Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks: materialy i issledovanija Vypusk 1
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Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej
2018
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vypusk 210 |
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Содержание Предисловие. á Петрухин В.Я. Даниил Антонович Авдусин. 5
Авдусина С.А., Зозуля С.С. Исследования на территории Ольшанского городища под Смоленском в 2008-2009 гг. 12 Бронникова М.А., Панин А.В., Шеремецкая Е.Д., Борисова О.К., Успенская О.Н., Пахомова
О.М., Мурашева В.В., Беляев Ю.Р., Бобровский М.В. Формирование поймы Днепра в районе Гнёздовского археологического комплекса в среднем и позднем голоцене. 28 БычковаЯ.В., ЕниосоваН.В., НилусИ.М. Точильные камни под микроскопом: новые данные об использовании и происхождении
оселков из Гнёздова.68 Волков И.В., Пушкина Т.А.,\Стукалова Т.Ю. Позднесредневековые монеты из раскопок в Гнёздове. 84
Дементьева А. С. Гребни первой группы из Гнёздова.91 Доброва О.П. Стеклянные бусы Гнёздова по материалам раскопок Центрального городища. 102 Жуковский М.О. Весы и гирьки
Гнёздова. 127 Захаров Е.В. Фоллис Лициния I (308-324) из
Гнёздова. 179 Зозуля С. С. Исследования в Днепровской курганной группе Гнёздовского археологического комплекса в 2010-2012
гг.181 Каинов С.Ю. Погребения с предметами вооружения Гнёздовского некрополя . 211 Курмановский В. С. Гнёздово и окрестности в ХІ-ХѴІІІ вв.: историко-археологический очерк
. . 241 Медведева М.В. Гнёздовский археологический комплекс: материалы документального наследия Императорской археологической комиссии в научном архиве ИИМК РАН . . 267 МурашеваВ.В., Малышева Н.Н., ФренкельЯ.В. Исследования прибрежной территории озера Бездонка на пойменной части поселения
Гнёздовского археологического комплекса . . 286 Нефёдов В. С. Витебское шоссе и Гнёздовская почтовая станция в середине XIX в. 340 Новиков В.В., Пушкина Т.А. Археологическое изучение северо-западной части Центрального поселения Гнёздовского комплекса археологических
памятников. 349 Новиков В.В., Шведчикова Т.Ю., Доброва О.П. Раскоп ЦС-Ѵ Центрального селища Гнёздова. Результаты археологических изысканий и комплексных антропологических
исследований. 395 Орфинская О.В. Текстиль Гнёздовского комплекса.413 Петрухин В.Я. К истории давней
дискуссии: Смоленск и
Гнёздово.461 Петрухин П.В. О названии «Гнёздово. 472 Фетисов А. А. Гончарный горн X в. из Гнёздова. 473 Шевцов А. О. Коллекции византийских монет Гнёздова и Киева в контексте контактов Руси и Византии в ІХ-ХІ вв. 482 Щавелев А. С. Два известия о росах в главе 42 трактата «Об управлении империей» Константина VII Багрянородного: первое упоминание торгово-ремесленного поселения уд. Гнёздово?. 510 Отчёты экспедиций и литература.516 Список сокращений. 539 Summaries. 541 Авторы. 549
Summaries Petrukhin V. Ya. Daniil Antonovich Avdusin The scientific biography of the researcher of Smolensk and Gnezdovo D.A. Avdusin is exam ined from the perspective of the evolution of his views on the nature of the investigated sites. These views have evolved from an initial minimiz ing of the presence of Scandinavians in Gnezdovo up to the recognition of the Scandinavian domi nants at this site. Avdusin noted the presence of early finds in Smolensk and traces of a simultane ous settlement in Gnezdovo even before the start of the study of the Gnezdovo site. Avdusina S.A., Zozulya S.S. Studies on the territory of the Olshanskoe hillfort near Smolensk in 2008-2009 Keywords: Medieval archaeology, Old Rus’, Gnezdo vo archaeological complex, Olshanskoe hillfort. The paper focuses on the research of the Olshanskoe hillfort conducted in 2008-2009. As a result of the works, a new topographical plan of the site was made, the excavation sites of 1905, 1926, 1935 and 1953 were supposedly identified, ground surveying material was collected and two test pits with a total area of 13 m2 were laid. The pit OG-4 (4 m ) was located on the promontory of the hill. Excavated material comprise Neolith ic-Mesolithic as well as 10th - 14th c. finds. The pit OG-5 (9 m) was laid in the central part of the hillfort. The upper part of the deposit contained 10th - 16th c. finds. In the lower part inhumations in grave pits were revealed (several were buried in coffins), which can be attributed to the 15th early 16th c. However, 10* c. potsherds and small finds were rare in both test pits. The
