Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg.: ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov
Советский проект, 1917-1930-е гг. этапы и механизмы реализации : сборник научных трудов
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Izdatelʹstvo Uralʹskogo federalʹnogo universiteta
2018
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Раздел 1 СОВЕТСКИЙ ПРОЕКТ: ОЦЕНКИ, МНЕНИЯ, СУЖДЕНИЯ Тепляков Д. А. Идея пролетарской культуры Александра Богданова. 5 Фокин А. А. Альтернативный советский проект в документах «Болыневиков-
Ленинцев». 15 Ермишин О. Т. «Советский проект» в исследованиях и оценках Н. Н. Алексеева.22 іМеерович М. Л| СССР как мегапроект.
28 Шепелева В. Б. Советский проект (революция, нэп, сталинизм) и коллизии проблемной историографии .40 Яценко О. Ю. Философия реализации новой социальной модели: следование объективной логике развития, либо идеологическая
экспансия?. 51 Байбатырова Н. М. Советское государство и советский человек в публицистике авторов «третьей волны» русской эмиграции. 62 Раздел 2 СОВЕТСКИЙ ПРОЕКТ: АУДИОВИЗУАЛЬНЫЕ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ Кочкина А. А. Советский
историко-революционный фильм как средство формирования массовых представлений о 1917 годе. 68 Мазур Л. Н. Раннесоветский кинематограф как инструмент формирования синдрома войны. 73 Мурзина И. Я.,
Мурзин А. Э. Художественные репрезентации проекта «Советский Урал».86 Рыжкова О. В. Визуальные образы «советскости» в детском журнале «Мурзилка» 1920-1930-х
годов. 98 Сибиряков И. В. Советские массовые песни 20-х гг. Как инструмент конструирования новой советской реальности. 104
554 Содержание Тархова H. C. Красноармеец 1920-х гг. - штрихи к портрету (к вопросу об особенностях изобразительно-графических исторических источников) . 113 Трофимов А. В. Советские мифологемы на страницах журнала «Крокодил» (1920-1930-е
годы). 123 Раздел 3 СОВЕТСКАЯ МИФОЛОГИЯ: ИСТОКИ И МЕХАНИЗМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ Садовский Я. Конденсация политической мифологии. Мифологема в текстах тоталитарного
языка. 132 Пантюхина Т. Л. Мифотворчество как состояние политического сознания.147 Горбачев О. В. Концепция советского пространства: от материальности к мифу. 151 Соловьева Т. В. План ГОЭЛРО как
миф. 164 Никонова О. Ю. Волшебное приключение в тайге, или гендерные особенности героического мифа о межвоенном СССР.176 Раздел 4 ИНСТИТУТЫ, ПРАВО, ПОЛИТИКА: УТОПИИ
НАРОДОВЛАСТИЯ И РЕАЛИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА Рынков В. М. Советская социальная политика в условиях завершения Гражданской войны: сибревкомовский вариант (конец 1919-1922 гг.) . .185 Сапон В. П. Формирование региональной советской элиты в 1918-1921 гг.: «новые слои партии» против
«засидевшихся, оторвавшихся от масс работников» (по материалам Нижегородской губернии). 193 Воробьев С. В. Н. И. Уфимцев и Екатеринбургский губком РКП (б): конфликт с центром и его
последствия.204 Бондарь В. А. Создание большевистских партийных организаций на местах в контексте раннесоветского социального проекта.216 Сысов А. И. Советские и партийные органы в ходе модернизационных процессов на Южном Урале во второй половине 1920-х - середине 1930-х годов . 223
Содержание 555 Белоногов Ю. Г. Эволюция правового механизма социального конструирования реальности в сфере укрепления трудовой дисциплины в индустриальном секторе советской экономики довоенных пятилеток.233 Архипова
Т. Г. РСФСР во второй половине 1930-х гг.: институциональный аспект. . 240 Хлевов А. А. «Будущая война» как проект советской военной стратегии 1920-1930-х годов.249 Раздел 5 СОВЕТСКАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: РАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИЯ УТОПИИ Килин А.
П. Товарно-денежные отношения при социализме: отрицание - признание - модификация. 259 Беспятова Е. Б. Институциализация социально-экономических отношений в годы
нэпа. 271 Семерикова О. М. Советские сельскохозяйственные трудовые коммуны как элемент общества будущего: механизмы создания и функционирования.282 Ильиных В. А. Аграрные проекты 1920-х
гг.: альтернатива или «градовщина»?.295 Фельдман М. А. Между генеральным планом и планом первой пятилетки: продвижение советского индустриального проекта в мифологическом пространстве (1927-1932 гг.).304 Шильникова И. В. «Давайте денег, а то работать
не будем»: к вопросу о стимулирующей роли зарплаты на советских промышленных предприятиях в годы первых
пятилеток.317 Мельников Н. Н. Миф успеха индустриализации: основные проблемы становления и развития советского танкостроения в 1929-1945 годах.325 Раздел 6 ГОРОД КАК ОБЪЕКТ И ПРОСТРАНСТВО СОЦИАЛЬНОГО КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЯ Барышева Е. В. Советские архитектурные проекты: утопия и реальность.335
556 Содержание Валуев Д. В. «Строители всем на удивление возвели. .“Башню коммуны”». Дом-коммуна в Смоленске: история строительства и судьба. 343 Бугров К. Д. Красноуральск ֊ забытый соцгород первой пятилетки. 353 Laurent Pugnot Lambert Everyday Life in the
Sotsgorod of Uralmash: A Soviet Project facing the Housing Question during the First Five-Year Plan (1928-1933). 365 Раздел 7 «НОВЫЙ ЧЕЛОВЕК» И «ПЕРЕЖИТКИ ПРОШЛОГО»: УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ Поршнева О. С. Сознание и поведение человека раннесоветского общества: предпосылки,
этапы, характер трансформации.372 Бородкин Л. И. Механизмы «перековки»: о мерах стимулирования труда в раннем ГУЛАГе .383 Перова М. А. «Всем ребятам пример»:
пионерорганизация как механизм создания советского человека. 392 Баранов А. В. Общественное мнение южнороссийского крестьянства 1920-х гг. о строительстве социализма: саморазвитие и механизмы
конструирования.401 Макарова Н. Н. «Новый» человек на Магнитострое: повседневность и формирование советской идентичности. 408 Каиль М. В. Биографика православных
в контексте проекта по формированию советского человека/общества. 419 Быковская Г.
А., Черных В. Д. Взаимоотношения православной церкви и советского государства в период 1917-1937 гг.: советский проект или попытка выживания? . . 427 Раздел 8 НАУКА И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ: БОРЬБА ЗА НОВУЮ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЮ Баранова Л. Я. «Мы наш, мы новый мир построим.» (формирование социалистического образа жизни у уральского студенчества в 1920-е гг.).433
Содержание 557 Долгова Е. А. Институт красной профессуры (1921-1938) как инвестиционный проект. 442 Синельникова Е. Ф. Конструируя советскую науку: научные общества в 1920-е годы.454 Огоновская И. С. Школьный курс
отечественной истории как инструмент формирования советского человека образца 1930-х годов.463 Мохов А. С. «Такая статья имеет актуальный характер, мы ее поместим в ближайшем номере»: к вопросу о смене тенденций в советской историографии 1930-х
годов. 478 Капсалыкова К. Р. Советские инструкции по охране культурного наследия и проведению раскопок 1920-1930-х гг.: новая археология по старым правилам.487 Раздел 9 «СЕМЬЯ БРАТСКИХ НАРОДОВ»:
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СОВЕТСКОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА Анфертьев И. А. Правящая РКП (б) ֊ ВКП (б): интеграция территориальных и национальных государственных образований в состав РСФСР и СССР в 1920-1930-е годы. 496 Гагиева А. К.
