Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918: = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
IH
2018
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Publikacje Instytutu Historii
148 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract Abstract Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 263 Seiten Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788365663658 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV045417755 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20190408 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 190121s2018 |||| |||| 00||| pol d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788365663658 |9 978-83-65663-65-8 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1083282357 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV045417755 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a pol | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Skowronek, Anna |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 |b = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |c Anna Skowronek |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b IH |c 2018 | |
| 300 | |a 263 Seiten |b Diagramme, Karten |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Publikacje Instytutu Historii |v 148 | |
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache: Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 | ||
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in rumänischer Sprache: Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 | ||
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache: Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1812-1918 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Polacy / Besarabia / 19 w |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Polacy / Besarabia / 1900-1945 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Polacy / osadnictwo / Besarabia |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Polen |g Volk |0 (DE-588)4046497-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Polska / emigracja i imigracja |2 jhpk | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Bessarabien |0 (DE-588)4006036-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Bessarabien |0 (DE-588)4006036-6 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Polen |g Volk |0 (DE-588)4046497-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1812-1918 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Publikacje Instytutu Historii |v 148 |w (DE-604)BV010879172 |9 148 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000008&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000009&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000010&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030803693 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 47 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 47 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 438 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 438 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804179294663999488 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis tresci
Wstep......................................................................... 9
Rozdzial I. Besarabia jako kraina historyczna ............................ 16
1. Geografía regionu. Srodowisko naturalne............................... 16
2. Okolicznosci opanowania Besarabii przez Rosje i polityka kolonizacyjna
caratu ................................................................ 19
3. Polityka kolonizacyjna i struktura etniczna Besarabii ............. 21
4. System administracyjny............................................... 39
Rozdzial II. Osadnictwo polskie.............................................. 47
1. Przyczyny i etapy naplywu Polaków do Besarabii..................... 47
2. Organizacja polskich skupisk osadniczych .......................... 63
3. Struktura spoleczna i zawodowa spolecznosci polskiej.............. 73
Rozdzial III. KoscioI Rzymskokatolicki i jego rola w integracji narodowej
Polaków............................................................... 89
Rozdzial IV. Polacy w spoleczenstwie Besarabii............................ 113
1. Wybrane aspekty zycia gospodarczego ............................... 113
2. Zycie kulturalne................................................... 118
2.1. Dzialalnosc polskich organizacji i stowarzyszeñ ............... 118
2.2. Przekazywanie polskich tradycji i kultury...................... 123
3. Sprawy s^dowe..................................................... 133
4. Udzial w rosyjskim zyciu politycznym i rz^dzeniu guberni^......... 136
5. Sylwetki wybitnych Polaków zwi^zanych z Besarabii................... 139
Rozdzial V. Besarabscy Polacy w walce o niepodlegl^ Polsk^ ............... 146
1. Dzialania konspiracyjne na terenie Besarabii w latach 1830-1863 ... 146
2. Polacy w Besarabii wobec powstania styczniowego.................... 155
3. Polacy w Besarabii w latach I wojny swiatowej..................... 176
Zakonczenie................................................................. 180
Aneksy...................................................................... 186
Bibliografía................................................................ 238
Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 (Summary)............. 252
Polonezii in Basarabia rusa in anii 1812-1918 (Rezumat) .................... 256
rio/LHKJi b poccuitCKOM Beccapa6wM b 1812-1918 it. (Pe3K Me) ............... 260
Bibliografía
I. Zródta
Zródta archiwalne:
Archiwum Narodowe Republiki Molda wii - Arhivá Nationalá Republicii Moldova (od-
t^d: ANRM), fundusz (odt^d: F.) 3, opis (odtqd: op.) 1, teczka nr (odt^d: nr) 108, /{exo oó
oceoóoxdenuu om nAamexa nodameü uiARxmeü, npoxueawuifUx e Beccapaócxoü OÓAacmu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 494, Aexo no paccMompenue npouienm uiASixmma Muxoaobcxozo M.
o npmucAenuu ezo x nucAy xumeAeü zopoda Kuuiuneea.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 688, ilpomenue xuuiuneecxux xurnexu Keanm Kpucmunu o codeücmeuu
pa36oda c MyxeM.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 1617, Ilepenucxa c HoeopoccuücxoM íenepaA-FyóepnamopoM o eucbiAxe na
poduny noAbcxux uiARxmuneü ne UMewuyux npou3eawu ux no nacnopmoe.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 1713, ilepenucxa c FlodoAbcxuM zyÓepnamopoM, 3cmcxum nanaAbHuxoM
u cydaMU 06 ycmanoeAenue nad3opa 3a auv^umu npuóueawu^ux U3 riodoAUu e Beccapaóuw e cesi3u
c [JoAbCKOM eoccmanueM.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 1714, ilepenucxa c HoeopoccuücxoM zenepají zyÓepnamopoM oó ycmaHoeAenuu
nad3opa 3a auu,omu npuóueawu^ux U3 J7oAbtuu e Beccapaócxyw oexacmw.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 1831, ilepenucxa c YnpaeAenuRMU Xepconeacezo u HincoAaeecxuezo
zyóepnamopa o eudane panopma na npaeo eeeda e dpyzue zyóepnuu Poccuu noAbCKOÜ axmpuce
deopsmpe OAbu^eecxueü 3.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 1984, ilepenucxa c YnpaeAenuxMU Hoeopyccxuü u EeccapaócKuü renepax-
zyúepnamop o noRSAenuu e Foaui uu ywcmnuxoe noAbCKuezo eoccmanuR. Cnucox npuAOxen.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2039, ilepenucxa c YnpasAenuRMu Hoeopyccxuü u Beccapaócxuü FenepaA-
zyóepnamop c cocmaeAenuu nAana u uMemu na nocmpoüxy puMcxo-xamoAmecxoü epxeu
6 zopode Kuuiunee.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2091, ilepenucxa Hoeopoccuücxezo u Beccapaócxuezo zenepaAa-zyóepnamopa
o3anpew,eHuu eeo3a e Poccuw xnuz, U3danHbix aóóamoM de-AOMenne u nepeeedennux na noAbcxuü
R3blX.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2124, U,upxyARp M.C.B. panopm zopodcxux noAuiyuü u 3eMCXUx cydoe o p03ucxe
noARxoe/{oópenpxoio B. Hluuixoecxozo K. u aecmpuücxozo cxonoddannozo 4yxe.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2126, ilepenucxa Hoeopoccuücxuezo u Beccapaócxuezo zenepaAa-zyóepHamopa
o 3anpewfeHUu eoeepau^enuR e Poccuw deopRUOM, npunuMaemuM yuacmue e noAbexoM eoccmanuu
1830.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2127, ilepenucxa c HosopoccuücxuM zeHepaA-zyóepmmopoM o 3anpeiufenuu
603epaw!eHUM e Poccuw deoprnoM npuHUMaeiuuM ynacmue e noAbcxaM eoccmanuu 1830.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2297, ilepenucxa c XomuMexuezo 3eMCXuezo cyda, zopodcxoü noxuyuu oó
apecme e Mecmenxe Bprnanu xomuncxuezo yeYda Bacneecxozo K. ynacmnuxa noAbcxozo eoccmanm
1830.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2298, ilpedAOxenue ilodoAbcxoü zpaxdancxoü zyóepnuu o naAaxueanue
maünozo Had3opa3a6biexa6muM6Kuuiune6 noMeu^uxoMMozuAeócxozoyeedazopadoM Cmadani^xa
il. ynacmnuxa noAbcxozo eoccmanuR.
Zródla
239
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2301, Tlepenucxa Hoeopoccuücxezo u Beccapaócxezo zenepaAa zyóepnamopa
3eMCKU nanoAbnuxa oÓAacmu o 3adep#canuu e CAynae no#6Aenu# e Beccapaóuu 4 ynacmnuxoe
noAbCKOZO eoccmanu#.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2363, riepenuaca c YnpaeAenuxMU Hoeopyccxuü u Eeccapaócxuü TenepaA-
zyóepnamop xodamaücmey noAbexux uiAHxmmeü cexa HanadeM# xccxozo ye3da Aazoux oó
ucxAwnenuu ux U3 nodamnozo cocAoeu#.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 2375, TlpedcmaeAenue óeccapadcKoü oÓAacmu ynpaeAenu# o nadeAU# 3eMAeü
noAbCKUX uiAXXHUUfOe noceAi{KUX e Beccapaóuu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 3713, FlepenucKa Beccapaócxuezo zenepaAa-zyóepnamopa o 3adep#canuu
e CAynae noxeAenu# e Beccapaóuu (xn#3# Aaóu) u Haüxoecxozo, uMOOu ue ce#3u c noAbcxuMu
BMuccapaMu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 3815, Tlepenucxa c MBA Beccapaóacoü OÓAacmuu oó omeode 3eMAU Kumunee
PuMCxo-xamoAunecxa# u,epxoeb.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 4030, Flepenuaca c u3MauACKeü zopodcxoü dyMbi c MazucmpamoM o 63bicxanuu
c u3MauACKuezo xynya MuAanoeuna yepxoenux denez.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 4035, Panopm xomunacozo 3cmckozo nanoAbnuxa oó oceoóoxdenuu U3 nod
apeona u nepedane e eedenue xomuHcxoU uoauuuu Ypóancxozo B. nodo3peeaeMozo e ynacmuu
e noAbCKOM eoccmanuu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 4528, TTpedonucanue Hoeopoccuücxozo u Beccapaócxuezo zeHepaAa-zyóepnamopa
o apeone e CAynae npuóumm zpa pa KaMopoecxozo, nodo3peeaeMozo e ce#3u c noAbcxuMu
dAimpanmaMu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 4896, Tlepenucxa c eoennoM zyóepnamopoM, zopoda )KumoMupa u Boauhcxum
zpayxdancxuM zyóepmmopoM panopmu 3eMCxux nanaAbnuxoe o 3adep#canuu/ e CAynae nosteAenu#
16 noAbcxux dMuccapoe.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7578, Ae*° o poccAezoeanuM cAyxoe noMeuiuxa TAoeaAa o npue3de e Beccapaóuu
noAbcxozo eeAuameAeü-xaHdapMa.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7636, l upxyA#pu MBA,, Beccapaócxuü Fyóepnamop oó apeone euxapu#
Hepnoeeyxozo xocmeAa PlmpoAocxozo yeYda, nodoAbcxoü zyóepnuu xcend3a KoeaAbcxozo.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7641, Tlepenucxa c YnpaeAen#MU Hoeopoccuücxezo u Beccapaócxuezo zenepaAuezo
zenepaAa o ce#3U xcend3a LfeuxAbi u apaña TlaeAoeuna c noAbcxuMu dMuccapuaMu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7642, Tlepenucxa c YnpaeAensiMU Beccapaócxuezo KandapMCxozo uimaóc-
o^ uuiepa o paccAedoeanuu donoca uimamcxozo coeemnuxa xannea# na uncnexmopa u ZAaenozo
uedmUfUncxozo nunoenuxa u3MauAbcxezow.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7643, BedoMoemu o nucAe noAJixoe npuxueawu^ux e Beccapaócxoü oóxacmu
3a 1863.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7646, Tlepenucxa c YnpaeAenuxMu Hoeopoccuücxezo u Beccapaócxuezo
zenepaAbHOZo zenepaAa o eucuAxe noA#xa Tínuyxozo U3 Beccapaóuu.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7744, IjupxyASipbi Munucmepcmea enympennux deA o noucxe ce#u ennuxa
Awdeuxa ByÓ3unbcxozo u cexu^ennocAyxcumeAx 3eAencxozo
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7763, Tlepenucxa c Hoeopoccucxozo u Beccapaócxuezo zenepaAa-zyóepnamopa
o apecmue e noxeAenue ynacmnuxoe noAbcxozo eoccmanu# (1863).
