Macroeconomics:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
Red Globe Press
[2019]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxvii, 573 Seiten Diagramme 26 cm x 19.3 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781137610669 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List of Figures xvii List of Tables xix List of Boxes XX About the Authors xxi About the Book xxii Tour of the book xxiv Preface xxvi Acknowledgements Website Materials xxviii xxix PART A: INTRODUCTION AND MEASUREMENT 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Economics? Two Views Orthodox, neoclassical approach Heterodox approach - Keynesian/lnstitutionalist/Marxist What do economists do? Implications for research and policy 1.2 1.3 Economics and the Public Purpose What is Macroeconomics? The macro model The MMT approach to macroeconomics Fiscal and monetary policy Policy implications of MMTfor sovereign nations Conclusion References 2 How to Think and Do Macroeconomics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Thinking in a Macroeconomic Way 2.3 What Should a Macroeconomic Theorybe Able to Explain? Real GDP growth Unemployment Real wages and productivity Private sector indebtedness Central bank balance sheets Japan s persistent fiscal deficits: the glaring counterfactual case 2 2 3 5 8 8 9 12 12 13 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 22 22 23 25 26 26 2Л
VI 2.4 Why is it so Difficult to Come to an Agreement on Policy? The Minimum Wage Debate 2.5 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Conclusion References Chapter 2 Appendix: The Buckaroos model Implications of the Buckamos model 3 4 31 32 34 35 36 37 A Brief Overview of Economic History and the Rise of Capitalism 3.1 Introduction 3.2 An Introduction to Monetary Capitalism 3.3 Tribal Society 3.4 Slavery 3.5 Feudalism 3.6 Revolts and the Transition to Capitalism 3.7 Capitalism 3.8 Monetary Capitalism 3.9 Global Capitalism 3.10 Economic Systems of the Future? Conclusion References 38 39 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 49 The System of National Income and Product Accounts 4.1 Measuring National Output 4.2 Components of GDP 50 50 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 57 58 59 59 61 62 63 65 65 Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government spending (G) Exports (X) minus imports (M) or net exports (NX) 4.3 Equivalence of Three Measures of GDP Expenditure approach Production approach Income approach 4.4 4.5 GDP versus GNP Measuring Gross and Net National Income 4.6 4.7 4.8 GDP Growth and the Price Deflator Measuring Chain Weighted Real GDP Measuring CPI Inflation Measuring net national income The CPI Index Rate of growth of the CPI index Difficulties in using the CPI to accurately measure inflation 4.9 Measuring National Inequality Conclusion References 5 Contents Contents Labour Market Concepts and Measurement 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Measurement Labour force framework Impact of the business cycle on the labour force participation rate 5.3 5.4 Categories of Unemployment Broader Measures of
Labour Underutilisation 66 66 67 67 71 72 73 5.5 Flow Measures of Unemployment Labour market stocks and flows 5.6 Duration of Unemployment 5.7 Hysteresis Conclusion References 6 Sectoral Accounting and the Flow of Funds 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Sectoral Balances View of the National Accounts Introduction How can we use the sectoral balances framework? A graphical framework for understanding the sectoral balances 6.3 Revisiting Stocks and Flows Flows Stocks Inside wealth versus outside wealth Nonfinancial wealth (real assets) 6.4 Integrating NIPA, Stocks, Flows and the Flow of Funds Accounts Causal relationships Deficits create financial wealth 6.5 6.6 Balance Sheets The Flow of Funds Matrix Flow offunds accounts and the national accounts Conclusion References 7 Methods, Tools and Techniques 7.1 Overview 7.2 Basic Rules of Algebra 83 83 84 84 86 87 91 91 92 93 94 94 96 96 97 101 102 ЮЗ ЮЗ 7.3 A Simple Macroeconomic Model 7.4 Graphical Depiction of a Macroeconomic Model 7.5 Power Series Algebra and the Expenditure Multiplier 7.6 Index Numbers 7.7 Annual Average Growth Rates 7.8 Textbook Policy Regarding Formalism Conclusion Ю4 104 Ю6 106 107 109 111 112 115 115 112 The Use of Framing and Language in Macroeconomics 118 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 118 119 121 123 123 123 124 124 125 125 Model solutions 8 75 77 78 80 81 82 Introduction MMT and Public Discourse Two Visions of the Economy Cognitive Frames and Economic Commentary Dominant Metaphors in Economic Commentary Face to Face: Mainstream Macro and MMT Mainstream Fallacy 1: The government faces the same budget constraint as a
