Developments in Russian politics:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Red Globe Press
2019
|
| Ausgabe: | [9. edition] |
| Schriftenreihe: | Developments in Russian politics
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 224-241 |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 260 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781352004670 9781352004755 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of Figures and Tables ix
Preface x
Notes on Contributors xii
List of Abbreviations xvi
1 Politics in Russia 1
Richard Sakwa
The Soviet system 2
Perestroika: from rationalisation to disintegration 5
Post-communist Russia: the Yeltsin years 8
Putin: the politics of stability 11
Challenges of démocratisation 15
Conclusion 17
2 Presidency and Executive 18
John P. Willerton
Putin and the legacy of a strong executive 19
Institutions of the federal executive 25
The Putin team 31
The continued Putin presidency 35
3 Political Parties 38
Ora John Reuter
Political parties and Russia s stalled democratization:
1991-2003 38
The emergence of a dominant party system 42
United Russia as the dominant party 43
United Russia and the electorate 45
Opposition in Russia 47
Conclusion 52
v
CONTENTS
4 Parliamentary Politics in Russia 54
Ben Nobie
History 54
Federal Assembly 56
The law-making process and outputs 60
Recent parliamentary developments 64
Conclusion 65
5 National Identity and the Contested Nation 67
Marlene Lamelle
The contested identity of the Russian Federation 67
Stabilising Russia s national narrative knots 70
Nationalist movements 74
The interplay of state nationhood and non-state nationalism 77
Conclusion 79
6 Protest, Civil Society and Informal Politics 80
Graeme B. Robertson
Political protest and contentious politics in Russian history 81
Putin and protest 85
The protest cycle of 2011-12 88
Protest, civil society and politics since 2012 89
Protest, civil society and the presidential election of 2018 92
Conclusion 93
7 Russia, Media and Audiences 94
Ellen Mickiewicz
Television 94
Radio 98
Newspapers 99
The internet 100
RT: Russia projected abroad 102
The critical importance of scale 104
Cognitive processing and state messages 106
8 Assessing the Rule of Law in Russia 108
Kathryn Hendley
The heritage of Soviet law 108
The institutional structure of the Russian legal system 110
The Russian legal system in action 112
CONTENTS
Russians expectations of the legal system 114
Prospects for the rule of law in Russia 117
9 A Federal State? 119
Darrell Slider
Putin s vertical of power 120
Interactions between governors and the president 127
Federal agencies in the regions and the problem
of decentralisation 130
10 Managing the Economy 133
Philip Hanson
Russia s recent economic performance 133
The domestic sources of stagnation 139
Recent economic policy in Russia 142
The future: reform for the sake of faster growth? 146
11 Inequality and Social Policy in Russia 150
Thomas F. Remington
The challenge of social policy 150
Rising inequality 153
Evolution of the social welfare system 157
Income inequality and access to social services 161
The challenge of policy reform 162
12 Russian Foreign Policy 165
Valentina Feklyunina
The making of Russian foreign policy 165
Russia s foreign policy priorities 167
Russian foreign policy: from integration to confrontation
with the West 171
Russia s foreign policy dilemmas 176
Conclusion: explaining Russian foreign policy 178
13 Security, the Military and Politics 180
Bettina Renz
Yeltsin, security and the military 181
Putin, security and politics 184
Putin, the military and politics 186
A Russian military resurgence? 188
Conclusion 191
vii
CONTENTS
14 Russia and its Neighbours 192
Samuel Charap
A diverse region 192
Pushing and pulling 193
Conflicts heat up and freeze 195
Integration gets serious 197
Conclusion 203
15 The Continuing Evolution of Russia s Political System 205
Henry E. Hale
A social context of patronalism 206
Power networks in Russian politics 207
The emergence of Russia s single-pyramid system 207
The problem of presidential succession 208
Tightening the political machine 209
Dilemmas of governance facing Putin 211
Putin s appeal 211
Putin s strong-hand rule: more subtle than brutal 213
So, what kind of regime is Russia and what lies ahead? 215
Guide to Further Reading 217
Glossary 223
References 224
Index 242
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INDEX
A
Abkhazia, 73, 194, 196
Abramovich, Roman, 10
acceleration’ (uskorenie), 3
accountability, 11, 13, 16—17
activists
backlash against, 89—92
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation (CPRF), 49—50
under Putin, 86
television coverage of, 97—98
in 2011 protests, 88
United Russia, 45
advertising, as propaganda, 105
advisory bodies, 29—30
Adygeya, 126
Afghanistan, 168, 176
Agrarian Party, 57
Albania, 176
All-Russian Peoples Front (ONF), 13, 19
amnesties, 115—116
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 3, 4
Anpilov, Viktor, 86
anti-alcohol campaign, 6
anti-Americanism, 73
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
(ABM Treaty), 168
anti-corruption protests, 80
apparatus, 6-7
Arab Spring, 17, 169, 186
arbitrazh courts, 110—111
Armenia, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 203
Asia-Pacific, foreign policy focus, 169
Association Agreements (AA), 197—198,
202-203
‘asymmetric’ federalism, 120
audiences, 94—107. See also media; television
cognitive processing by, 106—107
demographics, 96
for opposition media, 99, 213
potential vs. actual, 103—104
Russia Today influencing, 102—104
and scale of media, 104—106
scepticism of, 96—97
television, 94, 95-96, 97
Audit Chamber, 57
austerity, 137, 143, 147-148
authoritarianism. See also démocratisation;
political system
in hybrid regimes, 216
party support for, 42—43
preference for, 19—21
under Putin, 13, 14,25
steering foreign policy, 168—169, 184
and third-wave reforms, 15—16
authoritarian modernisation,’ 4, 5
Azerbaijan, 194, 195-196, 197, 198, 203
B
Barkashov, Alexander, 75
Bardes, Charles, 191
Bashkortostan, 69, 83, 120, 121, 209
Bashneft, 145
Belarus, 8, 12, 195, 197, 203
Belov, Aleksandr, 75
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 203—204
Belykh, Nikita, 126
Berezovsky, Boris, 10, 207, 208, 210
Berlin Wail, 7
‘besieged fortress’ narrative, 174
Beslan school massacre, 13
bills, 60—64. See also law and law-making;
legislation; parliament
black markets, 153
blockades, 83
Boiotnaya Square, 88
Bolsheviks. See Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (CPSU)
Bremmer, Ian, 184—185
Brezhnev, Leonid Il’ich, 3—4, 14, 72, 212
bribery, 113
BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa), 73, 134, 169
Bucharest Declaration, 196
Buddhism, 70
budgetary policy, 143—145
242
INDEX
budgets. See also economic policies; economy
military, 184, 187, 189
oil prices affecting, 137—138, 143—144
overtime, 137, 144—145
and privatisation, 145
Putin stabilizing, 212
regions vs. federal agencies, 130—131