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 7764, / eA0 o eucuAxe e z. KocmpoMy xoAAexenncxozo aceccopa noA#xa
TlsiceUfXOZO.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 1, nr 9805, A^o oó ymeepyxdenuu ycmaea noAbcxozo „Oóu^ecmea ncmpeóoumeAeü
cnoA3M e zop. Kuuiunee 1.01-10.10.1916.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 2, nr 39, Tlepenucxa c nonenumeAbHbiM xoMMumemoM o xoAonucmax KDxnozo xpa#
Poccuu Munucmepcmea enympennbix deA o 3azamoexe cmoü MamepuaAoe dAa 1500 xoAonucmcxux
doMoe, u npucmaeAenuu ceedenuü o xypce acuznayuü.
ANRM, F. 2, op. 2, nr 7605, ÍJupxyA#pu Munucmepcmea enympennux deA o noucxe noAbcxue
cesLupennuxu.
ANRM, F. 3, op. 1, nr 108, AeA0 oó oceoóoxcdenuu om nAamexca nodameü mA#xmeü, npoxcueawiyux
e Beccapaócxoü OÓAacmu.
ANRM, F. 3, op. 1, nr 194, TlocmanoeAenue Bepxoenozo Coeema na npedcmaeAenue OÓAacmnozo
npaeumeAbcmea no deAy BacuAu# KoeaAbcxuü, xomopuü óbiAoóeunxeMbiü x npuoizeonpuceoenuu
ezo denez.
240
Bibliografía
ANRM, F. 3, op. 1, nr 289, IJocmanoeAenue Bepxoenozo Coeema na npedcmaeAenue OÚAacmnozo
npaeumeAbcmea no deAy xumeAeü coAa nanaden: McayAe Cuneu^apa u MAxxmima CxAUifiacoea,
OúeunsieMUX 3a xpaxy pazomozo exorna.
ANRM, F. 3, op. 1, nr 332, / ¿ao o6 oceoúoxdenuu eu e ne ymeepyKdennbix e 36anuu noAbcxux
lUAxxmimeü om nAamexa nodameü u Hecenuz noeuHHoemeü xomopue ohu necxu napaene
c xumeAZMu npocmozo 3eanusi.
ARNM, F. 3, op. 1, nr 608, Aexo oá oceoúoncdenue om deoünozo nAamumb nodemux wAxxmmeü
nepenecennbix U3 KAacca úupnuxoe.
ANRM, F. 3, op. 1, nr 693, CAedcmeennoe dexo no oúeunenuK) uiAaxmmaAo3UHCKazo fina e eopoecmee
eetueü y Hunoenuxa PuuiASLxoea.
ANRM, F. 6, op. 4, nr 1065, TJepenucxa c AenaprnaxtenmoM Ayxoenux A^A unocmpannux
ucnoeedbieanuü Munucmepcmea enympennbix dex oó ymeepxdenuu npoexma u pa3peiueHUR
cmpoumeAbcmea PuMexo-xamoAUHeexoü i^epxeu e zopode Opzeeee.
ANRM, F. 6, op. 4, nr 1090, Ae*o oú ymeepxdeHuu nxana na nocmpoüxy PuMCXO-xamoxunecxoü
pepxeu e zopode Copoxu.
ANRM, F. 6, op. 4, nr 1095, AeA0 ymeepxdeHuu nxana na nocmpoüxy puMCXo-xamoxmecxoü
yepxeu e zopode ¡43Mauxe.
ANRM, F. 6, op. 14, nr 28, AeA0 no poccMompenuu npocbúy eeMAeexadeAbyaAoAueo-AoúpoeoAbCxozo
KS. o 6030ÓH06Aenuu zpanup ezo doMa c. Buufinu, xuuiuneecxozo ye3da.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 132,3axAKmenuA Beccapaúcxozo deopXHCxozo coúpanux 06 omxa3e omdeAbnuM
auucim e deopsmcKOM 36anuu, AUHHbie doxyMenmu npocumeAeü.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 202, TJepenucxa c BeccapaúcxuM oúxacmnuM npaeumeAbcmeoM, BeccapaúcxuM
zyúepnamopoM o xoMandupoeanuu nunoenuxa U3 Aonymamcxozo coúpanux e Oúxacmnoe
npaeumexbcmeo dxM nepeeoda doxyMenmoe c noxbcxozo na pyccxuü %3bix.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 259, TJepenucxa c BeccapaúcxuM npaeumeAbcmeoM, noxeeuM npoeuanmcxuM
ynpaexenueM o npueMe na doxxnocmb nepeeodnuxa c noxbcxozo na pyccxuü %3ux T. TJuxuna
u doxyMenmbi, ydocmoeepsnouifUe ezo Aunnocmb.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 304, 3axxwHenue Aoopsincxozo denymamcxozo coúpanux o npunucxenuu poda
Kopnuncxux.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 363, AeA0 Ppuzopne Bacuxusi HuxoAaeeuna o npuHUCAenuu ezo x deopsmaM
Beccapaúcxoü oÚAacmu.
ARNM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 367, Xodamexbcmeo Cmenana Kocmepxozo o npunucxe ezo x deopsmcxoMy
cocAoeuw u doxyMenmu ydocmoeepsiwu^ue xmnocmb u npoucxoxdenue npocumexsi.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 368, Xodamaücmeo Ouxunna Ulazoecxozo o npuHucxenuu ezo x úeccapaúcxoMy
deopxncxoMy cocxoeuw u doxyMenmu ydocmoeepxwu^ue npoucxoxcdenue.
ARNM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 387, TTepenucxa c XomuncxuM npudeodumexeM deopxncmea oú yxAonenuu
deopsinuna Xuncdey om nopynenuü u xodamaücmeo ezo od oceoúoxcdenuu ezo no cmapocmu xem om
xoMandupoeox.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 469, Onpedexenue Aoopsincxozo denymamcxozo coúpanux o npuHucxenuu poda
rxaeaUfXux x úeccapaúcxoMy deopsincmey.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 500, TJepenucxa c Jd3MauxbcxuM ye3dnuM cydbeü no xodamaücmey
xoMandyK)u ezo nexomnoü dueu3ueü oú onpedeAenuu cuna nodnoAxoenuxa Axexcandpa fínoecxozo
e AAexcandpoecxuü xademcxuü xopnyc.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 1, nr 634, TJepenucxa c BeccapaúcxuM zyúepnamopoM, XomuncxuM npedeodumexeM
deopxncmea u HoeopoccuücxuM u BeccapaúcxuM zenepaA-zyúepnamopoM oú apecme deopxn f. Txo-
eai^xozo u Xuxdey.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 70, IJepenucxa c BeccapaúcxuM zyúepnamopoM, OÚAacmnuM npaeumeAbcmeoM,
Kuuiuneecxoü zpadcxoü noxupueü o npunxmuu ynacmux deopsinaMu e pa3uux mopzax.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 120, AeA0 Beccapaúcxozo A60P^Hcxozo Aenymamcxozo Coúpanux. o cxyyxúe
OpzAeecxozo Ye3dnozo TJpedeodumeAsi A^opsmcmea P.T. Aoweo-AoúpoeoÁbcxozo.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 281, AeA0 Beccapaúcxozo Awpxncxozo Aonymamcxozo Coúpanun om
AxxepMancxozo ye3da, Tumyxsipnozo Coeemnuxa Andpez Axoü3beeuHa Pípouieema.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 299, Podocxoúnax xnuza Beccapaúcxozo A^opsincmea 3a 1825-1840.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 300, Ax^aeumnuü cnucoxi) (fiaMUAUXM b, enecennuM b erb deopsmcxyio
podocAoenyw xnuzy Beccapaúcxoü zyúepnuu, ymeepxdennbiM b b nomoMcmeennoMi) deopzncmee
I. Zródla
241
npaeumeAbctnôywutfUM b CemmoM^amaxxeAuyoM b, conpuHucAemiUMb xtd meMb (paMUAu Mb
Cb 1824 zoda.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 384, AAcßaeumnuü cnucoxiy (ficiMUAUsiMb, enecennuMb erb deopxncxyw
podocAoenyw xnuzy Eeccapaócxoü zyóepnuu, ymeepucdennuMi} 6t? nomoMcmeennoMb deopxncmee
ripaeumeAbcmeywiUfUM’b CenamoMb.