results of the 2008-2009 works rule out the existence of a settlement on the Olshanskoe hillfort in the 10th century. In the 15th - 16th c. a small settlement and, possibly, a church could have been located on the hillfort, as evidenced by the discovery of a cemetery dating back to that period. Bronnikova M. A., Panin A. V., Sheremetskaya E.D., Borisova O.K., Uspenskaya O.N., Pakhomova O.M., Murasheva V. V., Belyaev Yu.R., Bobrovskiy M. V. Middle and Late Holocene Dnieper’s floodplain development within the Gnezdovo Archaeological Complex and its surroundings Keywords: Holocene palaeoenvironment, floodplain evolution, river palaeohydrology, alluvial soil-sedimentary sequences, early medieval hu man impact The paper presents the results of multidisci plinary study of the Dnieper floodplain devel opment at the Gnezdovo site starting from the early Atlantic (about 7.5 ky BP), as it is record ed in floodplain topography, alluvial sedimenta ry and soil-sedimentary sequences, both normal and impacted by medieval inhabitants. Key stages of the Dnieper floodplain development were re constructed with special regard for the Gnezdo vo time. Before 7.5 cal ky BP the studied floodplain area was a back-swamp on the right bank of Dnie per located far from the active river channel. Floods were low and floodplain sedimentation ceased, which promoted the formation of dark colored, ground-water affected paleosols buried due to flood rise after 7.5 cal ka BP. Around 2.5 cal ky BP, a phase of extreme floods has been detected that led to floodplain erosion and formation of large closed
depreş-
542 sions - future basins of Bezdonka and Kamyshi lakes. A new stage of ceased floodplain sedimenta tion started about 1.8-2.0 cal ky BP due to milder and/or shorter winters resulting in lowering of spring snowmelt floods. At that time, zonal soils (Retisols) spread over the higher positions of the floodplain under forest vegetation. Intensive and variable human impact of early medieval Gnezdovo settlers (9lh-l 1th c. AD) deeply transformed soils and vegetation of the settlement area and its sur roundings: it is imprinted in sharp deforestation of the area, a rise of cultivated, weed and ruderal plants, destruction of Retisols and formation a va riety of anthropogenically transformed or newly created soils. In the end of the Is' millennium AD only lowest locations in the floodplain were sub jected to seasonal inundation during snowmelt floods, which at its highest stage was 3 m lower than nowadays. The magnitude of seasonal floods increased considerably about 0.7-0.8 cal ky BP, and the Gnezdovo occupation deposit was buried under young floodplain alluvium. There were short stag es of low floods within the last 800 years record ed in one or two buried soils above the Gnezdovo occupation deposit. After the abandonment of the Gnezdovo settlement, a short period of post-settling medieval recovery of vegetation was followed by enhanced deforestation and a new rise of man-related plants. Bychkova Ya. V., Eniosova N. V., Nilus I.M. Whetstones under the microscope: new data on provenance and use of sharpening stones from Gnezdovo Keywords: Gnezdovo burial mounds and settle
ments, sharpening stones, lithological and petro logical examinations, potassium-argon age A remarkable quantity of whetstones (c. 500) has been found in the burial mounds and settle ments at Gnezdovo. It gives us an opportunity to arrange them into petrographic types and evalu ate their functions in the handicrafts and every day life. Lithological examination of 75 stone ar tefacts was made by low-power microscope. 20 thin-sectioned items were identified using a pe trological microscope in the reflected light. The whetstones exhibit a range of shapes, sizes and sections linked to the rock which they were detached from. Four main classes of hones have been recognized: dark-coloured quartz-musco vite schists; quartz-carbonate-muscovite schists, quartz-chlorite-sericite-tourmaline schists and phyllites; sandstones. Quartz-muscovite schists and phyllites absolutely dominate the selection. The coarser sandstone hones were used for ini tial blade sharpening; finer schists and phyllites were employed for small blades or fining the cut ting edges of the large ones. The fine-grained whetstones may have been used in non-fer rous metalworking as well as in antler and bone craft. Perfectly polished whetstones of banded quartz-chlorite-sericite-tourmaline schists with the ore minerals’ inclusions are characterized by an alternation of hard and soft zones. It makes them useless for sharpening. These whetstones, found mainly in the rich furnished graves, may be interpreted as magic amulets. On the base of К/Ar method of isotopic age determination a provenance of whetstones was