Формирование общественных организаций в Коми АССР (1920-1930-е гг.). 507 Шушкова М. Е. Национально-территориальное размежевание Средней Азии: взгляд историков Таджикистана на
проблему. 515 Сведения об авторах. 522
Summary.527
SUMMARY Part 1 SOVIET PROJECT: APPRAISALS, OPINIONS, ATTITUDES Dmitry Teplyakov Omsk State University n.a. RM.Dostoevsky Omsk, Russia E-mail: dmitryteplyakoff@yandex.ru Alexandr Bogdanov’s Idea of Proletarian Culture. 5 The paper discusses Alexandr Bogdanov’s idea of proletarian culture, in particular the way he saw the problem of cultural continuity. Bogdanov distinguishes between proletarian culture and culture of socialist society. The paper also compares Bogdanov’s concept of ‘fetishism’ and Berdyaev’s ‘fantasm’. The conclusion is made that in his understanding of proletarian culture, Bogdanov, on the one hand, ignores the existence of ethno-national culture (the national ‘cultural code’, national mentality), especially in relation to peasant communities, which constitute the ‘core of the cultural code’, and, on the other hand, seeks to emphasize the universal and supra-class nature of proletarian culture. Key words: Alexandr Bogdanov; Marxism; proletarian culture; socialism; creation; science; education; intelligentsia; historical memory; intellectual history Alexandr Fokin Chelyabinsk State University Chelyabinsk, Russia E-mail: aafokin@yandex.ru Alternative Soviet Project in ‘Notebooks of Verkhneuralsk Political Isolator’1.15 At the beginning of 2018, documents dating from 1932 and 1933 were found in Verkhneuralsk prison. These documents came to be referred to as the ‘Notebooks of Verkhneuralsk Political Isolator’ and, among other things, comprised several notebooks entitled ‘The
Crisis of the Revolution and the Targets of the Proletariat’. This sub-corpus of the texts is the program of ‘Bolshevik-Leninists’, which reflects their views on the optimal national and international policy of the Soviet state. Criticizing the Stalinist regime, the authors of these texts proposed their own, alternative model of the Soviet project. Key words: Bolshevik-Leninists; left opposition; Verkhneuralsk Political Isolator; Soviet project 1 The author is grateful to the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service in Chelyabinsk region for granting him access to the documents.
528 Summary Oleg Ermishin House of Russia’s Emigrant Culture and History n.a. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Moscow, Russia E-mail: oleg_ermishin@mail.ru Nikolay Alexeev’s Views on the Soviet Project. 22 The article discusses the views on the Soviet regime expressed by Nikolay Alexeev (1879-1964) in his works On Soviet System and its Political Opportunities’ (1926); On the Ways to Russia of the Future (the Soviet System and its Political Opportunities)’ (1927); ‘Soviet Federalism’ (1927); and others. Alexeev was a lawyer, philosopher and alumnus of the Moscow State University. Since 1920, he lived in emigration, and since 1922, he taught at the Russian Law Department in Prague. While many Russian emigrants were prone to demonizing the Soviet regime, Alexeev tried to analyze the performance of the Soviet state, weighing both its shortcomings and achievements. For example, Alekseev positively assessed the federal state system in his article ‘Soviet Federalism’. At the same time, he expressed a negative attitude towards communist ideology, which, as he believed, impeded successful development of the country. Alekseev has written the book ‘The Ways and the Fate of Marxism. From Marx and Engels to Lenin and Stalin’ (1936) about Soviet ideology. In his article ‘About the Future Political System of Russia’ (1938), he pointed out the importance of the personality and the law in the government of Russia in future. Key words: Soviet state; law; federalism; Marxism; communism; socialism; ideology; policy; revolution Mark Meerovich Irkutsk National Research
Technical University Irkutsk, Russia E-mail: memark@inbox.ru USSR as a Mega-Project.28 The article discusses the conceptual and theoretical foundation of the Soviet policy as well as the stages and mechanisms of its implementation in the sphere of housing, urban planning, industry, migration and so on between 1917 and the 1930s. The article describes the reasons for the radical change in the country’s former ‘spatial framework’ and the methodological basis for establishment of the new administrative and territorial division, which embodied the labor-military mobilization model of HR management. This model was developed and realized as a part of the first five-year plan. The reasons behind the creation of such settlement types as the ‘garden city’ or ‘mono-city’ are discussed. Key words: accommodation industry; settlement; administrative zoning; ‘Sotsgorod’; ‘garden city’; teleology
Summary 529 Valentina Shepeleva Omsk State University n.a. F.M.Dostoevsky Omsk, Russia E-mail: vshepel@rambler.ru Soviet Project (Revolution, NEP, Stalinism) and the Problems of Modern Historiography. 40 The article focuses on the so-called ‘Russian studies’, in particular those dealing with the nature and history of the Soviet project. Modern historiographical interpretations of the Revolution, NEP and Stalinism are discussed in the context of post-non-classical theories. Key words: ‘Russian studies’; Bolsheviks; Vladimir Lenin; October Revolution; Civil War; NEP; historical philosophy; Marxism Oxana Yatsenko State University of Management Moscow, Russia E-mail: yatsenkoox@mail.ru Philosophy Behind the New Social Model: Following the Objective Logic of Development or Ideological Expansion?. 51 The article compares the ideological premises of building a global society in comparison with the implementation of the ‘Soviet project’ in the 1920s and 1930s. The comparison thus focuses on the model of ‘consumer society’ and the corresponding ideology of economic community as opposed to the socialist ideals of the Soviet state. The analysis reveals a number of characteristics shared by the current situation and the ‘Soviet project’ period. Key words: global development; new economic policy; economic methods; ideology; ideal; economics Nailya Baybatyrova Astrakhan State University Astrakhan, Russia E-mail: aulova83@mail.ru The Soviet State and the Soviet Person in the Works of Exiled Russian Writers of the Third
Wave. 62 The article analyzes the works of exiled Russian writers of the ‘Third Wave’, in particular those devoted to the topic of the Soviet state and the Soviet person. The author examines the diversity of opinions and evaluations in these works and discusses the contribution of these Russian writers to the development of social and political thought. Key words: Soviet Union; Soviet person; emigration; Third Wave; Russian writers; journalism.
