Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945: krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM
2018
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| Ausgabe: | Wydanie 1 |
| Schriftenreihe: | Seria Filologia Germańska / Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
nr 61 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Englische Zusammenfassung unter dem Titel: Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 : cultural and symbolic landscape in the center-periphery relations |
| Beschreibung: | 336, [32] Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788323233367 8323233365 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 |b krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 |c Magdalena Kardach |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Spis treści Podziękowania.................................................................................................. 9 1. Wprowadzenie ............................................................................................. 11 1.1. Inspiracje i cele ........................................................................................ 1.2. Założenia metodologiczne - referencje i pojęcia .................................. 1.3. Stan badań i źródła ................................................................................. 11 16 31 2. Kraj obraz kulturowy: od niemieckiego Wschodu do mitu Prus Wschod nich ................................................................................................................. 49 2.1. Niemiecki Wschód versus mit Prus Wschodnich..................................... 49 2.2. Prusy Wschodnie 1871-1933. Konteksty historyczno-kulturowe ....... 55 2.3. Berlin versus Królewiec. Krajobrazy i konteksty w relacjach centroperyferyjnych w latach 1933-1945 ......................................................... 76 2.4. Wpływ ideologii na krajobraz kulturowy Prus Wschodnich - stu dium przypadku...................................................................................... 114 2.5. Mit Prus Wschodnich ............................................................................. 129 3. Krajobraz symboliczny: poetyki i polityki literatury wschodniopruskiej w okresie 1933-1945 .............................................................................. 3.1. Polityka kulturalna III Rzeszy a literatura w Prusach Wschodnich
... 3.2. Symbole kardynalne - przesunięcia i aranżacje ................................... 3.2.1. Ziemia ojczysta (Heimat) versus wspólnota narodowa (Volks gemeinschaft) ................................................................................... 3.2.2. Ojcowizna (Scholle) / Obowiązek (Pflicht) versus krew i ziemia (Blut und Boden) ............................................................................. 139 139 165 168 496 5
3.2.3. Bastion niemieckości na Wschodzie (Bollwerk) / I wojna świa towa versus parcie na Wschód (Drang nach Osten).......................... 223 3.2.4. Krajobrazy (Landschaften) ................................................................ 248 4. Zakończenie....................................................................................................... 265 Informacje o autorach wschodniopruskich ..................................................... 277 Bibliografia............................................................................................................ 289 Indeks osobowy.................................................................................................... 309 Spis ilustracji......................................................................................................... 319 Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945. Cultural and symbolic landscape in the center-periphery relations (Summary) ............................................................................................................. 323
щ I ļ î į Bibliografia ŹRÓDŁA 1. Zespoły archiwalne Bundesarchiv Berlin Lichterfelde Personenbezogene Unterlagen der Reichskulturkammer R 9361 ֊ V Parteikarten 2. Prasa „Bartensteiner Zeitung 1933 „Der ostpreußischer Erzieher 1933,1934,1939 „Der Ostpreuße. Heimat-Jahrbuch für den Kreis Bartenstein 1936 „Hamburger Nachrichten 1931 „Heilige Ostmark 1930 „Heimatkalender für den Kreis Labiau 1933,1935,1936,1938,1939-1943 „Königsberger Hartungsche Zeitung 1930-1933 „Königsberger Tageblatt 1934-1944 „Krakauer Zeitung 1939 „Lehrerzeitung. Ost- und Westpreußen 1933 „Masurischer Volkskalender 1927 „Mitteilungsblatt des NSLB (Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund). Gau Ostpreußen 1943 „Osteroder Zeitung 1939 „Ostpreußischer Bauernkalender 1937,1939,1940 „Ostpreußische Sonntagspost 1939 „Ostpreußische Zeitung 1922,1933-1934 „Rastenburger Zeitung 1938-1939 „Unser Masuren-Land 1929 „Tilsiter Allgemeine Zeitung 1931 „Völkischer Beobachter 1931 „Wartheland. Zeitschrift für Aufbau und Kultur im deutschen Osten „Westpreußische Zeitung. Elbinger Tageblatt 289
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Indeks osobowy A Ahnert Max 284 Albrecht Fritz 146,148 Ambrassat August 250, 263 Ambrosius Johanna 160,174,175,177 Amenda Alfred 282 Amsterdamski Stefan 56 Anderson Benedict 23,56,168 Arendt Hannah 21, 22, 127, 129, 150, 248 Amim Antoinette Gräfin von 114 Arnold Udo 34,152 Aubin Hermann 131,237 B Bachmann Klaus 109,110 Bachtin Michaił 15,16,19 Bach-Zelewski Erich von dem 100 Bahsen Julius 279 Balk Herman von 99 Barbian Jan-Pieter 43,141,143,273 Barfod Jörn 30 Bartels Adolf 62 Barthes Roland 130,138, 270 Bastian Andrea 62 Batocki-Friebe Adolf von 59, 63,66,68 Baum Vicki 277 Bauer Gustav 64 Baumann Franz 245 Baynes Norman H. 119 Becker Artur 275 Becker Carl Heinrich 151 Becker Sabina 209 Belzyt Leszek 236, 237, 239 Benjamin Walter 77,118 Bergau Martin 37, 90, 91 Berg-Markienen Friedrich von 67 Bezzenberger Adalbert 151 Białek Edward 9 Binding Rudolf 255 Biskup Rafał 25, 295 Bismarck Otto von 57, 79, 109, 110, 280 Bismarck Wilhelm Otto A. von 63 Blanke Richard 39 Bloch Ernst 51 Blunck Hans Friedrich 142,204,284 Błońska Wanda 130 Błoński Jan 130,137,138 Bömelburg Hans-Jürgen ЗО Bonaparte Napoleon 115 Boockmann Hartmut 38,51 Borejsza Jerzy W. 77 Bormann Martin 119,160 309
Borowiak Dorota 9 Borrmann Martin 33 Bourdieu Pierre 11, 22, 27, 28, 29, 251, 271 Brakoniecki Kazimierz 34 Brandenburg Albrecht von 88 Braun Otto 64 Brenneisen Ernst-August 96, 97, 102, 214 Brock Paul 33, 40, 208, 214, 217, 218, 232, 255, 277 Brocke Michael 37 Brodocz André 20, 21 Bruck Arthur Moeller van den 204 Brust Alfred 24, 33, 40, 157, 160, 172, 174, 251, 260, 278, 280 Brust Herbert 251, 282 Bruyn Günter de 28 Brünneck Manfred von 67 Buchholz Hansgeorg 40, 224, 226, 229, 257,260, 261, 266 Büttner J.H.G. 182, 250 Büttner Ursula 80 Bukke Carl 158 Burckhardt Carl Jacob 260 Burow Julia 56 Burzyńska Anna 18,42,43 Buttar Prit 39 C Celestini Frederico 15 Chamberlain Houston Steward 120 Charchalis Wojciech 54 Chłosta Jan 152 Cichowicz Stanisław 54 Clark Christopher 108, 111 Conrad Christoph 24 Conrad Robert 37 Corinth Lovis 150 Cornelius Nadja 106,120 310 Cunheim von 64 Curtius Ernst 94, 95 Cwojdrak Günther 209 Czeremski Maciej 54 D d Alembert Jean le Rond 236 Daniel Ute 47,48 Dante Alighieri 94 Darré Richard Walther 98, 196, 200, 206,207, 209, 210,227 Dawes Charles Gates 81 Deferì Daniel 21 Dehmel Richard 278 Diederichs Eugen 120 Dietrich Otto 83, 84, 94 Ditfurth Lenz Hoimar von 48 Dohna Alexander zu 73, 74, 111 Dohna Hermann zu 111 Dohna-Lauck Adalbert Victor zu 116, 126.127 Dohna-Lauck Christoph zu 117, 118, 119.127 Dohna-Lauck Friedrich Ludwig zu 116,117,126 Dohna-Lauck hrabiowie 64, 116, 121, 123 Dohnanyi Klaus von 48 Dohna-Reichertswalde Feodor Bur graf zu 115,116 Dohna-Schlobitten Alexander Fürst zu 96,107, HO, 124,125,128,129 Dohna-Schlobitten Heinrich zu 110, 112