suggested. It indicates an age of 965±55 million years for quartz-feldspar sandstone; 1890±90 and 600±35 for foliated metamorphic schists. The lo cal provenance of the rocks is precluded on the base of detailed lithological information for Smo lensk region: no local borehole has ever reached Precambrian. Nor could sandstones and schists have been carried here by glaciers. Potassium-ar gon age and petrographic study of the whetstones from Gnezdovo inter an attribution to Precam brian rocks from quarries in the Telemark area of Southern Norway and Caledonites of West Norway. Volkov Լ V, Pushkina T.A., \Stukalova T. Yu.\ Late Medieval coins from excavations in Gnezdovo Keywords: Gnezdovo, coin, denarius, pul, kopeck The collection of numismatic finds from the Gn ezdovo archeological complex is very diverse and is being augmented every year due to continuing ar cheological excavations. Recent evaluation of the coin collection found on the settlement’s territory shows that 29 coins minted in Late Medieval and Early Modern periods, i. e. from the 13th century to the 1670s. Among these coins several deserve men tioning: a half of Brandenburg denarius minted in the second half of the 13th century or in the late 13th century, a púi of the Golden Horde dated 767774 AH (1365-1372 AD). Two coins were minted in Russia (Muscovia) in the 16th century: a big Mos cow pul with the image of a single-headed eagle minted in the 1530s and a little Tver’ pul minted in the period between the mid-1530s and the ces sation of the Tver’ mint’s activity in the mid-1550s. The overwhelming
majority of the coin finds belong to the 17th century: 23 coins were mint-
543 ed in Western Europe and another two are Rus sian silver kopecks minted in the second half of Czar Mikhail Fyodorovich’s reign. The West Eu ropean coins constitute a chronologically com pact group that covers a period from 1620 to 1652. This group’s composition is characteristic of the contemporary coin circulation in Belorussian and West Russian lands which at the time were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Counter feit coins constitute a considerable part of the se lection (c. 40%). The chronological range of the coins quite obviously indicates that the Central hillfort territory and the adjacent eastern part of the unfortified settlement were settled, if not per manently, to a certain extent in the 16th-17th cen turies. Dementyeva A. S. Combs of the first group from Gnezdovo Keywords: combs, Scandinavia, raw materials, antler. The article focuses on the collection of sin gle-side composite combs with wide and flat brackets originated from the Gnezdovo archaeo logical complex. These combs belong to the first group in the typology of O.I. Davidan and to the group A in the typology of K. Ambrosiani. The combs from Gnezdovo have analogues among North and West European finds. Their appear ance in Gnezdovo in the second quarter of the 10th century and presence until the end of the same century is argued to be connected with de scendants from Scandinavia. While most of the combs were imported to Gnezdovo, a lesser part was made in Gnezdovo with local materials. Dobrova O.P. Glass beads from the excavations of the Gnezdovo Central hillfort Keywords: Old Rus’,
Gnezdovo, glass beads, 10th-llth centuries, technology The collection of beads from the Gnezdovo archeological complex comprises more than 12,000 beads made of glass, carnelian, rock crys tal, faience or metal. The article presents a system atization of glass beads from the Central settle ment excavated in 1952-2012. Most of the beads are made in the technique of tube drawing and winding. Amongst other techniques glass blow- ing and cutting are featured while such beads are rarely found on Old Rus’ sites. Decorated beads include metal foil beads, striped, mosaic and eye beads, beads decorated with glass treads. The beads from Gnezdovo predominantly originate from the Near East. A remarkable artifact recovered from the set tlement deposit is presented - a necklace com posed of small blue and yellow beads. Zhukovskiy M. O. Balances and weights from Gnezdovo Keywords: Gnezdovo Archaeological Complex, weighting equipment, balances, weights Current research of early medieval empo rium and central places in Northern Europe regards weighting as an essential base of a socalled bullion (hacksilver) economy of Viking Age communities. Along with silver in various forms expressing the value, an equipment of measuring it - weights and balances provide a material evidence of weight-founded exchange. While weighting equipment from principal sites of 9lhT0th c. across the Baltic is mostly pub lished, finds from synchronous East European centers remain mainly unknown. The paper pre sents weighting equipment from long term ex cavations of both settlement and burial sites of the