household Mainstream Fallacy 2: Fiscal deficits(surpluses) are bad(good) Mainstream Fallacy 3: Fiscal surpluses contribute to national saving Mainstream Fallacy 4: The fiscal outcome should be balanced over the economic cycle Mainstream Fallacy 5: Fiscal deficits drive up interest rates and crowd out private investment because they compete for scarce private saving 126
Contents Contents Mainstream Fallacy 6: Fiscal deficits mean higher taxes in the future Mainstream Fallacy 7: The government will run out offiscal space (or money) if it overspends Mainstream Fallacy 8: Government spending is inflationary Mainstream Fallacy 9: Fiscal deficits lead to big government 8.7 Framing a Macroeconomics Narrative Language and metaphor examples Fiscal space Costs of a public programme The MMT alternative framing Conclusion References 126 PART C: NATIONAL INCOME, OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT DETERMINATION 127 127 128 128 128 130 130 131 131 132 11 PART B: CURRENCY, MONEY AND BANKING 9 Introduction to Sovereign Currency: The Government and its Money 134 9.1 9.2 I34 I35 135 135 136 136 136 137 140 140 140 141 141 9.3 10 Introduction The National Currency (Unit of Account) One nation, one currency Sovereignty and the currency What backs up’ the currency? Legal tender laws Fiat currency Taxes drive the demand for money Financial stocks and flows are denominated in the national money of account The financial system as an electronic scoreboard Floating versus Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes The gold standard and fixed exchange rates Floating exchange rates 9.4 lOUs Denominated in National Currency:Government and Non-Government Leveraging Clearing accounts extinguish lOUs Pyramiding currency 9.5 Use of the Term Money : Confusion and Precision Conclusion References 142 143 143 144 145 146 146 Money and Banking 147 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Some Definitions Monetary aggregates 10.3 Financial Assets Yield concepts infixed income investments 10.4 What Do Banks Do? The
neoclassical view: the money multiplier I47 147 147 148 150 I53 153 MMT representation of the creditcreation process Loans create deposits Banks do not loan out reserves Endogenous money Summary An example of a bank s credit creation: a balance sheet analysis Conclusion References 154 155 156 156 157 157 160 161 12 13 14 15 The Classical System 164 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Classical Theory of Employment Why is the labour demand function downward sloping? Why is the labour supply function upward sloping? Equilibrium in the labour market 11.3 Unemployment in the Classical Labour Market 11.4 What is the Equilibrium Output Level in the Classical Model? 11.5 The Loanable Funds Market, Classical Interest Rate Determination 11.6 Classical Price Level Determination 11.7 Summary of the Classical System 11.8 Pre-Keynesian Criticisms of the Classical Denial of Involuntary Unemployment Conclusion References 164 165 167 167 168 169 170 172 175 176 176 178 178 Mr. Keynes and the Classics 180 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Introduction The Existence of Mass Unemployment as an Equilibrium Phenomenon Keynes Critique of Classical Employment Theory Involuntary Unemployment Keynes’ Rejection of Say s Law: The Possibility of General Overproduction Refresher: the loanable funds market Keynes’ critique of the loanable funds doctrine Liquidity preference and Keynes theory of interest Conclusion References 180 181 182 186 188 188 188 190 192 192 The Theory of Effective Demand 193 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Introduction The D-Z Approach to Effective Demand Introducing Two Components of Aggregate Demand: D1
and D2 Advantages of the D-Z Framework The macroeconomic demand for labour 13.5 The Role of Saving and Liquidity Preference 13.6 The Demand Gap Arguments and Policy Implications Conclusion Reference 193 194 198 199 199 200 201 202 203 The Macroeconomic Demand for Labour 204 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Macroeconomic Demand for Labour Curve The interdependency of aggregate supply and demand Money wage changes and shifts in effective demand 14.3 The Determination of Employment and the Existence of Involuntary Unemployment 204 205 205 206 211 14.4 A Classical Resurgence Thwarted Conclusion References 213 214 215 The Aggregate Expenditure Model 216 15.1 Introduction 216 15.2 15.3 A Simple Aggregate Supply Depiction Aggregate Demand 217 218