Summary 530 Part 2 SOVIET PROJECT: AUDIO-VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS Anastasia Kochkina Municipal secondary school № 71 Nizhny Tagil, Russia E-mail: nastasya.kochkina@mail.ru Representation of the 1917 Revolution in Soviet Historical Films. 68 The article focuses on representations of the 1917 Revolution in Soviet films (from the 1920s to the 1980s). The main emphasis is placed on the ideological content of these films, which were used for spreading state propaganda, particularly the myth of the Revolution. Nowadays, Soviet historical films can prove to be a useful tool that can enable the modern spectator to develop critical thinking and gain a better understanding of Russian and Soviet history. Key words: cinema; visual source; revolution; text; ideology; historical films; image Ludmila Mazur Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: lmaz@mail.ru Early Soviet Cinema as a Medium of Militarization of Mass Consciousness (‘War Syndrome’)2.73 The article discusses the concept of ‘war syndrome’ and its characteristics in the context of early Soviet society. Cinema played a significant role in the militarization of mass consciousness, in particular the so-called ‘defence films’, which accounted for a large part of Soviet cinema in the 1920s and reached the peak of their popularity in the pre-war period. In the diversity of genres and themes characteristic of Soviet war cinema, we can identify the main types of propaganda and describe the techniques of agitation employed to create the images of the propagandist discourse
(just war, enemy, ally, soldier, and so on); their evolution; and their transformations in the 1920s and 1930s. In combina tion with other forms of agitation, these images contributed to the creation of the Soviet war myth. Key words: war syndrome; war films; Soviet cinema; image of war 2 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realiza tion, and Results’).
Summary 531 Irina Murzina, Andrey Murzin Institute of Education Strategies Ekaterinburg, Russia e-mail: mail@instos.ru Artistic Representations in the ‘Soviet Ural’ Project. 86 The article investigates the influence of the Soviet myth on the formation and transformation of the image of the Urals in mass consciousness. The myth of the Soviet Urals was one of the many regional myths created by the official ideology. This myth was determined by the general trends of regional development in the twentieth century, but also by spiritual culture of Ural people and their sense of regional identity. Ural art of the 1920s and 1930s abounded with representations of the Soviet myth. The authors analyze artistic representations of the Soviet Urals shown at regional art exhibitions of this period. The conclusion is drawn that the image of the Soviet Urals came to play a major role in the development of painting in the following periods. Key words: Soviet myth; regional myth; Ural art of the 1920s-1930s; art exhibitions; artistic representation Olga Ryzhkova Russian State Professional Pedagogical University Nizhny Tagil, Russia E-mail: olimp_a49@mail.ru Visual Representations of ‘Sovietness’ in ‘Murzilka’ in the 1920s and 1930s.98 Magazines for children played an important role in the ‘sovietization’ of school children’s consciousness in the USSR. The article analyzes the structure, content and dynamics of visual representations of ‘Sovietness’ in magazine ‘Murzilka’. Key words:
‘Murzilka’; magazine for children; visual images; ‘Sovietness’; indoctrination; 1920-1930s. Igor Sibiryakov South Ural State University Chelyabinsk, Russia E-mail: sibirjkovig@mail.ru Popular Soviet Songs of the 1920s as an Instrument for Constructing the New Soviet Reality.104 The article examines various aspects of popular Soviet songs of the 1920s. This historical phenomenon appeared due to a number of complex factors, but
Summary 532 the crucial role in this process was played by the Soviet cultural policy. Popular songs were used as means of legitimation of the new social and political reality. The analysis of the most famous Soviet songs of this period leads the author to the conclusion that the crisis that the Soviet popular song experienced in the late 1920s was inevitable. Key words: popular songs; musical images; Soviet music; 1920s Nonna Tarkhova Independent researcher Moscow, Russia E-mail: nstarkhova@mail.ru Magazine ‘Krasnoarmeets’ in the 1920s: Visual Representations of the Red Army. 113 The article discusses visual representations of the Red Army soldier in covers and illustrations of magazine ‘Krasnoarmeets’ in the 1920s, which leads the author to conclusions about the mutual influence of art and the military sphere in Soviet society. Key words: historical sources; visual representation; Red Army; magazine ‘Krasnoarmeets’; 1920s Andrey Trofimov Ural State University of Economics Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: 2519612@rambler.ru Soviet Mythologemes in Magazine ‘Krokodil’ in the 1920s and 1930s . .123 The article discusses Soviet mythological constructs transmitted by magazine ‘Krokodil’ in the 1920s and 1930s. The author addresses the Soviet mythologemes in this magazine by focusing on the following three dimensions: conceptual, imperative, and personal. Conceptually, the magazine juxtaposed ‘the domain of light’ and ‘the domain of darkness’: the former was associated with socialism, the Communist Party, the five-year plan, and so on,
while the latter was represented by such concepts as ‘capital’, ‘class enemies’, ‘White Guard’, and ‘NEPmen’. The texts of the magazine also conveyed the imperative to ‘destroy the old world’, ‘give up religion’, ‘reject art’, ‘transform the world of the capital’, ‘condemn the enemies of the people’, and ‘stop hooligans’. The magazine also presented a number of mythologized figures such as ‘big people’, ‘strangers’, ‘cultured people’, ‘active people’, and ‘ordinary people’. Keywords: Soviet mythologemes; ‘Krokodil’; 1920s-1930s
Summary 533 Part 3 SOVIET MYTHOLOGY: SOURCES AND TRANSFORMATIONS Jakub Sadowski Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland E-mail: jakub.sadowski@uj .edu.pl Condensation of Political Mythology. Mythoiogeme in Totalitarian Texts. 132 The article analyzes the process of transformation of non-totalitarian signs and texts into their totalitarian equivalents, as well as the role of the mythologem as a concept that condenses mythological content in linguistic and textual units. The article relies on the material provided by the classical texts of the Stalinist era, in particular the so-called ‘Stalin’s Constitution of 1936’, the ‘History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). Short Course’ and Grigory Alexandrov’s musical comedy ‘Tanya’ (or ‘The Bright Path’). These texts are compared with those of the pre-totalitarian period, for instance, the Constitution of Soviet Russia of 1918, Mikhail Pokrovsky’s historical works, and Alexandrov’s ‘Jolly Fellows’ (or ‘Moscow Laughs’). Key words: text; sign; transformation; mythologeme; totalitarian language; totalitarian culture Tatyana Pantyukhina Kurgan State University Kurgan, Russia E-mail: prokopiewa.m@yandex.ru Political Mythmaking in the Soviet Union.147 The twentieth century saw the increasing influence of myth on public consciousness and, therefore, the growing interest in myth as a widespread cultural phenomenon and a cognitive mechanism. Ideological myths created images of alternative social reality. Key
words: mythmaking; mythological consciousness; political consciousness; political mythmaking Oleg Gorbachev Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: og_06@mail.ru Concept of Soviet Space: from Reality to Myth3. 151 3 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-1810106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realization, and Results’).
Summary 534 The article aims at exploring how the representations of the Soviet space were formed in the 1920s and how they were replaced in the 1930s by the Stalinist spatial mythology. The notion of social space helps us to connect spatial representations and social processes that occurred in that period. It is demonstrated that in the course of the 1920s the spatial representations were successively affected first by the idea of the world revolution and later by national policies and economic zoning projects. It is also shown how industrialization policies engendered administrative utopia of mastering the space. The difference between this administrative utopia and Stalinist spatial mythology is highlighted. The main features of Soviet spatial mythology in the mid-1930s are described. The symbolic role of maps is emphasized, because maps conveyed not merely visual but verbal information and appealed to temporal rather than spatial imagination. Key words: social space; territory of the USSR; political development of the USSR in the 1920s-1930s; spatial mythology; boundary; mapping Tatyana Solovieva Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: solovyeva-tv@el.ru The Myth of the GOELRO Plan4. 164 The article discusses the most significant cases of misrepresentation of infor mation about the creation and implementation of the GOELRO Plan. The myth of the GOELRO Plan was started in the 1920s and 1930s as an ideological instrument. This myth has been alive ever since. At the core of this myth lies the
conviction that the Plan was a successful economic project that relied on the unified effort of the government and the people. Key words: GOELRO Plan; electrification of Russia; social mythology Olga Nikonova South Ural State University Chelyabinsk, Russia E-mail: olga-nikonova@yandex.ru A Magic Adventure in Taiga or Gender-Related Characteristics of the Heroic Myth about the Inter-War USSR. 176 Conceptualization of women’s history in the context of early Stalin’s society is an essential step towards creating a complex interpretation model of this society. In terms of ideology, Bolshevism as a project of modernity was 4 This research is supported by the giant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realization, and Results’).