State Duma role, 62—63
Bulgaria, 176
bureaucracy, 1, 3, 6, 28, 163—164
Bush, George H.W., 166
C
Cabinet of Ministers, 31
Cabinet Presidium, 31
capitalism, 3, 6, 13—14
‘castling’ move, 15
cell phones, 100, 107
Central Bank of Russia (CBR), 34, 134,
142-143, 212
floating rouble, 135—137
Centre for Strategic Research, 147
centrism, 11,46
chairmen (of courts), 113
Channel One (First Channel), 95, 102, 213
Charap, Samuel, 184-185, 192—204
Chechnya. See also Eurasian region; foreign
policy, separatism
conflicts in, 10, 75, 83—85, 119
decrees to ‘normalise,’ 28
invasion of, 84—85, 182
Islam in, 69
media coverage of, 84, 95
and nationalism, 68, 74, 76
under Putin, 123, 187, 209
separatism in, 83-84, 119, 183
Western perspective on, 167, 173
under Yeltsin, 10, 83-84, 112, 183
‘checks and balances/ 28
Cherkesov, Viktor, 185
Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich, 3, 4
chief of staff, 29
China, 169, 172, 213
influencing Eurasian region, 193
military strength of, 189
relationship with, 177, 203—204
wealth inequality in, 153—157
Chinese Communist Party, 44
Chisinau, 194
Chubais, Anatoly, 32
civil servants, 57
civil society, 80—93. See also social policy
environmentalists and, 87
government shaping, 85
importance of, 85—86
Civil War, 2, 81
dientelism, 47
Clinton, Hillary, 102
cognitive processing of messages, 106—107
Cold War, 3-4, 5, 8, 181
Collective Security Treaty, 195
Collective Security Treaty Organization
(CSTO), 195
colour revolutions.’ See revolutions
commercialisation, creeping forced/ 161
Committee for Protecting the Peoples
Power and the Constitution, 55
Committee of State Security (KGB), 4, 21,
181, 182, 184
Committee on Constitutional
Supervision, 109
committees, for profiling laws, 60
Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS), 8, 168, 172, 195
communism. See Soviet system
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
(CPRF), 41, 49-50, 57, 213. See also
party system; political parties
as CPSU successor, 9, 38
and nationalist movements, 74, 75
popular support for, 35, 46, 208, 210
in regional politics, 125
and 2011 protests, 88
Communist Part)’ of the Soviet Union (CPSU),
2, 4, 44. See also Soviet system
apparatus, 6—7
banning of, 8
factions in, 6
Komsomol, 45
loss of‘leading role/ 7
and rule of law, 109
compatriot repatriation program, 73
conflicts, freezing, 195-196, 202
Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian
Federation (formerly RSFSR), 1, 7,
9,55
Congress of People’s Deputies of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic (RSFSR), 55
Congress of People’s Deputies of the
USSR, 7, 55
Constituent Assembly, 2
243
INDEX
Constitution (1993), 1, 9—10, 55—56. See also
government; parliament; president
Articles
2, 54
31, 87
80, 26, 165
81.3, 11
86, 165
93, 26, 165
100.1, 56
104.1, 60
102,166
106, 166
decrees, 28
federalist aspects of, 119—120
politics shaping, 82
and post-communist order, 16—17
role of mayors in, 126
Yeltsin amending, 11
Constitution (Soviet era), 108—109
Constitutional Court, 27, 110—111, 112
consumption, and floating rouble, 135—137
contentious politics, 80-81. See also activists;
opposition parties; protests
and current issues, 92—93
environmentalism, 87
by ethnic groups, 83—84
history of, 81—85
Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, 173
convocations, 57
Coordinating Council, 91
corporatism, 25
corruption, 4
in courts, 117
in legal system, 112—113, 115, 117
media investigations of, 99—100
and patronalism, 206
under Putin, 25
in regional financing, 131
Council of Europe, 172, 173
councils, 27
counter-parliament, 98
counter-sanctions, 146,203
counterterrorism, 182, 185
court chairmen, 113
courts, 110—111. See also law and law-
making; judges; legal system; rule of
law
arbitrazh, 110—111
constitutional, 110—111
corruption in, 117
and economic reform, 148—149
improvement under Putin, 212
juries in, 111
justice of the peace, 111
protecting personal rights, 116—117
public perceptions of, 114, 115, 116
role of chairmen, 113
Supreme, 111
Credit Suisse Bank, 156
creeping forced commercialisation,’ 161
Crimea. See also Eurasian region; foreign
policy; separatism
annexation, 73, 76, 91—92, 199—200
as federal entity, 68, 120, 121
hybrid warfare in, 190
influencing foreign policy, 24, 25, 175,
176, 179
legislature selecting leaders, 126
as macroregion, 121
media coverage of annexation, 97
public opinion of annexation, 97, 170,
177-178, 200, 212
and Putins popularity, 20, 76, 79, 97,
178,212,215
supporting regime, 79, 170, 215
Ukraine crisis precipitating, 91—92,
180, 200
criminal trials, 108. See also courts; judges;
legal system
Alexei Navalny, 91
for business disputes, 112
public attention to, 115
in Soviet Union, 109
as weapon, 112, 117,210
Croatia, 15, 176
Cuban missile crisis, 3
cum hoc fallacies, 103
Customs Union Commission, 197
Czech Republic, 3—4, 176
D
Dagestan, 84, 126, 131
de-Russification, 69
debate, decline of, 62—63
Decembrist movement, 2
decentralisation, 131—132, 160
decrees, 28, 193
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
agreements (DCTFA), 198
244
INDEX
defence. See military; security
Democratic Union, 6
démocratisation (demokratizatsiya), 5, 6, 55.
See also authoritarianism; party system;
political parties; political system
challenges of, 15—17
and federalism, 119
guiding foreign policy, 178
in hybrid regimes, 63, 216
incomplete, 39-40
and liberal parties, 50—52
for long-term growth, 150
‘managed’ democracy, 1, 14—15
post-communism, 9, 16—17
public perception of, 37, 214
shaping national identity, 67—70
‘sovereign democracy, 13—14, 146
vs. stability, 13
teleological vs. genealogical approach, 16
United Russia’s role in, 43
deputies, 56-59, 60—61, 64
Deripaska, Oleg, 210
‘dictatorship of law,’ 12
‘Direct Line with Vladimir Putin,’ 25
directorates, 27. See also Presidential
Administration
districts, 29, 68
‘divide-and-rule strategy,’ 182-183, 185
Donbas, 200, 202
Donetsk, 201
dual state, 12—13, 14, 211
Duma. See State Duma
Dyumin, Aleksei, 32, 35
E
Eastern Partnership (EaP), 197—198
economic policies, 142—146. See also
economy
austerity, 143, 147—148
budgetary, 143—145
counter-sanctions as, 146
diversification as, 146
future reforms, 146—149
guiding ideas, 142—143
industrial, 145—146
inflation targeting, 143
interest rates, 143
and international borrowing, 144
monetary, 143
for national sovereignty, 133, 142
privatisation, 145, 148
‘shock therapy approach, 172
stimulus vs. austerity, 147—148
economy, 10, 133—149. See also economic
policies
allocating resources, 141
arbitrazh courts for, 110—111
catalyzing protests, 83, 87
differences across Russia, 69—70
and Eurasian relations, 120, 194
floating rouble, 135—137, 143
growth rate, 133—135, 139—141
importance of China, 203
influencing media, 96
macroeconomic changes to, 147—148
market, 6, 8, 9, 32, 172
and military spending, 184, 187, 189
oil prices affecting, 133, 134
periods of crisis, 133—134
under Putin, 20, 21, 24, 25, 123, 212
recent performance, 133—138