Domagała Bożena 87 Doty William 54 Dönhoff 64 Dönhoff Marion Gräfin 96, 149, 249, 250 Draeger Max 231, 232,247
Drozdowska-Broering Izabela 49, 132, 133,134,135 Dubisz Stanisław 27 Duby Georges 46 Dundės Alan 54 Dziembowski Balthasar von ЗО E Eckert Gerhard 33 Eckhart von Hochheim (Mistrz) 95 Egremont Max 39 Elias Norbert 139,140 Engels Hans 115,249 Epp Franz Ritter von 83 Eulenburg Adelheid Gräfin 115, 249 Eulenburg-Prassen zu 67 Ewald François 21 F Faensen Bertram 31,123 Fallada Hans 145 Farenheid Fritz von 31,123 Febvre Lucien 46 Fechner Kuno 208 Fechter Paul 40,208,209, 210, 211, 255, 257, 279 Fechter Rosa 279 Fechter Rudolf 279 Farenheid Friedrich von 123 Farenheid Ninette von 123 Fechter Sabine 209,279 Fest Joachim 22 Feuchtwanger Lion 140 Feyerabend Hans 90 Fichte Johann G. 204 Finckenstein Ottfried Graf von 41, 214,215, 257,259,279 Fischer Fritz 78,109,110 Fischer Peter 60, 61, 62 Flaig Egon 29 Forstreuter Kurt 93 Foucault Michel 20, 21,130, 270 Franco Francisco 77 Frank Ernst 33,175, 249, 252 Frankel Wilhelm 286 Freiligrath Ferdinand 125 Freund Winfried 33 Freygang Heinz 199, 201, 212 Freytag Gustav 237 Frick Hans 83 Frindt Andrea 209 Fromme Franz 148 Fryderyk II236 Fryderyk III30 Frye Northrop 137 Fürst Max 88, 89 G Gablentz Ottoheinz von der 143 Gajdis Anna 13, 33, 155,172,183, 241, 243,244 Ganske Thomas 48 Garske Margarete 281 Gauger Jörg-Dieter 50 Gayl Wilhelm von 66, 67 Geede Emil 280 Geede Maria 280 Geede Ruth 255, 280 Geiger Theodor 163,164 Gellner Ernst 23 Genette Gerard 53 George Stefan 95 Gerlach Christian 136 Gerlach Kurt 156 Giannoni Karl 70 Giordano Ralf 45, 261 Gobineau Arthur de 205 Goebbels Joseph 75, 83,128,140,155 Goethe Johann Wolfgang von 95, 154,
158,204, 205, 239 311
Goldstein Ludwig 32, 42, 93,156, 158, 159,160,161,183 Golec Izabella 34 Goodrick-Clarke Nicholas 121, 122, 124,125, 210 Goring Hermann 101,111 Görlitz Walter 114 Górny Maciej 50, 223,229 Gottschalk Alfred 89, 92 Gottwaldt Alfred 37 Gottzmann Carola 35 Graeb-Könneker Sebastian 143 Graiff Matteo 78 Grajewski Wincenty 16 Grebing Helga 83 Greenblatt Stephen 17,43 Gregorovius Ferdinand 164 Greiser Arthur 131, 234 Grimm Hans 285 Groeben Klaus von der 67 Grubba Jerzy 115,126 Grünewald Eckhard 15 Guriewicz Aaron 16,17 Guttmanna Leo 201 Grünewald Matthias 281 Günther Marianne 249 H Haase Hugo 64 Hackmann Jörg 38 Haecker Artur 281 Haecker Hans-Joachim 40, 241, 242, 279,281 Haecker Margarete 281 Hahn Eva 50 Hahn Hans 50, 223 Halbe Max 158 Halicka Beata 50 Hall Stuart 24 Halla Victor 244, 245 312 Hamann Johann 164 Hammer Stephanie 20, 21 Hammerów Theodore 113 Hampe Karl 136 Hannighofer Erich 40, 174, 179, 209, 252, 258, 282 Hans Nitram 61, 62, 233 Hantzsch Viktor 30 Harder Agnes 160,179,209, 274, Harich Walter 158 Hawes James 35, 36,135 Heer Friedrich 121 Heftring Ruth 210 Hein Alfred 232 Hepp Michael 89 Herder Johann Gottfried 9, 42, 116, 133,150,154,164,183,204, 283 Herrmann Wolfgang 34 Hertz-Eichenrode Dieter 36, 72, 73, 85, 97,106 Herz Thomas 53 Hess Rudolf 226 Heß-Wyneken Susanne 34 Hierl Konstantin 104 Himmler Heinrich 98, 99, 100, 111, 124,125,194,196,209,210 Hindenburg Paul von 21, 26, 36, 52, 53, 66-68, 74-76, 82, 94, 107, 108, 131,162,224-232, 272,273, 285 Hindersin Johanna 115 Hintz Florian 69 Hitler Adolf 21, 36, 37, 44, 50, 73-81, 83, 84, 89-94, 98, 100, 101, 104, 108-114,
118, 119, 121, 124, 127129, 131, 136, 145, 153, 163, 170, 171, 183, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197, 199, 207, 213, 218, 226-228, 230, 231, 239, 243, 246, 270, 273, 275, 278,282,285 Hobrecht Arthur 150
Hobrecht James 150 Hobsbawm Eric 24 Hoffmann Emst Theodor Amadeus 164 Hoffmann Fritz Hugo 75,131,132 Hoffmann Friedrich 151 Hoffmann Mirosław 124,126 Hohenzollern 107 Holona Marian 18 Holz Arno 158,164 Horn Karl Wilhelm von 63 Hohler Albrecht 128 Hubatsch Walther 64,184 Hunger Urlich 121 Hurtzig Paul 217, 218,232,255,277 Hüser Karl 121,124 J Jaeger Friedrich 29 Jagiełło Władysław II52 Jałowiecki Bohdan 25, 26 Janzon Charlotte 97 Jasiński Grzegorz 87 Jasiński Janusz 37, 39 Jedlicka Wanda 139 Jenisch Erich 156,195 Joachimsthaler Jürgen 15, 25,172 Jocoby Johann 64 Johst Hans 142, 285 Jünger Emst 77,118 Jung Frieda 160 Jurda Karl 136 К Kabobel Jana 21,130 Kałążny Jerzy 27,49, 75,133-135 Kampe Norbert 37 Kanitz 64 Kant Immanuel 151,152,164, 204 Kapp Wolfgang 65, 67 Kapralski Sławomir 25, 26 Kardach Magdalena 10, 25, 73, 155, 198,251,259 Karolak Czesław 9, 18, 57, 62, 78, 141, 142 Karrasch Alfred 40, 161, 202, 255, 274, 282 Kaschnitz Marie-Luise 191, 249,250 Keller Andreas 34 Kelletat Alfred 32,162,183 Keltsch von 64 Kessel Martina 24 Keyser Charlotte 40, 255,283 Kittel Manfred 35,50 Klein Peter 37 Kleßmann Christoph 49, 50, 75, 132, 133,135 Kmieciński Jerzy 120, 123, 205, 206, 209 Knickmann Hanne 209 Koch Erich 36, 63, 76, 79, 80, 81-83, 85, 92, 98,100-105, 111,132,146, 147, 185,196-198, 207,212, 224 Kocka Jürgen 50 Koeppen Annemarie 201, 202 Köhler Henning 104 Kolbenheyer Erwin Guido 285 Koll Kilian 246 Kollwitz Käthe 150 Kołakowski Leszek 131 Kończal Kornelia 50, 223 Konończuk Elżbieta 33 Kopelew Lew 48 Kopij-Weiß Marta 198 Korte-Chemnitz Barbara 254 Koselleck Reinhart 12
Kossert Andreas ЗО, 37, 38, 53, 58, 59, 64, 68, 71, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 101, 102,108,112,195 Kossinna Gustaf 237 313
Kowalewski Jacek 9 Koziełło-Poklewski Bohdan 37, 79, 85, 86, 87 König Christoph 209 Kracauer Siegfried 143,144,145,163 Krasuski Jerzy 60 Kramp Willy 280 Krefting Maria 45, 96 Krakow Christian Graf von 113,169 Kroll Frank-Lothar 34 Kudnig Fritz 40, 160, 174, 176, 186, 187, 201, 202, 230, 244, 245, 255, 281, 283, 284 Kudnig Marie 283 Kudnig Wilhelm 283 Kühn Karl 145,159,161 Kula Marcin 55 Kunicki Wojciech 18, 43, 57, 62, 78, 141,142, 243 Kurkowska Magdalena 150 Kutscher Wilhelm 63 L Labuda Gerard 60 Lagarde Paul de 204, 205 Langbehn Julius 120, 205,206 Lange Carl 161, 253, 258, 262 Langewische Dieter 25, 57,169 Langner Wiktor 77 Lankheit Klaus 84 Lasatowicz Maria-Katarzyna 27 Le Goff Jacques 16,17,20 Lehndorff Hans Graf von 72 Lehndorff Carol 113 Lehndorff-Steinort Heinrich Graf von HO Leiserowitz Ruth 37 Lenz Johhann 119 Lenz Siegfried 28,47,263 Lenze Anna 279 314 Lersch Heinrich 153 Lewald Fanny 56 Liebenfels Lanz von 122 Liebknecht Karl 78 Lienhard Friedrich 62 Lipp Wolfgang 20 Lippe aus See Christian książę zur 128 Lippe aus See Echen księżna zur 128 Lipscher Winfried 34 List Guido von 121,122 Lobsien Eckard 254 Loewy Ernst 142 Ludendorff Erich 65,109, 229, 279 Ludz Ursula 22 Luksemburg Róża 78 Lüdtke Franz 161 Lüsebrink Hans-Jürgen 15 Lüttwitz Walther von 65-67 Ł Ławski Jarosław 251 Lukasiewicz Małgorzata 198 M Mackiewicz Adam 126 Magunia Waldemar 79 Majakowski Włodzimierzl44 Malinowski Stephan 108, 109, НО, 112,114 Mallien Fritz 284 Musil Robert 278 Mann Erika 139 Mann Heinrich 140 Mann Thomas 89,139,165 Manthey Jürgen 95,154,183 Markowski Michał Paweł 18,42,43 Martin