Summary 535 aimed at creating a society of ‘new people’, in which everybody would be equal, regardless of gender. The policy of women’s emancipation in the Stalinist regime was accompanied by active mythmaking. Women-centered mythology was intertwined with the patriotic discourse and was secondary in relation to the established socialist realistic canon of the masculine pattern, analyzed by H. Gunter. The images of the heroes personifying the sons of the Great Soviet family were ‘adjusted’ for the female audience through the images of women pilots M. Raškova, P. Osipenko and V. Grizodubova. The article investigates the technology of this ‘adjustment’ and the construction of the ideal types of women within the mythological socialist realistic canon by dwelling on the case of the heroic non-stop flight of the ‘Rodina’ crew in 1938 and the media coverage it received. Key words: Stalinism; gender history; mythmaking; women pilots; ‘Stalin’s Falcons’ Part 4 INSTITUTIONS, LAW, AND POLITICS: UTOPIAS OF PEOPLE’S POWER AND REALITY OF STATE-BUILDING Vadim Rynkov History Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Russia E-mail: vadsvet@list.ru Soviet Social Policy in Siberia at the End of the Civil War (1919-1922)5 . 185 The article investigates the Soviet social policy implemented in Siberia between 1919 and 1922 and shows that this policy to a great extent was a part of the general national policy, although it did have certain peculiarities. On the one hand, it was necessary to ensure
the successful integration of Siberian region into the Soviet space, which required extreme measures, such as labour mobilization and property confiscations, to accelerate the transformations. On the other hand, the government had to be careful and flexible not to lose the social support base. Due to the lack of resources, the government was unable to provide for the whole population and instead chose to focus on specific social groups - workers and families of Red Army soldiers. Thus, social discrimination of the opponents of the Soviet regime, who were not entitled to social benefits, was used to weaken them and thus to reduce their protest potential. Keywords: social policy; Civil War; Sibrevkom; support base; discrimination 5 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project № 18-09-00580).
Summary 536 Vladimir Sápon Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University n.a. Kuzma Minin Nizhny Novgorod, Russia E-mail: vladimail2008@mail.ru Formation of the Regional Soviet Elite in 1918-1921: ‘New Party Layers’ Against ‘Those Who Stayed Too Long in the Office’ (the Case of Nizhny Novgorod Province).193 The article investigates the complex process of development of the new Soviet elite in Nizhny Novgorod province between 1918 and 1921. The author questions the view that the opposing sides of the elite were the ‘innovators’ (or those appointed by the centre) against the ‘conservatives’ (representatives of the local community) and shows that in reality, both of these groups relied on the support of the same social forces. During the Civil War, the optimal strategy for the Bolsheviks was to concentrate power in the hands of one party rather than follow the democratic traditions, which explains the choices made by the representatives of the Party’s Central Committee in Nizhny Novgorod province. Key words: Nizhny Novgorod province; 1920s; provincial administration; regional Soviet elite Sergey Vorobiev Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: svorob.hist@gmail.com Nikolay Ufimtsev and Ekaterinburg Provincial Committee of the Bolshevik Party: Conflict with the Center and its Consequences . 204 The paper discusses the conflict in 1922 between the new leadership of Uralburo of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Party’s Ekaterinburg Provincial Committee. The author
analyzes the causes of the conflict and shows that this confrontation forced the Bolshevik leaders in the centre to intervene in this ‘squabble’, taking the side of Uralburo. Following the arrival of the Party Secretary Vyacheslav Molotov in Ekaterinburg, the conflict was resolved, leading to Ufimtsev’s resignation. Key words: Ekaterinburg Provincial Committee; Uralburo; Central Committee of the Bolshevik party; Nikolay Ufimtsev, Vyacheslav Molotov
Summary 537 Valery Bondar Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: bondarl213@yandex.ru Local Bolshevik Party Committees and their Role in the Early Soviet Social Project6. 216 At the early stage of the Soviet project, local Bolshevik Party organizations made a compromise between ideological considerations and governmental necessi ties to a greater extent than the superior governmental agencies. On the one hand, these local bodies sought to consolidate as much power as possible; on the other hand, they hardly had the resources to do so. After the unsuccessful attempt to put Marxist ideas into practice immediately and directly, Party organizations gradually evolved into a part of the state apparatus. This process ran both on the national and local levels. On the local level, particularly in rural areas, Party committees often tended to focus so much on controlling and supervising the activities of Soviet and economic bodies that these functions of control and supervision sometimes totally replaced the functions the committees had originally been intended to perform. At the first stage, when the organization of local committees was not considered a priority task by the centre, they could remain both fighting organizations of the pre-October period and copy the structure of superior agencies by using the available human and other resources. At the next stage, the structure of local organizations became simpler and the centre strengthened its control over the local committees. Key words: Bolshevik
Party; early Soviet society; social engineering; Party Committee; state apparatus; control Alexandr Sysov South Ural State University Chelyabinsk, Russia E-mail: Sysov_1975@mail.ru Modernization in the South Urals in the 1920s and 1930s: Soviet and Communist Party Bodies. 223 Building the new Soviet society required accelerated modernization in the 1920s and 1930s. The success of Soviet modernization depended on the efficiency of the state apparatus, which underwent significant centralization and unification. Unfortunately, the actual outcomes of the reforms turned out to be radically different from the original plan. Why this happened is the question that this article seeks to address by focusing on the case of South Urals. Key words: modernization; industrialization; collectivization; totalitarian regime; South Urals; Communist Party and state elite 6 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realiza tion, and Results’).