x Contents 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 16 Contents Private Consumption Expenditure Private Investment Government Spending Net Exports Total Aggregate Expenditure Equilibrium National Income The Expenditure Multiplier An algebraic treatment A graphical treatment Numerical example of the expenditure multiplier at work Changes in the magnitude of theexpenditure multiplier Afmal point about the multiplier Conclusion References 219 շշշ 224 224 225 228 230 231 232 234 235 236 238 238 Aggregate Supply 239 16.1 16.2 239 240 240 240 242 244 245 247 248 249 249 250 251 252 252 Introduction Some Important Concepts Schedules and functions The employment-output function Money wages 16.3 Price Determination 16.4 The Aggregate Supply Function (AS) The theory of production Some properties of the aggregate supply function 16.5 What Determines the Level of Employment? 16.6 Factors Affecting Aggregate Output per Hour The choice of production technology Procyclical movements in labour productivity Conclusion Reference 19 XI Econometric misspecification 18.3 The Accelerationist Hypothesis and the Expectations Augmented Phillips Curve Introduction Expectations of inflation The algebra of the expectations augmented Phillips curve Specification of inflationary expectations 18.4 Hysteresis and the Phillips Curve Trade-off The algebra of hysteresis 18.5 Underemployment and the Phillips Curve Conclusion References 273 274 274 274 278 280 283 284 286 288 288 Full Employment Policy 290 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Full Employment as the Policy Goal 19.3 Policies for the Promotion of Employment
Behaviouralist, structuralist, and Keynesian approaches Private sector incentives Direct job creation by government 19.4 Unemployment Buffer Stocks and Price Stability Measuring the costs of unemployment buffer stocks 19.5 Employment Buffer Stocks and Price Stability The J G wage The JG as an automatic stabiliser Inflation control and the JG Open economy impacts Would the NAIBER be higher than the NAIRU? Employment buffer stocks and responsible fiscal design A plausible adjustment path 19.6 Impact on the Phillips Curve Conclusion References 290 291 293 293 294 295 296 298 301 302 303 304 305 305 307 308 309 311 311 PART D: UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION: THEORY AND POLICY 17 18 Unemployment and Inflation 254 17.1 17.2 17.3 Introduction What is Inflation? Inflation as a Conflictual Process Cost push inflation Raw material price Increases Conflict theory of inflation and Inflationary biases Demand pull Inflation Cost push and demand pull Inflation: a summary 17.4 The Quantity Theory of Money 17.5 Incomes Policies Conclusion References 254 255 255 256 258 259 260 261 261 264 267 267 The Phillips Curve and Beyond 268 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The Phillips Curve Phillips curve algebra The Instability of the Phillips curve 268 269 271 272 PART E: ECONOMIC POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY 20 Introduction to Monetary and Fiscal Policy Operations 314 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Central Bank The payments system, reserves and the interbank market 20.3 The Treasury Government and private financial accounting Sectoral balances 20.4 Coordination of Monetary and FiscalOperations Duties of the central
bank Duties of the treasury A numerical example using balance sheets Is there a sufficient demand for treasury debt? 20.5 Taxes and Sovereign Spending 20.6 Currency Sovereignty and Policy Independence Conclusion References Chapter 20 Appendix: Advanced Material Monetary policy in the open economy, causes and consequences of capital flows 314 315 316 317 317 318 319 319 320 321 322 323 325 326 327 329 329
Xli 21 Contents Fiscal Policy in Sovereign Nations 332 21.2 Functional Finance versus Sound Finance The fiscal constraint and the views of deficit hawks, doves, and owls Why Is the deficit owl the only perspective that is consistent with MMT? Functional finance 333 333 334 References Fiscal Spaceand FiscalSustainability 349 Conclusion 22.1 Introduction 22.2 The Full Employment Fiscal Deficit Condition 22.3 Fiscal Space and Fiscal Sustainability Advancement of public purpose Understanding the monetary environment Understanding what a sovereign government is Understanding why governments tax Understanding why governments issue debt Settingfiscal targets Foreign exposure Understanding what a cost is 22.4 The Debt Sustainability Debate Conclusion References Monetary Policy inSovereign Nations 349 350 352 353 354 354 355 355 355 356 356 356 359 359 Յ60 Յ61 23.3 Interest Rate Targets versus Monetary Targets Lender of last resort and financial stability 23.4 Liquidity Management Introduction Different interest rate setting arrangements 23.5 Implementation of Monetary Policy Transmission mechanism Յ62 Յ63 363 23.6 Unconventional Forms of Monetary Policy Յ66 23.7 Monetary Policy in Practice 23.8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Monetary Policy 23.9 Central Bank Independence Introduction Rationalefor Independence 370 372 372 Policy in an Open Economy: Exchange Rates, Balance of Payments and Competitiveness 374 24.1 24.2 366 366 367 367 Յ68 Յ68 Յ69 369 Յ69 Introduction The Balance of Payments Balance of payment examples The current account The capital account and financial account