ANRM, F. 88, op. 2, nr 389, PodocAOÖnaR muza Beccapaócxozo /{eopsincmea z a 1847-1857.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 5, Mempunecxasi muza Kinu. PuMCKO-KamoAmecKoü Lfepxeu 28 VI1823 -
1875.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 147, Mempunecxa% xnuza Kumuneecxoü PuMCXO-KamoAunecxoü
npuxodcxoü t^epxeu KpeiqeHHUx cb 1876 z. no 1888 z., Axmoeue sanucu o poxdenuu 3a 1876-
1888 z. PiiMCXo-KamoAmecxoü yepxeu z. Kumuneea.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 229, Liber Copulatorum Ecclesia Parochialis Romano-Catholica Kiszenioviensis
paratus Die prima Aprilis per R. Patrem Sacerdotem Lucam Duminski, Administratorem huiusce
Parochia Kiszenioviensis Anno Domini 1822, 1822-1886.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 417, Mempunecxasi xnuza Kumuneecxoü PuMCXo-KamoAunecxoü
npuxodcxoü yepxeu Kpem(enHUX b Cb 1876 z. no 1888 z., Axmoeue 3anucu o poxcdenuu 3a 1876-
1888 zz. PuMCxo-KamoAunecxoü yepxeu z. Kumuneea.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 418, Sxcmpaxmu Mempmecxux 3anuceü no KumuneecxoMy p. KamoAU-
necxoMy npuxody: nacmb I: o Kpeu^ennux 1907 zoda, nacmb II: 06 YMepuiux 1907 zoda, nacmb III:
O BennaeMbix 1907 zoda.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 420, 3xcmpaxmu MempunecxuxT? 3anuceü no KumuneecxoMy p. KamoAU-
uecxoMy npuxody BemaeMbix b cb 1887 z. no 1903 z.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 421, Bxcmpaxmbi Mempunecxux 3anuceü no KumuneecxoMy p. KamoAU-
necxoMy npuxody YMepmux cb 1893 z. no 1910 z.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 715, Parohia romano católica din ora§ul Bâti pentru anii 1886-1894 - näscu-
li.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 716, Parohia romano católica din ora§ul Bâti pentru anii 1889-1904, 1917 -
cäsätorie.
ANRM, F. 211, op. 11, nr 718, Parohia romano católica din ora§ul Bâti pentru anii 1904-1914 - cäsäto-
rie.
ANRM, F. 401, op. 1, nr 2, /leAO o pezucmpax^uu ycmaee xuuiuneecxozo noAbcxozo oô^ecmeennozo
coôpauun. Ycmae npuAoxcen.
Archiwum Panstwowe w Kaliszu - Wyjqtek z czçsci Urzçdowej „Dziennika Powszechnego z dnia
14(26) Stycznia 1863 r., Archiwum Panstwowe w Kaliszu, Naczelnik Powiatu Kaliskiego,
sygn. 804, k. 429.
Centraine Archiwum Wojskowe - Materialy do historii Polskiej Oddzielnej Brygady na Kaukazie
1917-1919 w Centralnym Archiwum Wojskowym, http://archiwumcaw.wp.mil.pl/biuleiyn/
bl9/bl9_12.pdf [dostçp: 6.03.2015].
Kopie dokumentów archiwalnych:
Dokumenty ze spalonego Archiwum w Kamiehcu Podolskim - odpisy w posiadaniu Neli
Saganowej: KaMeHen-no^o^hCKMu rocy^apCTBeHHbiu ropoACKwn apxHB, F. 685, op. 2,
nr 155, Koncucmopusi KaMeneyxoü PuMcxo-xamoAmecxoü enapxuu.
Kserokopie doty cz^ce pocz^tków wsi Styrcza w zasobach Muzeum Etnograficzno-Historycznego
w Styrczy.
Tadeusza Janowego Syna Hyzdewa rozne pisma w Besarabii, zbiory Muzeul Memorial Bogdan
Petriceicu Hasdeu, Campiña - kserokopie w posiadaniu prof. Ilony Czamanskiej.
Wizyta Rzymsko-katolickiego Kosciola Tuczkowskiego z 1835 roku.
242
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Hoeopoccuücxux uHocmpamiux noceAenupe, u oó ynpexcdenuu nod eedoMcmeoM Sxcneduyuu
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nC3PM, t. XXXVIII, 1863, nr 39 377, Buconaüme ymeepxcdenue FlpaeuAa Dah naAoxcenm cexeecmpa
Ha uMenux Auy npunacmnux k 6e3nopxdxaM, 603Hukuium e nozpanunnux c LfapcmeoM ÍJoAbCKUM
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npou^enux meM U3 eoeAeuennux e Mxmexce 6 Lfapcmee ÍJoAbCKOM, Komopbie, ne nodAexa
omeememeennoemu 3a unue yzoAoenue uau no CAyxeóe e pxdax bouck npecmynAenux,
CAOxeamb opyxe u 603epamambcx x doAzy noeunoeenux do 1113 Man 1863 zoda, s. 290-291;
0 BeeMUAoemueeümeM dapoeanuu noAnazo u coeepuiennazo npou^enux meM oóbieameAXM
3anadnux zyóepnuu, eosAenenubiM e eo3HUKiue e nux óe3nopxdxu, xomopue, ne nodAexca
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nC3PM, t. XXXVIII, 1863, nr 39 109, O oÓAenenuu nozpanmnbix c LfapcmeoM TloAbCKUM ye3dos
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nopxdxa, donyemumb sadepxcanue, e SO-mu-eepcmeoM om nepmu zpanui^m enympb xpaa
pa3cmoxnuu, nenodAexcaiyux xAeüMenuw unoempannux moeapoe, xozda onu ne óydym
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204.
nC3PM, t. XXXVIII, 1863, nr 40 456, O eoenno-noAuyeücxoM ynpaeAenuu e IJapcmee íloAbCxoM,
s. 354-358.
nC3PM, t. XLI, 1866, nr 43 888, O no3eMexbnoM ycmpoücmee zocydapcmeennux xpecmbxn e 36 zy-
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Poles in the Russian Bessarabia
from 1812 till 1918
Summary
Bessarabia is a historical region which constituted a part of the Russian Empire in the 19th cen-
tury. Its territory spanned between the Dniester and Prut rivers. Until the 18th century the area
was a part of the Principality of Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire. The region was a border-
land, remote from the centres of political and economical life. It consisted of sparsely populated,
multiethnic areas varying as far as religion was concerned. The situation changed after the re-
gion found itself within Russia, which formally occurred in 1812 as a result of the six-year-long
Russian-Turkish war. The land was given one common name, used till today - Bessarabia.
Throughout the whole century of its functioning within the Russian Empire, Bessarabia re-
tained its multiethnic and multicultural nature. The land offered shelter and better life condi-
tions for the representatives of various nations, coming not only from the closer and more dis-
tant regions of Russia but also from the states of Central and Southern Europe. One of such
communities was that of the Poles. After the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
and due to the disappointment caused by the empty promises of Napoleon, Poles began to mi-
grate to Bessarabia to look for wider possibilities of progress, unattainable in the divided ethni-
cally Polish lands. During the 19th century their numbers gradually increased. The fundamen-
tals of their functioning as an ethnic group were founded at this time, which bore fruits in the
1920s when Bessarabia became a part of Greater Romania. This period is considered to represent
the height of the progress of the Polish community in this region, although the origins of such
progress should be looked for in the changes which happened in the 19th century. Hitherto, this
aspect has not been examined scientifically and is hardly known about in fact.
The present publication is based on source enquiries carried out during several research trips
to Moldova within the framework of research grants funded by the National Science Centre. The
archive records kept in the National Archive of the Republic of Moldova in Chi§inau turned out
to be the most crucial among the gathered materials. Within these records the documents pre-
pared by state administration bodies prevailed, which has left a stamp on the final shape of this
book. The recollections provided by individuals, not only those written down before 1918 but
also the ones treasured in the form of family stories, proved a valuable addition, however.
The book which results from the aforementioned studies consists in an introduction, five
chapters dealing with separate issues each, and a conclusion. It is supplemented with two ap-
pendices: Imienny spis Poláków zamieszkujqcych Besarabi? z 1863 roku which enumerates by name
the Poles living in Bessarabia dated to 1863, as well as Lista Polaków pochowanych na kiszyniowskim
cmentarzu katolickim which mentions the Poles buried in the catholic cemetery in Chisinau.
To understand properly the lot of the Poles in Bessarabia of the 19th century, it is important
to be at least generally aware of the changes that happened on this land under Russian rule. The
first considerations of this book are devoted to the administrative division of Bessarabia and to
the related transformations which occurred in the course of the 19th century. Presenting the al-
terations within the ethnic structure of this region as well as Russian colonial policy, the author-
ess considers it extremely essential to give the reader the necessary background indispensable to
comprehend the phenomenon of Polish settlement in this part of the Russian Empire. The struc-
ture of and divisions within the Russian society are other significant concerns to be analyzed.
This allowed for the better capture of topics connected with the struggle of Poles for their rights,
including the political, social, and economic ones.
Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918
253
The most important research problem to be dealt with in this book was to define the causes
and stages of Poles influx to Bessarabia. It was a long and complex process, with certain subpe-
riods noticed. Thanks to the research, several settlement waves were marked off. The first Polish
traces in Bessarabia are preserved in the documents dating back to 1820. Unfortunately, these are
mainly isolated sources. Thus, neither the structure nor the character of the then Polish migra-
tion to Bessarabia can be determine more precisely. Nevertheless, Poles are known to have been
arriving in Bessarabia shortly after the Treaty of Bucharest had been signed in 1812. The poli-
cy of the Russian authorities, aimed at possibly the fastest inhabiting of this sparsely populated
area, played an important role as one of the main goals of Russian politics as regards this region
at that time. Poles were attracted to Bessarabia first of all by the announcement of the free pur-
chase of land, as this right was limited for them in the western provinces of the Russian Empire.
The next, bigger, wave of Polish settlers came to Bessarabia only after the November
Uprising (1830-1831) had failed. This consisted mainly of the refugees from the Kingdom of
Poland (both people who had taken part in the uprising and those who had helped the insur-
gents) seeking shelter from repressive measures after the uprising. This period of first emigra-
tion finished in the beginning of the 1840s. The policy of the Bessarabian authorities towards the
newcomers changed at this time. People coming then to settle were no longer so willingly ad-
mitted, especially those of noble origins. According to Russian law, each knighthood had to be
proved again, once its owner had moved to another province. Hence, many Poles in Bessarabia
were then socially degraded and excluded from the gentry due to the lack of appropriate docu-
ments confirming their class origins as well as to the general aversion of the local authorities to-
ward the numerous representatives of this class enjoying the tax freedom.
The subsequent wave of Polish settlers were recorded in the mid-1860s. It was closely con-
nected with the fall of the January Uprising (1863-1864). Also this group was dominated by in-
surgents and people suspected of favouring the anti-Russian rebellion.
