians’ attack on, 38; Russia’s Fourth Army meets five divisions of, 42; Russia’s Southwestern Front and, 66-67; Serbian nationalist kills heir to throne of, 55 Aviation Board, 130-32,133. See also Red Air Force INDEX Aviation Guarantee Committee, 189 Avksentiev, Nikolai D„ 148 Avrò
504K, British, copied as Soviet U-l training plane, 183 Batan (cruiser), 122 Bakhirev, Mikhail K., 121-22 Bakhvalov, Aleksandr, 160,217n34 Balkan League, 26-28 Balkan Wars, First and Second, 27-28 balloons, manned: artillery observation at Northwestern Front, 78; Baltic and Black Sea operations, 103; Great War and, 6-7; invention of, 4-5; Nizhevskii and, 85; Rudnev and, 22; Russia’s military use of, 192; Russo-Japanese War and, 4, 5-6 Baltic Fleet: aircraft, 34, 51, 72; aircraft in Black Sea Fleet versus, 77; Central Committee and Congress, 111; Russo-Japanese War and, 3; Seversky and, 98. See also Essen, Nikolai Otto von; Kanin, Vasilii A. Baltic Sea region: balloon operations, 103; blockades on aircraft imports to Russia, 47-48; German seaplane shot down in, 95; Germans in, Russian Empire and, 206n24; Germans planning Russian invasion along, 71-72; during the Great War, 33; iced over in winter, 107; Russian air stations and aircraft in, 73; Russian mine offensive in, 37,64-65; Russian naval and aviation personnel in, 79 Baranov, Viacheslav G., 156-57,175 Baranovichi, 35,84-85, 94 Bashko, losifS., 79-81,132-33,158,208nl3 Beaver (torpedo boat), 26 Belgium, Schlieffen Plan and invasion of, 36-37 Bell, Alexander Graham, 3 Belousovich, Nikolai L, 132, 143,147,148 Beneš, Eduard, 138 Bereznik Aerodrome, 140,142,143,146 Birmingham, 19 Black Sea: balloon operations, 103; Bulgaria and Turko-German position in, 79; Bulgaria on Russia during
INDEX Great War in, 28; German and Austrian occupation of, 131; during the Great War, 31; international trade blocked in, 48-49; minelaying around Bosporus and, 105; opening of, after November 1918,128,153; Revolution, Order No. 1 and control of, 194-95; Russian aircraft in Baltic Sea Fleet versus, 77; Russian naval and aviation personnel in, 79; Russian task force in, 65; spring 1917 and naval officer/ sailor relationship in, 111 Black Sea Fleet: amphibious operations and, 103-4; Caucasus campaign against the Turks by, 104-5; Communication Service, Air Force detachment, hydroplanes and, 29, 34; against German and Austrian troops, 103; ships and planes of, 112; winter operations, 106 Bleriot, Μ. Louis, and Model XI monoplane, 9,10,11,12,17,192 Blinov, Sergeant, 75, 76 BMW motors, 184,190 Bogatyr, 37 Boleslaw I, King, 166 Bolshevik Party: Congress of Soviets and, 113; Constituent Assembly and, 111; on end to the war, 117; Lenin on new government formation and, 126,128; Provisional Government and, 108; on tsarist pilots, 131. See also Lenin Boruna, EVK attack on German reserve division near, 99 Bosporus, 77,105. See ako Black Sea Brandenburg plane, Austrian, 102 Bratoliubov, Georgii A., 157 Breslau, 49, 50,51,103,105,112 Brest-Litovsk, as Iľia Muromets base, 81-82 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 126,127,131, 138,195 Britain. See Great Britain Brusilov, Aleksei A., 46,66-67,100, 102-3,107 BSh-2 (Bronirovanni Shturmovik No. 2), 183-84 Budennyi, Semen Μ., 157,167 Bulgaria, 26-28, 78,172-73 229 Caudron, Gaston and René, G. 4 biplanes of, 141 Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI),
4,133,178,179,197 Central Aviation Park, Moscow, 133 Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet, 111 Central Executive Committee, Congress of Soviets and, 113 Central Powers: Bulgaria joining with, 28,79; new Soviet government on cease-fire with, 117; Seversky and Soviet government peace treaty with, 213n5; support for Whites by, 154; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and, 126; Ukrainian peace treaty with, 137-38. See also Austria; Germany; Turkey Centralne Warsztaty Lotnicze (Central Aviation Workshops), Warsaw, 167 Chaikovskii, Nikolai V., 141 Chapaev, Vasilii L, 151-52 Chaplygin, Sergei Alekseevich, 179 Charles, Jacques, 5 Chekhutov, Aleksandr A., 110,155 Chernov, Viktor, 128 Chief Directorate of Nationalized Aircraft Factories (Glavkoavia), 180 Chukhovskii, Vasilii G., 174 Clerget engine, 75,76 coal, 65,67 Collishaw, Raymond, 155 Commissariat of Foreign Trade, 179 Commission for the Planning and Construction of Piloted Aerostats, Russia, 8 Committee for Strengthening the Air Fleet, Russia, 10,20 Committee on Aviation, 130 Communist Party: OVDF and, 190-91. See also Bolshevik Party Congress of Soviets, 113; Fourth, 138; Second, 126-27 Constituent Assembly, 113-14,128 Cossacks: Armed Forces of South Russia and, 154,156; International Women’s Day protests (1917) and, 108; in Kuban Cossack region, 129-30, 170-71; Siberian Army, 149; soldiers, in Black Sea, 104; White Army in South Russia and, 161. See also
230 Gorshkov, Georgii Georgievich; Tkachev, Viacheslav Μ. Council of People’s Commissars, 123 Crimea: during Russian Civil War, 136; Soviet conquest of, 173-74, 196; Whites in, 162,163,164,165,166 Croix, Félix du Temple de la, 3 Crouch, Tom D., 3 Curtiss, Glenn A., 18 Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, 2,14,48 Curtiss Hudson Flier, 19 Curtiss seaplanes and flying boats, 77 Curzon, George N.. 153 Curzon Line, 153,166,169 Czech Corps, 138-39,141 Czech Legion, 138,148-49 Czechoslovakia, 138,148 D. VII pursuit plane, 184-85,219nl6 D. XI single-seat pursuit biplane, 185 D. XIII plane, 185 Dägo Island (Baltic), 64, 74,120 de Havilland, Geoffrey, 14,140 Decree on Land, 127 Decree on Peace, 127,128,129 Deka Company of Aleksandrov, 8 Denikin, Anton L: military arms and equipment for, 153-55; “Moscow Directive” by, 157; moves troops to Soviet heartland, 152; resignation of, 163; Soviet opposition by, 129; Volunteer Army and, 130; on White Army, 161, 216n26 Deperdussin (aircraft company), 11,29 desertions, by peasants and conscripted soldiers, 109-10 D.H. 4s (single-engine biplane reconnaissance-bombers), 14, 140, 148, 180 D.H. 9s, 140,143-44,154-55,157,169,170 Dinamika polëta (The Dynamics ofFlight) (Zhukovskii), 17 Directorate of the Military Aerial Fleet, 91,92,113,193 dirigibles, 7-9 Diterikhs, Lieutenant, 96-98 Dmitriev, Radko, 68, 82 INDEX Dnepr, 29 Dragomirov, Mikhail, 163 Dudorov, Boris, 118,119 Dukh Company: aircraft production by, 7, 11,13,45,90,200nl2; civil war and nationalizing of, 144; FBA flying boats license-built by, 77; machine gun synchronization and, 63-64;