Gnezdovo archaeological complex - one of major trading and craft centers of early medie val Rus’ of the 10lh century. The material which totals nearly 1/3 of all finds from early medi eval Rus’ is arranged in 4 catalogues: the first includes balances and their containers from 18 burial mounds of the necropolis and equal number of finds from the settlement area; the second comprises 112 weights of standardized (spheroid with flat poles, cubooctahedral) and non-common types originating from burials; the third contains 114 weights from settlement areas while the forth - finds of weights from two Gn ezdovo hoards. The catalogues are accompanied by a general overview of material concerning its morphology and distribution patterns within Gn ezdovo settlement and burials of the mound ne cropolis. The finds of weighting equipment from Gnezdovo are related with other pre-urban sites of early medieval Rus’ (Old Ladoga, Novgorod, Timerevo, etc.) and Northern Europe (Birka, Kaupang, Uppokra, Hedeby).
544 It is argued that Gnezdovo weighting equip ment demonstrates homogeneity and close paral lels to finds from simultaneous North European centers. All the finds of balances from Gnezdo vo are miniature. It is shown that they constitute 2 groups intended for weighting within 20-35 g and up to 200 g intervals. Regarding the structure of weights collection from Gnezdovo compared with other medieval Rus’ sites it is suggested that the use of lead weights in the 9th-10th centuries was wider than it is usually implied for Eastern Europe. They seem to complement the category of standardized spheroid weights with easily man ufactured but fully functional analogues provid ing equal weighting precision. It is shown that distribution of Gnezdovo weights’ types among the collections originating from settlement are as and burial grounds differ significantly, while both correspond well to materials from Birka and Kaupang. Most of Gnezdovo graves contained 1-2 weights among which spheroid weights with flat poles prevailed. Settlement areas demonstrate a significant presence of lead weights of various shapes at the expense of spheroid exemplars. The proportion of cubooctahedral weights re mains stable. As far as the combination of weights and bal ances in Gnezdovo burials is analyzed it is sur prising how rarely they coincide within the same graves. Burials containing solely balanc es are among the richest within the necropolis while weights mostly originate from common non-prominent graves. There is no apparent gen der prevalence among burials containing weight ing
equipment; child burials are featured as well. Notably four Gnezdovo burials containing both balance and weights are all female burials. It is concluded that weighting equipment from Gnezdovo reflects its primary function as an instrument for local at-the-site application for exchange and craft rather than long distance in ternational trade. Zakharov E. V. Follis of Licinius I (308-324) found in Gnezdovo Keywords'. Gnezdovo, follis, Licinius I This paper regards a follis of Licinius I which was found on the territory of the Gnezdovo ar chaeological complex. The coin is the most an cient numismatic find from the site. It might il lustrate commercial contacts of tribes which lived in the Dnepr region during the second half of the 1st millennium AD. Zozulya S. S. The research of the Dneprovskaya burial mounds group of the Gnezdovo archaeological complex in 2010-2012 Keywords: Gnezdovo archaeological complex, Dne provskaya burial mounds group, Old Rus’, burial rite, grave goods. The article focuses on the research of the Dne provskaya burial mounds group of the Gnezdovo archaeological complex conducted out in 20102012. The excavation was carried out in five mounds (containing six burials) located in the eastern part of the group. The burials demon strated the whole spectrum of funeral practic es in 10th- 11th c. Old Rus’: two cremations, two inhumations in grave pits, one inhumation on the surface level and one chamber grave. A lim ited amount of grave goods does not enable us to give a narrow chronological estimate of the burial mounds. Nevertheless, the data obtained