The last wave of Polish settlement in the period of the authoress interest can be dated to the
1880s and 1890s. It is characterized especially by one, hitherto unrecorded group of colonists -
soldiers of Polish descent, who were transferred to Bessarabia along with their regiments. The
research proved two reasons for Poles coming then to Bessarabia: political (seeking shelter from
repressive measures after the uprising) and also economical (striving for the improvement of
living conditions). They left their motherland singly, in families or small groups. In fact, how-
ever, hardly can it be called a settlement wave of any kind, and rather a steady, slow but long-
lasting migration from ethnically Polish lands to Bessarabia. The analysis of the source materi-
als, particularly of registers, showed where Poles arrived in Bessarabia from. The settlers from
the following provinces called guberniyas (governments, govemorates) prevailed: of Podolia,
Volhyn, Grodno, and Vilna as well as from those within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland
(mainly from the Radom and Lublin Govemorates).
The research revealed the valid role of the Catholic Church as regards the inner integration
of Poles as a separate group in Bessarabia. The faith was important for the settlers of Polish ori-
gins peopling the Bessarabian lands to uphold Polish traditions and customs as well as to main-
tain family and neighbourly ties or bonds of friendship. Five Catholic parishes functioned in
Bessarabia in the 19th century: Chi§inau, Krasna (a German colony), Khotyn, Balti and Tuczkow
(since 1856 known as Izmail). Mostly Polish priests served in these parishes. The deficiency in
temples was the biggest concern of die Catholics in the whole of Russia. Therefore, it is easy to
explain why Poles from Bessarabia were so actively engaged in the fight for building church-
es, houses of prayer or chapels. With the help from parishioners of Polish descent, the follow-
ing churches were built: in Balti (1821), Chi§inau (1843), Khotyn (1863), Bender (the 1880s) and
a chapel in Stanileszty in 1912. It should be stressed, however, that even if permission for a new
building was fortunately obtained, not always was it possible to carry out a construction. This
happened in: Orhei, Soroca and Izmail. Usually, the failure was caused by a lack of financial re-
sources. Commitment to the building of churches united Poles and made them act as a relative-
ly well organized community despite being dispersed. Polish priests played a huge role in this
process as, beside their priestly duties, they were also keenly involved in activities to the benefit
of preserving Polish traditions and customs.
254
Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918
For better understanding the processes taking place in Bessarabia, it was important to
present the economic practices of the region, including its inner diversity and different possibili-
ties of development in its separate parts. Another aspect of life in Bessarabian society, dealt with
within the research, were legal issues. Poles were not always observing the regulations in force,
while the outside location of the region attracted characters of a suspicious past. Also political
life was a crucial aspect of the functioning of the Polish community in Bessarabia. Poles felt re-
sponsible for their new homeland as well as they strove for improvement of their life conditions.
Their activity as regards the aforementioned in the analyzed period tended to evolve. Towards
the end of the examined time period, few Poles aspired even to the most important posts in local
authorities or to be alongside the representatives of the Russian nobility (dvoryanstvo) at gover-
norate level. So in the book it was vital to show the ways of activity and motivation, and to char-
acterize the historical period when Polish political life in Bessarabia flourished.
An essential element of the research consisted in determining the attitude of the Polish set-
tlers towards their motherland and fostering their Polish identity. In view of limited information
in the sources, this question is hard to investigate. It seems that preserving Polish traditions and
customs in Bessarabia was influenced mostly by fostering them in the home. This is best seen in
the recollections and unwritten family stories, often maintained up till now in memory of de-
scendants of the Polish settlers from the 19th century. Attachment to Polish traditions can be also
testified to by numerous Polish book collections, sometimes gathered by a family for more than
a hundred years. Unfortunately, even in this case the research material is random, disabling the
scientist from evaluating on its basis the scale of this phenomenon and the range of readership
of Polish books, especially within the less wealthy social classes.
During the research it turned out that forming Polish organizations was an important fac-
tor of fostering Polish identity. Still, it happened not earlier than towards the end of die 19th cen-
tury as only then did Poles feel strong enough as a minority to begin to care not only for satis-
fying their basic living needs but also for organizing themselves and providing for the interests
of the whole community. Before the First World War, some organizations appeared which -
worth underlining - cooperated very closely with the local Catholic Church. They were brought
into being mainly by the Poles living in Chi§inau. Unfortunately, not a single source related to
the organizations established in the Bessarabian province is known. These structures survived
generally the chaos of war and flourished in the 1920s, when they were no longer disturbed
by the then Romanian authorities with their much more tolerant policy in comparison to the
Russians.
On the basis of the remaining materials it can be assumed that Polish identity survived par-
ticularly in bigger, more hermetic Polish communities. Besides, it should be pointed out that
the phenomena of assimilation, depriving individuals of national identity or syncretism (cultur-
al, religious and also linguistic) were also very strong. It affected especially people who dwelt
far from the larger clusters of Polish settlements. However, the scale of these phenomena is un-
known today, and it seems impossible to determine their extent more precisely at present.
It is also worth highlighting that some Poles who participated in the development of Poland
after 1918 were bom in Bessarabia. In their reborn motherland they acted in various fields, being
scholars (biologists, zoologists) as well as soldiers. Some sacrificed their lives while serving their
homeland and fighting for the sovereignty of Poland during the Second World War. They were
killed in Katyn, Kharkiv (Piatykhatky) and Mednoye. The stories of selected people are present-
ed in a separate subchapter of the fourth chapter of the book.
The issues devoted to national uprisings were an essential element of the research. Although
preserved sources enable to draft only certain aspects related to insurgents7 fights, they do offer
significant complementation to our knowledge of the struggles for national independence in the
19th century. During the research, it turned out that not only may the fortunes of participants in
the national movements be described, but also a general presentation of the engagement of Poles
in Bessarabia in underground activities aimed at the rebuilding of their oppressed motherland.
Up till now, hardly ever in the Polish historiography devoted to these issues have Moldavian
sources been utilized - contributing many interesting details to seemingly well-known threads.
In this respect, most attention was paid to the matters connected with the January Uprising. This
Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918
255
stems from the relatively biggest number of remaining sources referring precisely to the events
from the years 1863-1864. The authoress partially succeeds in reconstruction of the engagement
of Poles from Bessarabia in underground activities during this movement and their redeploy-
ment network from the Balkans to the ethnically Polish lands. Also the documents on penal-
ties towards persons suspected of helping insurgents or of direct commitment to independence
were found. The list of Polish civil servants in the Bessarabian administration, prepared in 1863
on the Moscow authorities instruction, proved to be extraordinarily interesting. The analysis
of this document revealed many fascinating issues and hitherto unknown data about the Polish
community in this part of the Empire.
To date, the Polish minority in Bessarabia has lacked scientific study. This book hopes to
fill this gap in Polish historiography at least to some extent. It focuses on how Polish settle-
ment was being organized, as well as on its nature, size and structure. It is worth emphasizing
the history of Poles in Russian Bessarabia, their attitudes and achievements reflected in the eco-
nomic bases and structural functioning of Poles inhabiting today s Moldova as the latter orig-
inates in large part in the area of the Bessarabia Govemorate in the 19th century. The number
of the various organizations of the Polish immigrant community, percentage of participants in
learning Polish language as well as the professed religion can be enumerate here among others.
Knowledge about the history of Polish community in Bessarabia shall allow the better compre-
hension of the present time and show possible future directions of development of Polish mi-
nority in Moldova.
Tlumaczenie Hanna Kossak-Nowocien
Polonezii în Basarabia rusä
in anii 1812-1918
Rezumat
Basarabia este o regiune istoricä care în secolul XIX a fost o parte din Imperiul Rus. Teritoriul ei
se desfäsura între Nistru çi Prut. Pâna în secolul al XVIII-lea teritoriul acesta a fost o parte din
Principatul Moldovei si al Imperiul Otoman. Aceasta a fost regiunea de frontiera, îndepartata de
la centrele vietii politice si ale economice. Aceasta regiune a fost slab populatä, multietnicä si ete-
rogenä din punctul de vedere religiös. Aceastä situada a schimbat anexarea la Rusia, ce în mod
formai a urmatîn anul 1812 §i a avut ca efect de rázboi ruso-ture de sase ani. Atunci i s-a dat mí-
mele común si cel folosit pâna astäzi - Basarabia.
Pe întregul secol cât a functionat în Imperiul Rus Basarabia si-a pästrat caracterul säu mul-
tietnic si multicultural. A fost un tinut, în care reprezentanti ai diferitelor natiuni cäutau adä-
post si conditii de viatä mai bunâ, care proveneau nu numai din cele mai apropriate si cele mai
îndepartate regiuni din Rusia, dar si din täri ale Europei Centrale si ale celei de Sud. Una din-
tre aceste natiuni au fost polonezii. Dupä impartidle Republicii ale celor douä natiuni si ca ur-
marea a dezamägirii fatä de promisiunile lui Napoleon Bonaparte ei ai început sä emigreze pe
acest teritoriu, cäutänd aici conditii mai bune pentru dezvoltare, pe care nu le aveau pe terito-
riul etnic polonez. Pe întregul secol al XlX-lea numärul lor a crescut în mod succesiv. S-au cré-
ât atunci bazele lor de functionare ca o grupä etnicä, care a dat roade în anii 20 ai secolului al
XX-lea, cand Basarabia a devenit o parte a României Mari. Se recunoaçte cä aceasta perioadä
a fost cea mai bunä perioadä în dezvoltarea comunitätii poloneze în aceastä regiune, a cärei ge-
nezä ar trebui sä fie observatä mai degrabâ în schimbärile care au avut loc în secolul al XlX-lea.
Ca si pânâ acum problemática aceasta a açteptat în zadar un studiu stiintific §i este cunoscutâ în-
tr-adevâr într-o mäsurä micä.
Baza acestui studiu sunt cercetärile fäcute la sursä, care au fost efectúate în timpul câ-
torva cälätorii de investigare. Eie au fost realizate în cadrul grantului acordat de Narodowe
Centrum Nauki. Printre materialele coléctate cele mai impórtate s-au dovedit a fi arhivele pás-
trate în Arhiva Nationalä a Republicii Moldova din Chisinäu. Printre ele au prédominât docu-
méntele emise de organele administratiei publice, ce au avut influentä asupra formei definitive
a disertatiei. O completare valoroasâ au avut amintirile putine la numär, nu doar cele ínscrise
ínainte de anul 1918, dar si cele pástrate sub forma istoriilor familiale.
Rezultatul acestei cercetärii este cartea care se compune din introducere, cinci capitole ín
ordinea problematicá si íncheierea completatä cu douä anexe: Lista nomínala a polonezilor care lo-
cuiau ín Basarabia din anul 1863 si Lista nominalä a polonezilor care au fost înmormântati în cimitirul
chisinäuian catolic.