military airplane competitions and, 29; navy contract for Nieuports, 112; renamed GAZ-1,144-45; revolution and, 118 Duma, 52, 54,108,109 Dybovskii, Viktor Vladimirovich, 24 East Prussia, Russian army invasion of, 38, 43,44 Eberhardt, Andrei A., 20,36,49,50-51, 103-4,105 Edinçik (Turkish steamer), 77 Efimov, Mikhail Nikolaevich, 21,24 Egorov, Aleksandr L, 156,167 Eindecker monoplane, 62-63, 74 Ekaterina (Catherine) the Great, Empress, 17 Eleventh Corps Squadron, 39-40, 41 Elpidifor, 104 Ely, Eugene, 19 engines, aircraft (motors): air reconnais sance and limitations on, 45; for D.H. 9s, 140,144; early, 9; GAZ-2 and GAZ-4 as powerplants for, 190; imported, 9,11,14,15,46,47, 94, 193; improvements to, 46; Renault, 16; Rudnev and problems with, 22; Russia’s production limitations for, 193; shortages (1916), 91; U.S. versus Russian during Great War, 14-15 England. See Great Britain English Channel, Blérioťs flight across, 9 Essen, Nikolai Otto von, 35-36, 37,64, 73, 74, 206n24 Estonia, 158-59,160 EVK (Eskadra Vozdushnikh Korablei): developing anarchy and headquarters of, 117; flight-testing planes, 59-60; Grand Duke Aleksandr and, 92; headquarters relocation, 84; Imperial Russian Army support by, 79;
INDEX machine guns for, 63; Nizhevskii and, 85-86; pilot promotions in, 91; practice sessions for, 60-61; revolu tions effect on, 113; Romanovskiis praise for, 82; Shidlovskii and formation of, 59; spring 1917 plans for, 107 Fairey Aircraft Company, 144 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 38,78 Farman aircraft: importing difficulties due to war of, 48; Model III biplane, 11; ModellV primary trainers, 12,17-18, 26; Model VII, Balkan War and, 27; as Russian license-built aircraft, 29 FBAs. See Franco-British Aviation flying boats Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria, 78 Fiat motor, 181 fighter aircraft, 61-63,100 Finland, 124,126,160 Finland, Gulf of, violence in, 110-11, 211Ո13 Finne, Konstantin N.. 59 First Russian Aerostatics Company, 11 flight training: aerodromes for, 23; for Great War, 16-18; for Imperial Russian Army and Navy, 10; in land-based pursuit aircraft, 111; Rudnev and, 22; Russian deficiencies in, 193; for sea officers, 19; Soviet facilities for, 196. See also Imperial All-Russian Aero Club; Sevastopol’ Aviation School Fokker, Anthony H. G„ 62,155, 184-85 Fokker Dr I triplane, 155,157 Fokker Eindecker, 74 fortresses: along western portion of Russian Empire, 6; aviation squadrons and, 34, 35; Novogeorgievsk, 22; Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and, 5; Sukhomlinov on abolishing, 25 Fourth Army, 42,115,116 France: aircraft engines exported to Russia by, 15,91; aircraft inventory (1916), 89; aircraft production during Great War, 194; aircraft production in Russia versus, 14; Aleksandr’s aircraft 231 purchases from, 24; debts from Great War, 186; Escadrilles, Russian air squadrons
compared with, 34; fighter aircraft development and, 61-62; Great War and, 1; military mission moves to Moscow, 139; Polish-Soviet war (1920) and, 169; Revolutionary, first military air unit of (1794), 5; Russian aircraft manufacturing and, 13,29; Russian orders during Great War from, 48,68; Russian pilots in North Russia and, 139-40; Russia’s military flight development and, 192, 193; Schlieffen Plan for war against, 36-37; Vrangel’ seeking Russian Army support from, 172-73; Whites’ evacuation from Crimea and, 175. See also Deperdussin; Morane-Saulniers aircraft; Nieuports; Voisins Franco-British Aviation (FBA) flying boats: in the Baltic Sea, 34,72, 73; in the Black Sea, 77; bombing mission against Germans, 76-77; Essen’s request for, 64; from Ösel Island, 73-74 Franz Ferdinand, archduke, assassination, 1 Free-Romanian Air Squadron, 115 French Colonial Division, Ukraine, 155 Friederich Carl, 64 Friederich der Grosse, 122 Friedrichstadt railway station, Russians bombing Germans at, 85-86, 93-95 Frunze, Mikhail V, 150, 152,174-75 Fundamental Laws of 1832, tsar’s revisions to (1905), 109 Gaida, Rudolf, 150 Gallipoli, 78 Garros, Roland, 61-62 Gartman, Maksimilian E., 163,172,175 Gastambide, Antoinette, 9 Gatchina Palace flight training center: early Soviet era program, 131; Officers’ Aeronautics School at, 20, 22-23; program at, 16-18, 23; Sevastopol’ pilot candidates and, 26 GAZ-1 (Gosudarstvennyi Aviatsionnyi Zavod֊l, State Aviation Factory No. 1),
232 144-45, 180, 181-82; British Avrò 504Kat, 183 GAZ-2, as motor workshop, 190 GAZ-З (Petrograd/Leningrad), 182 GAZ-4 (radial powerplant), 190 GAZ-5 (Moscow), 183 GAZ-10, in Taganrog, 181 GAZ-23 (Leningrad), 183 Gazelle, 64 Genoa Trade Conference (Italy), 185,186 German Eighth Army, 43-44,120 German Eleventh Army, 67, 68-69, 71-72, 79 German First Army, 36 German Fliegerabteilung, 34 German Ninth Army, 59 German Twelfth Army, 59 Germany: aircraft built with Russians, 190; aircraft inventory (1916), 89; closing Black Sea access in Great War, 48-49; dirigible development in, 8; Garros shot down by, 62; Great War and, 1; military assistance to anti-Soviet groups by, 216n23; Reparations Commission bill to, 186; Russian aircraft versus aircraft of, 2; Soviet Russia’s collaboration on military aviation with, 185,189-90; Treaty of Rapallo with Soviet Russia and, 187, 189,197-98; Ukraine occupation by, 137-38; unopposed offensive into Russia (1918), 117. See also U-boats gidroplan (hydroplanes), 2 Giffard, Jules-Henri, 7 Gil, Stepan, 128 Gil’sher, Georgii U. V., 114-15 gliders, 9, 14, 91 Gnome engines, 13,15,17-18,71,121,190 Godzisk Aerodrome, 70 Goeben (Turko-German battlecruiser), 49, 50, 51, 77, 103 Golovine, Nicholas N., 102 Gorshkov, Georgii Georgievich, 60, 61, 80,81 Grand (four-engine aircraft), 12,14-15, 53 Grazhdanin (dreadnought), 122 Great Britain: aircraft engines exported to Russia (1916) by, 91; Allied troops and INDEX planes in North Russia and, 141-42; anger over Decree on Peace by, 128-29; debts from Great War, 186; declares war on Germany (1914), 37; disbands RAF