Hans 61 Martinsen Renata 20, 21 Maschke Erich 131,134, 234-236 Mast Peter 38
Matuli Wilhelm 36,65 Mazowiecki Konrad I książę 58 Meckelburg Friedrich 155,156 Mecklenburg Norbert 25, 62,151,172 Meindl Ralf 36, 85,101 Mendelsohn Erich 150 Mennicke Karl 143 Meyer Konrad 236, 237 Michel Volker 209 Miegei Agnes 33, 40, 42, 43, 149, 152, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 164, 172, 178-195, 201, 208, 211, 230, 231, 233, 239, 240, 241, 246, 255-257, 273, 280, 282,284-286 Mikołajczak Małgorzata 25, 26 Minnigerode von 64 Mitscherlich Alexander 169 Mitterbauer Helga 15 Miziński Jan 25, 34 Möller Horst 80,142 Molo Walter von 69,139,165 Moltke Elisa von 63 Mommsen Hans 113 Mommsen Wolfgang 57 Mosse George 120 Motekat Helmut 32, 34, 42, 152, 156, 158,163,164,183 Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus 95 Much Rudolf 120 Müller Regina Katharina 210 Münchhausen Börries von 153,283 Musiał Łukasz 41 Mussolini Benito 77 Myga-Piątek Urszula ЗО N Nadler Josef 32,42,156,159,160,183 Namowicz Tadeusz 25,34,35,171,241 Naujok Rudolf 33 Neumärker Uwe 37 Niemöller Martin 154, 242 Niethammer Lutz 23 Nietzki Carl 56 Nietzsche Friedrich 18, 204 Nikžentaitis Alvydas 39 Nitram Hans 61, 62,233 Nizinski Jan 34 О Obenaus Herbert 66 Ochab Maria 54 Okulicz-Kozaryn Radosław 27 Oldenburg-Januschau Elard von 67, 72 Olfers-Batocka Ermina von 160 Olszewski Henryk 38 Opgenoorth Emst 38 Oracki Tadeusz 39 Orłowski Hubert 9, 13, 18, 27, 32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 55, 55-57, 59, 62, 78, 141, 142, 145, 156, 157, 169, 171, 172,183,201, 208, 244,251, 258 Ortega у Gasset José 29 Oschilewski Walther 149 Ossowski Stanisław 73, 256,264 P Papendiek Gertrud 40,257 Paul Brock 40 Paul Hurtzig 232 Penner Emst 80,168 Peters Olaf 210
Peyinghaus Marianne 249 Pilecki Janusz 73 Pisanski Georg Christoph 155,156 Plenzat Karl 149,156,183 Pietzing Christian 35, 86 Pölking Hermann 38, 72,83 Predöhl Andreas 131 Przygodzki Krzysztof 115,126 315
R Rademacher Michael 95 Range Jochen 39 Ratzel Friedrich 29, 30,136,272 Redecker von 121 Redfield Robert 198 Reichel Eugen 156 Reifferscheid Gerhard 36 Reimeier Friedrich 236 Reinecker Maria 280 Reiner Guido 243, 257 Reinoß Herbert 250 Reinthal Angela 209 Reuss von Plauen Henryk 126 Reztlaff Rosa 279 Ribat Ernst 35,162 Richter Otto 97 Richthofen Hugo von 63 Ricoeur Paul 53, 54 Riedl Joachim 249 Ringelnatz Joachim 277 Rogali Joachim 86, 87 Rogalla Johannes von Bieberstein 121 Rohrer Christian 12, 13, 36, 72, 76, 80, 82, 83, 85, 98, 100, 101, 106, 107, 206, 207 Rommel Karla 209 Rouette Hans-Peter 113 Rüsen Jörn 29 Rüther Günther 141 Rust Bernhard 140,142 Rybicka Elżbieta 25, 26 Rzempołuch Andrzej 116 S Sacha Magdalena 34 Sakson Andrzej 73 Salzy Herman von 99 Saussure Ferdinand de 130 Sawicka-Mierzyńska Katarzyna 26 316 Schäfer Wilhelm 285 Schäfers Bernhard 20 Scheffler Walter 282 Schellewald Barbara 210 Schemann Ludwig 204, 205 Scherl August 282 Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich 204 Schimkat Max 196,199, 235, 239,253 Schlicht Oscar 284 Schlieckmann Karl von 63 Schlögel Karl 50 Schmidt Anna Magdalena 78 Schmidt-Rottluff Karl 278 Schmitt Carl 77,118 Schneider Michael Schneidereit Otto 104,105 Schnell Ralf 143 Schoeps Karl-Heinz Joachim 43,170 Schopenhauer Arthur 204 Schridde Rudolf 96 Schröder Wilhelm 35 Schröter Michael 140 Schröter Wilhelm 35 Schüler-Springorum Stefanie 37,88 Schulenburg Dietlof Graf von der 111 Schulze Hagen 65 Schulze Wessel Julia 21, 22 Schumacher Bruno 164 Schwab-Trapp Michael 53 Schweichei Robert 56 Schwerin Esther Gräfin von 96 Sebottendorf Rudolf von
118 Seeberg profesor 152 Selle Götz von 151,156 Siehr Ernst 63, 98,206 Siemieński Mieczysław 196-198 Sienerէհ Stefan 15 Sierpowski Stanisław 77 Simmel Georg 249
Sirovatka Eva Maria 33 Skowronnek Fritz 208,232 Skowronnek Richard 208 Sommerfeld Aloys 37 Sontheimer Kurt 81 Sparing Rudolf 132,134 Speer Albert 119 Spierò Heinrich 158 Srokowski Stanisław 61 Stabler Wolfgang 82 Stehr Hermann 285 Steinert M. 247, 266 Stettiner Paul 89 Steyer Konrad 72,97 Stich Wilhelm 79 Stolberg-Wernigerode Udo von 63 Strauß Emil 285 Stuben Jens 13-15, 34, 156, 162, 172, 183 Sudermann Hermann 33, 150, 171, 208, 283 Suhrkamp Peter 143 Suppanz Werner 15 Surynt Izabela 50 Szczęsny Gerhard 96,128,177 Szeliński Fritz 231, 232,247 T Tabor Marek 121 Tahlheim Karl 132 Tatarkiewicz Anna 130 Tauber Joachim 39 Taut Bruno 150 Taut Max 150 Thalheim Karl 131,133 Thälmann Ernst 78 Thamer Hans-Urlich 43, 78 Thum Gregor 134-136 Tilitzki Christian 37, 231,232,247, 266 Tischner Józef 54 Toepser-Ziegert Gabriele 101 Toller Ernst 140 Tomczak Maria 78 Tönnies Ferdinand 198 Traba Elżbieta 73 Traba Robert 13, 14, 24, 25, 37, 46, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 73, 86, 87, 106, 165, 166, 169, 176, 223, 224, 233, 238, 258, 266 Treitschke Heinrich von 223 Trenek Siegfried von der 158 Trietjakow Siergiej Michajlowicz 144 Trocha Bogdan 54 Trotha Trutz von 53 Trotha Eschen von 128 Trybuś Krzysztof 27 V Vockaradt Anna 279 Vockeradt Emma 279 Vockeradt Heinrich 279 W Wachler Ernst 62 Wacquant Loiic 11, 28 Wägenbaur Birgit 209 Wagner Richard 120, 204, 205 Walczak Antoni 60 Watrak Jan 25 Webb James 121 Weber Matthias 35, 50 Weber Max 18 Weber Reinhold 71 Wehler Hans-Ulrich 57 Weilacher Udo 30 Weisthor Karl 124,125 Wergiliusz 94 Werner Zachariasz 164 Werren Joachim 30 Wessel Horst 21,22,128 317
Wiechert Ernst 24, 33, 40, 42, 43, 64, 154, 155, 157, 160, 164, 198, 208, 214, 217, 221, 232, 242-244, 256, 257, 259, 273, 278,280,282,286 Wild Thomas 22 Wiligut Karl 124 Windheim Ludwig von 63 Winkler Heinrich 108,109,169 Winning August 63 Wirsching Andreas 80 Wistrich Robert 124 Wolff Johanna 40, 211, 214, 273, 286, 287 Wolff Karl 124 Wolff Otto Gustav 286 Wolff Paul 100 Worgitzki Max 60, 61 Woywodt Cord 37 Wrangel Wolf Freiherr von 116 Wróbel Piotr 65 Wrzesiński Wojciech 39,59,60 Wrzosek Wojciech 17,46,47 Wüstendorfer Charlotte 160, 287 Y Young Owen 81,82,95,206 Z Zarycki Tomasz 22,23, 25,28 Zeising Adolf 210 Zernack Klaus 51, 53 Ziegfeld Arnold Hillen 131,136 Ziegler Walter 80 Zielińska Mirosława 198 Ziesemer Walther 32, 42,156,183 Zimmerer Jürgen 136 Zmierczak Maria 143 Zybura Marek 50, 243 Ż Żytyniec Rafał 223,224, 251
Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Cultural and symbolic landscape in the center-periphery relations Summary The monograph presents research on the literature and culture of East Prus sia in the years 1933-1945, in the area of - influences of cultural policy practiced in the field of tensions between the center of the German Reich and the province of East Prussia. The research problem is presented in the plan of analysis of the East Prussian mentality, the understanding of which coincides with the anthro pological concept of culture understood as the reality of thought that character izes a given human community in time and space. At the center of my research interests are therefore manifestations of cultural life in East Prussia, in particular those that manifest in literary works. In the study, I have attempted to provide nuanced answers to the question about cultural causes and sources of the Eastern Prussian phenomenon of National Socialism. The results of the analysis of processes implemented at the level of deliberately implemented social activities, as well as phenomena being the implementation of processes occurring in the unconscious (mental) sphere shed new light on the problem of the relationship between ideology, authoritarian systems and transformations occurring simultaneously in the sphere of culture. As a starting point, I assume that the social, political, and geographical uniqueness of East Prussia and the Eastern Prussian mentality had a major im pact on the events in the eastern periphery of the German Reich in the
period 1933-1945. The main purpose of my work is to analyze Eastern Prussian litera ture in terms of attempts to define and describe key elements that co-created the Eastern Prussian space and to examine how this mentality, being also the consti323
tutive backbone of literary practice itself, was constructed at the level of literary discourse. Such a research intention into the literary field proves sensible, taking into account the fact that literature as a field of culture arises and interacts in spaces defined by geographical and historical boundaries, the specificity of which essentially со-determines the role of literature, and often its content - and vice versa, literary texts participate in the cultural and imaginative construction of these spaces. The idea of - exploring the cultural landscape of East Prussia in the period 1933-1945 exclusively through research in the literary history is not legitimate at a time when the boundaries between humanities are blurred; literature studies, as never before, approach cultural studies in their perception of the subjects of research against the historical background of a given epoch. Using relational reading of literature , referring in its basis to the theory of dialogism of Mikhail Bakhtin, I have read and analyzed literary texts in their connection with other texts from the period - from the period of National Socialism in East Prussia and the preceding Weimar Republic. In search for a methodological basis, I have reached for conceptual re sources of three scientific disciplines: literary analysis of the school of New Historicism and the poetics of culture, as well as the sociology of culture and litera ture and historical anthropology. The starting point is the thesis that literature research can be effectively carried out when literature is understood as the
field of anthropologically understood culture. In this perspective, both prose and poetical literature forms, as a product of a distinguished type of cultural practice, remain for me one of the empirical manifestations of the intersubjectively understood historical reality. Literature understood in this way may be treated as source material with special qualities for research not only strictly literary, but also for studies on the culture and mentality of a given epoch, and vice versa. This particularity results from the fact that literary forms of expression condense central symbols of a given histor ical culture, as well as cardinal meanings and fundamental metaphors that struc ture the experiences of participating entities. At this point, it seems necessary to emphasize the difference between men tality that is thematic in the literature, in the press discourse and even in the scientific discourse of the studied epoch in descriptive mode, and mentality as a research category which bears characteristics of a heuristic tool. Defining the possibilities of mentality as a research category, I have utilised the research of Poznań-based methodologist Wojciech Wrzosek, who in his commentary on the dynamics of research on mentalité, aptly pointed to the following ongoing pro cess: the concepts of mentality and culture are clearly approaching each other. He stated that regardless of whether culture is understood narrowly or broadly 324
(i.e. as the sphere of material and spiritual culture), the research on mentalité is understood as a study of culture. In this sense too, the category of mentality coincides today and is even replaced by the anthropological concept of culture understood as the reality of thought that characterizes a given human communi ty in time and space. In adopting such a conceptual research concept, the issue cognitively inter esting for me is not only the mentioned relativity between the texts of different provenance, but also the possibility of going beyond the study of cultural expressions in order to seek hegemony discourses appropriate for the analyzed period. The next research stage, due to the immersion of the discourses of interest to me in the ideology of the 1933-1945 period, focuses on the so-called ressemblances, defined by Michel Foucault as correspondence, i.e. the relationship between discourses and non-linguistic reality. The holistic approach to research on the culture of East Prussia during the period of National Socialism necessarily includes taking into consideration the actions of institutions aiming for the implementation of cultural policy, and the impact of this policy on the basic ideas and values shared by people participat ing in the East Prussian culture. In this respect I use the concept of Foucault who proposes to define discourses and to reveal the practices of power that are con tained in these discourses. Referring to the category of power in the context of the research field of East Prussia during the Third Reich, I also use the theory of power
developed by Hannah Arendt. Power, in its various manifestations, is tied to the centro-peripheral context which in a unique way prejudged the course of social, historical and cultural events in East Prussia. An important element of my viewpoint is the problem of mutual influence of the German Reich, with its center in Berlin, and the province of East Prussia. Such influence was characterised by a tripartite layout: actors (writers and their literary work) - institutions - mechanisms, or defacto depend ences produced by the subfields of the center and periphery remaining in mutu al relations. East Prussia as the periphery of the German Reich can be undoubt edly defined as an area enjoying its own autonomy, thus as a provincial subfield of its own structure. In an attempt to explore the culture of East Prussia during the reign of National Socialism reflected in the cultural and symbolic landscape of this province, I have tried to define a network of concepts that enable us to capture the interaction of the constituent parts of the triangle. These concepts include such research categories as the nation (Volk), the fatherland (Heimat) and community identity, as well as the binary opposition of the open province and closed province. The concept of the East Prussia province has been broken down into two ideological areas, namely: the province understood as geographical space (Raum) and the province as a mental map ֊ a specific cultural 325