Pentru întelegerea corectä a sortilor polonezilor în Basarabia în secolul al XlX-lea este im-
portant sä se cunoascä chiar si în linii mari schimbärile, care s-au întâmplat în acest tinut în tim-
pul dominatiei rusesti. în lucrarea mea prima mea analizä este dedicatä chestiunilor diviziunii
administrative a Basarabiei si transformärilor, care s-au produs acolo pe acest nivel pe întregul
secol al XlX-lea. Chestiunea importantä de care m-am ocupat ín lucrarea mea, a fost transforma-
rea structurii etnice a acestui tinut si politica de colonizare rusä. Prezentarea acestor problème
formeazä fondul necesar pentru a íntelege corect fenomenul colonizärii poloneze ín aceastä par-
te a imperiului rus. Urmätoarea problemä importantä, pe care am analizat-o, este structura si di-
viziunile ín cadrul societätii ruse, care m-a läsat sä înteleg mai bine chestiunile legate de lupta
polonezilor pentru drepturile lor, atât sociale, cât si economice.
Polonezii în Basarabia rusâ în anii 1812-1918
257
Cea mai importantà problemâ, pe care am ridicat-o în lucrare, a fost definirea cauzelor si
etapelor fluxului polonezilor in Basarabia. Acesta a fost un procès lung si complicat, in care este
posibil sâ distingem anumite subperioade. în timpul cercetârii am reusit sà disting câteva va-
luri ale fluxului de colonisti. Primele urme ale prezentei poloneze în Basarabia au fost consoli-
date ín documéntele din anuí 1820. Acestea sunt din pácate surse individúale. Care nu lasa sa
defineascâ structura si caracterul migratiei polonezei de atunci în Basarabia. Stim totusi, câ po-
lonezi au început sa vinâ în Basarabia imediat dupa semnarea pàcii bucurestene din anuí 1812.
Rolul esential în acest fenomen 1-a avut política autoritàtilor centrale rusesti, orientatà sa repo-
puleze cât mai repede si fârà întârziere acest tinut, ce pana atunci fusese unul dintre principalele
scopuri ale politicii în aceastà regiune. Pentru ca polonezii sà locuiascâ în Basarabia s-a încura-
jat mai aies anuntarea achizitionârii terenurilor libere, în timp dreptul acesta a fost limitât pen-
tru ei în gubemiile de vest ale Imperiului.
Urmâtorul val mai mare de colonisti polonezi a venit în Basarabia abia dupa câderea
Revoltei din Noiembrie. într-o mare mâsurâ au fost fugari din Regatul Poloniei, care au câutat
un adâpost împotriva represiunilor dupa râscoala în aceastà parte a Imperiului. Printre ei s-au
regàsit atât participant la révolta, cât si persoane care au ajutat participants Aceastà perioadà
a fluxului primei emigrâri de dupâ revoltâ s-a sfârsit la începutul anilor 40 ai secolului XIX. în
acest timp s-a schimbat política autoritàtilor basarabiene fatâ de colonistii noi-veniti. Persoanele
care au venit atunci pentru a locui permanent nu au mai fost primite eu aceeasi bu curie ca în anii
precedenti. S-a schimbat mai aies atitudinea fatâ de polonezii eu origine nobiliarâ. Dupâ legi-
le rusesti flecare care detinea un titlu de noblete, schimbând gubernia ar fi trebuit sâ dovedeas-
câ originea lui nobiliarâ. Fenomenul acesta a cuprins mult polonezi din Basarabia, care au fost
dégradât social çi exclusi din starea nobiliarâ. Cauza acestei situai a fost lipsa dovezilor cores-
punzâtoare care sâ confirme apartenenta lor la nobilime si aversiunea generalâ a autoritâtlor
basarabiene fatâ de reprezentantii numéros! ai acestei stàri care au bénéficiât de multe crédi-
té fiscale.
Urmâtorul val din fluxul de colonisti de originii poloneze s-a înregistrat în jumàtatea ani-
lor 60 ai secolului al XIX-lea çi el a fost strâns légat de câderea insurectiei poloneze din Ianuarie.
De asemenea, în aceastà grupà au dominât râsculati si persoanele suspectate de favorizarea re-
voltei anti-ruse.
Ultimul val din fluxul de colonisti polonezi în perioada care mà intereseazà îl putem data
în anii 80 si 90 ai secolului al XIX-lea. Se distinge printre ei mai ales o grupâ de colonisti, care
nu a fost înregistratâ mai devreme. Acestia au fost soldati de origine polonezâ, care au fost
transférât în Basarabia eu regimentele lor. în decursul cercetârii s-a reusit sâ se stabileascâ câ
polonezii veneau din douâ motive în Basarabia: politice - càutând un adâpost împotriva represi-
unilor dupâ ràscoalâ, cât si economice - aspirând la îmbunâtâtrea conditilor de viatâ. Au pârâ-
sit patria individual, cu tóate familiile sau în grupuri mici. Cu tóate acestea este difícil sâ se vor-
beascá despre oricare val de colonisti, dar mai ales despre fenomenul migratei constante, íncete,
dar si durabile de pe terenurile etnic poloneze ín Basarabia. Analiza materialul bazat pe surse, ín
majoritatea registrelor a permis sà se stabileascâ de unde proveneau polonezii în Basarabia. Au
prédominât in general colonisti care proveneau din Gubernia Podolia, Volânia, Grodno, Vilnius,
Vinita si din cele care se aflau în granitele Regatului Polonez (Radom si Lublin).
Din cercetârile mele rezultâ, cá un rol esental ín procesul intern de integrare a polonezi-
lor ca o grupâ separata ín Basarabia a jucat Biserica Catolicá. Pentru colonistii de originii polo-
neze care au ocupat terenurile basarabiene credinta catolicá a fost importantà pentru sustinerea
traditiilor, obiceiurilor si legáturilor de familie, cu verinii si cu prietenii. în secolul al XIX-lea ín
Basarabia au functionat cinci parohii catolice (Chisinâu, Crásnisoara Veche - care a fost o colo-
nie germanâ, Hotim, Bâlti, Tuczków - din anuí 1856 cunoscut ca Ismail). în majoritatea au slujit
preoti polonezi. Cea mai mare problemâ a catolidlor din întreaga Rusia a fost lipsa de temple.
Cu aceastà ocazie trebuie sâ se explice faptul câ polonezii s-au angajat activ în lupta pentru ridi-
carea bisericilor, a caselor de rugâciuni sau a capelelor. Cu ajutorul enoriasilor de originii polo-
neze s-au ridicat bisericile: în Bâlti (în anul 1821), Chisinâu (în anul 1843), Hotin (în anul 1863),
Bender (anii 80) si capela din Stânilesti (în anul 1912). Ar trebui sâ se sublinieze câ nu peste tôt
s-a reusit realizarea planurilor de acest gen, desi reuçiserâ sâ obtiná o autorizatie de constructie.
258
Polonezii în Basarabia rusa în anii 1812-1918
Aceasta se refera la localitátile: Orhei, Soroca sau Ismail. Una dintre cauzele esecului acestor
planuri a fost lipsa mijloacelor financiare. Angajarea în ridicarea bisericilor a légat polonezii si
a cauzat cà în duda împràstierii, sá lucreze ca o comunitate destul de bine organizata. Un roi
mare în acest procès au jucat preotii polonezi, care în afara de obligatiile care rezultau din slujbà
preoteascà, erau la fel de activi în actiunea de pàstrare a traditiilor si obiceiurilor.
Pentru întelegerea mai bunà a proceselor care s-au întâmplat în Basarabia a fost impor-
tant sâ se prezinte regulile economice ale acestei regiuni, luând în considerare diversitatea in-
terioarà a ei çi posibilitâtile diferite ale dezvoltàrii în pârtile diferite ale ei. Urmâtorul aspectul
vietii în societatea Basarabiei, de care m-am ocupat în cercetàrile mele, au fost problemele ju-
ridice. Polonezii nu au procédât întotdeauna conform legii în vigoare si localizarea periférica
a acestui tinut a fácut sà vina des în ea persoane eu un trecut suspect. Un aspect foarte impor-
tant al functionârii comunitâtii poloneze în Basarabia a fost de asemenea viata politicâ. Polonezi
s-au simtit responsabili pentru soarta noii patrii si au aspirai la îmbunâtâtirea conditiilor sale
de viatâ. Activitatea lor pe acest nivel în perioada cercetatà s-a supus evolutiei specifice. Spre
sfârsitul perioadei cercetate polonezii mai putin numerosi au aspirat chiar cele mai importan-
te posturi în autoritâtile locale sau în reprezentanta curtii la nivelul gubemial. In disertaba mea
a fost esential, deci, sà prezint modurile activitàtii, ale motivatiei si caracteristicile perioadei is-
torice, în care a înflorit viata política polonezâ în Basarabia.
Elementul esential al cercâtorilor mele a fost definirea atitudinii colonistilor polonezi în ra-
port cu patria pârintiilor si îngrijirea de polonitate. Având în vedere continutul limitât din surse,
chestiunea aceasta este dificila de cercetat. Se pare ca asupra pâstrârii traditiilor si obiceiurilor
poloneze a avut influentat mai mult îngrijirea lor în case de familie. Cel mai bine se vede acest
lucru în amintirile si istoriile de familie nescrise, pàstrate pânâ astâzi în memoriile urmasilor
colonistilor polonezi din secolul al XIX-lea. Despre ataçamentul lor fata de traditia polonezâ la
fel pot dovedi numeroasele colectii de cârti poloneze - existente în cásele de peste o sute de ani -
Din pàcate, totusi în acest caz materialul de cercetare este destul de sporadic astfel câ este difí-
cil ca pe baza lui sa se evalueze amploarea fenomenului si sfera citirii càrtilor poloneze, mai aies
printre cele mai putin bógate pâturi sociale.