squadrons supporting Whites, 161; Great War and, 1; Kolchak recognized as White leader by, 146; military arms and equipment for Denikin (1919), 153-55; military mission moves to Moscow, 139; Russian aircraft manufacturing and, 13; Russian embassy moves to Vologda, 139; Russian orders during Great War for planes and motors from, 48; on Russian pilots in North Russia, 139-40; Serbian army remnants and, 79; Vrangel’ seeking Russian Army support from, 172-73; White support in Crimea by, 163; Whites’ evacuation from Crimea and, 175; withdraws from Crimea, 166 Great Retreat, 32; aircraft and, 69-70, 71; flight during, 73-88. See also Baltic Sea region; Essen, Nikolai Otto von Great War: aircraft inventory and expectations for shortness of, 47; D. VII aircraft provisions in armistice for, 184; fall 1914 campaign, 41-57; height of air war (1916), 89-105; Magdeburg capture and, 37-38; new aircraft roles (1915) for, 58-72; 1917 Revolution impacting squadrons for, 106-22; Russian versus German aircraft during, 2; Russians invade East Prussia and, 38; Schlieffen Plan for, 36-37; start of, 1; U.S. aircraft before, 4; Western versus Eastern Front of, 6-7,67, 89-90 Greece, Balkan League and, 26-27 Grezo, Petr R, 70 Grigorovich, Dimitrii R: aircraft availability (1917), 130-31; Essen’s request for flying boats by, 64; flying boats, built by Shchetinin, 77; flying boats, White air squadrons (1920) and, 163; as indigenous aircraft designer, 193; Istrebitel’ No. 2 development and, 181-82,197; limitations of indigenous aircraft of, 184; M-5 flying boat with machine
INDEX gun, 100; М-ll flying boat fighter, 111; morskoi (naval) aircraft and, 11-12; morskoi aircraft and, 14; TsAGI and, 133 Grinshteii, Lev K„ 137 Guchkov, Aleksandr L, 60 Hackel, Jacob Μ., 28-29 Hague Conference (1899), 5 Hamidiye (Turkish cruiser), 49 Hammer, Armand, 187 Hannover-Roland CL Ila aircraft, 167 Hansa und Brandenburgische Flugzeug werke, 102 Hasse, Otto, 189 Heinkel, Ernst, 102 helicopters, Sikorsky and, 12 Herring, Augustus Μ., 3 Hindenburg, Paul von, 43-44 Hispano-Suiza engine, 107,185,190 Hoffmann, Max von, 43 hydroplanes, 2, 29,34 lanchenko, Vasili L, 100-101,114-15 lankovius, Viktor E, 94-95 lanushkevich, Nikolai, 84 Iľia Muromets (reconnaissance-bomber): Argus engines for, 14-15; armaments on board, 61; availability (1917), 130-31; Bashkos damaged, 81-82; bombing German train at Przevorsk (Galicia), 79-80,208nl3; combat missions during Great War, 92-95; construction and testing of, 54-55; at Eastern and Romanian fronts (summer 1917), 113; German retaliatory attack against, 80-81; П-2, 184; 11-400 and I1-400B, 182; Kievskii models, 83,99; Northwestern Front and, 58; production constraints, 194; production ended, 118; record of small single-engine planes versus, 86; Red Air Force flies last of, 174; replacement of, 178-79,197; Rudnev training pilots for, 22; in Russian Air Force Museum, 211-I2n22; Russian crew burning of, to keep from Germans, 117; Russo-Baltic 233 building of, 12; Russo-Baltic engines for, 15-16; Sikorsky S-16 and, 13; Sikorskys modifications and redesigns of, 55-56, 58-59,83-84; special aviation group of Red Air Force and, 158; with
Sunbeam engines at Stan’kovo Aerodrome, 99 Il’yushin, Sergei V, 183-84,197 Imperial All-Russian Aero Club, 9-13,16, 19,87 Imperial Russian Army: aerial reconnais sance and, 193; aeronauts’ training park, 4-5; aviation squadrons and, 34-35; aviation technical school and flight-training of, 10; Bulgarian army invasing Serbia and, 79; Caucasus campaign against the Turks by, 104; Central Powers’ attack response by, 66; demobilization (1918), 123; dirigibles of, 8; flight training for Navy versus, 18-19; Great War aircraft of, 2, 19; military airplane competitions and, 28-29; remnants (1917), 116-17; Stavka and, 50 Imperial Russian Navy: aerial reconnais sance and, 193; aviation squadrons and, 35-36; aviation technical school and flight-training of, 10; Bulgarian navy and, 28; Central Powers’ attack response by, 65-66; demobilization (1918), 123; flight training for Army versus, 18-19; Grand Duke Aleksandr and, 10; Great War aircraft of, 2,19; morskoi aircraft and, 12; Sevastopol’ Aviation School and, 20; Stavka and, 50 inflation, 108,110 Institute of Aerodynamics, 16 Inter-Allied Aviation Inspection Committee, 188 International Women’s Day protests (1917), 108 írben Strait, Gulf of Riga and, 73 Irina, Princess, 92 Irmingard, 103 Istrebitel’ No. 1 (1-І) and No. 2 (1-2), 181-82,184,197 Italy, 1,26-27,91,139 ludenich, Nikolai N„ 158,159-60 lusupov, Feliks, Prince, 92