sanctions affecting, 138—139
St Petersburg influence, 32—33
Western relations, 138-139, 174, 177
education, 36, 161
Egypt, 213
Ekho Moskvy, 98, 99, 100, 213
elections, 1, 6-7, 9, 15, 39-40. See also party
system; political parties
December 2011 protests, 88-89
of deputies, 56—57
eliminating mayoral, 210
under Gorbachev, 5, 6, 7—8, 55
liberal parties in, 50—52
media coverage of regional, 125
and political parties, 39-40
of Putin, as paramount leader, 18—19
of regional leaders, 120, 122, 124, 126,
209-210
scale of voting, 214
of senators, 59
shaping political system, 208, 213—214
and Supreme Court, 111
United Russia dominating, 42—47
elites
access to diverse media, 99
balancing Eurasian region, 193
in Federation Council, 59
interfering with legal system, 112
shaping political system, 15, 19, 20
supporting Putin, 24, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37
in United Russia, 42-43, 44, 210
245
ÍNDEX
embezzlement, 112
Emergency Situations- See Ministry of
Emergency Situations
emigration. See migration
employment. See also pensions; social policy;
wages; workers
informal vs. formal, 152, 155—156
stationary rates of, 139, 140
energy prices, 20, 36, 194. See also oil prices
enterprise paternalism,’ 151
entrepreneurs, 78, 148
environmentalists, 87
Estonia, 8, 176
ethnic groups. See also Eurasian region;
migration; national identity;
nationalism
regional privileges of, 121—122
in Russian Federation, 67—68
and Russian nationalism, 69
Yeltsin-era conflicts, 83—84
Eurasian Economic Commission
(EAEC), 197
Eurasian Economic Community
(EurAsEC), 195
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 175,
177-178, 197
Eurasian region, 192—193. See also ethnic
groups; foreign policy; separatism;
in vidual countries
Association Agreements for, 197—198
autonomy of, 119
budgets, 124, 131
Chinas role in, 203—204
collective action dilemma, 122—123
conflicts in, 83—84, 195—196, 203
Customs Union, 197
and Eastern Partnership (EaP), 197—198
electing leaders, 120, 122, 124, 125,
209-210
federal agencies in, 130—132
integration within, 197—203
as macroregions, 121
and national identity, 72—73, 77
parliamentary representation,
68, 120, 126
political systems in, 128, 131—132, 208
power networks in, 120—126, 207
relationship with Russia, 127—128,
192-204
socioeconomic differences between, 69—70
supranational institutions in, 128, 197
trade in, 194, 195
and United Russia, 122
Western influences in, 193—195, 198
Eurasian Union, 175
Euromaidan Revolution. See Maidan
Revolution
European Court of Human Rights,
116-117, 173
European Union (£U), 15, 173. See also
foreign policy; United States; West
Eastern Partnership (EaP), 197-198
in Eurasian region, 193, 195, 199—200
orchestrating revolutions, 174
Russian relationship with, 168, 177
and Ukraine, 175, 199-200, 202-203
executive. See president
extremism, 12, 100, 101, 132
F
Facebook, 52, 100, 104, 105
‘failing state,’ Russia as, 24
Fatherland-All Russia (FAR), 42, 209
Federal Agency for Government
Communication and Information
(FAPSI), 185
Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of
Independent States, Compatriots
Living Aboard, and International
Cultural Cooperation, 166
Federal Assembly, 56—60. See also Federation
Council; parliament; State Duma
Federation Council, 59—60
first elections, 55—56
four roles of, 65
recent developments in, 64—65
as rubber stamp, 63
State Duma, 56—59
Federal Border Guard Service, 185
federal executive, institutions of, 25—31.
See also government; president;
Presidential Administration; prime
minister
Federal Guard Service (FSO), 182, 185
Federal National Guards Service (FSNG),
185
Federal Security Service (FSB), 166, 180, 185
counterterrorism units, 182
creation of, 182
and Putin, 180, 184, 185
Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs
Trade (FSKN), 185
246
INDEX
Federal Tax Police Service, 185
federalism, 119—132. See also Constitution;
démocratisation; Federal Assembly;
parliament; political system
asymmetric,5 120
and decentralisation, 130—132
as form of extremism, 132
and NavaLny election, 124—125
under Putin, 120—126
shift away from, 123
Yeltsin adopting, 119—120
Federation Council, 27, 59—60. See also
Federal Assembly; parliament; State
Duma
Kremlin shaping, 59
Putin changing, 123
recent developments in, 64—65
representing regions, 120
role in foreign policy, 166
role in law-making, 60, 61
federal agencies, and decentralisation,
130-132
Feklyunina, Valentina, 165—179
Felgenhauer, Pavel, 145
First Channel (Channel Gne), 95, 102, 213
flash mobs, 87
Foreign Affairs ministry, 31
Foreign Agents Law, 90, 101
Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR),
166, 185
foreign policy, 165—179. See also Eurasian
region; European Union; military;
security; United States; West;
individual countries
advisory bodies for, 29—30
Asia-Pacific focus, 169, 172, 175
authoritarianism steering, 168—169
‘besieged fortress’ narrative, 174
China, 177, 203-204
conservatism guiding, 170, 175
dilemmas, 176—178
and Eurasian region, 192—204
guiding principles, 170—171, 173,
178-179
implementing, 165—166
international position and, 167
under Medvedev, 169
multi/unipolarity, 168
nationalism shaping, 170, 175,
178-179
priorities, 167—171
protests affecting, 175
under Putin, 12, 24, 25, 170-171,
174-176
and revisionism, 179
relationship with West, 167, 168—169,
171-177
St Petersburg influence, 33
Syria, 176, 177
‘Foreign Policy Concepts,5 167—171
Foreign Policy Department of Presidential
Administration, 165—166
fraud, 112,214,215
FSB. See Federal Security Service
‘funds coefficient5 measure, 154—155
Fyodor Ivanovich (Tsar), 81
G
G7, 172, 173
G8 summit, 86
Gazprom, 30, 95, 148
GDP (Gross Domestic Product),
134-135, 137
genealogical approach, 16
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), 172
‘Geneva International Discussion,5 196
Georgia. See also Eurasian region; foreign
policy; separatism
Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS), 195
‘colour revolution’ in, 186
in Eastern Partnership, 197, 204
ethnic conflicts, 194
NATO membership, 176, 196, 204
peacekeeping missions in, 196
relations with Russia, 196, 198
Russia-Georgia war, 169, 187—188, 196
Gerasimov, Vaierii, 191
Gerasimov Doctrine, 191
Gimpel son, Vladimir, 155—156
Gini index, 154
glasnost% 5, 6, 55
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 141
globalisation vs. nationalism, 71
Golos, 90
Goode, Paul, 123
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich
and Cold War, 5
reform socialism, 4, 5—8, 55
use of television, 102
weak leadership, 119, 212
247
INDEX
Gossovet (State Council), 30, 128, 131—132
government, 27—31. See also Constitution;
Federal Assembly; Federation
Council; parliament; political parties;
State Duma
conflicts with Constitutional Court, 112
consolidating power, 19, 121—123,214
controlling media, 94, 96, 98—100, 213
co-opting nationalism, 76—78
and Eurasian region, 120, 128—129
vs. opposition leaders, 90—91
power networks in, 207
