Verfügbarkeit: Thermoforming

Thermoforming: a practical guide

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Schwarzmann, Peter (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English German
Veröffentlicht:	Cincinnati, Ohio Hanser [2019]
Ausgabe:	2nd edition
Schlagworte:	Thermoformen Kunststoffe Kunststoffverarbeitung Tiefziehen Warmformen
Online-Zugang:	http://www.hanser-fachbuch.de/9781569907085 Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVI, 495 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne 25 cm
ISBN:	9781569907085

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MARC


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240	1	0	\|a Thermoformen in der Praxis
245	1	0	\|a Thermoforming \|b a practical guide \|c Illig ; Peter Schwarzmann
250			\|a 2nd edition
264		1	\|a Cincinnati, Ohio \|b Hanser \|c [2019]
264		4	\|c © 2019
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE 2ND ENGLISH EDITION .................................................... V PREFACE TO THE 3RD GERMAN EDITION.................................................................... V PREFACE TO THE 2ND GERMAN EDITION .................................................................. V PREFACE TO THE 1ST GERMAN E DITION.................................................................... VI 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TERMINOLOGY IN THERMOFORMING ............ 5 2.1 PROCESS SEQUENCE................................................................................... 5 2.2 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMING .............................................................. 6 2.3 VACUUM AND PRESSURE FORM ING.............................................................. 8 2.3.1 DIIFERENCES BETWEEN VACUUM AND PRESSURE FORM ING.............. 8 2.3.2 APPLICATION FOR PRESSURE FORMING ........................................... 9 2.4 FORMING PRESSURE, CONTOUR-MOLDING PRESSURE, AND CONTOUR DEFINITION 10 2.5 PREBLOW, PRESUCTION, PRESSURE EQUALISATION, AIR INJECTION ................... 12 2.6 CHILL MARKS AND BLEM ISHES.................................................................... 13 2.6.1 CHILL MARKS ON POSITIVELY FORMED PARTS ................................. 14 2.6.2 CHILL MARKS ON NEGATIVELY FORMED P A R TS ................................. 17 2.6.3 CAUSES OF CHILL M A RK S .............................................................. 19 2.6.4 OPTIONS FOR REDUCING CHILL M ARK S............................................. 19 2.6.5 RESULTS OF CHILL MARK FORMATION .............................................. 20 2.6.6 USE OF TYPICAL WALL-THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION IN CHILL MARKS WITH SNAPS ON CLAMSHELL PACKAGES ......................................... 21 2.6.7 CONCLUSIONS WITH REGARD TO CHILL MARKS ................................. 22 2.6.8 BLEMISHES AND MARKINGS ........................................................ 22 2.7 WRINKLE FORMATION DURING THERMOFORMING........................................... 23 2.7.1 WRINKLE FORMATION SEQUENCE IN POSITIVE FORMING .................. 24 2.7.2 WRINKLE FORMATION IN NEGATIVE FORMING ................................. 26 2.7.3 WRINKLE FORMATION ON SURFACES ............................................... 27 2.8 THE TOOL S E T ............................................................................................. 2.9 FORMING SURFACE, INTAKE SURFACE, CLAMPED E D G E ................................... 2.10 DOWNHOLDER, UPHOLDER............................................................................ 2.11 FORMING AND STRETCHING RATIO ................................................................ 2.12 DRAFT ANGLES ........................................................................................... 2.13 VENT CROSS-SECTIONS ................................................................................ 2.14 CALCULATING WALL THICKNESS .................................................................... 3 SEMI-FINISHED THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS................................... 3.1 ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURE OF THERMOPLASTIC M ATERIALS ............................. 3.2 ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE IN SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT ................................. 3.3 RESPONSE DURING HEATING ...................................................................... 3.4 EXPANSION AND S A G .................................................................................. 3.5 FORMING TEMPERATURE RANGES ................................................................ 3.6 FRICTION PROPERTIES IN THERMOFORMING................................................... 3.7 CONTOUR DEFINITION.................................................................................. 