234 Japan, 2-3,128,172-73 Jesionowski, Kazimierz, 167 Ju-20 floatplane, 189-90 Ju-21 floatplane, 190 Jullien, Pierre, 7 Junkers, Hugo, 187 Junkers Flugzeuwerke AG, 187-88 Kagul, 29, 34 Kaiserin (Germany), 122 Kalinin, Konstantin A., 133 Kanin, Vasilii A., 74-75 Kasatkin, Vladimir, 94-95 Kashalot (Russian submarine), 106 Katia, 78 Kerenskii, Aleksandr E, 114,116-17, 126-27 Khanzhin, Mikhail V., 149-50 Khodorovich, Viktor A., 22-23 Kiev: pilot training at, 23; pre-Great War aviation park at, 35 King David, 48 Kit (Russian submarine), 106 Klembovskii, Vladislav N. K., 116 Kluck, Alexander von, 37 Knox, Alfred W. E, 82,146 Kolchak, Aleksandr V.: Belousovich and Modrakh transfer to, 147; as Black Sea Fleet commander, 105,112; capture and execution of, 152-53; defeat of, 148; Red Air Force and Army north of Ufa and, 151-52; as White ground forces head, 145-46 Komendantskii Aerodrome, 53-54 Konarmiia (First Red Cavalry Army), 167-68 König Albert (Germany), 122 Konstenchik, Avenir Μ., 93-95 Kornilov, Lavr G., 129,130,158 Kornilov Division, 158,160 Korpusnoi Aerodrome, Saint Petersburg, 28-29 Kostkin, Ivan Μ., 182 Kovanko, Aleksandr A., 156,163,171,175 Kozakov, Aleksandr A.: as ace pilot, 61, 70-71, 101-2, 114-15; British military mission welcomes, 139; death of, 147; scouting over Sixth INDEX Red Army, 143; SPAD S.7 fighters for, 107; varied surname spellings, 207n27 Kozhevnikov, Ivan I., 156 Krasin, Leonid B., 161,162,189 Kronshtadt Fortress uprising (1921), 175-76,196 Kruten’, Evgraf N., 70,114-15 Kuban Cossack region, 129,170-71 Kubanets, 104 Kuľtin, Leonid A., 150-51,167
Kuropatkin, Aleksei N., 100 Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 3 Latvia, Soviet peace treaty with, 160 Lavrov, Georgii L, 13, 54-55,99,113 Le Rhône engines, 15, 63-64,141 Lebedev Aeronautics Company: aircraft production (1916) by, 90; FBA flying boats built under license by, 75; formation of, 11; GAZ-1 and end of operations at, 180; Lebed XII (Swan) airplane of, 13; Soviet-controlled Dukh factory and, 144-45 Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 127-28 Lenin (Vladimir I. Ulyanov/Ulianov): all-Bolshevik cabinet of, 127; Allied troops and planes in North Russia and, 141; on All-Russian Board for the Administration of the Air Fleet, 130; armed forces goals of Trotskii versus, 152; on Kolchaks execution, 153; New Economic Policy of, 176; on peace treaty with Germany and Central Powers, 125; Revolutionary Military Council chaired by, 214n20; Russian Civil War and, 126; shocked by White victories, 150; TsAGI and, 133, 178; on White movement destruction, 129; wounding of, 128; on Zhukovskii, 16 Leopold I, Bulgarian Tsar, 27 Levavasseur, Léon, 9 Libau, German attack on, 64-65, 72, 207n7 Liberty engine, 14,181,182 Libya (formerly Tripolitania), 26-27 Lida (now in Belarus), pre-Great War aviation park at, 35
INDEX Lindbergh, Charles, 9 Lithuania, Soviet peace treaty with, 160 Litvinov, Maxim, 207n5 Litvinov, Vladimir A., 75, 76,207n5 Lobov, Vladimir, 98-99 Loiko, Ivan A., 115 Łowicz, Russians bombing German railroad station at, 70 Ludendorff, Erich E W., 43-44,71-72, 78 Luft-Verkehrs Gesellschaft (LVG), 62 M-9 (Grigorovich flying boat), 11-12, 74, 95,96-98 Macedonia, 26,27,78-79 machine guns: for aircraft, 7,61; Cossackdominated Russian Army, 171; on D. XI, 185; on D.H. 9 with Scarff Ring, 140; empty Russian supply depots and, 68; for FBAs (1915), 74; fixed, with interrupter gear, 144; in front of pusher-type aircraft, 100,102; German, against Seversky, 76; German, upward-angled, 64; German forward firing, 111; Hotchkiss, 62, 63; on 1-2, 181; on Iľia Muromets, 61,80-81,83, 92-93,99; imported, 63,153; low-flying Russian planes hit by, 44-45; Madsen, 63,80, 81; Maxim, 61,63,74, 102,182; mounted, 70; on R-l, 181; on R-02,190; on R.E. 8,140; reconnais sance planes (1914) and, 50; Red Air Fleet, 174; Red Air Force, 151-52, 160, 168,170,173; rotating, 119; of Russian fighters (1917), 63-64; Russian shortage of, 90; on S-20,181; Seversky’s air battle with Germans and, 96-98; Soviet military, 129-30; swivel-mounted, 63; synchronized with propellers, 13,62, 63,74,194; Vickers, 107,140,144,155, 181; White Army, 164,165 Mackensen, August von, 44, 67, 78,105 Magdeburg (Germany), 37-38 Mai-Maevski, Vladimir Z., 154,157 Makhsheiev, Dimitrii K., 99 Makienok, Donat A., 114-15 Malina, Franz, 40 Mamontov, Konstantin K., 157,158 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil von, 124 235 Marne, Battle of the, 38
Marx, Karl, 127 Marxists, Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and, 109 Masaryk, Tomáš G„ 138 Matson, Garal’d A., 173-74 Mawdsley, Evan, 126 mechanics. See aircraft repairs and support personnel Meller, Iurii A., 11. See also Dukh Company Mel’nikov, Nikolai S., 174 Mesheraup, Petr, 170 Mikulin, Aleksandr A., 133 Military Aviation School, 156 military hardware manufacturing, Alekseev and, 90 Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 126-27 Miller, Evgenii K., 147 Millerand, Alexandre, 169 Mirbach, Wilhelm von, 128 Modrakh, Sergei K., 139,147-48,164 Mokotov Aerodrome, 166-67 Moltke, Helmuth von, 38,43 Mongolfier, Joseph and Jacques, 4-5 Montenegro, Balkan League and, 26-27 Moon Island (Baltic), 64, 74,119 Morane-Saulniers aircraft, 11,12,29,63,71 morskoi (naval) aircraft, 11-12 Morzh (Russian submarine), 106 Moscow: aircraft industry in, 15,189, 198; flight training at, 23, 101, 111, 112, 118,131; pre-Great War aviation park at, 35. See also Soviet Russia Moscow School of Theoretical Aviation, 17,178 motors. See engines, aircraft Motovilikha Artillery Works, Perm, 149 Mozhaiskii, Aleksandr E, 3-4 Murav’ev, Mikhail A., 137 Murmansk, 125,139,140-41,147 Nadezhda (Bulgarian gunboat), 79 Nadezhdin, Vadim Μ., 154,163 Narval (submarine), 106 Naumov, Aleksandr A., 164,175 Nepenin, Adrian L, 111, 112, 21ІПІЗ