responding to public opinion, 214—215
role in law-making, 60
shaping national identity, 67—68, 70—74
shaping parliament, 58, 59
shaping social policy, 85, 163
and United Russia, 42—43, 44
governors. See also Eurasian region; leaders
controlling media, 129
and decentralisation proposals, 131—132
delivering national votes, 130
Kremlin evaluating, 128—129
as party substitutes, 40
president interacting with, 127—130
under Putin, 125—126, 209
Great Patriotic War, 3, 71, 78, 80
Great War, 2
grey markets, 153
Gromov, Aleksei, 29
Grudinin, Pavel, 35
Gryzlov, Boris Vyacheslavovich, 57, 58
gulag archipelago, 3
‘guns and butter policy, 18
Gunvor, 210
Gurvich, Evsey, 134
Gusinsky, Vladimir, 10, 207, 209, 210
Gyumri, 194
H
Hahn, Gordon, 17
Hale, Henry E, 40, 205—216
Hanson, Philip, 123—124
health care, 36, 161
hegemonic presidency, 18—19, 26-28, 36—37
Herzen, Alexander, 116
history, and national identity, 70-74
Hollande, François, 201—202
Holodomor, 3
Hughes, James, 119
Hungary, 176
Huntington, Samuel, 13, 15-16
‘hybrid warfare/ 190-191
hybrid regimes, 216
hypodermic needle model, 94, 103
I
ideology. See also national identity;
nationalism
entrepreneurs shaping, 78
and national identity, 71, 73—74
shaping foreign policy, 170
in State Duma, 58—59
in United Russia, 46-47
Ilyukhin, Victor, 63
immigration. See migration
Immortal Regiment, 78
impeachment, 27
imports, affected by floating rouble, 135—137
India, 172
‘Individual Pension Capital/ 163
industrial policies, 145—146
industrialisation, 3, 4, 6
inequality, 150—164. See also economic
policies; social policy
affecting social policy, 151-152
creating black and grey markets, 153
in education access, 161
in health care, 161
relative to growth, 152, 155
rising, 153-157
in social service access, 161—162
and wealth concentration, 156—157
informal employment, 152
informal politics, 31-35, 80-93
informal power relations, 17
information warfare, 102—103, 190—191
Ingushetia, 126
Instagram, 52, 100
institutions. See also government; parliament
democracies vs. regimes, 63
government, 27—28
integrating post-Soviet states, 195
role in political system, 205—206
insurance, pension, 157—159
Inter-Parliamentary Union Assembly, 65
interest rates, 143
Interior Ministry (MVD), 26, 27, 31, 181, 185
international news, 97
internet, 97, 100—101. See also media;
social media
cognitive processing of messages, 106— 107
248
INDEX
legislation controlling, 100—101
protesting via, 98, 100-101, 107
scale of, 104-106
investment, 129, 138—140
Iraq, 168, 173
Irkutsk, 123, 209-210
Islam, 69, 70, 72-73, 177
Ivanov, Sergei, 29, 32, 64, 166, 187
Izborsky Club, 78
J
journalists, 100
judges, 109, 111, 112. See also courts;
criminal trials; legal system
and bribery, 113
public perceptions of, 114, 115, 116
relationship with chairmen, 113
jury trials, 111, 113
Just Russia, 41,42, 48, 125, 207
Just Russia/Pensioners/Motherland, 46
justice-of-the-peace courts, 111
K
Kabardino-Balkaria, 126
Kadyrov, Ramzan, 76
Kasparov, Garri, 86
Kasyanov, Mikhail, 86
Kazakhstan, 194, 195, 197, 203
Kerry, John, 200
KGB, 4, 21, 181, 182, 184
Khakamada, Irina, 86
Khanty-Mansi, 126
Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 54
Khimki Forest, 87
Khloponin, Aleksandr, 121, 131
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 10, 207, 208
fraud conviction, 108, 115, 186,210
Kholmanskikh, Igor, 121
Khrushchev, Nikita, 3, 97
Kirienko, Sergei, 29
Kirovles, 91
Kolokoltsev, Vladimir, 34
Kommersant, 99
Komsomol, 45
Konitzer, Andrew, 120
Konovalov, Aleksandr, 34
Korzhakov, Aleksandr, 182
Kosovo, 183
Kosygin, Alexei, 3
Kovalchuk, Yuri, 207
Kozak, Dmitry, 32, 33, 121, 131
Kozyrev, Andrei, 166, 171, 172, 178—179
Krasnodar, 77
Kremlin. See government
Kudrin, Aleksei, 29, 34, 147, 148, 151, 158
Kyrgyzstan, 195, 198
Tulip Revolution, 173—174
L
labour. See employment; pensions; wages;
workers
labour camps, 3
labour discipline, 4
labour unions, 87
Lake Baikal, 87
Latvia, 8, 176
Laruelle, Marlene, 67—79
Lavrov, Sergei, 32, 34, 172, 200
law and law-making, 60—64, 90.
See also courts; legal system;
legislation; rule of law
historical role of, 108—109
vs. presidential decree, 28
public disregard for, 116
‘Law on the Protection of Children,’ 101
leaders, 3. See also elections; governors;
president; prime minister
electing regional, 120, 122, 124, 126,
209-210
paramount, 18—19, 36—37
and party affiliations, 40—43
preference for strong, 19—21, 24, 25,
116,212
Putins popularity as, 24, 25, 209, 212
Left Front, 91
Legal Department of the Duma, 57
legal nihilism, 116
legal system, 108—118. See also courts;
criminal trials; judges; law and law-
making; rule of law
inaction, 112—113
amnesties, 115—116
corruption in, 112—113, 115, 117
equality in, 117—118
historical role of, 108—109
improvement under Putin, 212
jury trials in, 111, 113
public using, 114—117
regimes subverting, 16—17
as state instrument, 108
structure of, 110—111
transparency, 111
249
INDEX
legislation. See also government; parliament;
rule of law
aligning regional and federal, 121
controlling speech, 100—101
Kremlin shaping, 63
and morality, 76
president initiating, 27
prohibiting extremism, 100
rates of adoption, 61—62
Russian Orthodox Church shaping, 76
as vehicle for repression, 90
legitimacy, television conferring, 94—95
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 2, 3
Leninism, 4, 6
Lenta.ru, 99—100
Levada Center, 20, 90, 114, 115
‘Levada Survey/ 114
Levchenko, Sergei, 124
LGBT people, 90
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR),
39, 41, 46, 48-49, 125. See also party
system; political parties
nationalist movements, 74, 75
as systemic opposition, 48
liberal parties, 50—52
liberalisation, 5, 15
liberalism, 16—17
Ligachev, egor, 102
Limonov, Eduard, 76, 86—87
Linkedln, 101
Lithuania, 6, 7, 8, 176
Live Journal, 51-52
Lo, Bobo, 178
‘loans-for-shares/ 208
lobbying, 63
long-haul truckers, 92—93, 98
‘loyal opposition/ 48
Luhansk, 201
Lukoil, 209
Lukyan ovskaya, Mariana, 113
Luzhkov, Yuri, 42, 77, 207, 210
M
Maidan Revolution, 199
Makhachkala, 126
Malaev, Mikhail, 62
Malofeev, Konstantin, 78
‘managed democracy/ 14
market economy, 8, 9, 32, 172. See also
economic policies; economy
Marxism, 2, 4
Masyuk, Elena, 95
Matvienko, Valentina, 35
May Directives {ukazy), 36, 124
mayors, 126, 210
Mechel, 210
media, 94—107. See also social media; specific
forms of media
audience scepticism of, 96—97
cognitive processing of messages,
106-107
covering Chechen conflict, 84
covering regional elections, 125
cum hoc fallacies in, 103
and Foreign Agents Law, 101
hypodermic needle model, 94, 103
international scope of, 97, 102—104
internet, 100-101
Live Journal, 51—52
news aggregators, 101
newspapers, 99—100
and opposition voices, 51-52, 87,
106-107, 213
as propaganda, 71, 102—103, 129
radio, 98—99
Russia Today (RT), 102-104
scale of, 104—106
self-censorship in, 96
supporting political system, 45, 96, 115,
175,213
television, 94—98
Meduza project, 100
Medvedev, Dmitry Anatolevich, 3, 10, 11, 87
creating macroregions, 121