3.8 MOLDING SHRINKAGE IN THERMOFORMING................................................... 3.9 FREE SHRINKAGE OF SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS............................................. 3.10 EFFECTS OF STRESSES IN THE EXTRUDED SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT.................... 3.11 ELECTROSTATIC CH ARG E................................................................................ 3.12 THE VISCO-ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS DURING THERMOFORMING ....................................................................................... 3.13 PROPERTIES DURING COOLING...................................................................... 3.14 TOLERANCES OF SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS ................................................... 3.15 MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR THERMOPLASTIC SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS ___ 3.16 TABLE FOR THE THERMOFORMER .................................................................. 3.17 THERMOPLASTICS FOR THERM OFORM ING ...................................................... 3.17.1 POLYSTYRENE (PS) ...................................................................... 3.17.2 HIGH-IMPACT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS) ................................... . ....... 3.17.3 STYRENE BUTADIENE STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER (SBS) ................ 3.17.4 ORIENTED POLYSTYRENE (OPS) .................................................... 3.17.5 ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE COPOLYMER (ABS) .................. 3.17.6 ACRYLIC STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER (ASA) ..................... 3.17.7 STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER RESIN (SAN) ......................... 3.17.8 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC-U) ....................................................... 3.17.9 POLYETHYLENE, HIGH-DENSITY (PE-HD) ....................................... 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 35 35 36 37 39 41 42 44 45 51 55 59 60 62 62 63 67 71 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 3.17.10 POLYPROPYLENE (PP): DETAILED PRESENTATION ............................. 80 3.17.11 EXTRUDED POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE (PMMA EX )...................... 95 3.17.12 CAST POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE (PMMA G ) ............................... 96 3.17.13 POLYCARBONATE (PC) .................................................................. 98 3.17.14 POLYAMIDE (PA).......................................................................... 99 3.17.15 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, PET: DETAILED PRESENTATION ........ 100 3.17.16 POLYSULFONE (PSU) .................................................................... 107 3.17.17 EPE AND EPP FOAMED MATERIALS ............................................... 108 3.17.18 BIOPLASTICS IN THERMOFORMING ................................................. 109 3.17.18.1 BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS FROM RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS ........................................................ 110 3.17.18.2 NON-DEGRADABLE BIOPLASTICS ................................... 115 3.17.19 MULTILAYER, BARRIER AND COMPOSITE SEMI-FINISHED MATERIALS .. 116 3.17.20 OTHER M ATERIALS .................................. 125 3.17.21 BRAND NAMES . ........................................................................... 126 4 HEATING TECHNOLOGY IN THERMOFORMING ................................... 127 4.1 RADIANT HEATERS ..................................................................................... 127 4.1.1 HEAT-TRANSFER CONCEPT WITH INFRARED RADIATION ....................... 127 4.1.2 HEAT QUANTITY TRANSFERRED BY RADIATION ................................... 129 4.1.3 HOMOGENEOUS HEATING WITH RADIANT HEATERS ........ ................... 135 4.1.4 CERAMIC, QUARTZ AND HALOGEN HEATERS IN COM PARISON ............ 142 4.2 REPRODUCIBILITY OF HEATING RESULTS IN RADIANT HEATERS ......................... 145 4.2.1 ASSESSING REPRODUCIBILITY ........................................................ 145 4.2.2 COMPENSATION FOR UNCONTROLLABLE EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE HEATING P RO CESS ............................................................ 149 4.2.3 POWER CONTROL AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN HEATERS ................ 150 4.3 CONTACT HEATERS ..................................................................................... 151 4.4 CONVECTION HEATERS ................................................................................. 153 4.5 MINIMUM HEATING TIME, EFFECTIVE HEATING TIME AND RESIDENCE TIME . . . 