236 Nerpa (submarine), 106 Nesterov, Petr N., 24,39-40,41, 71 New Economic Policy (1921), 176,180 Nieman Army, 71-72,84 Nieuport, Alfred and Charles de, 24 Nieuports: air battle with D.H. 9 (1920), 170; Anatra models, 12; Dybovskii’s flying of, 24; First Slavic-British Aviation Squadron and, 140; importing difficulties, 48; land-based pursuit training in, 111; with machine gun synchronization, 63; obsolescence issues, 47; Polikarpov and, 180; Red Air Force flying, 155; for Russian combat, 193; as Russian license-built aircraft, 11, 24-25,29; Sergievsky shooting down balloons in, 7 Nikolai (hydrocruiser), 65, Ո, 79,103,106 Nikolai II, Tsar: abdication of, 108; air fighter detachments created by, 100; Aleksandr on rumors about, 92; on balloons in Vladivostok, 5-6; on Dmitriev as Twelfth Army com mander, 82; flight in Grand with Sikorsky and, 54; military command by, 84; pilot awards by, 24, 40, 51, 55, 56, 98; Second Balkan War and, 27; Sevastopol’ Aviation School and, 21; Shidlovskiis commissioning and, 59; Western technology and, 2 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 35, 84 Nilüfer (Turkey), 50 Nizhevskii, Robert L., 85-86 North Russia: air superiority over Soviets in, 143; Allies’ challenges in, 146-47; British and U.S. soldiers in, 128; Moscow’s presence in, 139; during Russian Civil War, 134-, Slavic-British Aviation Corps in, 132; Soviet propaganda distributed in, 177 Northwestern Army, White, 158-60 Northwestern Front, Russia’s: diversionary attack against Germans on, 116; offensives faltering on (1916), 90; Orlov and defense of, 88; reconnais sance at, 58; reduction of
German soldiers on, 78; revolution and continued offensives along, 114; Russian offensive failure at, 100 INDEX Növik, 37 Novogeorgievsk Fortress, 6,87 Occidental Petroleum Corporation, 187 Odensholm (Baltic), 37 Odessa: pilot training at, 23; pre-Great War aviation park at, 35; radical soviets in (1917), 112; Turks attack boats in harbor of, 50 Odessa Aero Club, 12-13,41 Omsk, Siberia: Directorate in. White military forces and, 148-49; pilot training at, 23; to Ufa, during Russian Civil War, 135 Order No. 1, Soviet, 109,194 Orlitsa (hydrocruiser), 64, 73 Orlov, Ivan A., 13,86, 87-88,114-15 Ösel Island (Baltic): FBAs flying out of, 73-74; German mines laid around, 119; Nieuports for squadrons on (1917), 119; Orlitsa operations near, 64, 74; Russian naval air stations on, 37; Second Bombing-Reconnaissance Squadron at, 75-76 Osoaviakhim (Association for the Promotion of Defense, Aviation, and Chemical Warfare), 191 Ottoman Empire: amphibious operations against, 104-5; German friendship with, 49; Russia declares war (1914) on, 50-51; Russian conflict with (1877-1878), 5; Russian task force in Black Sea and, 65; Serbian control by, 1. See also Turkey Ozerskii, Dimitrii A., 82-83, 84-85 Pallada (cruiser), 37,65 Pamiať Merkuriia (cruiser), 106 Panasiuk, Vladimir D., 54-55 Pankrat’ev, Aleksei V, 58,85-86,100, 118,155 Petkevick, Evgenii I., 174 Petr the Great, Tsar, 2 Petrograd (Saint Petersburg): flight training at, 17,131; ludenich and Northwestern Army toward, 158-60; land and freedom speech by (March 1917), 113; Leningrad as new name
INDEX for, 131; pilot training at, 23; pre Great War aviation park at, 35; Russian government in, 1; Special Russian Aviation Squadron from, 27 Petrograd Telegraph Agency, 109 pigeons, Russian balloon-ground communication using, 6 pilots: candidates, class status and, 21,23, 24, 26, 29, 101,131-32; oath of service for, 109,194-95; tsarist, Aviation Board on, 131-32. See also flight training Pilsudski, Jozef, 166,167,168 Pishvanov, Aleksandr Μ., 115,163 Platz, Reinhold, 155,219nl6 Plevna siege (1877-1878), 5,6 Pliat, Marcel, 94-95 Poland: aircraft overhauls at Mokotov Aerodrome, 167; ambitions for eastern boundary of, 153; BrestLitovsk Treaty and, 126; Soviet Russian territories invaded by, 162-63, 166, 167-69; Vrangel’ seeking Russian Army support from, 172-73; Whites’ offensive from Crimea against Red Army and, 165 Polikarpov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 180-81, 182-83, 184, 197 Politbureau, aviation industry and, 179 Polupanov, Aleksandr V, 137 Popov, Aleksandr A., 182 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 3 Princep, Gavrilo, 1 Prittwitz und Gaffron, Maximilian von, 43 Products Exchange Company (Prodexo), 179-80 Pronziteľnii (Russian destroyer), 77 propellers, wooden, Petrograd companies manufacturing, 16 Provisional Government: Czech Legion recruiting in POW camps and, 138; demonstrations opposing, 114; end of, 127; formation of, 108; Lenin on, 126; offensive against German and Austrian troops by, 195; respect lost for, 117; soviet support for, 113; U.S. line of credit to, 186. See also Kerenskii, Aleksandr F. Prussis, Khristianskii E, 54-55 237 Przemysl Fortress, 66 Przhegodsky,
Valerian, 110 R-l (razvedchik—reconnaissance type-1) aircraft, 180 R-02 (razvedchik-No. 02) airplanes, 190 Ragozin, Nikolai, 29, 34 Rapallo, Treaty of, 187,189,198 Rasputin, Grigorii E., 92 R.E. 8s (aircraft), 140, 155 Rebikov, Nikolai V, 11 reconnaissance, air: for Balkan War, Special Russian Aviation Squadron and, 27; early aircraft and, 10; Essen on airplanes in Baltic Sea for, 64; by EVK off Gulf of Riga coast, 93, 95; Gatchina training for, 23; by Germans, over Warsaw, 62-63; by Germans against Russians, 61; Great Retreat support by, 69-70; Ju-20 floatplane for, 189-90; manned balloons for, 4-5; Orlov and, 87-88; by Poland against Red Army, 166; Red Air Force, 151, 152; Russian, in Baltic Sea (1914), 37; Russian limitations at start of Great War, 44-45; Russian shortage of artillery shells and, 67; Russians on balloons versus dirigibles for, 7; from Stan kovo Aerodrome by Il’ia Muromets aircraft, 99; Sukhomlinov on airplanes and, 25; by Tkachev against the Austrians, 42; Tomson and, 88; of Turkish torpedo boats near Odessa, 50; Twenty-First Corps Air Squadron and, 70 Reconnaissance Experimental #8 (R.E. 8) aircraft, 140 Red Air Fleet, 173,174 Red Air Force: aircraft of (1919), 145; counteroffensive against Poles and, 168,169-70; counteroffensive against Whites and, 150; evicts Whites from Orel, 160; Kronshtadt Fortress uprising and, 176; Osoaviakhim preparing youth for service in, 191; Petrograd defense from Whites and, 159-60; proposals for indigenous fighter aircraft for, 181-82; Russian