bring us back to the discussion of a wide variety of problems concerning burial rite peculiarities in Gnezdovo and in Old Rus’ in general. At the same time, it demonstrates the prospect of research of the archaeological complex’s peripheral zones. Kainov S. Yu. Burials with weaponry from the Gnezdovo necropolis Keywords: Old Rus’, Gnezdovo, burial rites, weap onry The long-term archaeological research of the Gnezdovo necropolis resulted in uncovering no less than 116 burials containing weapons, which formed the most representative collection of weap onry on the territory of Old Rus’ ranging from ar rowheads to mail and helmets. The earliest bur ials are dated to the first half of the 10th c. They comprise male cremations, generally, containing swords. A specific ritual treatment of the weapons (damaging or plunging them in the ground) sug gests a Scandinavian background of the deceased. A significant size of the barrows and lavish burial goods in turn are evidence that the buried were members of the Gnezdovo elite.
545 The second half of the 10th c. in Gnezdovo still dominated by cremations sees the spread of inhu mations in chamber graves. It can be argued that this was due to the establishment of the princely Kievan rule in the second half of the 960s while the former elite was exterminated. The migration of populace from Middle Dnieper brought along a proliferation of weaponry common among no madic cultures: a helmet, sabers, axes (?), spearpykes, bludgeons, composite bows, etc. The latest form of burials containing weapons in Gnezdovo are inhumations in simple pit graves prevalent in the late-10th c. The weapons include single finds of axes. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Gnezdovo weaponry collection allows to com pare the site with Kiev and Chernigov - undeni able Old Russian centers which urban nature is beyond doubt. Thus, it provides further ground for the identification of Gnezdovo as the initial Smolensk. Kurmanovskiy V.S. Gnezdovo and environs in 11th - 18th c.: a historical-archaeological essay Keywords·. Smolensk, Gnezdovo, Middle Ages, Ear ly Modern Period, documental sources, archives, Historic maps, archaeology, pottery The article covers the history of the Gnezdo vo microregion during 11th- 18th c. according to documental, archaeological and cartographical sources. A comprehensive analysis of the sourc es provides further ground for the premise that the inhabitation of the Central Gnezdovo settle ment discontinuated in the mid-llth c. Further more later periods of occupation of the Central hillfort are traced: a settlement existed there in
12th - 13th c. whereupon no inhabitation is record ed until an estate of Smolensk catholic bishops was established in the second quarter of the 17th c. Acquired data on the Olshanskoe hillfort com prised Old Rus’ archaeological material dated to late 11th ֊ 12th c. besides the known archaeological material of the Gnezdovo and Late Medieval pe riods. Moreover, written sources along with Late Medieval archaeological finds provide evidence for the localization of St. Nicholas Church on the hillfort in the 15th - early 17th c. Medvedeva M. V The Gnezdovo Archaeological Complex: documentary heritage of the Imperial Archaeological Commission in the Scientific archives of IHMC RAS. Keywords: history of archaeology, archival docu ments, Imperial Archaeological Commission, Gn ezdovo A lot of manuscripts and illustrative docu ments relating to the study of the Gnezdovo ar chaeological complex in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries are stored now in the Collection of the Imperi al Archaeological Commission in the Scientific Archives of the IHMC RAS. The record groups include materials that can be divided into sev eral parts: documents on the facts of occasional finds and hoards (1867-1910), reports on the ex cavations of Vladimir Sizov (1893-1904), Sergej Sergeev (1898-1904), Ivan Abramov (1905) and Catherine Kletnova (1912-1914). A valuable part of the complex consists of the photographs com plementing reports, drawings and plans. The article provides an overview of these archival documents concerning the early period of archae ological