538 Summary Yury Belonogov Perm National Research Polytechnic University Perm, Russia E-mail: ugb78@mail.ru Evolution of the Soviet Labour Law in the Pre-War Period. 233 The article discusses the evolution of the Soviet labour law in the industrialization period within the framework of Luckmann and Berger’s theory of the social construction of reality. The author shows that the state policy aimed at enhancing work discipline contradicted workers’ ideas of labour and just remuneration; analyzes the reasons for the shift towards the criminalization of absenteeism; and identifies the factors that resulted in the institutionalized stricter labour policy. The conclusion is drawn that this policy was the government’s reaction to the changing behavior of workers. As a result, the legitimacy of this policy was low in the pre-war period. Key words: work discipline; staff turnover; criminalization of absenteeism Tatyana Arkhipova Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow, Russia E-mail: archipova-iai@yandex.ru RSFSR in the Second Half of the 1930s: Institutional Aspect. 240 The article examines the place of the state apparatus of the RSFSR within the framework of the union state; the organization and activities of all its constituent bodies in the post-constitutional years; their relationship with the allied bodies on the eve of the Great Patriotic War; reorganization of government bodies; and the development of the administrative and command system. Key words: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; USSR Constitution of 1936; RSFSR
Constitution of 1937; Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR; Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR; Soviets; administrative and command control system, persecutions. Alexandr Khlevov Crimean Federal University n.a. V.I.Vernadsky Simferopol, Russia E-mail: hlevov@mail.ru The ‘Future War’ as a Soviet Military Strategy Project of the 1920-30s. . 249 From the very beginning, Soviet Russia (and later the Soviet Union) faced the need to build its military strategy and tactics in anticipation of the almost inevitable military confrontation with the capitalist world. Due to the fact that the
Summary 539 country had to face World War I on the Eastern Front and the Civil War, it had to develop its own original strategic and tactical solutions within the framework of the Soviet military tradition, which explains the significant differences in the interwar development of the Soviet military thought from its Western counterparts. The ideas of V.K.Triandafillov are particularly interesting in this respect as they were considerably ahead of their time. An important contribution in the sphere of aviation strategy was also made by A. N. Lapchinsky, V. M. Lozovoy-Shevchenko and others. The article demonstrates the advanced character of the Soviet military strategy project in comparison with the achievements of Western strategists. This comparative analysis can lead us to some interesting conclusions, especially if we compare the interwar differences in military thought with the post-war situation on both sides of the ‘Iron Curtain’. Key words: Soviet military strategy; interwar period; World War II; military science; armed forces; tactics Part 5 SOVIET ECONOMY: RATIONALIZATION OF UTOPIA Alexey Kilin Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: Alexey.Kilin@urfu.ru Commodity-Money Relations in Early Soviet Society: Rejection - Acceptance - Modification7.259 The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the transforma tion of commodity-money relations in early Soviet society. These relations stemmed from the social division of labour, diverse forms of ownership, and international trade. It was the
ratio of planned economy to market economy that determined their development in the Soviet state. During the ‘War Communism’ period, the Bolshe vik leaders rejected the significance of commodity-money relations in Soviet soci ety, but in the NEP years, these relations were declared ‘socialist’ and were used to stimulate production. Autarky and central planning resulted in commodity-market relations keeping their form but changing their content as they started to play an auxiliary role in the system of accounting and distribution and ‘materialized’ only in the shadow sector and in foreign economic relations. Key words: history; economy; socialism; capitalism; market; plan; com modity-money relations; early Soviet society 7 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realiza tion, and Results’).
540 Summary Elena Bespyatova MIREA - Russian Technological University Moscow, Russia E-mail: elena_besp@list.ru Institutionalization of Socio-Economic Relations in the NEP Period . .271 The article deals with theoretical and practical issues related to the institutionalization of socio-economic relations during the NEP period. It was found that the emerging institutional system was able to ensure the adjustment of the economic policy within the framework of mixed economy. As a result, a special model of socio-economic and political development was created. Key words: institutionalization; NEP; mixed economy; socialism Olga Semerikova Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: olgasemerikova8@yandex ru Soviet Agricuitural Communes as an Element of Future Society: Mechanisms of Creation and Operation8. 282 The article focuses on the Soviet project of creating agricultural communes in rural areas between 1917 and the early 1920s. The introduction of the concept of commune to the life of rural communities allowed the government to significantly increase peasants’ involvement into communal practices. In reality, however, this process did not always go according to the theory and the plan, which affected the legislative activities of the state and led to spreading of the mythologized concepts of commune among the population. Such mythologization, in its turn, influenced the creation of new and the operation of old (traditional) mechanisms of internal regulation in rural communities. Key words: agricultural commune;
Communist project; early Soviet period Vladimir Ilyinykh History Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Russia E-mail: agro_iwa@mail.ru Agricultural Projects of the 1920s: A Viable Alternative or ‘Gradovschina"?.295 The article analyzes the two projects of Siberian agricultural development: The Strategic Plan for Agricultural Development in Siberian Region of 1926 8 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realiza tion, and Results’).
Summary 541 and The General Plan of the National Economic Development of 1930. It is shown that both of these plans contained a number of unrealistic and far-fetched assumptions. The article also describes the archetypes of the Soviet long-term planning practices. Key words: Soviet project; long-term planning; rural economy; agricultural projects; A.V. Chayanov; A. Platonov Mikhail Feldman Ural Institute of Management Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: feldman-mih@yandex.ru Between Genplan and the First Five-Year Plan: Promotion of the Soviet Industrial Project in Mythological Space. 304 The article discusses the evolution of approaches applied by economists and the Soviet government to the country’s modernization between 1927 and 1932. The article analyzes materials of the five Gosplan congresses and the three plenums of the Central Committee in 1928; ‘The General Plan for the Economic Development of the Urals in the Period Between 1927 and 1941 and Prospects of the First FiveYear Period (Materials for the General Plan of the RSFSR and USSR)’. The debate at the 1928 plenums can be interpreted as a clash between the two key vectors of Soviet history: the modernization industrial project and the utopian vision of ‘socialist building’. The 1928 plenums and Gosplan congresses demon strated that there was a viable alternative to the ‘leftist line’. This alternative relied on applying the NEP principles to industrialize the country and to transform peas ant economy and the economy of private business. Despite the internal censorship and patron-client
relationships, the participants were able to openly express their views, which showed that some of them were able to change their position regard ing socio-economic development and that they considered alternatives that did not require the use of force and coercion by the state. Drawing from the available statistical data, the author makes a conclusion that if the opportunities for the development of cooperation, the taxation system, internal and external credit, cost-cutting and the improved pricing policy had been used effectively, such scenario would have allowed the country to avoid the Stalinist version of socio-economic development. The results of the first five-year plan were studied and discussed by members of the academia, Gosplan, government and Party officials. These discussions result ed in the introduction of the ‘neo-NEP’ elements in 1932, which, to a certain extent, were an attempt to mitigate the downsides of ‘socialist building’. Key words: five-year plan; NEP; socialist economy; Plenum of the Central Committee; Gosplan
Summary 542 Irina Shilnikova Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia E-mail: shilnikova.i@gmail.com ‘Give us the Money or We’ll Refuse to Work’: the Use of Financial Incentives at Soviet Industrial Enterprises During the First Five Year Plans9. 317 The transition to the policy of forced industrialization in the late 1920s led the Soviet leaders to set the task of maximizing labour efficiency. Wage differentiation, which was the basis of the tariff reform of the early 1930s, was supposed to reduce the staff turnover, attract workers to the priority sectors of economy, increase labour productivity, and reduce the defect rate. However, the success of these measures was impeded by such violations as late payments and frequent payroll deductions, which happened unbeknownst to workers. Moreover, workers complained about being cheated out of their wages. These ‘abnormalities’ during the first five-year plans were quite widespread and were a constant source of dissatisfaction among workers, often resulting in an open conflict. The author analyzes archival sources to identify the causes and consequences of the above-mentioned violations in the sphere of labor remuneration and to evaluate the efficiency of the government’s attempts to address these problems. Key words: torced industrialization; five-year plans; labor incentives; wages; trade unions; labor conflicts Nikita Melnikov Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the RussianAcademy of Sciences Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: meln2011kit@gmail.com Illusory Success of
Industrialization: The Key Problems of Creation and Development of Soviet Tank Production in 1929-194510 . 325 In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Soviet government bought British and American tanks and tank engines to modernize the Red Army with new models of armored vehicles. Soviet factories launched mass production of tanks. The limited industrial and human potential, however, prevented the USSR to successfully implement the program of tank production until the end of World War II. Even though the production rates grew steadily, the quality of tanks and engines left much to be desired. Thus, the success of ‘Stalin’s’ industrialization was illusory. Key words: economy; war; tank building; mass production; tanks; engines 9 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project № 17-06-00702 ‘Mechanisms for Settling Labour Disputes in Soviet Industry: from NEP to Industrialization’). 10 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project № 16-01-00308 ‘Mechanisms for Settling Labour Disputes in Soviet Industry: from NEP to Industrialization’).