154 4.5.1 EFFECT OF HEATING TIME ON THERMOFORMING RESPONSE ................ 154 4.5.2 POSITIVE EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME ............................................. 155 4.5.3 NEGATIVE EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIM E ........................................ 155 5 HEATERS IN SHEET-PROCESSING MACHINES................................... 157 5.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HEATING WITH ISOTHERMAL CONTROL ............................ 158 5.1.1 TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY ............................................................ 158 5.1.2 DETAILS REGARDING TEMPERATURE CONTROL WITH CERAMIC HEAT ELEMENTS ............................................................ 161 5.1.3 ADVANTAGES OF HEATING SYSTEMS WITH CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL PROVIDED BY PILOT HEATER ELEM ENTS........................................... 162 5.2 JOYSTICK DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEATING PATTEM ......................................... 162 5.3 MULTI-POSITIONAL CONTROL.......................................................................... 164 5.4 HEATER-ELEMENT TEMPERATURE CONTROL WITH SUPERIMPOSED POSITION IN P E RC E N T............................................................................................... 166 5.5 IR-SENSOR (PYROMETER) FOR MONITORING TEMPERATURE AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF HEATERS................................................................................... 167 6 HEATERS IN AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED MACHINES ................................. 169 6.1 GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................. 169 6.2 HEATERS REGULATED BY PILOT HEATER ELEMENTS IN AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED M ACHINES ................................................................................... 170 6.2.1 HEATER WITH LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF ROW TEMPERATURES .......... 170 6.2.2 HEATER PANEL WITH TEMPERATURE CONTROL GOVERNING TOTAL ARRAY 171 6.2.3 HEATER WITH TRANSVERSE ROW CONTROL......................................... 172 7 HEATING MULTICOLOURED AND PREPRINTED MATERIALS USING IR HEATERS................................................................................... 173 7.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................. 173 7.2 SELECTION OF INFRARED HEATERS.................................................................. 173 8 THERMOFORMING PROCESS ON SHEET-PROCESSING MACHINES __ 177 8.1 POSITIVE FORM ING..................................................................................... 178 8.1.1 POSITIVE FORMING WITH MECHANICAL PRESTRETCHING ................... 178 8.1.2 POSITIVE FORMING WITH PREBLOW ................................................ 179 8.1.3 POSITIVE FORMING WITH PREBLOW AGAINST A B O A RD ..................... 182 8.1.4 POSITIVE FORMING WITH PRESUCTION AND UNREELING OF THE BLISTER ON THE MOLD .................................................................. 183 8.1.5 POSITIVE FORMING WITH PRESUCTION IN A VACUUM/PRESSURE BOX . 184 8.1.6 APPLICATION OF CORNER BLOW NOZZLES WITH POSITIVE FORMING . . . 185 8.2 NEGATIVE FORM ING................................................................................... 186 8.2.1 NEGATIVE FORMING WITHOUT PLUG-ASSIST TOOL ............................. 186 8.2.2 NEGATIVE FORMING WITH PLUG-ASSIST TO O L ................................... 187 8.3 POSITIVE-NEGATIVE FORM ING...................................................................... 189 8.4 TWIN-CHAMBER METHOD (3K METHOD) .................................................... 190 8.5 TWINSHEET FORMING................................................................................. 191 8.5.1 UNIVERSAL RULES FOR TWINSHEET FORMING ON SERIES TWINSHEET FORMING M ACHINES .................................................. 192 8.5.2 TWINSHEET FORMING PROCESS, UA MACHINE WITH HAND LOADING . 193 8.5.3 MACHINE VERSIONS FOR TWINSHEET FORMING ............................... 196 8.6 ADHESIVE LAMINATION .............................................................................. 198 8.6.1 GENERAL INFORM ATION................................................................ 198 8.6.2 LAMINATION PROCESS.................................................................. 199 9 THERMOFORMING PROCESS ON AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED MACHINES, PUNCHING STATION WITH BLADE CUT ............................................. 203 9.1 CONCEPT OF PROCESS SEQUENCE AT THE FORMING STA TIO N ........................... 203 9.2 MACHINE EQUIPMENT WITH AN EFFECT ON THE FORMING PROCEDURE ............ 207 9.3 SELECTING THE CORRECT FORMING PROCEDURE AND TOOL CONFIGURATION ........ 