Stalin's Gulag at war: forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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| Beschreibung: | xiv, 262 Seiten Karten, Illustrationen |
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures and Tables ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction: Stalin s Gulag at War 3
1 Ready for Total War? 20
2 Total War, Total Mobilization 49
3 Patriotic Prisoners 79
4 Patriotic Personnel 111
5 The Gulag s Victory 136
Epilogue: Memory, Stalin s Gulag, and the Great Patriotic War 159
Notes 165
Bibliography 231
Index 251
Bibliography
Archives
GANO (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Novosibirskoi oblasti / State Archive of Novosi-
birsk Province)
fond P-4 (Novosibirsk Province Party Committee)
fond P-260 (Political Department of the Novosibirsk Province Corrective
Labour Camp and Colony Administration)
fond R-20 (Novosibirsk Province Procuracy)
GARF (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii / State Archive of the Russian
Federation)
fond 9401, opis la (NKVD operational orders)
fond 9414 (Gulag)
fond 9479 (Special Settlements)
GATO (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Tomskoi oblasti / State Archive of Tomsk Prov-
ince)
fond R-1151 (Corrective-Labour Colonies of Tomsk Province)
fond R-1152 (Tomasinlag)
Memorial Society Archives
fond 2 (Personal memoirs)
RGASPI (Rossiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial no-politicheskoi istorii / Russian
State Archive of Socio-Political History)
fond 17 (Central Committee of the Communist Party)
fond 560 (Memoirs relating to the period of the cult of personality )
RGAE (Rossiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki / Russian State Archive of the
Economy)
fond 7486 (Ministry of Agriculture)
fond 7733 (Ministry of Finance)
232 Bibliography
Tomsk Memorial Society Archives
TsDNI TO (Tsentr dokumentatsii noveishei istorii Tomskoi oblasti/ The Centre for
the Documentation of the Contemporary History of Tomsk Province)
fond 80 (Tomsk City Party Committee)
fond 242 (Political Department of Tomasinlag)
fond 356 (Party Organization of the Third Camp Station of Siblag)
fond 607 (Tomsk Province Party Committee)
fond 1492 (Party Organization of the Tomsk region ITK no. 7)
fond 4151 (Primary Party Organization of Tomasinlag)
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Index
Administration of Camps of the
Forestry Industry (ULLP), 46,47,
178n74,187nl67
Agamben, Giorgio, 138,144,145,
166n8, 210nl38
agricultural camps, 51, 54,167n21
Akhpunsk camp, 20,37,43,46,130-1
Alexopoulos, Golfo, 12-13, 50,61,
77,96,151,169n40,192n54
Alin, D.E., 56-7, 69, 70, 81, 82, 95, 98,
207nl00
All-Union Resettlement Committee,
29
Andreev Commission, 26,175n38
Applebaum, Anne, 12,30,50,113,
211n9
Arendt, Hannah, 133,138
Article 58ers: animosity between
criminals and, 153; definition of,
18,105; food rations, 59; involve-
ment in cultural activities, 44,
201n31; personal files, 106; re-
lease conditions, 90,109,169n35;
response on war outbreak, 81;
sentences, 105,145,153,154,
190n29,192-3n54; separation of
criminals and, 105; statistics of,
154; treatment of, 192-3n54; upris-
ings of, 98-9
Asinovo camp, 37,100,102,108-9,
128,129-30
Azhaev, Vasilii, 85
Bacon, Edwin, 11, 87,175n37, 213n23
banality of evil, notion of, 134
Baranov (Gulag official), 120
Bardach, Janusz, 97,105
bare life, concept of, 96,109,110,
210nl38
Barenberg, Alan, 12,15, 98,113,
138-9,214n38
Barnes, Steven, 7,12,13,55, 81, 90,
99,113,125,139,151, 200nl4
Baron, Nick, 185nl51
Bauman, Zygmunt, 139,192n53
Bekbulatov (Gulag official), 87,101
Bekshaev (Gulag official), 131
Belbaltlag (labour camp), 212nl8
Belomor canal camp, 185nl51
Belykh, RL, 81
Berger, Iosif, 20,41