Summary 543 Part 6 CITY AS AN OBJECT AND SPACE OF SOCIAL ENGINEERING Elena Barysheva Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow, Russia E-mail: barysheva.ev@gmail.com Soviet Architectural Projects: Utopia vs. Reality. 335 New mechanisms of agitation and propaganda affected the organization of urban space in the Soviet state. In the 1920s - 1930s, the idea of modernizing and reconstructing cities in accordance with the current ideological tasks became very popular. Plans for socialist construction involved developing complex spatial layouts that were supposed to reflect ‘proletarian ideology’ and to be a ‘powerful weapon of class struggle’. One of the characteristic features of architecture of the 1920s — 1930s was gigantomania, both in terms of buildings and architectural space. The article discusses the projects of monumental propaganda (Tätiin Tower, the Palace of Soviets), which were designed as ideological centers of urban space. Key words: Soviet architecture; architectural projects; symbolism; ideology; Tätiin Tower; Palace of Soviets; Palace of Labor Demyan Valuev Smolensk State University Smolensk, Russia E-mail: valuev.demyan@mail.ru History of the ‘House-Commune’ in Smolensk 11.343 The idea of collectivization of everyday life was popular among the Soviet elite in the 1920s and 1930s, which led to the creation of such an unusual building as the ‘House-Commune’ in Smolensk. Designed by O.A.Vutke, it was constructed in 1930-1932, thus becoming the first high-rise building in the city. On
numerous occasions, the construction process was hindered by the lack of qualified workforce, the shortage of building materials and equipment. Soon after the residents moved in, they started having problems with water supply, canalization, and heating. In the late 1930s, the local authorities and members of the local creative community criticized the house as a manifestation of ‘leftist deviations’ in architecture. After the war, the house underwent renovation and people moved in again. Since the late 1970s, when the house was deemed unfit for 11 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project № 17-11-67002-ОГН ‘Spiritual Life of Provincial Soviet Citizens: Horizons and Direction’).
544 Summary human occupancy, this unique monument of Constructivism has been abandoned and its condition has been slowly deteriorating. Key words: Smolensk; House-Commune; Constructivism; socialization of everyday life; worker housing building cooperative Konstantin Bugrov Ural Federal University; Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: k.d.bugrov@gmail.com Krasnouralsk: Forgotten ‘Socialist City’ of the First Five Year Plan12.353 The paper deals with the history of Krasnouralsk - the city which was founded and built in the first five year plan as the construction site of a powerful copper factory. Despite the fact that ‘socialist city’ Krasnouralsk was built in the fashionable Constructivist style, and despite the fact that the copper factory was considered to be an ‘industrial giant’, the architectural heritage of Krasnouralsk has so far remained largely unstudied by specialists of Soviet avant-garde architecture. This paper is thus aimed at bridging this gap and providing a general description of Krasnouralsk’s urban and architectural heritage. We consider the most important Constructivist buildings that determined the image of Krasnouralsk in the 1930s residential and communal buildings (the city council, bathhouse, house of engineers, technical school, club) and industrial (factory, mines). We also consider the time of their construction and the strategies of visual representation of Krasnouralsk’s architecture. Key words:
Krasnouralsk; Constructivism; avant-garde; urbanism; city plan ning, industry Laurent Pugnot Lambert CRHS, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Paris, France E-mail: laurentpugnotlambert@yahoo.fr Everyday life in the Sotsgorod of Uralmash: An Attempt to Address the Housing Question during the First Five-Year Plan (1928-1933). 365 The ‘socialist city’ was a type of settlement conceived as a planned town that was supposed to provide communal facilities and services to its inhabitants and to radically transform their way of life. This article discusses the nature and results of this project by focusing on the everyday life of Uralmash sotsgorod, built from 1928 to 1933 near Sverdlovsk. The launch of the first five-year plan led to the abandon12 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Reali zation, and Results’).
Summary 545 ment of the original city’s layout design, which resulted in a chaos: a severe housing crisis broke out and the workers’ sheds were overcrowded. The article shows how domestic space became a battleground between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ ways of life in the period between 1928 and 1933. Key words: everyday life; housing; socialist city; Uralmash; first five-year plan. Part 7 THE ‘NEW PERSON’ AND ‘RELICS OF THE PAST’: ASSERTION OF THE SOVIET IDENTITY Olga Porshneva Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: porshneva@yandex.ru Consciousness and Behaviour of People in Early Soviet Society: Factors, Stages, and Trends13.372 The article describes the main stages and trends in the transformation of the consciousness and behavior of people in the early Soviet era. The preconditions, factors, and results of this process, which had its own nature and logic, are shown. The achievements and limits of the social engineering project aimed at creating the ‘New Man’ are described. Key words: Early Soviet society; social engineering; ‘New Man’; consciousness, behaviour Leonid Borodkin Moscow State University n.a. M.V.Lomonosov Moscow, Russia E-mail: lborodkin@mail.ru Mechanisms of ‘Reforging’ and Incentivizing in the Early GULAG.383 The article focuses on ‘perekovka’ or ‘reforging’ of prisoners during the early years of the Soviet penal system, which involved state-organized forced labour of millions of people during the first five-year plans. The author discusses the evolution of the GULAG system and
discusses the questions whether this system could have functioned without the introduction of incentives (moral and material) to stimulate prisoners’ performance and how effective these incentives were. Keywords: ‘reforging’; ‘labour education’; forced labour; GULAG; incentives; White Sea-Baltic Canal 13 This research is supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 16-18-10106 ‘Early Soviet Society as a Social Project: Concepts, Mechanisms of Realiza tion, and Results’).