208 9.4 INFORMATION REGARDING WAYS TO INFLUENCE WAIL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION . 209 10 THERMOFORMING PROCESS ON AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED MACHINES, FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOLS WITH SHEAR CUTS .......................... 215 10.1 GEOMETRICAL MOTION PATTERNS OF THE FORMING AND PUNCHING STATION . . . 215 10.2 THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE MECHANICAL CAM CONTROL ........................... 217 10.3 FLOW CHART FOR A FORMING STATION USING FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOL WITH NEGATIVE FORM ING ........................................................................... 218 10.3.1 FORMING-AIR REDUCTION.............................................................. 219 10.3.2 DOWNHOLDER CONTROL.................................................................. 219 10.4 FLOW CHART FOR A FORMING STATION USING FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOL WITH SHEAR CUT FOR POSITIVE FORM ING ...................................................... 220 11 SPECIAL PROCEDURES USING COMBINED FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOLS IN AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED MACHINES ..................... 221 11.1 APPLYING LININGS TO DIMENSIONALLY STABLE CONTAINERS ........................... 221 11.2 LABELLING IN THE MOLD (IML IN-MOLD LABELLING) ..................................... 223 11.3 FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOL FOR RIMLESS FORMED PARTS ......................... 226 11.4 THERMOFORMING HOLLOW-BASE CUPS ........................................................ 227 11.5 THERMOFORMING WITH MOLD AND COUNTERMOLD....................................... 228 12 THERMOFORMING TRANSPARENT PARTS ........................................... 229 12.1 GENERALLY APPLICABLE RULES FOR FORMING TRANSPARENT P A RTS.................... 229 12.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MOLDING WITH SHEET-PROCESSING MACHINES . 231 12.3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FORMING WITH AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED MACHINES . 232 12.4 SAMPLE PROCEDURES - PRODUCTION OF TRANSPARENT PARTS ....................... 236 12.5 SPECIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR TRANSPARENT PARTS ............................... 241 13 THERMOFORMING PREPRINTED MATERIALS ........................................ 243 13.1 GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................. 243 13.2 DETERMINING DISTORTION-PRINTING IM AG E................................................. 246 14 COOLING THE FORMED P A RTS ............................................................251 14.1 THE DEMOLDING TEM PERATURE .................................................................. 251 14.2 INFLUENCING FACTORS AFFECTING COOLING TIM E S........................................... 252 14.3 COOLING WITH THE M O LD ............................................................................ 253 14.4 COOLING WITH A I R ...................................................................................... 253 14.4.1 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY FOR AIR COOLING IN SHEET-PROCESSING MACHINES .................................................................................. 255 14.4.2 REDUCING THE MOLD TEMPERATURE IN CONJUNCTION WITH COLDER COOLING A I R ...................................................................... 257 15 DEMOLDING....................................................................................261 16 STACKING PARTS .............................................................................265 16.1 GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................. 265 16.2 STACKING FORMED PARTS WITH CHANGING STACKING LUGS ........................... 271 17 FINISH-PROCESSING ON THERMOFORMED PARTS................................273 17.1 SEPARATING, CUTTING ................................................................................ 273 17.2 D EBURRING............................................................................................... 276 17.3 CONNECTING............................................................................................. 276 17.4 RECYCLING................................................................................................. 278 18 PUNCHING THERMOFORMED PARTS...................................................279 18.1 BLADE C U T ................................................................................................. 279 18.2 SHEAR C U T ................................................................................................. 286 18.3 COMPARISONS OF BLADE AND SHEAR CUTS ......................... 293 18.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PUNCHING PROCESS................................................. 