corruption, 65, 92, 126
foreign policy under, 169
and Georgian war, 196
Presidential Administration under, 29
as prime minister, 30—31, 32, 33
and Russian political system, 1-4—15, 116
tandem rule with Putin, 14—15
and United Russia, 41, 207
Memorial, 90
Merkel, Angela, 201—202
Meshkov, Yuri, 193
Middle East, 170, 172
migrants, 70, 75, 76
migration, 70, 73
military, 180-191. See also foreign policy;
security
and Eurasian conflicts, 183, 187-188,
199-200
INDEX
maintaining Soviet garrisons, 193—194
modernisation of, 188—190
necessity of strong, 181, 189
under Putin, 186—188
resurgence, 183—184, 188—191
shifting objectives of, 182
spending on, 144—145, 181, 187, 189
technology, 190
using hybrid warfare, 190—191
West interpreting reforms, 188—189
under Yeltsin, 181—184
Miller, Aleksei, 32, 33
Minchenko, Yevgeny, 132
ministries, 27, 30, 31
Ministry of Defence, 31, 181, 182, 187
Ministry of Economic Development
(MinEkon), 134, 142-143, 147-148
Ministry of Emergency Situations (MChS),
27,31,34, 182
Ministry of Finance, 142—143, 144
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 166
Ministry of Industry and Trade
(Minpromtorg), 142—143
Ministry of Justice, 31
Minsk II, 201-202
Mironov, Sergei, 41,48, 207
modernisation, 4, 5, 13, 14
Moldova, 193-194, 195, 197, 198, 204
Molodaya Gvardiya, 45
monetary policy, 143
Montenegro, 176
morality, 4
of court chairmen, 113
and legislation, 76
necessity for reform, 183
to repress opposition, 89—90
Moraski, Bryon, 130
Moscow, 77, 120, 209
mythology, and nationalism, 71—72
N
Nabiullina, Elvira, 32, 34, 143, 212
Nagorno-Karabakh, 194, 196, 198, 203
Naryshkin, Sergei, 32, 33
National Bolshevik Party, 86
national identity, 67—79, 214. See also ethnic
groups; nationalism; nationalist
movements
vs. de-Russification, 69
and Eurasian region, 71, 72—73
as foreign policy, 178—179
media shaping, 71
migration affecting, 70
narratives of, 71—74, 78
post-Soviet crisis, 167
projected abroad, 72—73
religion and, 72—74
Russian World, 73
and Soviet era, 72
National Media Group, 207
national revolution, 77
National Welfare Fund, 143
National-Bolshevik Party, 76
nationalism, 67—79. See also Eurasian
region; national identity; nationalist
movements
definition of, 67
and economic security, 142
entrepreneurs shaping, 78
and Eurasian region, 71, 77
guiding foreign policy, 170, 175
Kremlin co-opting, 77, 78
narratives of, 70—74, 78
vs. Rossian identity, 69
symbols of, 71—74
nationalist entrepreneurs, 78
nationalist movements, 74—77. See also
national identity; nationalism
anti-Yeltsin, 74—75
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation (CPRF), 49-50, 74, 75
government connections, 77—78
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
(LDPR), 48-49, 74, 75
linked to Europe, 76
Russian National Unity, 75
Russian Orthodox Church, 74, 75,
76-77
skinheads, 75
‘nationalities question/ 7
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
15, 168, 169. See also European
Union; United States; West
criticism of, 173
enlargement of, 7
frustrations with, 176, 183
Georgia’s membership, 174
influencing Eurasian region, 174,
193, 195
Information Operations Groups, 103
Ukraine’s membership, 174
and Yugoslavia, 167
INDEX
NATO Membership Action Plan
(MAP), 196
NATO-Russia Council, 176
NATO-Russia Founding Act on Mutual
Relations, Cooperation and
Security, 176
Navalny, Aleksei, 41, 76, 214
campaigning by, 51—52, 91, 92,
124-125
criticizing Putin, 35, 51—52
detention of, 91, 108, 115
on social media, 65, 92
threat to party system, 52
nefbrmaly, 6
Nemtsov, Boris, 51, 89, 213
Nenets, 126
New Economic Policy (NEP), 2, 6
new political thinking (NPT), 7
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New
START), 174
New Times, The, 213
news. See media; newspapers; radio; television
news aggregators, 101, 107. See also media
newspapers, 99-100, 107. See also media
Neza visi may a Gazeta, 99, 100
Nicholas II, 2, 3
Night Wolves, 77
9/11, 168, 176
Nineteenth Party Conference, 6
Noble, Ben, 54-66
non-governmental organisations (NGOs),
81,85, 90, 101
non-system opposition, 48, 86. See also
activists; party system; political
parties; protests
campaign to discredit, 89—92
Progress Party as, 48
protests as, 86
North Ossetia, 126
Novaya Gazeta, 99, 100
Novorossiya, 76, 77
NTV, 95, 213
nuclear capacity, 9, 170—171
O
oil prices, 150. See also energy prices
affecti ng budget, 143—144, 159-160
fall in output, 134-135
future fluctuations in, 147
overtime, 134—135, 136
shaping economic policy, 133, 134, 146
oligarchs, 10, 12, 207, 210
dispersing powers, 186
as party substitutes, 40
in single-pyramid system, 208
opposition parties, 48, 213, 215. See also
activists; party system; political
parties; protests
Orange Revolution, 14, 168, 173—174, 175.
See also Ukraine
orange techniques,’ 14
Organisation for Security and Cooperation
in Europe (OSCE), 201
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
73
organized crime, 183
orthodoxy, 73-74
Other Russia, 86, 88
Our Home Is Russia, 50
output, declining, 134—135
P
pantheons, and national identity, 71—72
para-constitutional behaviour, 16
paramount leader, 18-19, 36-37
parliament, 6-7, 27, 54-66. See also
Congress of Peoples Deputies; Federal
Assembly; Federation Council;
legislation; political system; State
Duma
committees, 57
convocations, 57
democracies vs. regimes, 63
deputies, 56-59
dissolving, 27, 82
Federation Council, 59-60
hierarchies, 57
history of, 54-56
law-making process, 60—64
lobbying, 63
1993 constitutional crisis, 55—56
recent developments in, 64—65
reforming, 64
role in foreign policy, 166
senators, 59
State Duma, 56-59
unworkable Soviet model, 9
web-based counter-, 98
yearly budget and, 62-63
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of
Europe (PACE), 175
parliamentary debate, 62-63
252
INDEX
Partnership for Peace, 176
Party of Progress, 52
Party of Russia’s Rebirth, 57
party system. See also démocratisation;
elections; opposition parties; political
parties
executive distance from, 40-41
with incomplete démocratisation, 39-40
influence on law-making, 62
liberal parties in, 50
Navalny threatening, 52
in perestroika, 38-^41
under Putin, 38, 41, 42-43
in State Duma, 57—58
United Russia dominating, 47
volatility in, 39
weaknesses of, 11
patriotism, 68, 73, 97
patronalism, 206
Patrushev, Nikolai, 165-166, 185
peacekeeping, 193—194, 196
Pension Fund, 157, 158
pension insurance, 157—159
pensions, 21, 24, 83. See also employment;
social policy; wages; workers
cuts to, 137, 144
Individual Pension Capital’ scheme, 163
as pyramid scheme, 158
reforming, 148, 158, 159
Soviet model for, 158—159
Peoples Deputies, 42
perestroika, 4, 5—8, 55
Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country
and the World, 6
Permanent Joint Council (NATO), 176
Petrov, Nikolai, 185
Pikalevo, 210
Piketty, Thomas, 155
Poland, 176
policy-making, 24, 25, 47. See also economic
policies; foreign policy, social policy
advisory bodies for, 29—30
Putins approach to, 21, 24, 35-36