code and symbolic capital functioning as a matrix for ethnic-regional-national identification with a given region. Looking for literary illustrations of the mythization of the East Prussian landscape , I have searched for a certain list of canonical values - the cardinal features of the cultural alphabet of East Prussia, which I consider synonymous with the cultural and symbolic capital of East Prussia in the sense proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. In the collective dimension, the set of these dispositions creates a quality called by Bourdieu the habitus a system of permanent dispositions that are transferred during the process of socialization. These acquired dispositions structure the practices and patterns of cultural perception and underlie the patterns of response to specific social situations. The concepts of cultural landscape and symbolic landscape I have also derived from Bourdieu, in an interpretation of the categories of cultural and symbolic capital with a specific and original shift of meaning. In my work, I propose to understand the cultural landscape as a result of a specific cooperation and com plementarity of the empirically available objectivizations of culture - in the form of various social practices and manifestations of thought reality that make up a locally symbolic landscape. The cultural harmony in question occurs between deliberately implemented practices shaping social reality (for example, political rituals) and landscape-forming artefacts of the reality of thought, among which I include the analyzed literary texts. In the general sense, the
categories of culture and cultural landscape I understand and use alternatively, and when talking about the symbolic landscape, I refer specifically to the reality of thought. The research time frame I have selected is limited by the period of National Socialism, which inevitably encourages the study of the relationship between the literature emerging at that time and the system of supervisory institutions con trolling various areas of life, including cultural life. In order to capture the para digm shift in the discourses which co-create the area of East Prussian culture, I have returned to the status quo developed by processes and events taking place in the Weimar Republic, and sometimes even earlier. Looking for a con venient starting point for my interpretation, I have thus gone back to the hypo thetical and differently dated origins of East Prussian literature. Implementing the research idea of tracing the cultural landscape of East Prussia in 1933-1945, I have analyzed three basic categories of source materials. They are: a) the corpus of selected literary works; b) documents and files con cerning authors of selected literary works that were created and maintained by political institutions, as well as preserved legacies of selected authors along with literary studies originating from the times of the Weimar Republic and the be ginning of the Third Reich; and c) selected press published in East Prussia in the researched period. In the analyzes, I have taken into account literature created 326
not only by writers living in East Prussia, but also by those who left this prov ince, but socialization of whom mainly took place in the East Prussian province, and thus was marked by the impact of landscape, regional culture and local traditions. In the selection of literary material I have followed the criterion of typicality and representativeness. Therefore, I have tried to include the literature written by the authors of various social provenance, adhering to diverse political sympathies and characterized by different artistic qualifications. Among the analyzed literary texts there are the works of writers associated with East Prus sia by both a wide range of recipients living in the province, as well as readers from beyond its borders. Undoubtedly, this group includes such authors as Ernst Wiechert, Agnes Miegel, Alfred Brust and Paul Fechter. On the other hand, poetae minores are a special feature of the literary landscape of a given region, because most often they are the ones closest to their regional readers. Therefore, in the process of recording the history of literature in East Prussia and searching for a specific genius loci of the region, I have devoted special attention to this group of writers. Among the literary works belonging to the abovementioned group, I have included works by such writers as Paul Brock, Martin Borrmann, Gertrud Papendiek, Erich Elannighofer, Fritz Kudnig, Charlotte Keyser, Johann Wolf, Agnes Harder, Alfred Karrasch, Hansgeorg Buchholz and Hans Joachim Haecker. An important tool in the selection of literature was also the social
criterion. It found its expression in the selection of materials for analy sis including the works of writers from different backgrounds and areas of the province, thus reflecting in their work the various East Prussians millieux, including the circles of Eastern Prussian Junker families (Ottfried Graf von Finckenstein). The analysis of literature created in the 1933-1945 is accompanied by the in variable question about the autonomy and freedom of art, and thus the question of whether and to what extent this literature mirrors the author s reflection on the surrounding world, or whether it stems from the writer s creative imagina tion. Questions as to how much the creative process of literature can be con trolled, and maybe even steered, appear in the context of the aggressive cultural policy pursued by the National Socialists impossible to ignore in scientific re search. Literary works were not only the product of a given period, but they also generated meaningful contexts co-shaping the face of the cultural reality of their time. In the discussed period and system, the authors themselves were con scious or unconscious transmitters of ideology, and by their work supported by state cultural institutions they multiplied this system. I have treated the dis course of the press published in East Prussia in the time that I am interested in as a complementary source of reference to the studied literature. Accepting the above-mentioned optics of the school of New Historicism, I see the problem of 327