24.3 Essential Concepts Nominal exchange rate (e) Change in the nominal exchange rate, appreciation and depreciation What determines the exchange rate? International competitiveness The real exchange rate 24.4 24.5 Aggregate Demand and the External Sector Revisited Trade in Goods and Services, Product MarketEquilibrium and the Trade Balance National income equilibrium with trade The net exports function The impact on nationalincome and net exportsof a change in world income An increase in world incomeleads to a rise in net exports 24.6 Capital Controls Conclusion References 374 375 376 376 377 378 378 378 379 382 383 384 385 385 386 387 388 389 391 391 PART F: ECONOMIC INSTABILITY 25 The Role of Investment in Profit Generation 394 25.1 394 395 396 397 397 399 400 400 400 401 402 404 407 407 407 409 409 411 413 413 415 Investment in a Capitalist Monetary Economy The volatility of investment Gross and net investment 25.2 The Accelerator Model of Investment The simple accelerator model Limitations of the simple accelerator model 25.3 Յ63 Յ64 Յ65 Յ65 XIII 23.10 Horizontal and Vertical Operations: An Integration Conclusion References Յ60 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Modern Banking Operations Introduction Quantitative easing (QE) Negative interest rates Conclusion 24 335 336 336 337 339 342 344 345 347 347 Crowding out? Voluntary constraints Inflation and sovereign fiscal policy Hyperinflation Real world hyperinflations Summing up on hyperinflation 23 332 21.1 Introduction 21.3 Fiscal Policy Debates: Crowding Out and (Hyper) Inflation 22 Contents The Flexible Accelerator Model Rate of
adjustment in the flexible accelerator model Implications of incomplete adjustment 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 Expectations and Interest Rate Impacts on Investment Demand Introduction to Cash Flow Discounting and Present Value Keynes and the Marginal Efficiency of Investment Minsky s Model of the Investment Decision The two price system Determination of investment 25.8 Investment and Profits Kalecki s simplified model Kalecki’s generalised model 25.9 Business Cycles: Fluctuations in Economic Activity Terminology and patterns The interaction of the expenditure multiplier and the investment accelerator
XIV Contents Conclusion References 26 Stabilising the Unstable Economy Contents հ-ļg Examples of price and wage inflexibility The role of policy 41g 26.1 Introduction 419 26.2 Economic Cycles and Crises 26.3 Marxist Theory of Crisis 26.4 Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Theories of Crisis 26.5 Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis Conclusion References 420 422 424 427 42g 429 30 Overview of theHistory of Economic Thought 432 27.1 Introduction 432 27.2 History of Neoclassical Theory 27.3 History of Heterodox Thought 27.4 Institutional Economics 27.5 Modern Orthodox Schools of Thought 27.6 Post-War Economic History and History of Thought Conclusion References 432 436 437 43g 439 442 442 The IS-LM Framework 444 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Introduction and the Concept of General Equilibrium The Money Market: Demand, Supply and Equilibrium Derivation of the LM Curve The Product (Goods) Market: Equilibrium Output 444 445 447 450 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 Derivation of the IS Curve Equilibrium and Policy Analysis in the IS-LM Framework Introducing the Price Level: The Keynes and Pigou Effects Limitations of the IS-LM Framework 452 453 458 463 453 454 4gg 4gg 467 The endogeneity of the money supply Expectations and time Conclusion References Chapter 28 Appendix: The IS-LM Algebra Simplified open economy Product market equilibrium Money market equilibrium General equilibrium 29 467 467 467 468 Modern Schools of Economic Thought 469 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The Rise of New Classical Economics 469 47O Roots in Friedman s Monetarism New Classical Economics 29.3 Real Business Cycle Theory Advanced
treatment of the RBC model 29.4 New Keynesian Economics Introduction 47O 472 473 474 475 475 487 487 488 490 494 494 496 PART H: CONTEMPORARY DEBATES 31 28 The New Monetary Consensus in Macroeconomics 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Components of the NMC theory 30.3 Weaknesses of the NMC Conclusion References Chapter 30 Appendix:The New Monetary Consensus model Introduction Method: the notion of equilibrium and locus of analysis Alternative approaches to distribution Say s Law Loanable funds versus liquidity preference Imperfect competition Treatment of money, time and expectations PART G: HISTORY OF MACROECONOMIC THOUGHT 27 Conclusion References 476 476 477 477 478 479 481 481 482 482 485 485 29.5 Modern Heterodox Schools of Thought 419 XV Recent Policy Debates 498 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Ageing, Social Security, and the Intergenerational Debate 499 499 499 501 503 503 504 507 508 513 513 513 514 515 516 518 519 520 522 Dependency ratios Do dependency ratios matter? 