Beria, Lavrentii: complaint about di-
rector of Combine 179,69; concern
over efficiency of Gulag, 121-2,
252 Index
152,226n68; as head of NKVD, 16,
36, 40-1, 68,226n68; on high level
of escapes, 97; reorganization of
Gulag by, 216n66
Berman, Matvei, 34,180n93
Beyrau, Dietrich, 114,138
Bikmetov, R.S., 90
Bloodlands (Snyder), 7, 8
Bogumil, Zuzanna, 161
Boldyrev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 43
Borisov (Gulag official), 87
Borodkin, Leonid, 12
Brown, Kate, 65, 94,177n67, 200nl7
Browning, Christopher, 112,149
Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 58, 93
Budnitskii, Oleg, 75
Bukharin, Nikolai, 93,182nll6
Butyrka (Moscow prison), 70
camp(s): administration of, 28;
corrective-labour, 143; correspon-
dence, 17-18, 70, 92,141-2; dead-
liest, 50; idea of self-sufficient,
28; libraries, 86; location of, 31-2;
meaning of the term, 165n5. See
also individual camps
Chechens, 73,146
Cheka (All-Russian Special
Commission for Combating
Counter-Revolution), 176n50
Cherkaev, Xenia, 162
Chernyshev, V.V., 82,199-200nl2,
206n98
Chickering, Roger, 50, 51
Chkalov Aviation Factory 153,54,
64-5, 69, 82,150
Chuntonov, M.M., 180n99
class policy, 176n48
collectivization campaign, 25, 30,
137
Combine 179 (munitions factory):
expansion of, 67-8; funding of, 68;
location of, 65; non-prisoner turn-
over, 71; Order of Lenin award,
64; participation in all-union so-
cialist competition, 64; Politburo
discussion of, 68; in postwar pe-
riod, 150; wartime production, 54,
65, 68; workforce profile, 65,68-9,
74,132
Communist Party members: behav-
iour monitoring, 218n86; disci-
plinary infractions of, 126,127,
128,130; interactions with prison-
ers, 125,126-8,129; meetings and
conferences of, 126,128-9
concentration camp: as state of
exception, 144-5. See also Nazi
concentration camps
Corrective-Labour Code (1924), 28-9
corrective-labour colonies (ITLs):
conditions in, 56,77; vs. corrective-
labour camps, 143; definition of,
9; food rations in, 56-7; prisoner
population, 105-6,167nl9; sen-
tences of inmates, 223n33;
wartime death rate, 56
crime and punishment under
Bolshevik regime, 28
Crimean Tatars, 146
Criminal Code (1922), 28
cultural-education activities in
Gulag: assessment of, 83; camp
cadres participation in, 87; edu-
cational work, 88; film screenings,
86, 201n31, 201-2n32,202n33,
202n36; newspaper reading
sessions, 88, 203n47,203n49;
political discussions, 88; reading
of socialist documents, 86; sports,
Index 253
44,202n37; statistics about, 85-6;
theatrical productions, 86; types
of, 84,86-7,201n28
Dale, Robert, 152
Dallin, David J., 41,137
David-Fox, Michael, 223n31
Death and Redemption (Barnes), 139
de-convoyed prisoners, 69,92, 95,
96,106,110
dekulakization campaign, 25-6, 30,
137
deportation of ethnic minorities,
72-3,100,102-3,146-7
Dolgikh, LL, 33,178n71
Dubinin (Gulag official), 87
Egorov (party member), 129-30
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 133
Eikhe, Robert, 31,178n68
Ermolaeva, Oxana, 113, 213n21,
215n59
Ertz, Simon, 12,168n30
escapes: punishment for, 97-8,
206n98; statistics, 97,130,225n64
Esper, Thomas, 173n20
Etkind, Alexander, 109,161-2,210nl38
European Memories of the Gulag
(oral project), 103
Exile and Convict Regulations
(1822), 22
exile groups in Western Siberia, 73-4
ex-prisoners: as propaganda tools,
88-9; wartime heroism of, 89
Ezhov, Nikolai, 40,184nl35,220nll5
Far Eastern Baikal-Amur Railroad
(BAM), 38,182nll3
fascist katorga, 87,202n38
Feldheim, O., 41
Filtzer, Donald, 94, 215n43
First Five-Year Plan, 21,25, 31
First World War: social impact of,
23-4
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 26,176n48
food rations: of convicts in Victorian
England, 191n42; in different
camps, variations of, 63; dif-
ferentiation of, 59-60; Gulag vs.