238 Army Air Force strength versus, 173-74; Russian Civil War battle operations of, 177; Sopwith 114 Strutters of, 151; special aviation group of, 157-58; against Whites north of Ufa, 151-52 Red Army: disagreements on direction for, 152; evicts Whites from Orel, 160; First, counteroffensive against Whites and, 150; formation of, 123; Kronshtadt Fortress uprising and, 176; Polish invaders and, 167-68; Seventh, Petrograd defense from Whites and, 159-60; Sixth, Allied troops and planes in North Russia and, 141-42; taking and occupying Lithuanian Peninsula, 174-75; Tenth, Civil War and, 156; Third, occupying territory won from Whites, 152; Volunteer Army against, 130; White forces and, 145; Whites’ offensive from Crimea against, 165-66; Worker and Peasant, 133, 141 Red Fleet, formation of, 123 Red Guards, 129-30,137 Reds: advantage over Whites, 145. See also Russian Civil War; Soviet Russia Renault engines, 15,16 Rennenkampf, Pavel, 43-44 Reparations Commission, 186 replacement parts. See aircraft repairs and support personnel retreat. See Great Retreat Riaboff, Aleksandr, 110 Riga: German submarine port at, 120; Russian defense against Germans taking, 37, 72 Riga, Gulf of: EVK reconnaissance off coast of, 93, 95; German armada takes, 120-22, 195; Russian warships assigned to, 207n7; Seversky’s squadron protecting, 119-20; spring 1917 and naval officer/sailor relationship in, 111. See also Angern, Lake Riga, Treaty of, 169 Romania, joins Allies in the War, 105 Romanian front, 114,115 Romanov, Vladimir A., 158 INDEX Romanov family. See Aleksandr Mikhai lovich, Grand Duke;
Aleksandra Feodorovich; Nikolai II, Tsar; Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Romanovskii, Ivan Pavlovich, 82, 83 Roosevelt, Theodore, 3 Rosenthal, Friedrich, 40 Rostislav (dreadnought), 104 Royal Air Force (RAF), 91,140, 155, 161,162 Royal Aircraft Factory (British), 140 Rudnev, Evgenii V, 21-22,56-57,154,175 Runo Island (Baltic), 95 Russia: aircraft engine difficulties for, 14-16; aircraft purchases for, 10,24; aviation development claims by, 14; Baltic Sea region during the Great War, 33; combat-ready aircraft (spring 1917), 107; debts from Great War, 186; dirigibles and, 7-8; eastern borders of Germany and Austria with, 30; foreign imports for war by, 2,47-48, 90, 91; gliders and, 9; Great Retreat, 32,69-70, 71,73-88; Great War aircraft manufacturers, 7,10-14; Great War and, 1; military balloons for, 5,6-7; Mozhaiskii’s ‘flight’ (1884), 3-4; peasant soldiers uneducated about air squadrons, 46-47; rampant inflation (spring 1917), 108; Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and, 2-3; wars against Ottomans and, 27; wartime planning gaps, 67; western fortresses of, 6. See aho Imperial Russian Army; Imperial Russian Navy; Soviet Russia Russia (Model XI monoplane aircraft copy), 11 Russian Air Force Museum, 211-I2n22 Russian Army: Il’ia Muromets and, 117-18; quits fighting after armistice, 130; Ulagai’s failed expedition into Kuban region and, 171. See also Vrangel’, Petr Nikolaevich; White movement Russian Army Air Force, 172,173,174 Russian Army in the World War, The (Golovine), 102 Russian Civil War (1918-1921): aviation and, 143-60; Crimea during, 136; D. VII
INDEX aircraft bought for, 185; Efimov and, 24; events starting, 126-27; North Russia during, 134-, from Omsk, Siberia to Ufa during, 135; Reds (Communists) versus Whites (anti-Communists), 126; White movement aviation and, 196 Russian Eighth Army, 46,66-67,101-2, 206Ո18 Russian Eleventh Army, 66,116 Russian Empire, 206n24 Russian Fifth Army, 93,95 Russian First Army, 43-44,71, 88 Russian Fourth Army, 99,115,116 Russian Orthodox priests, marriage by, 209n8 Russian Revolution (1905), 52 Russian Revolution (1917): decline in military discipline and, 194; Dukh Company fighter plane production and, 63-64; economic causes of, 90, 108,110; Nieuports purchased for, 25; Reds versus Whites in, 123-42; Soviet victories in 1920 and 1921, 161-76; squadrons for Great War and, 106-22; Sukhomlinov’s escape from Russia and, 67 Russian Second Army, 43,44,66,69, 70, 88,99 Russian Seventh Army, 100,101 Russian Sixth Army, 115-16 Russian Tenth Army, 99,115 Russian Third Army, 67-69,71,79, 82 Russian Twelfth Army, 9,82,84,95,116,120 Russo-Baltic [Railroad] Wagon Company: aircraft engine production by, 15-16; aircraft production by, 90; factory turned over to Junkers, 188,189-90; GAZ-1 and end of operations at, 181; Sikorsky and, 12,13,51. See also Sikorsky, Igor I. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), 2-3, 4-5,10 Rutkovskii, Viacheslav S., 150 Safonov, Ludmila, 124,125,126 Safonov, Mikhail I., 119,121-26 Saint Evstafi, 51 Salmson engines, 15, 96 239 Samsonov, Aleksandr, 43-44,66 Samsun, 65 Santos-Dumont, Alberto, 9 Sapozhnikov, Georgii S., 168 Sarajevo, Great War and assassination in, 1 Sarnavskii,
Vladimir G., 20 Scheidemann, Sergei, 69,70,206n24 Schlieffen, Alfred von, 36 Schlieffen Plan, 36-37 Schmidt, Ehrhardt, 120-21 Schneider, Franz, 62 scouting missions. See reconnaissance, air Second Bombing-Reconnaissance Squadron, 75,95,96 Semenov, Grigoril Μ., 149 Serbia: Austrian declaration of war on, 1, 55; Balkan League and, 26-27; Bulgaria and Germany to attack, 78-79; First and Second Balkan Wars and, 28; Vrangel’ seeking Russian Army support from, 172-73 Serbrennikov, Anatolii A., 55 Sergeev, Aleksei V, 141 Sergievsky, Boris, 7, 206nl8 Sevastopol’: Grand Duke Aleksandr and military aerodrome at, 10; Turks attack boats in harbor of, 50 Sevastopol’ Aviation School: broader vision of pilot training and, 25; Gatchina pilot candidates and, 26; opening of, 20-21; pilot training at, 22-23; Rudnev as pilot-officer at, 21-22; Tkachev training at, 41; Ukrainian government control of, 131 Seversky, Alexander: air battle with Germans, 96-98; bombing mission against Germans, 76-77,96-97; Central Powers’ peace treaty with Soviet Russia and, 213n5; early Russian military aviation and, 11; German armada to Ösel Island and, 121-22; Germans bombing Zerel air station and, 112; as Moscow Aviation School flight instructor, 118; moves to San Francisco, 124,195; ordered to Moscow Aviation School, 111; pep talk to Shchetinin workers by, 118-19,212n26; pilot training for, 22-23,26; post-Great War survival, 123; Russian versus American