political machines, 209—211
Political Order in Changing Societies, 13
political parties, 15, 38-41. See also
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation (CPRF); démocratisation;
elections; opposition parties; party
system; protests; United Russia
Agrarian Party, 57
All-Russian People’s Front (ONF), 13, 19
All-Union Communist, 4
Bolshevik, 2, 4
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU), 2, 4, 6-7, 8, 44, 45
Fatherland-All Russia, 42, 209
just Russia, 41, 42, 46, 48, 125, 207
Just Russia/Pensioners/Motherland, 46
liberal, 50-52
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR),
39, 41, 46, 48-49, 74, 75, 125
National-Bolshevik Party, 76, 86
opposition, 47—52
Our Home Is Russia, 50
Party of Progress, 52
Party of Russia’s Rebirth, 57
Progress Party, 41, 46
and protest organizations, 86
Russian Party of Life, 48
Russian Pensioners Party, 48
Russian Popular Front (ONF), 13, 19
Socialist Revolutionary, 2
Solidarnost, 51
in State Duma, 39, 57—58
types of, 38-39
Union of Right Forces (SPS), 46, 51,
86, 126
Unity, 42
VKP(b), 4
Yabloko, 41,46, 51
political system, 26, 205—216. See abo
Constitution; démocratisation;
elections; fédéralisation; parliament;
party system
change as constant, 216
fraud in, 214, 215
media supporting, 213
patronalism as context, 206
political machines in, 209—211
power networks in, 207
under Putin, 213—215
recent history of, 205—206
as single-pyramid system, 207—208, 215
St Petersburg influence, 32—33
United Russia in, 43-45
politicians, as party alternatives, 40
politics. See also political system
contentious, 81—85
informal, 80—93
shaping constitution, 82
unconventional, 80—81
253
INDEX
polpred, 121
pornography, 101
Poroshenko, Petro, 201—202
post hocy ergo propter hoc fallacies, 103
post-communism, 8—11, 16
conflicts between states, 195—196
elite politics shaping, 18—19
fate of countries, 15
regional relationships, 192—204
three waves of, 15—16
Potanin, Vladimir, 10
poverty. See inequality
power networks, 17, 207—208
pragmatism, as foreign policy, 173
Prague Spring, 3-4
Pravovoe upravlenie 57
preemstvennost, 71
president, 7—11, 26—28, 213—215. See also
government; leaders; parliament;
political system
creating stability, 20
hegemonic, 18—19, 26—28, 36—37
interacting with governors, 127—130
ministries reporting to, 31
role in law-making, 27, 60, 61, 62
shaping policy, 26, 27, 165
in single-pyramid system, 208—209
term limits, 27—28
Yeltsin creating dominant, 82—83
Presidential Administration, 28—30
presidential decrees, 28, 193
Presidential Security Service (SBP), 182
Prilepskiy, Ilya, 134
Primakov, Yevgeny, 166, 172, 209
prime ministers, 26, 27, 30—31
Primorsky Krai, 207
privatisation, 10, 32, 145, 207. See also
economic policies
in market economy, 152
under Putin, 21, 24
and social policy, 152, 160
stimulating economy, 148
profile’ committee, 60
Progress Party, 41, 46, 48
Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 78
Prokhorov, Mikhail, 99
propaganda, 10, 102-103, 105, 190-191
property rights, 10, 30, 141, 148
proportional representation (PR) system, 56
Prospekt Sakharova, 88
protests, 80—93. See also activists; contentious
politics; opposition parties
backlash against, 89-92
December 2011, 1, 88—89
demographics of, 86
and Eurasian region, 83-84, 124, 199
and foreign policy, 175
history of, 81—85
and internet restrictions, 100—101
issues inciting, 80, 86, 87, 92-93
lack of, during Yeltsin era, 83
modem tactics of, 87
as non-system opposition, 86
Other Russia, 86, 88
under Putin, 85—92
and rule of law, 108
‘Strategy 31,’ 86-87
television coverage, 97—98
Provisional Government, 2
Public Chambers, 85
public opinion, 22—23
in political machines, 211
of Putin, 18, 20-21, 22-23, 35, 37,
211, 212
of regional leaders, 129
of rule of law, 116
Russia as democracy, 37, 214
shaping Kremlin behavior, 214—215
of State Duma, 64
public suicides, 83
Pugachev Rebellion, 81
PussyRiot, 108, 115
Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 3, 11-15, 21,
25,41,211-212
authoritarianism under, 13, 14, 25
criticizing West, 168-169, 199—200
current position, 93, 205
‘divide-and-rule’ strategy, 185
economic policy, 13—14, 21, 24, 25,
148, 157-158, 162
and Eurasian region, 91—92, 122,
125-128, 197
foreign policy under, 12, 24, 25, 166,
170-171, 173-176
fourth term, 35—37
informal politics under, 31—35
leadership style, 12, 14, 18—21, 186,
213-215
meeting with State Council, 128
military under, 186—188
254
INDEX
and nationalism, 68, 75—77
negotiating Minsk II, 201—202
vs. NTV, 95
and oligarchs, 12, 210
opposition to, 35, 76, 85—87
policy-making, 11—12, 21, 24, 25,
35-36, 85,211
public opinion of, 18, 20—21, 22—23,
35, 37,211,212
and reform, 13, 21, 24, 157—158
and regional leaders, 123, 209
repression under, 88—92, 213
Russian vs, Western assessments, 24, 25
and Russian Orthodox Church, 75
security policy, 180, 184—186
shaping political system, 12—13, 19, 27,
38,42—43, 120-126, 215
and siloviki, 33, 180
and St Petersburg elements, 32—33
tandem rule with Medvedev, 14—15
team, 31—35
ties to United Russia, 44, 45
wielding power, 12, 28, 120—126, 132,
207, 213-215
‘Putin fatigue,’ 35
R
radio, 98—99, 102
mspolzanie prinuditelnoi platnosti, 161
RBC, 99
reform communism, 5, 6
‘reform socialism,’ 4
reforms. See also perestroika
economic, 142—150
under Gorbachev, 4, 5—8
military, 180, 181, 186—188
morality in, 183
and national identity, 67—70
of parliament, 64
pension, 157—158
under Putin, 13, 15, 21, 24, 212
security, 185
social, 162—164
three waves of, 15—16
under Yeltsin, 10
regimes, 16—17, 63. See also authoritarianism;
government
Crimea recalibrating, 215
foreign policy consolidating, 178
hybrid, 216
and national identity, 67, 72
para-constitutional behaviour by, 16
Putin, 12-14,44, 186
trajectory of, 205—216
Regions of Russia, 42
Reisinger, William, 130
religion. See also Russian Orthodox Church
influence of Islam, 69
and national identity, 73—74
in Russian Federation, 68—69
Remington, Thomas, 120, 150—164
Renz, Bettina, 180-191
representatives, 27
Republic of Chechnya. See Chechnya
Republic of Crimea. See Crimea
republics, 8, 68
Reserve Fund, 143, 144
Reuter, Ora John, 38—53, 123, 130
revenue, redistributing, 119
revisionism, 179
‘revolution within the revolution,’ 5
revolutions, 2, 186
Maidan, 199
and national identity, 72, 77
Orange, 14, 168, 173-174, 175
perestroika as, 6
Putin repudiating, 12
Rose, 173-174
Tulip, 173-174
rights, 109, 116—117
Robertson, Graeme, 80—93, 130
Rodina, 48
Romania, 176
Romanovs, 2
Rose Revoiutio n, 173— 174
Roskomnadzor (Russian Committee for
Oversight), 101
Rosneft, 145, 148, 207, 210
Rossian identity, 67—68, 69
Rossiiskaia Federatsiia, See Russian Federation
Rossiya (Channel Two), 95, 213
Rostov-on-Don, 77
rouble, 135-137, 143
rubber stamp, parliament as, 60, 63
rule of law, 108—118. See also law and
law-making; legal system; legislation
inaction, 112—113
amnesties, 115—116
definition of, 117
Gorbachev advocating for, 109
255
INDEX
rule of law (cont.)