Nazi camps, 58-9; quality of, 57;
shortage of, 56-7; standards and
norms, 57, 58, 59, 60 table 2.2;
supplements to, 42, 56, 60; during
wartime, 57,193n65
Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (Dallin
and Nicolaevsky), 137
forced labour: in comparative per-
spective, 137-8; factory serfs, 23,
173n20; Foucault on, 194n69; inef-
ficiency of, 151; mechanization as
alternative of, 29-30; in military
production, 76; in Nazi camps, 8;
as part of disciplinary mechanism,
64,194n69; percentage of total
workforce, 76; prisoners and non-
prisoners as, 4,15, 75-8,183nl24;
prisoners of war as, 65; resource
extraction by, 23; role in Soviet
victory, 6; in Western Siberian
camps, 16
Forced Labour and Economic
Development (Swianiewicz), 137
forestry camps, 10, 47,154,178n74,
187nl69
Formakov, Arsenii, 201-2n32
Forth, Aidan, 194n71
Foucault, Michel, 194n68,194n69,
226n71
free workers. See non-prisoners
Frenkel , Neftali, 212nl8
254 Index
Gavrilin (head of the Gulag s
Political Department), 85
Gebel , Ananii Semenovich, 40, 43,
84, 95-6,97
genocide: definition of, 147
Getty, J. Arch, 220nll5
Ginzburg, Eugenia, 97
Glinka, Elena, 93
Global Convict Labour (de Vito and
Lichtenstein), 137
Gorbachev, Mikhail Grigor evich, 49,
53,72, 81, 95,160,188n5
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 160
Gorchakov, G.N., 69, 84
Goremykin, P.N., 69
Gorlizki, Yoram, 225n64, 226n68
Gomoshorlag (camp system), 9,37,
46-7,53,187nl62,189nl3
Gorskii (party member), 129
Great Northern Expedition of 1730s,
20
Great Patriotic War: beginning of,
13-14; evacuations, 76,198nl26;
patriotism, 4; population response
to outbreak of, 80-1; as pursuit of
purity/ representation of, 145-6;
Red Army victories, 94
Great Terror, 10,25-6
Gregory, Paul, 137
Gulag (Main Administration of
Camps): administration, 9,12,15-
16, 28, 36; American lend-lease
program and, 72; bureaucratiza-
tion of, 132,142,143,156; Civil
War camps as predecessor of, 27;
collective memory of, 159-61,
162; in comparative perspective,
7-8, 58-9,114,136-9,144,149-50;
construction projects, 10; Cultural-
Educational Departments, 83-4,
85,120-1; day-to-day operations,
4; economic activity of, 4, 8,12,
26, 64,137,146,158,168-9n30,
175n37; expansion of, 21, 46,137,
153; grey zone, 212nl9; his-
toriography, 10-17,112,137-8,
139, 229n6; inefficiency of, 151,
152; informal practices in, 112,
134,142-3,156-7; investment in
mechanization, 29-30; medical
facilities, 62, 96-7; mobilization of
human resources, 16; v$. modem
prison systems, 148; non-prisoner
labour in, 150; paradoxes of, 110,
152-3; party activities in, 125-6;
Political Department (Politotdel),
83, 84,125; political rationale of,
12-13, 21, 25-6, 63; in post-Stalin
period, 157,159; in postwar pe-
riod, 150-7; primary sources on,
17-19,106-8,189nl5; prisoner
population, 53,146,152,153; pub-
lic discussion about, 159; Putin-
era collective memory of, 161;
reorganization of, 216n66; rules
and regulations, 140-1; Sanitary
Department, 62, 96, 97; semi-
forced labour in, 198nl23; Soviet
victory and, 3,16-17,18-19,135,
136,150-1,162,164; as state
of exception, 166n8; television
series about, 229n7; tensions be-
tween minority groups in, 153; vs.
tsarist penal system, 149; war mo-
bilization efforts, 11-12,17, 77-8;
wartime production, 4-5,7,10,14,
51,53-4; wartime propaganda, 55,
148-9. See also individual camps
Gulag Archipelago, The
(Solzhenitsyn), 49
Index 255
Gulag at War, The (Bacon), 11
Gulag monuments, 160
Gulag museum in Moscow, 229n8
Gulag personnel: abuse of power
by, 116, 127; arrests and execu-
tions of, 38-9; background of,
113,117; banality in actions of,
133-4; black market trade by, 119;
censors, 141, 222n25; civilians
as, 213n24; corruption among, 58,
59, 111, 114,119,128; disciplin-
ary infractions of, 125-8,130-1;
education level of, 88,113,117,