240 name for, 75; shoots down German sea plane in the Baltic, 95; Trotskii signs pass for travel to U.S. by, 125; at Zerel naval air station, 119-20 Seversky, George, 11 Seversky, Nicholas G., 11, 80 Shavrov, Vadim Borisovich, 14 Shchetinin, Sergei S., 27 Shchetinin Works, 11,13,77,90,118-19 Shebalin, Sergei K., 139 Shidlovskii, Mikhail V, 52-53, 59, 85,113 Shirinkin, Andrei D., 168 Shishkevich, Mikhail V., 26 Shishmarev, Mikhail Μ., 181 Shmeur, Georgii N.. 94-95 Shvetsov, Arkadi D., 190 Siberia: Frunze pursuing Whites into, 152-53; Russian pilots in North Russia and forces from, 140; White forces defeated in, 196; White movement emergence in, 138-39. See also Omsk, Siberia Siberian Army, 150 Sidorin, Vladimir I., 154,157 Sigrist, Fred, 155 Sikorsky, Igor I.: Baltic Sea action and planes by, 51-52; bombs near miss of, 205n7; departs EVK in protest, 113; Grand construction and testing, 53-54; Il’ia Muromets redesign by, 55-56, 84,94; Il’ia Muromets test flight and, 54-55, 205n27; migration to United States, 65,195; pilot training for Il’ia Muromets and, 56-57; as Russian aviation pioneer, 12,14,193; Russo-Baltic Wagon Company aircraft and, 13; seaplanes, in the Baltic, 34; Shidlovskii and, 59; Utgof and, 34, 65 Sikorsky, Olga Fyodorovna Simkovich, 60 Sikorsky, Sergei, 65 Sikorsky, Tania, 60,65 Sikorsky S-6, 29 Sikorsky S-10,29, 51 Sikorsky S-ll, 29 Sikorsky S-16,13,51-52 Sikorsky S-20,180-81 Skliansk, Eduard Μ., 141 Skoropadsky, Pavel, 131,137 Slashchev, Iakov, 162 INDEX Slava (cruiser), 122 Slavic-British Aviation Corps, 132,140, 147; Squadrons, 140,142,143 Słowik, Karol,
167 Smirnov, Ivan V, 115 Smirnov, Mikhail V, 81 Smirnov, Sergei F., 141 Smith, Herbert, 155 Socialist Revolutionaries, 128,137 Socialist Revolutionary Party, 127 Society of Friends of the Air Force (Obshchestvo Druzei Vozdushnovo Flota, ODVF), 190-91,198 Somme, Battle of the, 89 Sopwith, Thomas O. Μ., 155 Sopwith 1 % Strutters, 144,145,151, 180,181 Sopwith Camels, 154-55,157 Sopwith Snipes, 143-44 Souchon, Wilhelm, 49, 51 Southwestern Front, Russia’s, 101-3, 114-15,116, 117. See also Kozakov, Aleksandr A. Soviet currency, U.S. dollar and, 219n6 Soviet of Labor and Defense, 179 Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 108-9 Soviet Russia: aircraft development (1918-1924), 177-91; foreign concessionaires in, 187-88; Germany’s collaboration on military aviation with, 185; new government of, on cease-fire with Central Powers, 117; Russia’s debts from Great War and, 186; Treaty of Rapallo with Germany and, 187,197-98. See also Bolshevik Party; Lenin; Red Army; Stalin, Iosif; Trotskii, Lev D. Soviet Supreme Council of National Economy, 178 SPAD (Société Pour ĽAviation et ses Derives) aircraft, 63,102,107, 155 Spasov, Mikhail P., 82,85 Special Committee for Heavy Aviation, 178 Special Russian Aviation Squadron, 27 Squadron of Flying Ships. See EVK Stalin, Iosif (Joseph), 131,179 State Aviation Factory No. 1 (GAZ-1), 180 Stavka (Russian military headquarters): on amphibious operations, 106; on Black
INDEX Sea strategy, 49-50; German offensive and relocation of, 84; Gorshkov’s bombing mission and, 61; on Il’ia Muromets, 58; machine guns for EVK and, 63; on pilot promotions, 92; on Rennenkampf in East Prussia, 43; spring 1917 plans of, 107; supplying FBA flying boats to Baltic Fleet, 72 Steklov, Lieutenant, 96 Stepanov, Ivan P„ 156 Stroev, Mikhail P., 157-58 Strzhizhevskii, Vladimir I., 115, 163 Suk, Grigorii E., 115 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir A., 25-26,28, 29, 34,47,67 Sveshnikov, Aleksandr N., 139,142 Svetukhin, Junior Lieutenant, 50 Tannenberg, Battle of, 44,66 taran (Russian battering-ram maneuver), 39-40,71 Tashkent, pilot training at, 23 Tekhtel’, Karl, 160,217n34 Thomas, George, 140 Timofeev, Anatolii К., 163 Tkachev, Viacheslav Μ.: air battle with Red Air Force group head, 170; career achievements, 41—42; Crimea evacuation and, 175; First Kuban Aviation Squadron and, 156; opposition to Soviet government by, 129; Vrangel’ seeking foreign support for Russian Army and, 172-74; White Army aviation in the Crimea and, 162,164 Tomson, Petr-Eduard Μ., 86-87,88 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 48,125,138,148, 149,195 Trebizond, Turkey, 51 Trenchard, Hugh, 91 Trotskii, Lev D. (Trotsky, Leon): counteroffensive against Whites and, 150; on disarming or shooting Czech soldiers, 138; Gatchina aviation school name and, 131; Kronshtadt Fortress uprising and, 176; Petrograd’s defenses and, 159-60; Second Congress of Soviets and, 127; Seversky and, 124-25; 241 Society of Friends of the Air Force formed by, 190-91; Soviets name Gatchina after, 160; as War Commisar under Lenin, 152,153 TsAGI. See
Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute TsAGI Works, 178 Tu-2 twin-engine tactical bomber, 197 Tuchkov, Aleksandr A., 118,124 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail N., 152,168,176 Tumanevskii, Aleksandr K., 174 Tunoshenskii, Ivan N., 156,164 Tupolev, Andrei Nikolaevich, 178-79,197 Turkestan Army, 150 Turkey, 1,153. See also Ottoman Empire U-l training plane, 183 U-boats, 48, 77, 78,120 Ufa: from Omsk, Siberia to, during Russian Civil War, 135; White Western Army captures, 150 Ufimsk Operation, 150 Ukraine, 126,137,155 Ulagai, Sergei G„ 170-71 Ulianov (Ulyanov), Vladimir Ilich, 16, 128. See also Lenin Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), establishment of, 182 United States: aircraft engines exported to Russia (1916) by, 91; anger over Decree on Peace by, 128; Arcos branch opened in, 179-80; Kolchak as White movement leader and, 146; loans for Russia and, 68; Russian aircraft manufacturing and, 13-14; Russian embassy moves to Vologda, 139; Russian pilots in North Russia and, 139-40; Seversky’s migration to, 124, 125-26; Vrangel’ seeking Russian Army support from, 172-73; Whites’ evacuation from Crimea and, 175 Urbabk Aerodrome, 157 Utgof, Viktor, 29, 34, 65-66 Vakulovskii, Konstantin K„ 86, 87,116 Variok 48 Vasilchenko, Nikolai N., 173