31.3 The Twin Deficits Hypothesis Introduction The link between the deficits 31.4 Balance of Payments Constraints and Currency Crises Currency crises 31.5 Fixed versus Flexible rates: Optimal Currency Areas, the Bancor, or Floating Rates? Introduction Optimal currency areas The demise of the gold standard: the Great Depression and the Second World War Keynes Bancor plan and the end of Bretton Woods An alternative (MMT) approach to international money: floating rates and sovereign currency The euro and optimal currency areas Conclusion 31.6 Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth References Chapter 31 Appendix
1: Case Study 1 - Economic Growth: Demand or Supply Constrained? The US, 1975 to 2007 Introduction Did the US economy suffer from secular stagnation from 7970 to 7995? The New Economy’ and the productivity miracle, 7995 to 2007 Chapter 31 Appendix 2: Case Study 2 - The Return of Secular Stagnation? US Labour Markets after the Global Financial Crisis Conclusion Chapter 31 Appendix 3: The US Social Security and Medicare Systems 524 524 525 527 529 532 533
Contents XVJ 32 33 Index Macroeconomics in the Light of the Global Financial Crisis 535 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Why Didn t Mainstream Macroeconomics Foresee the GFC? 32.3 Who Did Foresee the GFC and Why? Introduction Minsky s financial instability hypothesis The rise in inequality 32.4 Lessons That Can be Learned About Sovereign Currency From the Eurozone Crisis Conclusion References 535 536 540 540 540 543 547 549 549 Macroeconomics for the Future 551 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Modelling Framework 33.3 Government and the Monetary System A sovereign currency Fiscal policy Persisten t fiscal deficits 33.4 Monetary Policy Reserves and bond sales 33.5 Private Banks Finance Inside wealth versus outside wealth Credit creation and the money supply 33.6 Trade and Exchange Rates Exchange rate regime Conclusion Further Reading 551 552 553 553 554 555 556 556 557 557 558 558 559 559 560 561 562
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV045513878 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:20:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781137610669 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030898329 |
| oclc_num | 1090100133 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-523 DE-188 DE-N2 DE-703 DE-83 DE-11 DE-522 DE-92 |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-523 DE-188 DE-N2 DE-703 DE-83 DE-11 DE-522 DE-92 |
| physical | xxvii, 573 Seiten Diagramme 26 cm x 19.3 cm |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Red Globe Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mitchell, William 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)136067166 aut Macroeconomics William Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, Martin Watts London Red Globe Press [2019] © 2019 xxvii, 573 Seiten Diagramme 26 cm x 19.3 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 gnd rswk-swf KCB ; BISAC Subject Heading (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 s DE-604 Wray, L. Randall 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)142136832 aut Watts, Martin J. 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)17053782X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-137-61067-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-137-61152-9 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=372603df4b614bada0471f6140d83b32&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030898329&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mitchell, William 1952- Wray, L. Randall 1953- Watts, Martin J. 1949- Macroeconomics Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037174-8 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Macroeconomics |
| title_auth | Macroeconomics |
| title_exact_search | Macroeconomics |
| title_full | Macroeconomics William Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, Martin Watts |
| title_fullStr | Macroeconomics William Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, Martin Watts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macroeconomics William Mitchell, L. Randall Wray, Martin Watts |
| title_short | Macroeconomics |
| title_sort | macroeconomics |
| topic | Makroökonomie (DE-588)4037174-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Makroökonomie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=372603df4b614bada0471f6140d83b32&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030898329&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mitchellwilliam macroeconomics AT wraylrandall macroeconomics AT wattsmartinj macroeconomics |