multilateral exchange between the text and its historical and cultural context, and treat the literary text as a statement produced and assimilated within histo ry and inside the history of other products and assimilation , which consequent ly means that the literary work is not separated from the accompanying histori cal cultural reality. Starting from the existing status quo, i.e. the leading hegemony discourses in the culture of East Prussia shaped in the course of historical socio-political processes in the period of the Weimar Republic, I have aimed to grasp the changes of discursive paradigms and the formation of new cultural phenomena under the influence of changing historical circumstances, which manifested, among others, in the cultural policy practiced in East Prussia by the Third Reich apparatus. I have considered the contexts and historical-cultural circumstances of the creation of figures that make up the thought construct of East Prussia to be necessary prerequisites for the questions concerning the influence of the Na tional Socialist ideology on the provincial and regional identity and the appro priation of imaginary spaces by this ideology. I have defined this construct of the province of East Prussia on the basis of separation of hegemony discourses which are constituted by the same cardinal meanings on three levels. The first of these is the analysis of processes implemented through deliberate social activities emerging from the analysis of historical and cultural contexts of the implementation of the Third Reich policies in East Prussia. I have
drawn conclusions on the basis of the analysis of historical processes affecting the course of events in East Prussia and the cultural policy affecting the Eastern Prussian society in the 1933-1945 period. A significant complement to the above information is the analysis of the content of articles from selected daily news papers and periodicals published in East Prussia in the 1930-1944 period. The titles included Königsberger Hartungsche Zeitung , Königsberger Tageblatt , Ostpreußische Zeitung , Tillsiter Allgemeine Zeitung , Der ostpreußische Erzieher , Heimatkalender für den Kreis Labiau , Ostpreußischer Haus- und Familienkalender and Ostpreußischer Bauernkalender . Such a selection was dictated by the desire to analyze the message with which individual publishers, more or less involved in the implementation of the National Socialist ideology, reached different social strata of the East Prussian province. Another level of discourse has been determined by the analysis of elements of imaginary spaces: the myth of the German East and the myth of East Prussia. This issue shall be considered in more detail further in the summary. The third level results from the analysis of the phenomena that occur due to processes occurring in the unconscious (mental) sphere. Defining them was possible 328
once I have recognized the proper meanings condensed in literary works created in the analysed temporal and territorial frameworks. I have assume that a liter ary text is one of the best source materials enabling understanding of the social and collective way of seeing the world by others, learning about the objectivization of the thinking of people of a given era in the form of images, representa tions and cardinal symbols. As a product of the imagination of a writer living in a specific historical time, the literary text in a special way condenses in itself the problems of its era and the cultural environment in which it was created. Thus, it collects, duplicates and transmits basic cultural symbols of the era, compo nents of the system of norms and values, and behavior patterns that form the core of the culture of a given time. As a result of the analysis of the aforementioned source materials, it was possible to distinguish the elements of the leading discourses on the abovementioned three levels and to follow the transformations that they were subject ed to during the period of National Socialism. The end of the 19th century marks the beginnings of national and national ist reinterpretations of the myth of the German East, consisting of the ideas of the so-called missionaries, German Kulturträger in the east: the concepts of the bulwark and bastion (Bollwerk) protecting from the threat of the Slavs, and later the idea of the German national land (deutscher Volksboden). Although these elements or symbols were present in the discourse concerning all geo
graphical parts of the German East, the experience of World War I and its reper cussions in the form of the provisions of the Versailles Treaty had a special im pact on the intense transformation of these mental figures and the arrangement of new ones in East Prussia. This had an impact on the emergence of symbols specific to East Prussian culture which soon became its foundations subject to a specific strengthening through an intense process of mythologization. As part of the expansion of the concept of Bollwerk, the image of East Prus sia as a borderland (Grenzland) was also used. It was based on emotional ties with the East Prussian homeland (Heimat) which was characterized as a territory which its inhabitants must defend by separating from their neighbors in order to protect their regional and national culture. The image of the national community was based on a triad: the family land (Scholle) - homeland (Heimat/Vaterland) nation (Volk). The idea of Heimat from the Eastern Prussian perspective reflected the German community ֊ both the real one, established through local connec tion with the family land (Scholle), as well as the symbolic, imaginary affiliation with the nation in an ideological sense. The common thread, which in a way connects the two homelands and citizens forming the community of the German nation, was the duty (Pflicht) whose individual fulfillment manifested in dif ferent ways depending on the position and role of the individual in society. 329
Duty (Pflicht) that involves fidelity (Treue) towards the family land (Scholle), and further also to the East Prussian homeland (Heimat) and the ideological homeland (Vaterland) in a sense of belonging to the German national community (Volksgemeinschaft) all formed the basic canon of identification of any East Prussian. The success of the NSDAP in East Prussia was attributed in previous stud ies on the period of National Socialism to the economic growth and improve ment of the life standards of average citizens of this province. Not denying this, I believe that three factors determined the exceptional success of the ideology of National Socialism in the province in question. The first of these was the special location of East Prussia (Ostpreußens Sonderlage) approved by the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and the related new dimension of the borderland, sup ported by the myth of the German bastion in the east (Bollwerk). The intensive increase in popularity of NS ideology in East Prussia was also influenced by the dominant Protestant-agricultural millieu and very strong conservative and national traditions present in the province. These factors determined that the develop ment of National Socialism in East Prussia assumed a different direction and was characterized by a different dynamics than in other parts of the Reich. The fact of the special location of East Prussia, resulting from separating the provinc es from the rest of the Reich through the Polish corridor , was used by the so cialists both for achieving their goals within the Eastern Prussian