research in Gnezdovo. Mumsheva V. V., Malysheva N.N., Frenkel Ya.V. Studies of the lake Bezdonka littoral territory in the flood-plain area of the Gnezdovo archaeological complex Keywords: “port” zone of the Gnezdovo settlement, stratigraphy and chronology of cultural strata, ship details. The article presents a comprehensive publica tion of materials from excavations in 2005-2006 and 2013-2015 on the Bezdonka lakeside which contains the largest and best preserved water logged deposit related to the earliest period of the Gnezdovo settlement’s existence. It is located in the flood-plain of the Dnieper at the foot of the Central hillfort. The investigated area amounts to 100 m2. The maintenance of the area throughout the settlement’s functioning varied: on the basis of differences in their composition and structure six stratigraphic horizons of the occupation de posit are distinguished. The unique character of this area is due, inter alia, to the fact that a ‘sterile’ layer probably of alluvial origin up to 50-60 cm
546 thick divides the stratigraphic horizons into two stages corresponding to the early and late period of the settlement’s occupation. The early strata of the lakeside area (horizons 5-6) comprise a waterlogged stratified deposit with wooden and other organic remains, in which only hand-made potsherds are found. The most notable construction investigated there was a ditch, inter preted as a “dry dock”. The filling of the ditch con tained ship parts (2 rowlocks, 2 oars, a maststep). It is evidence supporting the assumption that lake Bezdonka was used as a small inner harbour of the Gnezdovo settlement. At the late stage (horizons 1-3) the “port” zone continued functioning as evi denced by two levels of duckboards, which are in terpreted as hards for approaching the water. Analysis of the bead collection provides us with a preliminary dating of the early strata to the 9th c. and the late ones to the period between c. 970 AD and the beginning of the 11th c. Nefedov V.S. Vitebsk highway and Gnezdovo postal station in the mid-19th c. Keywords՛. Vitebsk highway, Gnezdovo postal sta tion, hoard The article focuses on the Gnezdovo postal station (White station). Documentary sources shed light on the period and circumstances of its foundation, the first years of its maintenance. The postal station is located on the Vitebsk high way constructed in 1847-1855. The station was es tablished along with the road not later than 1854 (the exact year remains unknown). After the Orel- Vitebsk railroad was built in 1868 the postal sta tions along the Vitebsk road were reaffiliated as
barracks for highway and railway workers. The ar ticle presents a detailed plan of the standard-de signed building (according to the 1846’s model project of «3rd grade station buildings»), its ini tial appearance as well as the present state of the White station. Concomitantly, a probable locali zation for a mid-10th c. hoard found in 1849 near Dubrovenka village is suggested. Novikov V. V, Pushkina T.A. Archaeological study of the northwestern part of the Gnezdovo archaeological complex’s Central settlement Keywords: Gnezdovo, northwestern part of Central settlement, beads, osteological study The article presents the result of archaeolog ical studies of the northwestern part of Gnezdo vo Central settlement. The investigated area cov ers 546 m2. The occupation deposit in the area is spread unevenly and sporadically, its thickness ranging from 30 to 100 cm. The collection of un covered small finds amounts to more than 1000 artifacts dated mostly to the 10th - first half of the 11th c. Numismatic material comprises a byzan tine follis (931-944) and 10 Abbasid and Samanid dirhams. Earthenware finds consist of c. 23 500 wheel-made potsherds of the mid-10'h - beginning of the 11th c. and more than 660 hand-made sherds of the 10th c. The article has two appendices, which present interpretation results of the bead collection and the osteological material. The osteological study focuses on material from 5 excavation sites where water-sieving of the occupation deposit was car ried out. The identified bone fragments belonged to cattle, sheep, goat, pig, horse and various