203n44, 211n7, 216-17n73; ex-
prisoners as, 212nl8; families of,
118; health issues of, 124; hiring
practices of, 117-18; historiog-
raphy, 114; ideological train-
ing, 115-16; illicit relationships
with prisoners, 92; individual
decision-making, 114,133; infor-
mal networks, 113,158; living
conditions, 113,124, 214n35; long
working hours, 125; low prestige
of work of, 8,118-19; medical
staff, 116, 215n59; meetings of,
115-16; mobilization to military
service, 15,115; ordinariness of,
114,133-5; party members as,
8,125, 216n73, 217n81; percep-
tion of prisoners by, 111, 131-2;
primary sources about, 115,
213n22, 219nl07; prisoners at-
titude towards, 132-3; prisoners
used as, 118; qualifications of,
120-1, 211n7; responsibilities of,
113-15,120-1; self-guarders
(samookhraniki), 117, 214nn37-8;
shortage of, 115,119,122-3,
217n75; supervisors (nadzirateli),
117; training for, 120-5; turnover
of, 116,122-4. See also Militarized
Guard (VOKhR)
Hájková, Anna, 204n68
Hardy, Jeffrey, 138
Harris, James, 26,137
Harrison, Mark, 76
Harrowell, Elly, 161
Healey, Dan, 62, 96
Hilger, Andreas, 197nlll
Holzman, Franklyn, 25
home front: contributions of Gulag
labour, 150,162, 164; in Gulag
documentation, use of the term,
200nl5; human resources, 78, 81;
mobilization of prisoners on, 83,
89-90,112,158; starvation and
diseases, 71, 94; Western Siberia as
crucial region to, 3, 6,15
Hôss, Rudolf, 212n20
Iagoda, Genrikh, 30, 34, 37, 38,
177n67,181nll0
Iask camp, 37,54, 84
industrialization, 25
Instruction on Regimen for
Prisoners at Corrective-Labour
Camps and Colonies of the
MVD, 143
Ireland, Richard, 142
Isupov, V.A., 76
Ivanov, I.V., 74
Ivanov, P.Kh., 70, 81
Ivanova, Galina, 113,115, 203n44,
211n7
Jakobson, Michael, 176n51
Johnson, Emily D., 201n32
Jowitt, Ken, 142
256 Index
Kalmyks, 73,146,153
Karataev (Gulag official), 85,87
Karlag (camp system), 10,40,55,
58-9, 70,167n21,184nl30
katorga penal system: Soviet, 6, 70,87,
148,156,172nl6; Tsarist, 22,38,87,
172nl6. See also fascist katorga
Kazachenko, F.I., 133, 220nll2
Kemerovo Province: camps and
colonies in, 154; formation of, 51
Kharkov: Nazi occupation of, 215-
16n64
Khitarova, T.M., 79, 80
Khlevniuk, Oleg, 10, 30,47,63, 95,
198nl23,225n64,226n68
Klein, Aleksandr, 84
Kondrashev, A., 61,192n53
Kondrashin, V.V., 185nl44
Kopaev, G.N., 55, 62, 68,117,130,
131-2
Koreans, 73
Kornilova, O.V., 167nl9,209nl25
Korostel , N.F., 130-1
Kotkin, Stephen, 25,139
Krasil nikov, S.A., 11, 34
Krivoshchekovsk camp, 37,54,55-6,
65,70,92,125
Kruglov, S.N., 69
Kuibyshev school (Central Gulag
School), 121
Kuznetsk, city of, 25
Kuznetsk Coal Basin (Kuzbass), 25,
35,46,47,118
Labor Camp Socialism (Ivanova), 113
labour camps for the poor in Britain,
194n71
labour laws, 71,147
labour settlements, 181nl00. See also
special settlements
Larina, Anna, 45, 93,182nll6,
186nl5 8
Lazarev, Vasilii, 81
Lenin, Vladimir Il ich, 24,175n41,
175-6n43
Levits, P.P., 34
Levy, Primo, 212nl9
Lewin, Moshe, 174n26
Lichtenstein, Alex, 137
Linden, Marcel van der, 137
Loidin, D.M., 62
L vov, Evsei Moiseevich, 92,94,133
Maddox, Steven, 202n37
Magnitogorsk, city of, 25,29
Main Administration of Camps
for Railroad Construction
(GULZhDS), 46,187nl62,187nl67
Makarov, I.D., 46,187nl65
Malia, Martin, 176n45
Mal tsev, M.M., 113-14
Mariinsk Transit Camp, 38,40,
69-70,82,84,99
Marks, Steven G., 172nl3
Martin, Terry, 142
mechanization: as alternative to
forced labour, 29-30
medical schools, 215n59, 215n64
Medvedev, Dmitrii, 160
Medvedskaia, Kseniia, 45
Memorial Museum NKVD Remand
Prison (Tomsk), 162
Memorial Society, 160,161,182nll6,
188n5
Militarized Guard (VOKhR), 117,
119,120,124,213n24,214n37,
215n43, 215n52
mining industry, 22,23
Mochulsky, Fyodor, 114,117,134,
211nl4,215n58
Index 257
modernity, 142-3,144-5
Modernity and the Holocaust
(Bauman), 139