public opinion of, 116, 118
prospects for, 117—118
and protests, 108
public opinion of, 116, 118
‘telephone law/ 114, 118
Russia, 1—15, 192—193- See also government;
parliament; political system; reforms;
Russian Federation
change as constant, 216
and China, 203-204
as consumer society, 14
and continuity, 8—9, 71
democratic vs. authoritarian, 216
diaspora, 9
and Eurasian region relationships,
192-204
and European Union, 176, 177, 198
as ‘failing state/ 24
as federal state, 67-68
global position, 9, 13-14, 72-73, 134,
167, 176
improvements under Putin, 211—212
invasion of Chechnya, 84—85
lack of redistributive power, 164
national identity, 67—79
oligarchy in, 10
political characteristics of, 17, 31—35,
82, 206, 215
parliamentary politics, 54—66
Putin as paramount leader, 18—19
siloviki protecting interests, 33
and United States, 176—177
wealth inquality in, 153—157
Russia at the Turn of the Millennium, 12
‘Russia, Forward!/ 14
Russia Today (RT), 102-104
Russian Federal Assembly. See Federal
Assembly
Russian Federal Law ‘On Defence/ 187
Russian Federation. See also démocratisation;
fédéralisation; government;
parliament; political system
affected by migration, 70
components of, 68
national identity, 67—74
religion in, 68—69
security prestige, 181—182
as semi-presidential system, 26
socioeconomic differences within,
69-70
Russian Geographical Society, 71
Russian Marches, 77
Russian National Unity, 75
Russian Orthodox Church, 49. See also
nationalism; religion
formalisation of, 68-69
as nationalist movement, 74, 75,
76-77, 78
shaping legislation, 76
ties to Putin, 75
Russian Party of Life, 48
Russian Popular Front (ONF), 13, 19
Russian Revolution, 81
Russian Security Council. See Security
Council
Russian World, 73, 170
‘Russianess/ defining, 71-74
Rybkin, Ivan Petrovich, 57
S
Saez, Emmanuel, 155
Sajudis, 6
Sakha (Yakutia), 83
Sakwa, Richard, 1-17, 179, 211
salaries. See wages
Samokhina, Sofya, 65
sanctions, 24, 150, 175, 210. See also
Crimea; economic policies; foreign
policy; Ukraine; West
vs. counter-sanctions, 146, 203
economic effects of, 138—139
influencing policy, 36
shaping media, 96
Sanders, Bemie, 102
Sargsyan, Serzh, 198
Saudi Arabia, 213
Sberbank, 155—156
scale, in media, 104—106
Schetnaya palata, 57
Schulmann, Ekaterina, 64
Sechin, Igor, 32, 33, 145, 207
‘Secret Speech5 (Khrushchev), 3
security, 1, 15, 180—191. See also foreign
policy; military; individual agencies
advisory bodies for, 29— 30
agencies of, 182
and counterterrorism, 182, 185
vs. democracy, 13
in Eurasian region, 183, 195, 196
excessive Soviet spending, 181
fostering loyalty in, 182
INDEX
need for military reform, 189
and organized crime, 183
under Putin, 180, 181-182, 184-186
siloviki influence, 33
Western concerns, 180—181
under Yeltsin, 180, 181—184
Security Council of the Russian Federation,
29-30, 165-166, 185, 186
Seleznev, Genadii Nikolaevich, 57
self-censorship, 96
senators, 59, 123
separatism, 177-178, 183, 195-196, 201.
See also Chechnya; Georgia
Serbia, 167, 173
Serdyukov, Anatoly, 34, 187
Sevastopol, 68, 120, 121, 126
Shaimiev, Mintimer, 42
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO), 169
Shantsev, Valery, 128
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz, 123
Shkurenko, Ofga, 62
‘shock therapy,’ economic policy, 172
Shoigu, Sergei, 32, 33, 34, 145, 182
siloviki 33, 121, 180, 184-185
Siluanov, Anton, 34, 132, 145
Single Economic Space, 195
single-pyramid system, 207—209, 215.
See also political system
skinheads, 75
slander, 101
Slider, Darrell, 119-132
Slovakia, 176
Slovenia, 176
Sobchak, Anatoly, 21, 30, 50
Sobchak, Ksenia, 97
Sobyanin, Sergei, 32, 34, 91, 124—125
social media, 92, 100-101, 104-106, 107
social policy, 150—164. See also employment;
pensions; wages; workers
in black and grey markets, 153
bureaucracy shaping, 163—164
by category instead of need, 162
challenges, 150—153, 162—164
complicating taxation, 159—160
four changes to welfare system,
157-161
inequality affecting, 151-152
shift to insurance pools, 152, 157—159,
160
strategic planning for, 150-151
social welfare system, 157—162. See also
inequality; social policy
socialism, 2, 6, 8, 34
Socialist Revolutionary party 2
Solidarnost, 51
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 3
Sorok sorokov, 78
Soros, George, 86
South Ossetia, 73, 194, 196
sovereign democracy/ 13—14, 146
Soviet sj stem, 2-4, 5—8. See also Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU);
post-communism
excessive security spending, 181
legal system in, 108—109
legitimizing current regime, 80
Putins view of, 12, 21
parliamentary politics in, 54—55
rehabilitation of, 68, 72
social policy in, 151
soviets (councils), 2
Soyuz Pravykh Sil (SPS). See Union of Right
Forces
Sputnik, 102
Sretensky Monastery 76
St Petersburg, 77
as federal entity, 120
lawyers and economists, 32—33
political-business elements, 33
political machine in, 209
stability
vs. democracy, 13
importance to public, 116, 211
military reform for, 181
vs. order, 14
under Putin, 11, 12, 20, 186
separatism challenging, 183
West as threat to, 186
stagnation (zastoi), 4, 139-141
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 3, 72
Stalinism, 6
START II (Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty), 166
State Council (Gossovet), 30, 128, 131—132
State Duma, 56-59, 215. See also
Constitution; elections; Federal
Assembly; Federation Council;
parliament; political parties
approving prime ministers, 30
blocking foreign policy, 166
chairs of, 57
INDEX
State Duma ( cont.)