In timpul cercetàrii mele s-a dovedit cà un factor important pentru sprijinirea polonità-
tii a fost crearea organizatiilor poloneze. Aceasta s-a întâmplat abia spre sfârsitul secolului al
XIX-lea, pentru cà abia atunci polonezii s-au simtit suficient de putemici ca minoritate încât câ
început sâ aibâ grijâ nu numai de satisfacerea nevoilor de bazâ a vietii, dar au simtit o nevo-
ie la fel de sincerâ de a-çi organiza çi de a avea grijá de interese ale întregii comunitâtii. Inainte
de Primul Ràzboi mondial s-au créât câteva organizatii, care, fapt ce meritâ subliniat, au cola-
borat foarte strâns eu Biserica Catolicà localà. Le-au créât de obicei polonezii care au locuit în
Chisinau. Din pàcate, pe tema organizatiilor, care au fost create în provincie basarabianâ lipseste
orice fel de surse. Structurile aceste au supravietuit în general perioadei râzboiului, iar apogeul
activitàtii lor a fost atins în anii 20 secolului ai XX-lea, când activitàtile lor nu au deranjat política
autoritâtilor românesti, mult mai tolerante în partea lor decât în partea celor rusesti.
Pe baza materialelor pàstrate putem presupune cà polonitatea a supravietuit mai aies în
comunitâtile poloneze mai mari, mai ermetice. Separat trebuie sà indicam cà au fost fenomene-
le asimilârii, deznationalizârii si sincretismului - cultural, religios, si la fel cel lingvistic au fost
foarte putemice. Acest lucru s-a referit mai aies la persoane care locuiau departe de multadle
de colonisti polonezi. Amploarea acestor fenomene nu ne este cunoscuta si se pare cà, stabilirea
mai precisa a dimensiunilor lor nu este posibilâ astàzi.
Meritâ sà se sublinieze cà în Basarabia s-au nàscut polonezii care au contribuit la dezvol-
tarea Poloniei dupà anul 1918. Au actionat pe diferite nivele. Acestia au fost savantii, biologii,
zoologii, dar si soldatii. Unii si-au dedicat viata în slujba patriei, luptând pentru independenta
Poloniei în timpul celui de-al Doilea Ràzboi Mondial si au mûrit la Katyn, Harkiv si Miednoje.
Istoriilor exemplelor álese le-am dedicat un subcapitol separat în capitolul patru al cârtii.
Elementul important al cercetârilor mele a fost ridicarea problemei dedícate râscoalelor
nationale. La drept vorbind sursele pàstrate lasa sâ se contureze numai aspectele álese legate de
luptele insurectionale, totusi constituie o completarea importantà a cunostintelor noastre des-
pre râscoalele nationale eliberatoare în secolul al XIX-lea. în timpul cercetârilor s-a dovedit câ
Polonezii în Basarabia rusâ în anii 1812-1918
259
este posibil nu doar sa se descrie sortile participantilor la râscoalele nationale, dar si prezenta-
rea generala a angajârii polonezilor în activitatea conspirativâ, în Basarabia, care avea ca scop
reconstructia patriei încâlcate. Pana in acest moment în istoriografia polonezà dedicatâ aces-
tor chestiuni nu s-au folosit sursele moldovenesti, care aduc multe detalii interesante unor fire-
le care par bine cunoscute. în aceastâ materie am dedicat mai mare atentie chestiunilor legate de
insurectia polonezà din Ianuarie. Acest fapt rezulta din relativ multe surse pâstrate, care se re-
fera chiar la evenimentele din anii 1863-1864. Am reusit sa reconstruiesc angajarea polonezilor
în activitatea conspirativâ din Basarabia a acestei râscoale si reteaua creatâ de ei pentru a trans-
féra ilegal oamenii din Peninsula Balcánica pe terenurile etnic poloneze. Am gâsit de asemenea
documente care vorbesc despre pedepsele, la care au fost supuse persoanele suspectate de spri-
jinirea râsculatilor sau de angajarea directà în actiunea de independentâ Foarte interesantâ s-a
dovedit mai ales o listâ eu functionari polonezi care au lucrat în administraba basarabiana, în-
toemità în anul 1863 si ordonatâ de autoritâtile în Moscova. Analizarea ei a arâtat multe ches-
tiuni interesante si pânà acum necunoscute, informatii despre comunitatea polonezà în aceas-
tà parte a imperiului.
Polonezii în Basarabia ca minoritate nu au apucat pânà acum un studiu stiintific. Scopul lu-
cràrii mele a fost completarea cel putin partialâ a acestei lacune în istoriografia polonezà. M-am
concentrât asupra modurilor de organizare a coloniilor de polonezi, caracterului lor, mârimea,
structura. Meritâ sâ se sublinieze câ istoriile polonezilor în Basarabia ruseascâ, atitudinea lor si
realizârile care contribuit la bazele economice si structurale ale functionàrii polonezilor care lo-
cuiesc în Moldova contemporanà care a fost creatâ într-o mare màsurà pe teritoriul ocupat în
secolul al XIX-lea de càtre Gubemia Basarabia. Printre ei se pot enumera printre áltele un nu-
màr de organizatii poloneze, cresterea activitâtii de învâtare a limbii polone si practica religioa-
sâ. Cunoasterea istoriei comunitâtii poloneze în Basarabia ne va permite mai bine sà întelegeam
contemporaneitatea si sà ne indice directiile noi de dezvoltarea posibilâ a minoritàtii poloneze
în viitor în Moldova.
Tlumaczenie Justyna Cichonska
Iïommkm b poccMíícKOM BeccapaÖMM
B 1812-1918 IT.
Pe3K)Me
BeccapaÖMM - aro ncxopMMecKaM oonacib, KoxopaM b XIX Bexe Bxo4M4a b cocTaB Poccmmckom
MMnepMM. Eë TeppMTOpMM öw/ia pacn040MceHa Me^c^y peKaMM /^Hecxp n npyr. 3tm 3eM4M 40
XVIII BeKa MBTiMMMCb nacTbio Mo44aBCKoro rocy^apcrBa m OcMaHCKon MMnepMM. 3to öbi4a Ma-
MOHaceyiëHHaM, MHorosTHMHeacaM m pe4MrM03H0 Heo4Hopo4HaM norpaHM^maM 004acTb, 0T4a-
MëHHaM OT qeHTpa noMMTMHecKOM m bkohommhcckom mcm3hm. Ü3MeHeHMe 4aHHOM CMiyauMM
HaciynMMo b momcht eë npMCoe4MHeHMM k Poccmm, mto (} opMaMbHO np0M30iii40 b 1812 ro4y
m öbi40 3cJ)(J)eKTOM pyccKo-iypeqKon bomhm. B to Mee BpeMM öbi40 4aHo 04HO oöiqee Ha3BaHMe,
ynoTpeÖMMeMoe 40 HacTOMiqero BpeMeHM - BeccapaÖMM.
Ha npoTMMceHMM mhotmx ctomctmm | yHKqMOHMpoBaHMM b PyccKon MMnepMM, BeccapaÖMM
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b ne3HanMTe4bHOM cTeneHM.
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b xo4e noMeBbix paôoT b Mo44aBMM, ocyiqecTBMeHHbix b paMKax Haynnoro rpanra, npM3HaHHoro
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b KnniMHeBe. Cpe4M hmx npeoÖ4a4a4M 40KyMeHTbi, co34aHHbie opraHaMM rocy4apcxBeHHon
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pa34e/iOB b npoö/ieMHOM nopM4Ke, 3aKviK)HeHMM m npMMOMceHMM: nouMennuü cnucoK hoamkob
npoxueaeuiux e Beccapaóuu om 1863 z. m Cnucox hoäsikoö, noxoponennux na KuuiuneecKOM xamo-
AmecKOM KAadóuu^e.
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MMHMCTpaTMBHoro 4e4eHMM BeccapaÖMM m Ha M3MeneHMMx, MMeBmnx MecTo b stom pernoHe
b rene mie Bcero XIX BeKa. OieHb BaMCHbiM BonpocoM, KOTopbiM mh 3aTpOHy/iii b CBoeü paöo-
Te, CTaMo npeoöpaMcemie sthmhcckom CTpyKxypbi stom oonacTM, a Taicace pyccKaM komohm33-
qMOHHaM noyiiiTMKa. n p e4 exa bh en m e 4a hh o ii npoö/ieMbi mbtimctcm HeoTx eM4eMbiM 34eMeHT0M
rioAHKM b poccMMCKOH Beccapaömm b 1812-1918 n
261
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Ma 4o.arMM n oio^KHbiii npoijecc, coctohbihmm M3 onpe4e^ieHHbix snanoB. Bo BpeMu ncc/ie40Ba-
hmm HaMM 6bmo oÖHapy^KeHO HecKo^bKO bo^ih nepece^eHMH. üepBbie 40Ka3aTe;ibCTBa npncyT-
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b Beccapaönn, KaK moncho öbicrpee 3ace^nTb 3tot Ma^OHace^eHHbm Kpaii. OöemaHne CB0604-
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b 3ana4Hbix iyöepHMJix MMnepnn TaKne npaßa öbiah pe3KO orpaHMHeHbi.
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m AVLu,a, OKa3biBaioiiiMe noMonjb noßcraHijaM. 3tot nepno4 npn^MBa nepßon 3MMrpaijHM no-
c/ie BoccTaHM^ 3aBepmiracH b Hana/ie 40-x ro40B XIX Bexa. B bto »:e BpeMH M3MeHMAacb öecca-
paöcKaji no^iMTMKa B^acren b no4xo4e k HOBonpnöbiBimiM noce^emjaM. Am a, paHee npne-
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b 4pyiyio iyoepHMio, 40/L^ceH 40Ka3axb cBoë myixxeTCKoe nponcxo^c4eHMe. 3to AB/iein/re pac-
npocTpOHM^iocb Ha noA^KOB ^cMBymMx b BeccapaÖMM, KOTopbie cra/LM »cepTBOM oömecTBeH-
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yöe KMma ot penpeccnn noc^e BOCCTaHMii, a TaicKe 3KOHOMMnecKOMy - crpeMMyincb k y^ynine-
HMK) }KM3HeHHbIX yC/lOBMM. P04Hyi0 3eM^LIO OHM nOKM4a¿in B 04MH0HKy, BMeCTe CO CBOeM CeMbëÎi
au6o Heöo^ibinMMM TpynnaMM. B stom oiynae Tpy4Ho roBopMTb o KaxoM-ziMÖo nepece/ieHHe-
CKOÍÍ Bourne, 3TO, npe^K4e Bcero, Me^ennoe, ho 4/iMTenbHoe MMrpMpoßaHMe M3 STHMHecKM noHb-
CKMX 3eMevib b BeccapaÖMio. Byiaro4apa mctohhmkobmm MaxepMa/iaM, ocoöeHHO MeTpMHecKMm
KHnraM, moncho onpe4e^iMTb OTKy4a, m3 xaxnx panoHOB npMÖMBa^iM no^KM b BeccapaÖMio.