oth ers (bird, dog, elk, rodent, mussel and fish). Cat tle were the most important part of the livestock in Gnezdovo in the 10th - first half of the 11th c. Novikov V.V., Shvedchickova T. Yu., Dobrova O.P. Results of archaeological study and comprehensive anthropological research of the excavation site TsS-5 (Gnezdovo Central settlement). Keywords՛. Gnezdovo, anthropological analyses, ra diocarbon dating, isotopic analyses The most interesting object from the excava tion site TsS-5 (2012) is pit № 1, which contained two female skulls. A series of scientific and anthro pological analyses (AMC-dating, isotopic-analyses (87Sr/8(’Sr), taphonomy) were carried out. Radio carbon dating of the individuum № l’s skull pro vides a calibrated date 776-901 AD; the individuum № 2’s skull is dated to 936-972 AD. Sherds and other finds in the filling are dated to the mid-10th - beginning of the 11th c. which coincides with the dating of individu um № 2. It is possible that individuum № 1 was moved from a destroyed mound situated near the excavation site. Isotopic analyses (87Sr/86Sr) of the skulls indi cate that individuum № 1 originates from the ter ritory of Middle Sweden, individuum #2 - from the coast of Baltic sea or Jaroslavl.
547 Orfinskaya O. V. Textile of the Gnezdovo complex Keywords: Gnezdovo, the Middle Ages, archaeolog ical textile, samit, twill, satin, lampas, bands with gold threads, reconstruction of dress The article presents the study results of tex tile samples from the Gnezdovo archaeological complex. The samples comprise small fragments of textile made of wool, linen, silk that were pre served in burials and settlement deposits. Bur ial goods from mound Ts-301 may be consid ered unique. There were almost whole clothing forms: two red silk dresses and one blue linen dress. Bands with gold threads woven on a tablet present a great deal of interest and we can find a lot of analogies from northern Europe. For the first time silk textiles, satin and lampas with gold-inwoven threads were found in burials dat ed to the 10th c. AD. The studies were carried out using modern scientific methods. A microscop ic study of wool fibers shows the predominance of blue wool fabric. A combination of spectral and chromatographic methods was applied to dye samples. This study allowed us to determine the plant which those fibers were painted with as Isatis tinctoria. The research results provide data for a partial reconstruction of several piec es of clothing. Petrukhin V. Ya. History of a long-standing controversy: Smolensk and Gnezdovo Keywords'. Smolensk, Gnezdovo The article presents an overview of the discus sion on the relation between the ancient city of Smolensk and Gnezdovo: from assumptions of the Gnezdovo burial mounds being the necropolis of Smolensk, allegations of Gnezdovo as the
“obvi ous” predecessor of Smolensk that was transferred to the present-day location of the city in the 11th c., up to statement of a coexistence of Gnezdovo and Smolensk as a center of the princely power (po gost) and a “tribal” center of the Krivichi in the 10th c. The last stage of debates is associated with the discovery of early occupation deposit remains containing potsherds of the Long Barrows culture (Krivichi) in Smolensk. Petrukhin P. V. About the name ‘Gnezdovo’ Keywords: Gnezdovo The article regards the etymology of the name ‘Gnezdovo’, the first written records of the topo- nym, as well as the puzzling conventional pronun ciation of the word with the vowel [yo/э] (Gn [э] zdovo) instead of the expected [ε] (Gn[e]zdovo). Fetisov A. A. A 10th c. kiln from Gnezdovo Keywords՛. Gnezdovo, kiln, pottery This article presents excavation results of 2004-2005 of a construction in the floodplain part of the Gnezdovo settlement, on the periphery of the production complex where a smith-jewellery workshop was uncovered. It may be intepreted as a two-chamber kiln for firing pottery dated to the second half of the 10th - early 1 Ith c. The con struction features are thoroughly described and several analogies of different kilns from the ter ritory of Eastern Europe are proposed. Shevtsov A. O. Byzantine coin collections from Gnezdovo and Kiev in light of 9th-l 1th c. contacts between Rus’ and Byzantium Keywords՛, byzantine numismatics, coin finds, Gnezdovo, Kiev, early urban centers, Old Rus’ The paper presents a topographical and chronological survey of byzantine coins
found in Gnezdovo. The chronological distribution of the finds provides evidence of at least two sepa rate “waves” of active coin importation to the set tlement. A comparative analysis of byzantine coin finds from Gnezdovo and Kiev suggests there were considerable differences in the inflow’s pat tern of folles, miliaresia and nomismata to the two early urban centers. For instance, the predomi-