Summary 546 Marina Perora Kurgan State University Kurgan, Russia E-mail: perova_marina91@mail.ru ‘A Pioneer is an Example for All Kids’: The Pioneer Organization as a Mechanism for Creating the ‘New Soviet Person’.392 The article discusses the development of the pioneer organization in the 1920s-1930s and the attitude ofpioneers, adults and the Soviet authorities towards it. The author shows that the reality did not always correspond to the ideal, in particular because the government regulations often conflicted with children’s wishes and feelings and children are usually more difficult to control than adults. Nevertheless, the pioneer organization played a significant role in the creation of the ‘New Soviet Person’ and formation of the Soviet system. The text examines the influence of membership in this organization on children’s value systems, the degree of pioneers’ involvement in social and political life and their dependence on pioneer counselors and teachers. Key words: pioneer; Soviet school; Soviet childhood Andrey Baranov Kuban State University Krasnodar, Russia E-mail: baranovandrew@mail.ru Public Opinion about Socialist Building among the Southern Russian Peasantry in the 1920s. 401 The article shows the correlation of endogenous and exogenous factors in shaping the public opinion about socialist building among the southern Russian peasantry in the 1920s. Such factors include developed agriculture, greater affluence of the population; the ethno-social split between the Cossacks and the ‘inogorodnie’
(non-native) peasants; conflicts over land and taxes; and the Civil War. The Cossacks perceived the Soviet regime as hostile and imposed upon them while the 'inogorodnie', on the contrary, welcomed the Soviet project as a salvation from the dominance of the Cossacks. The ideological campaigns of the 1920s had little influence on the public opinion in the south of Russia and aggravated tension rather than relieved it. Key words: public opinion; peasantry; building of socialism; southern Russia; 1920s
Summary 547 Nadezhda Makarova Magnitogorsk State Technical University n.a. G.I.Nosov Magnitogorsk, Russia E-mail: makarovanadia@mail.ru The ‘New Man’ in Magnitogorsk: Everyday Life and Formation of the Soviet Identity. 408 The article analyzes the concept of the ‘New Man’, widely used in Soviet discourse, and realization of this idea in Magnitogorsk, a ‘new’ Soviet city. The ‘New Man’ in Magnitogorsk, however, was no more than a myth invented by Soviet propaganda. While in theory labour was expected to play the central role in the life of the Soviet ‘New Man’, in reality workplace discipline on Magnitogorsk construction sites was weak and workers often lacked professionalism. Key words: history; USSR; industrialization; Magnitogorsk, ‘New Man’ Maxim Kail Smolensk State University Smolensk, Russia E-mail: mvkail@mail.ru Biographies of Orthodox Believers in the Context of the Soviet Project14.419 The article analyzes biographies of Orthodox believers, more specifically, those of the high-ranking clergy, in the context of Soviet social history and the Soviet social engineering project. The biographical approach to modern history of Orthodoxy in Russia allows us to gain a more in-depth understanding of the Soviet past, in particular the relationship between the state and the Church. Key words: Orthodoxy; biography; confessional practices; (self)representations; personal history Galina Bykovskaya, Vladimir Chernykh Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies
Voronezh, Russia E-mail: istoria_vrn@mail.ru State-Church Relationship in 1917-1937: Soviet Project or Attempt to Survive?.427 This article discusses the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet state in the twentieth century. The anti-religion campaign was seen by the Bolshevik government as a priority and involved property nationalization; persecutions of the Patriarch, hierarchs, and the laity, and an attempt to deliberately 14 The research is supported by the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project № 18-09-00618A).
Summary 548 provoke internal division within the Church by supporting various revisionist groups. Between 1917 and 1937, a new system of relations between the atheist authorities and the Church evolved. In this regard, it is particularly interesting to look at the role that Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) played in shaping the Church policy in these new social and political conditions. Key words: state-church relationship; twentieth century; Soviet church policy; Russian Orthodox Church Part 8 SCIENCE AND EDUCATION: THE BATTLE FOR THE NEW INTELLIGENTSIA Lidia Baranova Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: balida48@mail.ru ‘We will Build our New World’: Promotion of the Socialist Way of Life among Ural Students in the 1920s. 433 The author argues that it was the second programme of the Bolshevik Party that determined the key characteristics of the Soviet identity and its formation. The second programme was adopted in the Civil War period but these ideas were later elaborated by the Party leaders during the NEP period and took their final shape in the 1930s. To implement their plans, the Bolsheviks needed specially trained people, that is, the Soviet intellectuals, which is why in the early 1920s the Party established full control over learning and instruction in Soviet universities. Key words: socialist building; socialist way of life; communist upbringing; proletarianization; students; atheism; new morality; ideology; Vladimir Lenin; Nadezhda Krupskaya; Anatoly Lunacharsky; Nikolay Bukharin; Joseph Stalin
Evgenia Dolgova Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow, Russia E-mail: Dolgova-evg@rambler.ru The Institute of Red Professors (1921-1938) as an Investment Project. 442 The article focuses on educational institutions created after the 1917 Revolution to train ‘new’ teaching and research staff in the field of socio-economic studies. The author investigates the history of the Institute of Red Professors, which was one of the state projects in the sphere of science and elite education. The aim of the article is to evaluate the performance of the Institute as a research and education
Summary 549 centre by analyzing the data on the government funds allocated to this organization, state loans, salaries of the academic staff, student scholarships, and so on. Thus, the author draws conclusions about the efficiency of state regulation and state projects in the 1920s and 1930s. Key words: Institute of Red Professors; state funding; education; research; state regulation. Elena Sinelnikova Saint Petersburg Branch of S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences St.Petersburg, Russia E-mail: sinelnikova-elena@yandex.ru Constructing Soviet Science: Scientific Societies in the 1920s.454 Scientific societies were crucial for pre-revolutionary Russian science along with the Academy of Sciences, universities, and laboratories. The Bolshevik leaders, who came to power after the Revolution, were adherents of scientism, that is, they believed in the dominant role of science and technology in socialist building. The new Soviet science was supposed to rely on collectivism and Marxist methodology. Research institutes were to become the basic units in the organization of science. The article focuses on the way scientific societies were treated by the Soviet regime and how these societies interacted with the authorities and other institutions. In the 1920s, the new government set about ‘constructing’ Soviet science: this process involved reorganization of all the elements of pre-revolutionary science, including scientific societies. In general,
the Bolsheviks’ attitude to scientific societies in 1917-1932 can be described as contradictory: on the one hand, the authorities sought to retain the academic staff and the country’s scientific potential; on the other, they wanted to establish full control over scientific societies and transform them into mass organizations. As a result, by the late 1920s, scientific societies had all but lost their independence and ceased to play an important role in the academic community. Key words: scientific societies; science; Soviet regime; public organizations; 1920s, Soviet Russia; social history of Russia Isabella Ogonovskaya Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: izabella-irro@mail.ru Russian History in Soviet Schools as an Instrument for Upbringing of the ‘New Soviet Man’. 463 The article deals with the problem of school history education in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s and analyzes the school curricula and text books of that period.