B npeoöyia4aiomeM Mepe, 3to öbihm noce/ieHHbi Il040^bCK0M, Botibihckom, Tpo4HeHCKOM,
Bmhhmukom iyöepHMM, a TaioKe Haxo4flmnxai b npe4e^iax Kopo^eBCTBa üo^bCKoro (b nacrHo-
CTM, Pa40MCKOM M /llOÖe/LbCKOM).
Haxo4Hi4Meoi b HarneM pacnopü^ceHMM 4aHHbie no3BOA^iOT npMMTM k BbiB04y, hto cyme-
CTBeHHyio poüb b MHTerpaijMOHHOM npoecce no^KOB, no cyrM 4e^a, KaK 0T4eyibH0M rpynnbi
262
rioAHKii b poccMMCKOii BeccapaÖMM b 1812-1918 rr.
b BeccapaÖMM, cbirpaaa KaToaMHecxaJi ijepKOBb. noce4eHijeB noMbcxoro npoMCxo;»c:4eHM ï,
3acea iiomMx öeccapaöcxne 3eM^n, KaTO^MMecKaa Bepa ôbiAa o^eHb Ba;*cHbiM 9^eMeHTOM b no4-
4epiKMBaHMM ncMbCKMx oöbinaeB, Tpa4Mi*MM, ceMeiiHbix, 4oôpococe4CKMx, 4py: xecKMx oTHorne-
HMM H pOACTBeHHblX CBH3ePl. B XIX BeKe Ha TeppMTOpMM BeCCapaÔHM (J yHKM0HMp0Ba¿10 IXHTb
xaTOMMnecxMx npwxo40B (KMUiMHeB, KpacHa — HeMenxaJi koaohkx, Xoijmm, Beginne, TynxoB —
(c 1856 ro4a VL3ManA). B ôcxabiimHCTBe caynaeB b hiix CAy^KUAU no^bCKwe CB-aiiieHHiiKM. CaMoir
öombiiiom npoö^ieMOM xaTOMMXOB bo Beeil Poccmm ôbiao He40CTaT0HH0e KOMMHecTBO xpaMOB.
CXOMX nOHMMaXb, HTO nOAHKM O^eHb 3KTMBHO yHaBCTBOBaHM B Ôopbôe 3a nOCTpOeHMe KOCTe-
40B, CBOTbIHb, ^acOBHM M 4OMOB MOMMTBbl. C nOMOLUbiO ITpMXOXaH n04bCK0T0 npOMCXO KAG~
Hwa ôbiAu HocrpoeHbi KOCTë^ibi, b tom HMCvie b Ee^ibijax (b 1821t.), KHiHMHëBe (b 1843t.), XoiiHMe
(b 1863 r.), BeH4epax (80-e ro4bi) m HacoBH» b CTaHMMemxax (b 1912t.). 04Haxo ctomt no4tiep-
KHyTb, hto He Be34e yaaMOCb noayHMXb pa3pemeHne Ha CTpoMTe^ibCTBo, m 3to KacaAocb TaxMX
ropo40B xax: OpreeB, Copoxn m Ü3mauA. O4HOM m3 cymecxBeHHbix npi«MH pa3pymeHHH nAa-
HOB ôblao OTcyrcBMe 4eHe KHWx cpe4CTB. B^iaro4ap^ aKTMBHOMy ynacTMio b CTpoMTeabCTBe xo-
CTëaoB, no^üKM oö beAMHXAMCb, BonpexM paccTo^HMüM m pa3Myxe, ohm (JîyHKMMOHMpoBaaM xax
e4MHa», 4py2xHa.ii oômwHa. Bo^ibiuyio po^ib b stom MHTerpaiiMOHHOM npoijecce cbirpa^m no^t-
CKMe CBHmeHHMKM, KOTOpbie KpOMG CBOMX CBOTbIX OÔJI3aHHOCTeM, TJpOXBAXAK 3aMHXepeCOBaH-
HOCTb B 4e^Te^lbHOCTM 4AR 3aiIJMTbI HOAbCKMX OÖbIHaeB M nOMbCKOM Tpa4MIJMM.
lIoHJïTMe npoyeccoB, 3axo4HmMX b BeccapaÖMM, TpeôyeT 03HaK0M^eHna c npuHiiMiiaMM
9KOHOMMKM 4aHHOTo peraoHa, c ynëTOM eë BHyrpeHHero pa3HOo6pa3Mü m pa3Hbix bo3M02Kho-
CTeii pa3BMTMH b ox4eabHbix eë npo^B^LeHMHx. Einë 04HMM acneKTOM )km3hh b BeccapaÖMM, Ha
xoTopbiii mm oôpaTM^iM BHMMaHMe b HauiMX MCCyie40BaHM.5ix, CTa iM iopM4MHecKMe npoôaeMbi.
no^KM He BceT4a npM4ep KMBaMMCb oômenpMHaTbix 3axoHOB m npaBM^, a OT4aaeHHOe pac-
no^io^ceHMe 3tom oöviacra cnocoöcTBOBaAO npuöbnmo Amir no403peBaeMMx b coBepmeHMM
np0TMB03aX0HHbIX 4eMCTBMM. OieHb Ba KHbIM aCneXTOM cf yHKLi;MOHMpOBaHM» TlOAbCKOTO 06-
mecTBa b BeccapaÖMM öbiaa noaMTMHecxaü 2km3hb. FLoasikm c öombiuom oTBeTCBeHHocTbio CAe-
AMAH 3a Cy4b6oM HOBOM p04MHbI M CTpeMMAMCb X yayHHieHMIO 2KM3HeHHbIX yCaOBMM. Mx aXTMB-
HOCTb b 3TOM ccjjepe, b MCcae4yeMOM Ha mm nepM04e, npMB04M^ia x csoeoöpa3HOM sbomioumm,
öbiAa inaroM x nporpeccy. B xoHMe 4aHHoro nepMOAa uoasikm npeTeH40BaMM Ha Bbicoxne no-
CTM MecTHbix B^acxeM, a HexoTopwe M3 hmx 4a^ce ôbiam npeACTamneASiMií 4BopüHCTBa Ha ry-
SepnaTOpcxoM ypoBHe. B Hamen paöoTe cymecTBeHHOM Bein¡bio kbajictch pacxpWTMe Mexo4a
4eMCTBMa, MOTMBaHMM m xapaxxepMCTMKM MCTopMHecxoro nepM04a/ b KOTopoM npoHBexaeT
no^ibcxaíi noyiMTMHecxa^ )KM3Hb b BeccapaÖMM.
CymecTseHHbiM BaeMenroM HaniMX HayHHbix paccy^4eHMÍt 6biao onpe4eaeHMe ot-
HomeHMB novibCXMX noce ieHHeB x po4Hoíí 3eM^ie m x c6epe xeHMio no^bcxocxM (t. e. noab-
cKoro H3bixa, xy^biypbi Tpa4Mn¡Mii m t. n.). Pl3-3a orpaHMHeHHoro xoyiMHecxBa MH(¡ opManMM
b MaTepMa^iax-MCTOHHMxax 3tot Bonpoc Mccae40Baxb Ty4Ho. 04Haxo, moncho npe4noaaraTb/
hto Ha coxpoHeHMe noabcxnx Tpa4Mu¡MM m oöbrnaeB noÆaxoB b BeccapaÖMM cptabHO noB/mit-
Ao, npe^C4e scero, öepe^KHoe OTHOineHne x hpim m nocTo^HHaii 3aöoTa o hmx. HaMÖoaee bbi-
pa3MxeabHo 3to npo^Ba^exca b BocnoMMHaHwax m HMxeM He 3a(J)MXCMpoBaHHbix ceMeÜHbix
MCTopMax, KOTOpbie 40 eux nop xpaHüTca b naMüTM noTOMKOB noabCKMx noce/ieHireB XIX Bexa.
O npMBH3aHHOCTM X ii04bCK0M Tpa4Mii;MM cBM4eTeabCTByiOT Taxxe Haxo4 miiMeoc CBbime cTa
aex b nacTHbix 40Max no^bcxMe ömö^motckm. K co^ca^ieHMK), m Tame mctohhmkm noHBÆaaMCb
xpaliHe pe4xo, no3TOMy Ha mx ochob3hmm 40CTaT0HH0 caoacHO onpe4eaMTb xax Macmxaö 43h-
hoto üBaeHMÄ, Tax m cnexTp nxenna noMbcxo^3biHHOM Aiirepa iyphi, ocoöenuo cpe4M MeHee 60-
raTMx oioeB oömecTBa.
Bo speMM HaiHMx HayHHbix MCcae40BaHMM OKaaaAocb, hto oneHb Ba^xHbiM (J axTopoM b co-
XpaHeHMM TIO A bCKOCTM Öbl^lO C034aHMe nOylbCKMX OpraHM3aUMM. 04HaKO, 3TO MMe/IO Mecxo
ylMIHb B KOHMe XIX Bexa, XOT4a TIOASIKM CTa^lM Hacxoabxo CM^bHMM weHbUIMHCTBOM, HTO npo-
AOAyKaAM 3aÖ0TMXbCB y^ce He Toabxo o «ioHeHHbix noTpeÖHoexBx. Ohm, npe K4e Bcero, omy-
ma/iM noTpeÖHOCTb b oÖbe4MHeHMM m b oTBexCTBeHHocTM 3a Bcë oömecTBO. Ao IlepBOM MMpo-
BOM BOMHbi 0Öpa30Baaocb Hecxoabxo opraHM3aHMM, KOTOpbie, hto ctomt no4HepxHyTb, oneHb
TecHO coTpy4HMHaam c Kaxo^iMHecxoM LjepxoBbio. 3tm opraHM3au;MM, b ochobhom, öbhim co343~
hm B KMHiMHëBe. K coxKaaeHMio, Ha TeMy opraHM3anMM, co34aHHbix b oT4aaeHHwx öeccapaÖMM-
YIoasîkh b poccMMCKOM Eeccapaônn b 1812-1918 rr.
263
ckmx npoBMHLiMHx, HeT HMKaKMX CBeAGHnn. 3tm crpyiciypM b cBoëM ôoAbiHHHCTBe nepeHecAM
BoeHHoe BpeMH, a cBoero aKTMBHoro pyHKU,iioHMpOBaHMx aoctmtam b 20-e roAbi XX Bexa, npn
nOAHTMKe pyMMHCKOÎi BAaCTH, KOTOpafl OTAMHaAaCb 3Ha ÍHTeAbHO ÔOAbHieH TOAepaHTHOCTbIO
K noAHKaM ueyKeAU pyccKne.