modern state: idea of, 139
Molotov, Viacheslav, 38, 42,128
Moran, Dominique, 161
Morozov, Pavlik, 98, 207n99
mortality: in corrective-labour
colonies, 56; of Gulag prisoners,
8-9,13,42, 50,63,131,151,158,
166nl4; in Nazi concentration
camps, 8,166nl4; official statis-
tics, 38, 42,50, 61; punishment for
high, 8; of Siberia s non-Gulag
population, 62, 71; of special set-
tlers, 34,104-5,179n89; wartime,
7,12,53, 54,55-6, 93-4, 95 table
3.1,96
Moscow-Minsk highway, 167nl9
Moscow-Volga Canal, 182nll3
Naimark, Norman, 7,147
Narym region: Combine 179 s work-
ers from, 74; living conditions in,
33, 73-4,104; special settlements
in, 10, 32, 33, 34-5, 73,178n72,
179n91; Stalin s exile to, 6
Nasedkin, V.G., 82,120
Naumov, Oleg, 220nll5
Nazi concentration camps: com-
parison with Gulag, 58-9,138-9,
149-50; conditions in, 192n46;
development of, 64,147; food ra-
tions in, 58; founding principles,
8; mortality rate in, 8,166nl4;
prisoner population statistics,
51-2,166nl4
Nazino tragedy, 30-1,177n67
Nazi-Soviet (Molotov-Ribbentrop)
Pact, 73,100,186nl61
neo-traditionalism, 142,144
Nerchinsk Mining District, 22
New Economic Policy (NEP), 24,
174n26
Nicolaevsky, Boris I., 41,137
NKVD (People s Commissariat of
Internal Affairs): administration
of camp operations, 16,28,36, 57,
118,187nl67; arrest and execution
quotas, 26; circular on doubtful
foreign elements, 119; circular on
personnel training, 122; instruc-
tions for camp censors, 141; move-
ment of cadres in, 124; primary
sources, 17; regulations of camp
life, 140-1,183nl24; renaming,
152; re-organization of, 226n67
non-prisoners: allocation for produc-
tion projects, 15, 29,48, 65,67, 68;
informal networks, 16; interac-
tions between prisoners and, 7,39,
63,69, 72,78,149,183nl24; star-
vation and diseases, 71; working
conditions, 94
Nordländer, David, 169n30
Noril lag (camp system), 59
Noskovich, Nina Alekseevna, 45, 82,
84-5, 200n22
Novak, K.A., 89
Novosibirsk, city of: camps and
colonies in, 6, 37, 40; defence en-
terprises in, 54, 64,65, 73,132,150;
evacuees in, 76; exile experience,
103; location of, 165nl; NKVD
administration in, 36; population
of, 5,150; republican status of,
198nl27; Siblag s transit station,
53; transit hub, 5
Novosibirsk Province: camps and
colonies in, 37; death sentences
258 Index
for counter-revolutionary activ-
ity in, 75; defence industry in, 65;
description of, 5; population of,
198nl26; special settlements in,
33; wartime diseases, 71; wartime
evacuation, 198nl26; workforce
in, 73-4
Novosibirsk Province Camp and
Colony Administration: adminis-
trative personnel departures, 122-
3,123 table 4.1; camp inspections,
60-1; civilian staff, 116; cultural
infrastructure, 86; division of, 86;
early release practice, 90; jurisdic-
tion, 51; as large camp system,
53; Party Control Commission s
investigation of, 126; personnel
shortage, 122-3; primary party
organizations, 125; procurator s
report about, 155; training for per-
sonnel, 120; unfit prisoners, 155-6
Ob River, 5,103,165nl
OGPU (Unified State Political
Administration), 28, 30,38,177n52
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
(Solzhenitsyn), 159,160
Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 138
Orlovo-Rozovo camp, 84,92,96
Orthodox Church: repression of, 161;
Stalin s partial rapprochement
with, 147
Osinovsk camp, 41
Pantileeva (party member), 129
Pantiukhov, V.N., 130
Papkov, S.A., 11, 201n31
Party Control Commission, 219nl07
peasant question in Russian Empire,
23,24
peasants: categories of, 24; New
Economic Policy and, 24; repres-
sive measures against, 25-6;
resistance to Bolsheviks, 5-6,24,
173n22,173-4n24, 204n60
penal system: evolution of, 27-8;
modernity and, 142-3. See also
Soviet penal system
People s Commissariat of Justice
(NKIu), 28
Perm 36 (Gulag museum), 160-1
Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia,
22,172nl2
Petrov (head of the party organiza-
tion), 129
Petrov, N.V., 118,212nl8
Pilishchuk, Vissarion Nikolaevich,
81
Pipes, Richard, 175n43
Plekhanov (party member), 127
Podrugin (Gulag official), 111
Polish deportees, 102
Political Theology (Schmitt), 144-5
Pol skaia, Evgeniia Borisovna, 94
Potresova, Sof ia Sergeevna, 133
preemptive repression, 75
preventative health camp stations,
61-2
prisoner labour: evolution of, 27-31;
as form of slavery, 137; inefficien-
cy of, 14, 40
prisoners: abbreviated Russian
word for, 131; administrative and
guard positions held by, 116; am-
nesty of non-political, 152; bath-
ing, 43; black market activities,
92,156; categories of, 105,106;
censorship of correspondence
of, 141-2; at construction site in
Mariinsk, 67 fig. 2.2, 91 fig. 3.1; as
Index 259
contract workers, 10, 39,183nl24;
contribution to war efforts, 136;
in corrective-labour colonies,
167nl9; correspondence of, 42-3;
distribution of, 143; as economic
resource, 132; evacuation of, 52-3;
first wave of, 25-6; food rations
of, 42-3; goner (dokhodiaga), 70, 95,
109,210nl38; health conditions
of, 13, 38,42, 62,96,108-9,132,
155,169n40,184nl30; informal
networks of, 15,69,72, 77-8,158;
invalids, 61, 62,219nll0; living
conditions of, 41, 43; love sto-
ries, 94; memoirs of, 18, 79-80,
82,160,182nll6; mortality rate
of, 8-9,13, 42, 50,62-3,151,158,
166nl4; non-political sentences,
154; occupations of, 97,155,158;
patriotism of, 4, 81-2; peasants
as, 25-6; petty criminals (bytoviki),
105,106; population statistics,
51-2,52 table 2.1,76,146,155,
184nl30,189nl4; primary sources,
209nl26; reduced sentences, 90;
re-education of, 89-90,141,144;
release practices, 12,13,14-15,
54-5,82-3, 88, 90; resistance acts,
91-3, 94-5,100-1; response to the
war outbreak, 4,5, 79,80, 81-2,
109; sentences for minor offen-
sives, 107; sexual relations, 92-3;
survival strategies, 91-2, 94, 95-6,
97; trustee (pridurka), 85; unfit
for work, 77,155-6; uprisings,
98-9; wartime mobilization, 83;
wartime mortality, 55-6, 93-4, 95
table 3.1,96; without escort, 118;
working condition of, 44; work
refusal, 184nl29
prisoners of war (POWs), 4,15,145,
197nlll
punishment: notion of just, 226n71
Putin, V.V., 159,160, 229n8,230nl2
railroad camps, 46-7
Ravensbruck concentration camp,
58
Red Army, 74,146
Red Terror, 175n41
release: after Stalin s death, 157;
documents related to, 209-1Onl33;
due to health conditions, 61, 96,
108; justification for, 61; politics of,
12; relatives requests for, 107-8;
as reward for productive labour,
61, 90-1
resistance acts: forms of, 92-3;
strikes, 100-1; as survival strategy,
91-2; tufta (falsification of work
norms), 94-5; uprisings, 98-9
Rossi, Jacques, 213n24
Rozentals, Rafails, 103-4
Ruta, U., 103
Sakharov Centre, 160
Saltymakov (Gulag official), 101
Sats, Nataliia Il inichna, 44,186nl53
Savitskii, I.M., 196n99,198nl26
Sazlag (camp system), 40,184nl30
Schmitt, Carl, 144,223n36
scientific-research camps (,sharashki),
14,54
Scott, James, 204n60
Second World War. See Great
Patriotic War
Sergeev, I.T., 187nl67
settlement colonies, 30-1
Severiukhina, Ninel , 193n65
Sevzheldorlag (camp system), 59
260 index
sexual abuse at the workplace,
192n51
sexual relations in camps: as barter,
93,157,204n68; homosexuality,
93; informal power networks and,
93; pregnancy statistics, 157
Shalamov, Varlam, 160
shaming rituals, 88
Sherlock, Thomas, 230nl2
Short Course of the History of the
VKP(b), 115,125, 217n84
Siberia: administrative division of,
36; dairy products, 173nl9; eco-
nomic development of, 5, 22,48;
exiles to, 22; exploration of, 22-3;
industrialization of, 25, 48; invest-
ments in infrastructure, 29; migra-
tion into, 22; population growth,
29; promotion of resettlement in,
29; wartime mortality rate in, 71.