548 nance of early folles in Gnezdovo indicates that direct contacts with Byzantium up to the mid-10th century were frequent whereas numismatic data from Kiev suggests such contacts intensified only in the late 10th - mid-lllh c. when the coin inflow in Gnezdovo virtually ceased. Shchavelev A. S. Two References about Rus’ in the Chapter 42 of the Treatise De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus: The First Mention of an Emporium near the Village Gnezdovo? Keywords: Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Leo VI the Wise, “De Administrando Imper io”, Byzantine, Rhos, early Rus’, “Black Bulgar ia”, Black Bulgars, Volga Bulgaria, Gnezdovo ar chaeological complex, emporium, trade routes of Old Rus’. The paper examines two fragments of the chapter 42 of the 10th c. Byzantine treatise “De Administrando Imperio” by Emperor Constan tine VII Porphyrogenitus. These fragments date back to the source of the beginning of the 10th century under the reign of Emperor Leo VI the Wise. One fragment contains an indication of Rus’ presence in the upper reaches of the Dniep er River, which leads to the conclusion that this is the first mention in written sources of a Rus’ em porium near the modern-day village Gnezdovo (O.N. *Syrnes garőr). Another fragment describes the latitudinal route which was used by the Rus’, which led from their settlement into Volga Bul gars’ and Khazars’ territories, and then south to Syria. This information remarkably coincides with the conclusion of archaeologists that the latitudi nal trade route “Western Dvina - Dnepr - Oka Volga” was the main
artery of communication in the history of early Gnezdovo, and the route “from the Vikings to the Greeks” became the main trade route from the mid-10th c. The problem of localization of “Black Bulgaria”, mentioned in the treatise, is reexamined and the version of its iden tification with Volga Bulgaria (or with a part of it) is supported. |
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| id | DE-604.BV045549263 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-24T00:20:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785890763341 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030933270 |
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| physical | 548 Seiten |
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| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
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| publisher | Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Trudy GIM |
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| spelling | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija Vypusk 1 I.I. Guščina, D.V. Žuravlʹev ; Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej pri učasti Evrazijskogo otdela Germanskogo archeologičeskogo instituta Moskva Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej 2018 548 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-01 Trudy GIM vypusk 210 Trudy GIM Kainov, Sergej Jurʹevič Sonstige (DE-588)1182953379 oth (DE-604)BV045549257 1 Trudy GIM vypusk 210 (DE-604)BV006178992 210 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030933270&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030933270&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 490-01/(N Trudy GIM выпуск 210 |
| spellingShingle | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija Trudy GIM |
| title | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija |
| title_auth | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija |
| title_exact_search | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija |
| title_full | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija Vypusk 1 I.I. Guščina, D.V. Žuravlʹev ; Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej pri učasti Evrazijskogo otdela Germanskogo archeologičeskogo instituta |
| title_fullStr | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija Vypusk 1 I.I. Guščina, D.V. Žuravlʹev ; Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej pri učasti Evrazijskogo otdela Germanskogo archeologičeskogo instituta |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija Vypusk 1 I.I. Guščina, D.V. Žuravlʹev ; Gosudarstvennyj istoričeskij muzej pri učasti Evrazijskogo otdela Germanskogo archeologičeskogo instituta |
| title_short | Gnëzdovskij archeologičeskij kompleks |
| title_sort | gnezdovskij archeologiceskij kompleks materialy i issledovanija |
| title_sub | materialy i issledovanija |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030933270&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030933270&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV045549257 (DE-604)BV006178992 |
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