Ha ocHOBaHMii HaKonAeHHbix MaTepnaAOB MonceM npe^no^o^MTb, ^to 3AeMeHTbi noAb-
ckoctm coxpaHMAncb ocoôeHHo b 6oAbmnx, 60Aee repMeTM^ecKMx noAbCKnx o6m;ecTBax. B to
Ace BpeMH, ctomt OTAeAbHo yxa3aTb Ha cmabho npoHBAHioinHecH hbachmh accMMHAHijHH, 4e-
HaiJ¡MOHaAM3aiíMIl H CMHKpeTH3Ma (KyylbTypHOrO, peylHrH03HOrO M H3bIKOBOTO). 3to KaCaAOCb
b ocoöeHHOCTii Tex, KTO npoACMBaA Aci^eKO ot ôoAbiimx CKyn^aeHMM noAbCKnx 3aceAeHHM. TeM
He MeHee, Maciirra6 3thx HBAeHnii HaM ne M3BecreH, n Ka:aceTCH, hto ôoAee TOHHoe onpeAGAe-
Hwe MX pa3Mepa ceroAH» He 6yA6T B03M0^CHbiM.
Ctomt TaicKe noA iepKHyTb, hto b Beccapaônn poamamcb no ah km, OKa3aBinMe BAHAHne Ha
pa3BHTne lloAbiiiM nocAe 1918 roa,a, AeiicTByiomMe Ha B03po^cA,eHHOM PoAWHe - b pa3AMHHbix
npocTpaHCTBax m c | epax. 3to 6biam ynëHbie, ÔMOAorn, 3ooaotm, a TaioKe coaastm, nacrb M3 ko-
Topbix nOCBHTMAO CBOIO H013HB Ha ÔAarO POAMHbl, CpaACaHCb 3a HeSaBMCMMOCTb rioAbniM BO Bpe-
MH BTopoM MMpoBOM BOMHbi m noraôaA b KaTbiHe, XapbKOse m MeAHoe. PHôpaHHbiM npwMe-
paM KOHKpeTHblX MCTOpMM Mbl nOCBHTHAM OTAGAbHMH nOApa3AGA B HeTBëpTOM TAaBe KHMTM.
CymecTBeHHbiM sacmchtom Hauinx nccAeAOBaHMH 6wAa nocTanoBKa sonpoca, Kacaioma-
HCA HapOAHblX BOCCTaHMH. EipaBAa, COXpaHMBLUMeCH HCTOHHMKM n03B0AAI0T TOAbKO B OÔHJHX
OM;epTaHHHX 3aHATbCH M3ÖpaHHbIMM acneKTaMM, CBH3aHHbIMM C nOBCraOTeCKHMM CpanceHMHMM,
OAHaKO OHM ABAHIOTCA BeCbMa BaiKHblM ÜOnOAHeHMeM 3HaHMM O HapOAHO-OCBOÔOAHTeAbHMX
nopbiBax XIX Bexa.
B xoAe Hauinx paccyacAeHnn oKa3aAocb TaioKe, hto HaM npeAocTaBAHeTca bosmoachoctb
ne TOAbKO b onncaHMM cyaeö ynacTHMKOB HapoAHbix BOCcraHMii, ho TaKAce b oôiijeM npeAcraB-
AeHMM KOHcnMpaTMBHoro ynacTMA iioahkob b BeccapaÔMM, neAbio KOTOporo hbahaocb Boccra-
HOBAeHMe nOKOpëHHOM PoAHHbl. â,0 CMX nop B nOAbCKOM MCTOpMOrpa(J MM, nOCBHIUeHHOM 3TO-
My Bonpcy ne 6mam ncn0Ab30BaHbi MOAAaBCKne MaTepnaAbi, BHoeainMe HeMaAoe koamhcctbo
HeiiHbix noApoÔHocTeii b, Ka3aAocb 6m, yace xopomo M3BecTHbie motmbm. B stom nAaHe 6oAb-
mee BHMMaHMe MM yA^AHAM BOnpOCaM, CBA3aHHMM C 5lHBapCKMM BOCCTaHMeM. no OTHOHie-
HMio K AaHHOMy Bonpocy coxpaHMAMCb MHoroHMCAeHHbie MaTepnaAbi, OTHOCAmnecA MMeH-
Ho K coômtham 1863-1864 rr. HaM nacTMHHO yAaAocb peKOHCTpynpoBaTb ynacme iioaakob
b BecapaÔMM b KOHcriHpaTHBHOH (noAnoAbHon) A^ATeAbHocTM bo BpeMA 3toto nopMBa m co3Aa-
HMe noAHKaMM nepeKMAHOM ceTM h3 BaAKaHOB Ha STHnnecKM noAbCKMe 3cmam. HaMM 6mam 06-
Hapy^ceHbi AOKyMeHTM, b KOTopwx penb wagt o Haxa3aHMAx, KOTopHM noABepraAMCb acmtcam,
noA03peBaeMbie b noMomn noBcraHuy mam ynacTByiomne b HaijHOHaAbHO-ocBoôoAHTeAbHOM
ABMACeHMM. OieHb MHTepeCHMM MCTOHHMKOM OK33aACH nepeHeHb nOAbCKMX CAyACaiHHX, pa6o-
TaiomMx b öeccapaöcKOM aAMiiHiicTpanMii, KOTopwil 6ma noAroTOBAen b 1863 r. no nopyneHMio
mockobckmx BAacreM. Ero TmaTeAbHMÍi aHaAM3 noKa3aA mhoto MHTepecHHx ^ aKTOB m ao cmx
nop HeM3BeCTHbIX CBeA^HMM O nOAbCKOM OÔm^CTBe B 3TOM HaCTM ÜMnepMM.
TIoaxkh b Beccapaômm, KaK mchihiihctbo, ao nacTO^mero BpeMeHii He iiMeiOT Ha^Hbix
pa3pa6oTOK. no3TOMy 33A3HMeM Hamen pa6oTM 6mao h a CTMHHoe 3anoAHeHne stoto npoôeAa
b nOAbCKOM MCTOpnorpac| MM. Mm cocpeAOTOHMAMCb Ha cnocoôax opraHM3aii;MM 3aceAeHnn no-
AHKOB, MX xapaKTepe, pa3Mepe m CTpyKType. Ctomt OTMeTMTb, hto cyAb6bi noahkob, mx noBeAe-
HMe M AOCTM KeHMH OTpa3MAMCb B OCHOBax 3KOHOMMKM M B CTpyKTypHOM (J)yHKIi;MOHMpOBaHnn
noAHKOB, «MBymMX b coBpeMeHHOM MaAAOBe, KOTOpan o6pa30BaAacb, b 3HaHMTeAbHOM CTene-
HM Ha 3eMAHx, 3aHMMaeMbix b XIX BeKe BeccapaöcKOM ryöepHnen. CpeAw hhx cAeAyer Ha3BaTb,
MencAy npoHHM, pa3AMHHbie noAbCKMe opraHM3auMM, cymecTBeHHbie pa3MepM ynacTMH b 06-
yneHMM noAbCKOMy H3MKy m McnoBeAyeMyio peAMTMio. no3HaHne noAbCKoii oômecTBeHHOM
MCTOpnn b Beccapaonn no3BOAHT Ayqme noHHTb coBpeMeHHOCTb m ito3boaht noKa3arb npa-
BMAbHbie HanpaBAeHHH pa3BMTMH noAbCKoro MeHmMHCTBa b ôyAymeM MaAAOBe.
Tlumaczenie Justyna Woszczyk
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Skowronek, Anna |
| author_facet | Skowronek, Anna |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Skowronek, Anna |
| author_variant | a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045417755 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1083282357 (DE-599)BVBBV045417755 |
| era | Geschichte 1812-1918 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1812-1918 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polska / emigracja i imigracja jhpk Bessarabien (DE-588)4006036-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polska / emigracja i imigracja Bessarabien |
| id | DE-604.BV045417755 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:17:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788365663658 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030803693 |
| oclc_num | 1083282357 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 263 Seiten Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | IH |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Publikacje Instytutu Historii |
| series2 | Publikacje Instytutu Historii |
| spelling | Skowronek, Anna Verfasser aut Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Anna Skowronek Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Poznań IH 2018 263 Seiten Diagramme, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publikacje Instytutu Historii 148 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache: Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 Zusammenfassung in rumänischer Sprache: Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache: Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Geschichte 1812-1918 gnd rswk-swf Polacy / Besarabia / 19 w jhpk Polacy / Besarabia / 1900-1945 jhpk Polacy / osadnictwo / Besarabia jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Polska / emigracja i imigracja jhpk Bessarabien (DE-588)4006036-6 gnd rswk-swf Bessarabien (DE-588)4006036-6 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Geschichte 1812-1918 z DE-604 Publikacje Instytutu Historii 148 (DE-604)BV010879172 148 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000008&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000009&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000010&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Skowronek, Anna Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Publikacje Instytutu Historii Polacy / Besarabia / 19 w jhpk Polacy / Besarabia / 1900-1945 jhpk Polacy / osadnictwo / Besarabia jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4006036-6 |
| title | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |
| title_alt | Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |
| title_auth | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |
| title_exact_search | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |
| title_full | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Anna Skowronek |
| title_fullStr | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Anna Skowronek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. Anna Skowronek |
| title_short | Polacy w rosyjskiej Besarabii w latach 1812-1918 |
| title_sort | polacy w rosyjskiej besarabii w latach 1812 1918 poles in the russian bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 polonezii in basarabia rusa in anii 1812 1918 poljaki v rossijskoj bessarabii v 1812 1918 gg |
| title_sub | = Poles in the Russian Bessarabia from 1812 till 1918 = Polonezii în Basarabia rusă în anii 1812-1918 = Poljaki v rossijskoj Bessarabii v 1812-1918 gg. |
| topic | Polacy / Besarabia / 19 w jhpk Polacy / Besarabia / 1900-1945 jhpk Polacy / osadnictwo / Besarabia jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polacy / Besarabia / 19 w Polacy / Besarabia / 1900-1945 Polacy / osadnictwo / Besarabia Polen Volk Polska / emigracja i imigracja Bessarabien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000007&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000008&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000009&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030803693&sequence=000010&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010879172 |
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