242 Versailles, Treaty of, 186,188,198 Vinnitsa, 107,113,117 Vladivostok, 5-6,22,48,139 Voevodskii, Nikolai S., 62-63 Voisin, Charles and Gabriel, 10 Voisins (aircraft), 11,12,70 Volkhov Field, 4, 5,6,22 Vologda, British and U.S. embassies relocate to, 139 Vologodtsev, Lev K., 167 Volunteer Army, 129-30,137,154, 216n23. See also Denikin, Anton I. Vrangel’, Petr Nikolaevich: Armed Forces of South Russia and, 154; in Crimea, offensive against Red Army and, 165; Crimea evacuation under, 175; defending Tsaritsyn, 158; as Deniken’s replacement, 163-64; Modrakh joins White forces under, 148; Polish-Soviet war (1920) and, 169,170; Red Army at Tsaritsyn and, 157; Red troops at Velikokniazheskaia and, 156; seeking foreign support for Russian Army, 171-73; Tkachev as aviator in the Crimea under, 162; White partisan group under Kuznetsov and, 129 war, demonstrations against (1917), 114 War Ministry, 12,25-26. See abo Sukhomlinov, Vladimir A. Warsaw, 6, 23, 35,166-67 Western Front, Russia’s, 115 White Guard (Finland), 124 White movement, 151-52; after BrestLitovsk Treaty, 195; Allied Powers’ hopes for German defeat with, 139; Army, reorganized, 164-65; control of major cities by, 158; Czech Legion and, 148-49; defeat at Petrograd, 159-60; French support during Polish-Soviet war (1920) for, 169; military arms and equipment for (1919), 153-54; in North Russia, 141-42; in North Russia, challenges for Allies and, 146-47; Red Army’s overextension and, 155-56; Red Guards and, 129-30; Reds advantage over, 145; reorganization of Army and INDEX force (1920), 163-64; Russian pilots in North
Russia and, 140; Western Army, 149-50. See also Armed Forces of South Russia White Russia (now Belarus), 126 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 49,55 Wilson, Woodrow, 125,139-40,146 Worker and Peasant Red Military Air Fleet, 118,133,141 Worker-Peasant Red Military Air Force, 145. See also Red Air Force World War I. See Great War World War II, 196-97 Worm Island (Baltic), 64,74 Wright, Orville and Wilbur (Wright Company), 3,4,9,14,18,201n32 Wright Flyer, 3,4 Wright Model C aircraft, 4 Zakharov, Anatolii T, 163,175 Zegevol’d, EVK headquarters at, 93 Zenzinov, Vladimir Μ., 148 Zeppelin, Graf Ferdinand von, 8 Zerel, 73,119,120. See abo Ösel Island Zhkov, Andrei L, 182 Zhloba, Dimitrii P., 165 Zhukovskii, Nikolai E., 16, 17, 75, 178-79,197 Zhukovskii Military Air Academy, 178,197 Zinoviev, Grigorii E., 159 Zvegintsev, Lieutenant Colonel, 83 Zverev, Fedor T„ 156,163,175
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Libbey, James K. |
| author_facet | Libbey, James K. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Libbey, James K. |
| author_variant | j k l jk jkl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045680262 |
| classification_rvk | NK 7025 NK 4700 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1121480759 (DE-599)BVBBV045680262 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1907-1925 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1907-1925 |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV045680262 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:24:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781682474235 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031063748 |
| oclc_num | 1121480759 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | xii, 242 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Naval Institute Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Libbey, James K. Verfasser aut Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey Annopolis, Maryland Naval Institute Press [2019] © 2019 xii, 242 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1907-1925 gnd rswk-swf Luftwaffe (DE-588)4125963-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Luftwaffe (DE-588)4125963-4 s Geschichte 1907-1925 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-68247-432-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031063748&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031063748&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031063748&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Libbey, James K. Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey Luftwaffe (DE-588)4125963-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125963-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey |
| title_auth | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey |
| title_exact_search | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey |
| title_full | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey |
| title_fullStr | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 James K. Libbey |
| title_short | Foundations of Russian military flight, 1885-1925 |
| title_sort | foundations of russian military flight 1885 1925 james k libbey |
| title_sub | James K. Libbey |
| topic | Luftwaffe (DE-588)4125963-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Luftwaffe Russland Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031063748&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031063748&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031063748&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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