commissions in, 57
committees in, 57, 60
decline of debate, 62—63
election protests, 88—89
ideology shaping, 58—59
leadership hierarchy, 57
limiting presidential power, 11
partisan composition, 57—58
recent developments, 64—65
role in law-making, 60—61
political parties in, 39, 48—51
United Russia majority in, 42—43
Stavropol, 77
Stolypin Club, 147
‘Strategic Course of the Russian Federation
with Respect to the Member States of
the Commonwealth of Independent
States,’ 193
Strategy of the Economic Security of the
Russian Federation, 142
‘Strategy 31/ 86-87
‘Strategy-2020,’ 150, 161, 162
strikes, 83, 87, 92-93, 98
Supreme Court, 111
Supreme Soviet, 7, 54
Surkov, Vladislav, 13—14, 42, 146
symbols, national, 71—74
Syria, 170, 176, 177, 180, 188, 190
systemic opposition, 48
T
Tajikistan, 195
tandem rule, 14—15
Tashkent Treaty, 195
Tatarstan, 83, 121, 122, 207
Islam in, 69
political machine in, 209
special provisions for, 120, 122, 123
taxes and taxation, 119, 159—160
technocracy, 12, 14
technology, 4, 141, 190
teleological approach, 16
telephone law,’ 114, 118
television, 94—98. See also audiences;
media
audience size, 94
coverage of opposition, 95—98
hypodermic needle model, 94
Kremlin controlling, 94
national channels, 94, 95
range of programming, 95—98
Russia Today (RT), 102—104
supporting regime, 97, 213
term limits, 27—28
terrorism, in Chechen war, 84
Tikhon (Bishop Shevkunov), 76
Time of Troubles, 81
Titov, Boris, 147
Tkachenko, Natalia, 61,63, 64
Tomsk-2, 96
trade. See also economic policies; economy
Association Agreements, 197—198
with China, 203—204
in Eurasian region, 195, 197—203
Transnistria, 194
Trenin, Dmitry, 175
truckers, protesting, 92—93, 98
Trutnev, Yuri, 121
‘tsar-father,’ Putin as, 21
Tskhinvali, 196
Tulip Revolution, 173—174
Turchak, Andrei, 45
Turkey, 213
Turkmenistan, 194
TV Rain 0Dozhd), 97, 99, 100
Twitter, 52, 100, 105
2007 Munich Security Conference, 174
U
Udaltsov, Sergei, 91, 100
Ukraine. See also Crimea; foreign policy;
sanctions
annexation of Crimean Peninsula,
91-92, 150, 170, 175
Association Agreement for, 175
crisis in, 36, 91—92, 133, 150,
198-202
ending USSR, 8
in Eastern Partnership, 197
and economic sovereignty, 133
in Eurasian economic strategies,
177-178, 195
frozen conflict in, 202
Holodomor, 3
Mai dan Revolution, 199
media coverage of, 92, 97, 100
migrants leaving, 70
Minsk II reshaping, 201—202
nationalism in, 76, 77
NATO membership, 176, 196, 199
Novorossiya, 76, 77
258
I
INDEX
Orange Revolution, 14, 168, 173—174,
175, 186
protests in, 91, 175, 199
and Putins popularity, 91—92, 178
Russian objectives in, 170, 175, 179,
193, 195,200-202
separatists in, 170, 175, 177—178, 201
trade sanctions, 198—199
and Western sanctions, 36, 96, 150, 210
Ulyukaev, Aleksei, 145
unconventional politics, 80—81
unemployment, 137, 152
Union of Right Forces (SPS), 46, 51, 86, 126
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),
4, 5, 8, 12. See also post-communism;
Soviet system
Union Treaty, 7
United Nations Security Council (UNSC),
9, 167, 177
United Russia, 41, 42, 215. See also party
system; political parties
dominating party system, 47
and elections, 38, 42—47, 122
elements of popularity, 45—46
elites in, 210
FAR and Unity merging, 42
ideologies, 46—47
influencing government, 19, 38, 62, 123
and Kremlin, 42-43, 44, 215
limitations on, 44
media supporting, 45
and opposition parties, 47—52
relationship with Putin, 44, 207, 210
role in political system, 13, 26, 43-45, 57
Young Guard, 45
Unity, 42
United States (US). See also European Union;
West
challenging relations with, 167—168
election interference, 102—103, 107, 177
military strength of, 189
negotiating terms in Ukraine, 200
orchestrating revolutions, 174
inequality in, 153—157, 160, 161—162
security concerns, 176—177, 180
uskorenie (acceleration), 5
Uzbekistan, 194, 195
V
Vaino, Anton, 29, 32
Valdai Discussion Club, 25
Vedomosti, 99, 100
Venediktov, Alexei, 98
vertical power, 31, 75, 120—126. See also
political system
vertikal vlasti, 120— 126
vetoes, 61, 62
VKontakte, 52, 100
Volodin, Vyacheslav Viktorovich, 57, 64,
65-66
‘Vremya,’ 95
W
wages, 21, 24, 36, 160. See also employment;
pensions; social policy; workers
affected by floating rouble, 135—137
benefits of rising, 155
effect on regional budgets, 124
over time, 136
and Soviet pension model, 158
war on terror,’ 168, 173
wealth concentration, 156—157- See also
inequality
weaponized’ information, 102—103
West, 171—176. See also European Union;
sanctions; United States
challenging, as policy, 174—176
competition with, 173—174
counter-sanctions against, 146, 203
countering revisionism of, 179
criticisms of, 168—169
and economic reform, 172
imposing sanctions, 138—139, 150, 175,
203, 210
influencing Eurasian region, 193,
199-200
negotiating terms in Ukraine, 200,
201-202
Russia balancing, 172—173
security concerns, 180—181, 184,
188-189
supporting Russian peacekeeping, 194
as threat to stability, 186
WhatsApp, 100
White House, shelling of, 54
WikiLeaks, 102
Willerton, John, 18—37
workers. See also employment; pensions; wages
enhancing to increase growth, 140—141
protests by, 87
Putins popularity with, 21
in Yeltsin era, 83
259
INDEX
World Trade Organization (WTO), 197
World War I, 2
World War II, 3 71, 78, 80
World Wealth and Income Database
(WID. world), 153
X
xenophobia, 70, 76, 79
Y
Yabloko, 41, 46, 51
Yakovlev, Alexander, 5
Yakunin, Vladimir, 78
Yamalo-Nenets, 126
Yanukovych, Viktor, 14, 91, 175
Yaroslavl, 126
Yavlinsky, Grigory, 41,51
Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich, 1, 3, 8-11, 40,
166,212
‘divide-and-rule’ strategy, 182—183
ethnic and regional conflicts under,
83-84, 193
and media, 10, 95
1993 constitutional crisis, 55—56, 95
and oligarchs, 207
presidential powers, 7-8, 26—27, 82—83
and Rossian identity, 68
vs. Ruslan Khasbulatov, 54
security policy, 180, 181-184
seeking Western integration, 171—172
shaping parliamentary power, 7, 9,
55-56
shaping political system, 9, 11, 82,
119-120, 207-208
Yerevan, 194
Young Guard, 45
youth and young adults, 18, 79, 100
YouTube, 52, 104
Yugoslavia, 167, 173, 183
Yukos, 108, 186, 210
Yushchenko, Viktor, 14
Yves Rocher, 91
Z
zastoi (stagnation), 4
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 41, 48-49, 74
Zucman, Gabriel, 155
Zyuganov, Gennady, 10, 41, 49, 74, 88, 208
260
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
I
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Sakwa, Richard 1953- Hale, Henry E. 1966- White, Stephen 1945- |
| author2_role | edt edt edt |
| author2_variant | r s rs h e h he heh s w sw |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13407565X (DE-588)136496350 (DE-588)124782175 |
| author_facet | Sakwa, Richard 1953- Hale, Henry E. 1966- White, Stephen 1945- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045478940 |
| classification_rvk | MG 85086 MG 85000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1088347192 (DE-599)OBVAC15178717 |
| dewey-full | 947.086 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.086 |
| dewey-search | 947.086 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.086 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| edition | [9. edition] |
| era | Geschichte 1991-2018 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1991-2018 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV045478940 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:19:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781352004670 9781352004755 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030864059 |
| oclc_num | 1088347192 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-20 DE-521 DE-739 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-20 DE-521 DE-739 DE-11 |
| physical | xvii, 260 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20190916 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Red Globe Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Developments in Russian politics |
| series2 | Developments in Russian politics |
| spelling | Developments in Russian politics edited by Richard Sakwa, Henry E. Hale and Stephen White Developments in Russian politics 9 Developments in Russian politics nine [9. edition] London Red Globe Press 2019 xvii, 260 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 224-241 Geschichte 1991-2018 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) Politik (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s Geschichte 1991-2018 z DE-604 Sakwa, Richard 1953- (DE-588)13407565X edt Hale, Henry E. 1966- (DE-588)136496350 edt White, Stephen 1945- (DE-588)124782175 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-352-00468-7 Developments in Russian politics 9 (DE-604)BV045478943 9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030864059&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030864059&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030864059&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Developments in Russian politics Developments in Russian politics Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Developments in Russian politics |
| title_alt | Developments in Russian politics 9 Developments in Russian politics nine |
| title_auth | Developments in Russian politics |
| title_exact_search | Developments in Russian politics |
| title_full | Developments in Russian politics edited by Richard Sakwa, Henry E. Hale and Stephen White |
| title_fullStr | Developments in Russian politics edited by Richard Sakwa, Henry E. Hale and Stephen White |
| title_full_unstemmed | Developments in Russian politics edited by Richard Sakwa, Henry E. Hale and Stephen White |
| title_short | Developments in Russian politics |
| title_sort | developments in russian politics |
| topic | Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politischer Wandel Politik Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030864059&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030864059&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030864059&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV045478943 |
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