296 18.5 ANGEL-HAIR FORM ATION.............................................................................. 297 18.5.1 REDUCTION OF ANGEL-HAIR FORMATION WITH BLADE C U T .................. 301 18.5.2 REDUCTION IN ANGEL-HAIR FORMATION WITH SHEAR CUT IN FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOL ................................................. 302 18.6 ROUGH-EDGED CUTS - DIE DROOL ................................................................ 304 18.7 PUNCHING FO RCES ..................................................................................... 306 18.8 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 308 18.8.1 BLADE-CUT TOOLS - PUNCHING TOOLS FOR SEPARATE PUNCHING STA TIO N ...................................................................... 308 18.8.2 SHEAR-CUT TOOLS FOR SEPARATE PUNCHING STATION ....................... 309 18.8.3 FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOLS WITH BLADE C U T ........................... 310 18.8.4 FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOLS WITH SHEAR C U T .......................... 310 18.9 RELATED CUTTING PROCEDURES.................................................................... 311 19 DECORATION AND THERMOFORMING.................................................315 19.1 ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... 320 20 DISTORTION IN THERMOFORMED PARTS ............................................. 329 20.1 DEMONSTRATIONS OF INFLUENCES ON DISTORTION ......................................... 329 20.2 EFFECT OF THICK P O IN TS .............................................................................. 331 20.3 EFFECT OF TENSION IN THE SEMI-FINISHED M ATERIAL ..................................... 331 20.4 DISTORTION IN A LABELLED FORMED P A R T ...................................................... 332 20.5 DISTORTION OF THE CLAMPED FLANGE ON A RECTANGULAR FORMED P A R T .......... 332 20.6 DISTORTION WITH ANISOTROPIC CONTRACTION................................................. 333 20.7 CONCLUSION, CAUSES OF DISTORTION ............................................................ 334 20.8 TIPS AND INFORMATION REGARDING DISTORTION........................................... 335 21 THERMOFORMING TO O LS .................................................................. 337 21.1 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS................................................ 337 21.2 MATERIALS FOR THE FORMING SEGMENT ...................................................... 338 21.3 HELP FOR THE TOOL MATERIAL AND VERSION SELECTION ................................... 342 21.4 POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FORMING?................................................................ 343 21.5 DESIGN CONFIGURATION OF THE FORMING SURFACE ....................................... 344 21.6 PROCESSING SHRINKAGE: WHO SUPPLIES THE DATA? ................................... 348 21.7 DETERMINING THE SIZE OF THE M ATERIAL .................................................... 349 21.8 THE SUBSTRUCTURE................................................................................... 350 21.8.1 ILLUSTRATIONS OF STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR TOOLS ........................... 353 21.8.2 ADJUSTABLE SUBSTRUCTURES FOR SHEET-PROCESSING MACHINES ___ 357 21.8.3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INVARIABLE FORMAT AND ADJUSTABLE SUBSTRUCTURE........................... 358 21.9 DESIGN DETAILS FOR THERMOFORMING TOOLS................................................. 359 21.9.1 SIDEWALL D RAFTS.......................................................................... 359 21.9.2 SURFACE ROUGHNESS.................................................................... 360 21.9.3 R AD II......................................................................................... 363 21.9.4 TOOL VENTING, AIR-DISCHARGE CROSS-SECTIONS ............................. 364 21.9.5 CAVITIES..................................................................................... 368 21.9.6 MATERIALS FOR PLUG-ASSIST TOOLS ................................................. 368 21.9.7 PLUG-ASSIST TOOL CONTOURS FOR NEGATIVE FORMING ....................... 370 21.9.8 PLUG-ASSIST TOOL FOR POSITIVE TO O LS ................. 374 21.10 TOOL WITH UNDERCUT ................................................................................. 375 21.10.1 DEMOLDING UNDERCUTS WITHOUT DETACHABLE PARTS ................... 375 21.10.2 DETACHABLE PARTS (SLIDER) FOR DEMOLDING UNDERCUTS................ 375 21.11 TOOL DESIGN FOR FLAT FORMED PARTS WITH LOW S TRE TC H ............................... 376 21.12 TOOLS FOR FORMING TRANSPARENT P A RTS ...................................................... 377 21.13 TOOLS FOR TWINSHEET FORMING .................................................................. 