province, and for central policies - as a means of demonstrating the strengthening of power and implementation of the NSDAP foreign policy concept. Treating the Bollwerk as a starting point for the implementation of their policy goals, they based their actions on correlation and handling of three circumstances. At the provincial level, they wanted to strengthen the sense of the need to build and belong to the German national community (Volksgemeinschaft) conditional on blood communi ty (arische Abstammung). This need was fueled by a systematic awareness raising policy concerning the threat posed by borderland residence (Grenzlandpropaganda) surrounded by dangerous neighbors and - as a consequence of this fact a demonstrative exclusion of all strangers not belonging to the community (Ausschluss von Gemeinschaftsfremden fl From the level of the Reich s policy, the special location of East Prussia as the most eastern German province was used as a bridgehead for the implementation of the long-term plan of pushing to the east (Drang nach Osten) in order to acquire and incorporate into the Third Reich further areas necessary to expand the German living space in the east (Lebens raum im Osten). Another aspect of NSDAP propaganda was the attempt to attribute the key role to the Eastern Prussian peasants in the implementation of the idea of a rebirth of the German state enlarged by the new living space in the east. This is an expression of a large-scale program within the framework 330
of NS policy for East Prussia based on the symbolic capital of such concepts as: the national community (Volksgemeinschaft), patrimony (Scholle) or the blood and earth conception steeped in Nazi ideology (Blut und Boden). The way in which National Socialists used the categories of the German East and the myth of East Prussia is evident in the way the two constructs evolve in the period from 1933 to 1945. This evolution was nothing but the shift of meanings within the above-mentioned mental concepts in order to appropriate the imagi nary spaces of the German East and create a new myth of East Prussia, suita ble for shaping the National Socialist vision of the regional identity of the prov ince. The practices of shifting the meanings found within these constructs are, in Roland Barthes view, the process of creating a new myth. The mythologizing activities within the aforementioned ideas are also examples of the practices of discourse manipulation as stipulated by Foucault. The turning point in the per ception of the German East was September 1,1939. The German East became the starting point of the myth of the German colonization of the East which gave grounds for the historical legitimization of territorial claims in the East. The idea of the colonization of the East as a politically conscious enterprise of the Germans, publicized already in the interwar period, was seized upon by Adolf Hitler. He expressed it via the concept of creating additional living space through the colo nial policy conducted in the immediate foreground of the Third Reich. In the new
interpretation of the idea of the German colonization of the East, two elements of the East Prussian myth played a key role. The East Prussian Bollwerk appeared in the new role of the German Eastern mobile frontier, which, through the possibility of constant conquest and populating new spaces, was to keep German society in a state of constant youth, dynamism and strength. Fur ther, the idea of the Teutonic Order served as a certain founding myth for the new German state space in the East. The consequence of the key shifts within the Eastern Prussia myth indicated here was a series of propaganda efforts carried out by National Socialists, whose task was to strengthen other elements of the myth in order to legitimize the East Prussian province outside - towards the Reich center - but also inside; the intent here was the strengthening of regional and collective identity of East Prussian community. This ideologization is reflected in the narrative of all the newspa pers and periodicals I have mentioned, with the exception of the daily newspa per Königsberger Hartungsche Zeitung, the last issue of which was published on December 31,1933. The concepts emerging from the analysis of the cultural landscape create a certain meta-space of superior features characterizing the province of East Prus sia, and thus functioning as the cultural code and symbolic capital of this prov ince as proposed by Pierre Bourdieu. Considering the fact that authors would 331
build the narrative of the majority of analyzed literary works around the afore mentioned notions - native land, patrimony, duty, landscape and the border land and bastion of Germanness in the East, they can be considered as thematic complexes around which the hegemony discourses of East Prussia were formed. The functioning of the indicated discourses, however, was not characteristic only for the duration of the Third Reich. The moment of their appearance in the Eastern Prussian public space dates back to the beginnings of the Keiserreich. The discourses, reinterpreted over time in the context of changing socio-political conditions and influences of the cultural policy pursued by the National Social ists, have changed their meanings. Transitions of meanings have taken the fol lowing directions: fatherland (Heimat) versus the national community (Volksge meinschaft), patrimony (Scholle) versus ideological blood and earth (Blut und Boden), the bulwark of civilization/bastion of Germanness in the East (Bollwerk) versus drive to the East (Drang nach Osten). The spectrum of intense manipula tions of discourse conducted by the National Socialists included also the seman tic changes within the World War I myths. The shifting of the meanings of these cardinal symbols aimed at creating a new myth of Eastern Prussia to support the implementation of National Socialist policies both at provincial level (for exam ple, strengthening the identity of the Eastern Prussian community by excluding non-members of the community), as well as central level (for example, the en largement of
space for the German nation with East Prussia acting as a bridge head for this purpose). In the center of the main narrative trends of East Prussian literature pub lished in the Third Reich, there are invariable thematic complexes which were of interest to the East Prussian authors also during Wilhelm s reign and in the times of the Weimar Republic - within the small homeland literary move ment. The distinguishing feature of the East Prussian small homeland and the undeniable element around which the sense of the collective identity of East Peasants was built was the cultural landscape. It was constructed as a special kind of historical landscape in the understanding of Friedrich Ratzel, with elements characteristic for the region: Teutonic castles (with a special admiration for the Malbork castle) and memory sites of World War I created in the times of the Weimar Republic, especially the monument commemorating the victorious bat tle of Tannenberg. An equally important role, and perhaps even the most im portant role for the bond built with the East Prussian homeland, was played by the natural landscape understood as the countryside, nature and scenery. The natural elements characteristic of this area have in the process of mythologization be come East Prussian landscape symbols. The definite icons of the East Prussian landscape include: boundlessness (die Weite), dunes, lakes, forests, cranes, elks, the Curonian Spit, the Romincka Forest and the Trakehnen stud. Separate yet 332