See also Western Siberia
Sibirskaia perekovka (Siblag s news-
paper), 40
Siblag (Siberian Administration for
Camps of Special Significance):
administration, 9-10, 154; ag-
riculture activities, 39-40, 41
fig. 1.1; all-camp party confer-
ence in, 126; arrests of officials,
38-9; budget, 62, 117; camps and
colonies, 2 fig. 0.1, 9-10,31-2,37,
44-8,181-2nll0,187nl62; civil-
ians employed in, 116-17; contract
labour in, 39-40; creation of, 9, 21;
cultural-education activities, 44,
186nl53; economic activities, 35-6,
37-8, 39,154-5,202n38; health of
prisoners in, 40; inspections of,
60-1; living conditions in, 43-4;
memoirs about, 182nll6; munition
factories, 54; negative reports on,
38; overcrowding, 42, 43; person-
nel, 36, 87; prisoner population,
36, 37, 39,51-2,52 table 2.1,53,
127,153,187nl62, 213n26; prisoner
turnover, 42; re-organizations in,
36-7,181nl03,189nl3; resource-
extraction projects, 35; school for
training cadres, 121; during war-
time, 49-50,51; wartime produc-
tion, 54; working conditions in, 44,
67 fig. 2.2, 91 fig. 3.1
Siddiqi, Asif, 76
Sidorenko (deputy director of the
Novosibirsk Camp administra-
tion), 119
Sidorov, Sergei Alekseevich, 42-3
Snyder, Timothy, 7,8-9
Solomon, Peter H., Jr., 28,153
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 13,49,153,
159,160
Sorrow Stone and monument
(Tomsk), 162,163 fig. 6.1
Soviet Corrective-Labour Code
(1924), 140
Soviet penal system: Article 58,12; in
comparative perspective, 64,138-
9; concentration camps, 175n41;
peculiarities of, 63-4; in post-war
period, 143,153; psychiatric hos-
pitals as part of, 107; re-education,
idea of, 176-7n51; re-introduction
of katorga, 70,148; sentences, 107;
show trials, 174n35
Soviet Union: comparative stud-
ies of, 7; criminal justice system,
153; hardship of wartime life,
106-7; invasion of eastern Poland
and the Baltics, 51,103; major
construction projects, 182nll3;
Index 261
memory of victory in the Second
World War, 159; multiple moder-
nities of, 4, 223n31; Nazi Germany
invasion of, 3,51; planning sys-
tem, 192n48; postwar develop-
ment, 152; religion in, 147
special camps, 151
special settlements: administration
of, 9, 31; vs, camps, 32; conditions
in, 33-4; escapes from, 34; ethnic
groups in, 102-3,146; housing
problems, 34; idea of self-sufficient,
177-8n67; location of, 31-2,33,35,
178n72; official term for, 181nl00;
personnel, 114; as pool of forced
labourers, 32-3; in post-war peri-
od, 153; prisoner population, 146;
as space of exception, 145; supply
issues, 104
special settlers: children as, 179n79;
as contract labourers, 35; death
rate among, 34,104-5,179n89; in
defence enterprises, 73-4; ethnic
groups, 103-4; living conditions
of, 33-4,104; memoirs of, 103-4;
mobilization into Red Army, 74,
146; population statistics, 146;
rehabilitation of, 35; relations with
Siberian people, 104; restoration
of rights of, 34-5
Speranskii, Mikhail, 22
Srednebellag (camp system in the
Far East), 10
Stalin, Joseph: on contract labour, 39;
cult of personality, 21; death, 152;
exile, 6; obsession with the coun-
tryside, 175n36; partial rehabilita-
tion of, 161,229n8
Stalin era: extraordinary nature of,
134
Stalinist repressions: collective
memory of, 161-2; inevitability of,
176n45
Stalinist system, 15, 26-7
Stalin s Genocides (Naimark), 147
stations (punkty), 9,165n5
Stolypin, Piotr, 23
Strelkov, Georgii (Article 58er),
190n29
Sunderland, Willard, 172nl2
Sushchev (Gulag official), 87
Suslovsk camp station, 43
Swianiewicz, S., 137
Tashkent, city of, 76,198nl26
Theresienstadt ghetto, 204n68
Todorov, Tzvetan, 138
Tomasinlag (camp system): con-
ditions in, 102; creation of, 47;
disciplinary infractions of staff,
127; excess of prisoners, 10; inef-
ficiency of, 47-8; operation of, 68;
primary party organization in,
217n84; re-organization of, 9,37,
46; strike, 100-2; transfer of refu-
gees to, 100,102
Tomles Forestry Trust, 47
Tomsk, city of: camps and colo-
nies in, 6, 37, 42,54; description
of modern, 5; evacuees in, 109;
exile experience, 103; hardships
of wartime, 49,107; jurisdiction,
108; Memorial Museum in, 162;
psychiatric hospital, 107; Sorrow
Stone and monument, 163 fig.