379 21.14 TOOLS FOR SHEET-MATERIAL HINGES AND SNAP COUPLINGS ........................... 385 21.15 FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOLS WITH SHEAR CUT IN AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED MACHINES ................................................................................... 391 21.16 FORMING AND PUNCHING TOOLS WITH KNIFE CUT IN AUTOMATIC ROLL-FED M ACHINES ................................................................................... 394 21.17 PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE ON FORMING TO O LS ......................................... 407 22 TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR THERMOFORMING TO O LS ......................... 411 22.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................. 411 22.1.1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL TERM INOLOGY........................................... 411 22.1.2 EFFECTS OF TOOL TEM PERATURE ...................................................... 412 22.1.3 WHEN IS IT POSSIBLE TO DISPENSE WITH TOOL TEMPERATURE CONTROL?................................................................ 412 22.2 TEMPERATURE-CONTROL M EDIA.................................................................... 413 22.3 MATERIALS FOR THERMOFORMING TOOLS SUITABLE FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL .. 414 22.4 COOLING-CIRCUIT VERSIONS.......................................................................... 414 22.4.1 EXAMPLES OF CIRCUITS IN THERMOFORMING MACHINES.................. 415 22.5 COOLING PROCESS ..................................................................................... 417 22.6 THE COOLING REQUIREMENTS OF A THERMOFORMED PART ............................. 418 22.6.1 THE ENTHALPY DIAGRAM.............................................................. 418 22.6.2 ENTHALPY TA B LE S ........................................................................ 419 22.6.3 REQUIRED COOLING POWER FOR THE TOOL ....................................... 419 22.7 DESIGN CONFIGURATION OF TEMPERATURE-CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A FORMING TOOL ........................................................................................... 420 22.7.1 MATERIAL QUANTITY BEING COOLED (MATERIAL THROUGHPUT) ........... 421 22.7.2 REQUIRED COOLING POWER DURING PRODUCTION ........................... 421 22.7.3 COOLING-WATER REQUIREMENT FOR TOOL COOLING ........................... 422 22.7.4 CONTACT SURFACE REQUIRED FOR THE COOLING W A TE R ..................... 423 22.7.5 TOTAL LENGTH OF COOLING PASSAGES ............................................. 424 22.7.6 WATER VELOCITY .......................................................................... 424 22.7.7 RESULTING PRESSURE DROP IN THE TO O L......................................... 425 22.7.8 PRESSURE LOSS WHEN CONNECTING THE FORMING TOOL IN THE MACHINE ................................................................................... 427 22.8 PRESSURE LOSS IN THE MACHINES PIPEWORK ............................................. 429 22.9 PRESSURE LOSS IN OVERALL TEMPERATURE-CONTROL CIRCUIT ........................... 430 22.10 TESTING THE PUMPING CAPACITY OF THE CONNECTED TEMPERATURE CONTROL OR COOLING EQUIPMENT............................................................................. 431 22.11 ASSESSING THE TEST RE S U LT........................................................................ 432 22.12 DESIGN CONFIGURATION OPTIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER ..................................... 433 22.13 THE EFFECTS OF AIR COOLING ON TOOL COOLING .............................................. 433 22.14 PREVENTIVE M AINTENANCE........................................................................ 434 23 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THERMOFORMING .................................. 437 23.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................. 437 23.2 SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THERMOFORMING ................. 438 23.3 THE SHARE OF ENERGY COSTS AS A PROPORTION OF THE MANUFACTURING COSTS FOR M OLDINGS........................................................................................... 441 23.4 OPTIONS FOR REDUCING THE SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION ....................... 444 23.4.1 SAVING ENERGY WITH ELECTRIC DRIVE UNITS ................................. 446 23.4.2 REDUCTION OF ENERGY USE IN PRESSURE FORMING ....................... 448 23.4.3 REDUCTION IN THE VOLUME FILLED WITH COMPRESSED AIR, FORMING AIR REDUCTION.............................................................. 449 23.4.4 EFFECTS OF PRESSURE LE V E L.......................................................... 450 23.4.5 REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING H E A TIN G ..................... 