Summary 550 In the 1920s, Russian history in Soviet schools was taught as a part of social studies but since 1934, it became a separate discipline. The conclusion is made that the course of Russian history was seen as an essential element of Soviet education and as an important instrument for conveying Soviet ideals and norms to younger generations. Key words: Soviet history; Russian history; USSR; history books; school; history education; education Anton Mokhov Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: rkb2004@mail.ru Changing Trends in Soviet Historiography of the 1930s, or the Article that was Never Published.478 The ideological transformation of the 1930s led to the re-evaluation of the significance of certain events in Russian and world history, in particular the period of KievanRus and its Christianization. In the State Archive ofSverdlovskRegion, there is an unpublished manuscript of historian Mikhail Syuzyumov entitled ‘The Byzantine State and Byzantine Culture in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries’. Syuzyumov sent it to Istorichesky Zhurnaľ (‘Historical Journal’) but the journal rejected the paper on the grounds that it exceeded significantly the word limit. Therefore, the author was recommended to prepare another publication entitled ‘Byzantium and Kievan Rus Between the Ninth and Eleventh Centuries’. Mikhail Syuzyumov was also advised to emphasize the progressive role of the Christianization of Rus and in his interpretation of this period follow the general approach outlined in the ‘Brief History of the
USSR’ (edited by Andrey Shestakov). The available archival documents do not provide us with the information as to whether Mikhail Syuzyumov agreed with these recommendations or not. His original paper remained unpublished. A small fragment of ‘The Byzantine State’, dealing with one of the aspects of RussianByzantine relations in the ninth and tenth centuries, was published in journal ‘Vestnik Drevney Istorii' (‘Journal of Ancient History’) in 1940. Key words: Soviet history; 1930s; historiography; source studies; Mikhail Syuzyumov; history of Byzantium. Karina Kapsalykova Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg, Russia E-mail: carinne.kapsalikova@gmail.com Soviet Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Protection and Archeological Excavations of the 1920s and 1930s: New Archeology, Old Rules. 487 In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet cultural heritage laws changed significantly. The Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s
Summary 551 Commissars of 7 January 1924 delegated the responsibility to ensure the protection of architectural monuments to local executive committees. Following that, guidelines for registering and protecting cultural monuments and programs for collection of archaeological data started to be published all across the country. This article analyzes the archeological guidelines and programs published in this period in different regions of the USSR. The author believes that the key provisions of these documents were adopted from V.A.Gorogtsov’s ‘Guidelines for Archeological Excavations’ (1914) and the guidelines for archeological exploration written by A.A.Spitsyn (1908). The Soviet documents were intended for the general public: museum workers, teachers, geological field parties, tourists, and hunters. Interestingly enough, these guidelines did not mention the role of local history societies and organizations in collection of archeological data and protection of cultural heritage. Key words: history of archeology; cultural heritage; historiography; source studies; archeological guidelines Part 9 ‘BROTHERHOOD OF NATIONS’: NATIONAL ASPECTS OF SOVIET BUILDING Ivan Anfertiev Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow, Russia E-mail: ivananf52@gmail.com Integration of Ethnic Territorial Units into the RSFSR and USSR in the 1920s and 1930s.496 In the 1920s and 1930s, national and territorial transformations of the country were among the main concerns of the Soviet government, which was trying to deal with the
consequences of the post-revolutionary period, when a number of Russian guberniyas, enclaves and borderland areas sought independence. Eventually, Finland, Poland, and three Baltic guberniyas declared their sovereignty. This article discusses the views of the Bolshevik leaders on settling inter ethnic conflicts and disputes over national boundaries. The author also describes the methods the Bolshevik government used to overcome separatist sentiments in the country and the steps they took to reclaim the territories that had belonged to pre revolutionary Russia. By analyzing documents of the Party’s Central Committee, it was found that the Bolshevik leaders did not have a clear action plan and that the debates about what was to be done continued in the 1920s. Vladimir Lenin and his associates were trying to develop a policy that would, on the one hand, allow them to embrace federalism and anti-colonialism (‘nations’ right to self-determination’), at least in appearance, and, on the other, to gain and maintain control over nonRussian regions. In settling inter-ethnic conflicts, the Soviet government relied on
552 Summary military force. In order to weaken the national elites’ ambitions for more autonomy, the government applied the principle of social stratification by fostering the divide along the line of class (the poor vs. the rich) within local communities. Key words: Bolshevik Party; protest movement; Vladimir Lenin; Joseph Stalin; archival documents; Political Bureau; Central Committee Anna Gagieva Komi Republican Academy of State Service and Administration Syktyvkar, Russia E-mail: gngkol2@mail.ru Public Organizations in the Komi Republic in the 1920s and 1930s. 507 The article discusses public organizations (clubs and societies) that started appearing in the Komi Republic (Komi ASSR) in the 1920s and 1930s and analyzes their activities, functions and the reasons for their shutdown. Key words: local history society; Komi region; Writers’ Union of the Komi ASSR, military sport clubs Margarita Shushkova Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow, Russia E-mail: margyritta@yandex.ru National Delimitation in Central Asia in the Interpretations of Modern Tajik Historians.515 The article deals with the process of creating Soviet statehood on the territory of Turkestan. The author concludes that the delimitation and demarcation of boundaries between Central Asian states, which took place in 1924 and 1925, has a significant influence on the political map of this region. According to Central Asian historians, the most disadvantaged nation were the Tajiks, whose interests were
not represented at the meetings of the Central Asian Bureau that oversaw the issue. The results of this ‘Soviet experiment’ seriously affected the formation of the post-Soviet space after the collapse of the USSR. Key words: Turkestan; delimitation; Central Asia; Central Asian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party; national policy; Turkestan; Tajikistan |
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| author_facet | Gorbačev, Oleg Vitalʹevič 1962- Mazur, Ljudmila Nikolaevna 1960- Sovetskij proekt. 1917-1930-e gg.: ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii (Veranstaltung) Jekaterinburg |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV045488884 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-11T19:00:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1185770968 |
| isbn | 9785799624897 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030873797 |
| oclc_num | 1101130430 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 557 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20190618 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Izdatelʹstvo Uralʹskogo federalʹnogo universiteta |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sovetskij proekt. 1917-1930-e gg.: ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii (Veranstaltung) 2018 Jekaterinburg Verfasser (DE-588)1185770968 aut 880-03 Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov Ministerstvo nauki i vysšego obrazovanija; FGAOU BO "Uralʹskij federalʹnyj universitet imeni pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B.N. Elʹcina" ; redakcionnaja kollegija: O.V. Gorbačev, L.N. Mazur [und 5 andere] 880-04 Ekaterinburg Izdatelʹstvo Uralʹskogo federalʹnogo universiteta 2018 557 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text russisch, Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge auf Englisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1917-1939 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd rswk-swf Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2018 Jekaterinburg gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 s Geschichte 1917-1939 z DE-604 880-01 Gorbačev, Oleg Vitalʹevič 1962- (DE-588)1163675288 edt 880-02 Mazur, Ljudmila Nikolaevna 1960- (DE-588)1060394782 edt Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030873797&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030873797&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 700-01/(N Горбачев, Олег Витальевич edt 700-02/(N Мазур, Людмила Николаевна edt 245-03/(N Советский проект, 1917-1930-е гг. этапы и механизмы реализации : сборник научных трудов Министерство науки и высшего образования; ФГАОУ БО "Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина" ; редакционная коллегия: О.В. Горбачев, Л.Н. Мазур [und 5 andere] 264-04/(N Екатеринбург Издательство Уральского федерального университета 2018 |
| spellingShingle | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4026486-5 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4066562-8 (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov |
| title_auth | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov |
| title_exact_search | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov |
| title_full | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov Ministerstvo nauki i vysšego obrazovanija; FGAOU BO "Uralʹskij federalʹnyj universitet imeni pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B.N. Elʹcina" ; redakcionnaja kollegija: O.V. Gorbačev, L.N. Mazur [und 5 andere] |
| title_fullStr | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov Ministerstvo nauki i vysšego obrazovanija; FGAOU BO "Uralʹskij federalʹnyj universitet imeni pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B.N. Elʹcina" ; redakcionnaja kollegija: O.V. Gorbačev, L.N. Mazur [und 5 andere] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov Ministerstvo nauki i vysšego obrazovanija; FGAOU BO "Uralʹskij federalʹnyj universitet imeni pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B.N. Elʹcina" ; redakcionnaja kollegija: O.V. Gorbačev, L.N. Mazur [und 5 andere] |
| title_short | Sovetskij proekt, 1917-1930-e gg. |
| title_sort | sovetskij proekt 1917 1930 e gg etapy i mechanizmy realizacii sbornik naucnych trudov |
| title_sub | ėtapy i mechanizmy realizacii : sbornik naučnych trudov |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Ideologie (DE-588)4026486-5 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Ideologie Gesellschaft Wissenschaft Alltag Kultur Sowjetunion Russland Konferenzschrift 2018 Jekaterinburg |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030873797&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030873797&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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