6.1; transit camp in, 31; wartime
production in, 81,120
Tomsk Camp for Family Members of
Traitors to the Motherland, 44-5
Tomsk Cheka, 180n93
262 Index
Tomsk Corrective-Labour Colony,
53,54, 77, 92,106,107,154
Tomsk Munitions Plant, 65, 71-2
Tomsk Province: camps and colonies
in, 154; formation of, 51
Tomsk Provincial Department of
Prison Colonies, 124,154
total mobilization, 15, 49, 72, 76,144,
151
total war: concept of, 50-1,188-9n7
Trans-Siberian Railway, 20, 21, 22,
172nl3
Trotsky, Leo, 21,147
trudarmeitsy ( labour soldiers ), 94
Tsivirko, G.F., 70
Tumarkin, Maria, 161
Uimanov, V.N., 11
Ural-Kuznetsk Combine project, 25,
46
Varju, Peep, 104
Viazemlag (camp system), 187nl62,
209nl25
Viola, Lynne, 91, 95,112,114,192n48
Vito, Christian de, 137
Vladimirov, Sergei, 111, 132
Volga Germans, 73, 74, 75,103,145,
146,153
Volynkin (Gulag official), 111
Vorkuta, city of: postwar develop-
ment, 150
Vorkutlag (camp system), 59, 84,
98-9,113,156, 214n38
Vozvrashchenie (organization), 160
Wachsmann, Nikolaus, 147,166nl4,
192n46
Weiner, Amir, 7,145-6
Werth, Nicholas, 31
Western Siberia: absence of serfdom
in, 6; camp system, 6,17,154-5;
collective memory of Gulag in,
162; description of, 3-4; evacua-
tion of industries to, 76; famine,
185nl44; impact of war on, 6-7;
natural resources, 6; population,
185nl44; postwar development,
150-1; resettlement of kulak
households in, 26; scientific explo-
ration of, 20-1; workforce mobili-
zation, 76-7, 78
West-Siberian Camp Administration,
36
Wheatcroft, Stephen G., 173n22
Winter War, 13, 67,103
women: memoirists, 60,113; in
workforce, 76, 77
women prisoners, 45, 59, 70, 71, 75,
92; exchange sex for favours, 93,
127; intimate relations with men
prisoners, 18,156,157
Wood, Elizabeth, 159
Yak fighter planes, 64, 65, 66 fig. 2.1
Zakharov (party member), 126
Zavarzino colony, 128
Zavgorodnii, G.S., 97,206n94
Zemskov, Victor, 100
Zvantsev, Major (Gulag official), 132
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bell, Wilson T. 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1181264383 |
| author_facet | Bell, Wilson T. 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bell, Wilson T. 1977- |
| author_variant | w t b wt wtb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045418561 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1090101372 (DE-599)BSZ507547608 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1941-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1941-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sibirien West (DE-588)4107697-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sibirien West |
| id | DE-604.BV045418561 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:17:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781487523091 1487523092 9781487504083 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030804477 |
| oclc_num | 1090101372 |
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| owner | DE-824 DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-824 DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | xiv, 262 Seiten Karten, Illustrationen |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bell, Wilson T. 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)1181264383 aut Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War Wilson T. Bell Toronto ; Buffalo ; London University of Toronto Press [2019] xiv, 262 Seiten Karten, Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier GULAG (DE-588)4243880-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1941-1945 gnd rswk-swf Zwangsarbeiter (DE-588)4121950-8 gnd rswk-swf Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd rswk-swf Sibirien West (DE-588)4107697-7 gnd rswk-swf Sibirien West (DE-588)4107697-7 g GULAG (DE-588)4243880-9 b Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 s Zwangsarbeiter (DE-588)4121950-8 s Geschichte 1941-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030804477&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030804477&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030804477&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Bell, Wilson T. 1977- Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War GULAG (DE-588)4243880-9 gnd Zwangsarbeiter (DE-588)4121950-8 gnd Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4243880-9 (DE-588)4121950-8 (DE-588)4076906-9 (DE-588)4107697-7 |
| title | Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War |
| title_auth | Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War |
| title_exact_search | Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War |
| title_full | Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War Wilson T. Bell |
| title_fullStr | Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War Wilson T. Bell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stalin's Gulag at war forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War Wilson T. Bell |
| title_short | Stalin's Gulag at war |
| title_sort | stalin s gulag at war forced labour mass death and soviet victory in the second world war |
| title_sub | forced labour, mass death, and Soviet victory in the Second World War |
| topic | GULAG (DE-588)4243880-9 gnd Zwangsarbeiter (DE-588)4121950-8 gnd Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | GULAG Zwangsarbeiter Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 Sibirien West |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030804477&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030804477&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030804477&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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