454 23.4.6 COST REDUCTIONS WITH NEW VACUUM P U M P S ............................. 457 23.4.7 SHORT COOLING TIMES REDUCE ENERGY COSTS ............................... 457 23.4.8 INSULATION OF PIPES?.................................................................. 459 23.4.9 APPLICATION OF FRESH-AIR COOLERS INSTEAD OF REFRIGERATION UNITS WITH COM PRESSOR....................................... 459 23.4.10 OFFSET HEATER STARTING TIME REDUCES PRICE OF PO W ER................ 459 23.4.11 USING ENERGY REDUCTION FOR EXTENDED DOWNTIME P E RIO D S ---- 460 23.4.12 USING THE MACHINES BASIC SETTINGS......................................... 460 23.4.13 REGULAR PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ................................................ 460 23.4.14 DYNAMIC PROCESS OPTIMISATION ................................................ 461 23.4.15 THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION DISPLAY ............................................ 461 23.4.16 ENERGY CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENTS IN PRODUCTION ............... 461 24 THERMOFORMING FAULTS .................................................................463 24.1 GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATION ERRORS ON THE FORMED P A R T ......................... 463 24.2 FAULTS IN THE MATERIAL ............................................................................ 468 24.3 SELECTION OF THE CORRECT THERMOFORMING MACHINE ................................. 470 24.4 ERRORS DURING INSTALLATION OF THE THERMOFORMING M ACH IN E.................. 471 24.5 FAULTS IN THE THERMOFORMING TO O L .......................................................... 471 24.6 ERRORS DURING BREAK-IN NEW THERMOFORMING TOOLS ............................... 473 24.7 ERRORS DURING SAMPLE ARTICLE INSPECTIONS ............................................. 474 24.8 ERRORS DURING HEATING WITH INFRARED RAD IATO RS ..................................... 474 24.9 PIPE AND TUBE CROSS-SECTIONS FOR AIR AND VACUUM ................................. 475 24.10 PREVENTING WRINKLE FORMATION .............................................................. 476 24.11 FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN THERM OFORMING ........................................................ 477 INDEX ..................................................................................................... 489
any_adam_object	1
author	Schwarzmann, Peter
author_GND	(DE-588)1102410101
author_facet	Schwarzmann, Peter
author_role	aut
author_sort	Schwarzmann, Peter
author_variant	p s ps
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV045399076
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classification_tum	CIT 720f
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1082321979 (DE-599)DNB1140560670
dewey-full	660
dewey-hundreds	600 - Technology (Applied sciences)
dewey-ones	660 - Chemical engineering
dewey-raw	660
dewey-search	660
dewey-sort	3660
dewey-tens	660 - Chemical engineering
discipline	Chemie / Pharmazie Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik
edition	2nd edition
format	Book
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language	English German
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spelling	Schwarzmann, Peter Verfasser (DE-588)1102410101 aut Thermoformen in der Praxis Thermoforming a practical guide Illig ; Peter Schwarzmann 2nd edition Cincinnati, Ohio Hanser [2019] © 2019 XVI, 495 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Thermoformen (DE-588)4185151-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffe Kunststoffverarbeitung Thermoformen Tiefziehen Warmformen Thermoformen (DE-588)4185151-1 s DE-604 ILLIG Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG (DE-588)1102409138 isb Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-709-2 X:MVB http://www.hanser-fachbuch.de/9781569907085 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030785205&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Schwarzmann, Peter Thermoforming a practical guide Thermoformen (DE-588)4185151-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4185151-1
title	Thermoforming a practical guide
title_alt	Thermoformen in der Praxis
title_auth	Thermoforming a practical guide
title_exact_search	Thermoforming a practical guide
title_full	Thermoforming a practical guide Illig ; Peter Schwarzmann
title_fullStr	Thermoforming a practical guide Illig ; Peter Schwarzmann
title_full_unstemmed	Thermoforming a practical guide Illig ; Peter Schwarzmann
title_short	Thermoforming
title_sort	thermoforming a practical guide
title_sub	a practical guide
topic	Thermoformen (DE-588)4185151-1 gnd
topic_facet	Thermoformen
url	http://www.hanser-fachbuch.de/9781569907085 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030785205&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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