permanent elements of the East Prussian landscape were the palace and park complexes owned by the gentry. In literature published in the Third Reich, the cultural and natural land scape is presented in various literary forms and assumes various functions. First of all, it is an expression of affirmation, fascination with and attachment to the East Prussian homeland. An interesting aspect of how the indicated symbols were propagated was the widely implemented cultural policy leading to the promotion of the East Prussian province and its artists. This was done, among others, through publication of whole issues of special newspapers and maga zines appearing in the center of the Reich and devoted to the literature and cul ture of East Prussia. In this way, the idea of a special role of the German East was promoted; the National Socialists thus assigned it the colonization mission and the task of acquiring new living space for the German nation. In literary texts, apart from aesthetic values, the landscape was also as signed specific therapeutic and psychological functions. As unpolluted nature a kind of anti-civilization biotope, it was supposed to be an antidote to psychic wounds caused by the experience of World War I violence (Ernst Wiechert, Die Majorin [Mrs. Major], 1934), as well as the violence of the National Socialist poli cy (Ernst Wiechert, Das einfache Leben [Simple Life], 1939). Literary works show East Prussian nature as an ahistoric element (often with mystical powers) that influences the formation of the raw, melancholic and often surly nature of the
eastern man (Ostmensch). On the other hand, the natural world can be a source of exceptional, life-giving force (Alfred Brust, Eisbrand: die Kinder der Allmacht [The Eisbrands: Children of Omnipotence], 1933; H. Buchholz, Grita, 1934; E. Wiechert, Die Jeromin-Kinder [Children of Jeromin], 1945/1947). The love for the East Prussian homeland is also manifested in devotion and attachment to the family land/patrimony (Scholle) in relation to which the obli gation (Pflicht) is put above all else (Paul Brock, Alles Lebendige muss reifen [All Life Must Age], 1942). The Eastern Prussian rural novel, also known as the novel of patrimony (Schollenroman) was present in the canon of East Prussian literature since its hypothetical beginnings dated by Hubert Orłowski to the second half of the 19th century. Authors of such novels written in the period of National So cialism focused their narrative around the heroes who, despite their hesitation, eventually made the decision to return to their homeland separated by the cor ridor from the rest of the Reich - to fulfill their duty towards the ideological patrimony (Paul Fechter, Die Fahrt nach der Ahnfrau [The Journey to the Ances tress], 1935; Agnes Miegel, Kathrinchen kommt nach Hause [Katie Comes Home], 1931). Undoubtedly, this type of narrative supported the efforts of the political program to counteract the exodus of the East Prussian population who sought 333
better living conditions, especially in the face of economic crisis, which severely affected East Prussia at the turn of the 1920s and 30s. The role of the peasantry in building the future of the German nation was particularly emphasized in the policy of the National Socialists implemented in East Prussia. A number of novels ideologically imbued with the myth of blood and land (Blut und Boden) corresponds with this intention (including Agnes Harder, Neue Kinder alter Erde [New Children of the Old Earth], 1933 and Erich Hannighofer, Erde [The Earth], 1936). The ethos of duty towards the native land and family appears in the stories by Johanna Wolff and Ottfried Graf von Finkenstein. It is worth emphasizing that this is a universal phenomenon, com mon to all social strata in Eastern Prussia, as illustrated by novels Die Mutter [Mother] by Ottfried Graf von Finckenstein (1938) and Mutter auf Erden [The Mother on Earth] by Johanna Wolff (1933). Another large thematic complex that appears especially in poetry published in the 1933-1945 period by the authors associated with East Prussia is the theme of World War I. Poems and stories were written and then intensively absorbed by recipients due to numerous reprints in the local press. The authors included Fritz Kudnig (Tannenberg, 1942), Agnes Miegel (Hindenburg, Kriegergräber, Ostland , 1943), and Arnold Hein (Gloria Victoria! Erzählung aus der Tannen֊ bergschlacht 1914 [Gloria Victoria! Stories of the Tannenberg Battle of 1914], 1934). They describe a sacrificial fight in a sense of duty to defend one s home land in a
glorified and mythologized manner, presenting the victory of Marshal Hindenburg at Tannenberg as the final triumph over the Slavic element . TJűs topic was used by National Socialist propaganda realizing yet another shift in the components of the East Prussian myth. Styling Hitler as the successor of von Hindenburg, he is presented as the next providential man of Eastern Prussia, a savior from the oppression of the economic crisis and the chief preparing the province to fulfill the key role of the bridgehead in the struggle for living space for the German nation in the East. This shift from Bollwerk towards Drang nach Osten, which took place in the myth of East Prussia due to the policy implemented by the National Socialists, redefined the function of the Reich s border in the East. The bend that until now had been a bastion took the form of a mobile frontier, enabling the colonization mission in the East to populate new spaces and keep the German society in a state of dynamism, strength and constant youth. The key figure for the imple mentation of this move was the figure of knights of the Teutonic Order which served as a founding myth for the new colonization of the German state space in the East. In this case, the National Socialists drew the symbolic capital from the early work of Agnes Miegel, above all from her epigonie ballad novel, Die Fahrt der sieben Ordensbrüder [The Journey of Seven Friars of the Order], An invaluable 334
role was also played here by literary works that transformed the cultural landscape of East Prussia, marked by the activities of the Knights of the Blessed Virgin Mary, with particular emphasis on Malbork as Wunderwerk des deutschen Ostens (Jacob Schaffner, Die Predigt von Marienburg [The Sermons of Mal bork], 1931). A separate thematic complex of East Prussian literature was Königsberg as the only important for the Reich cultural center of the East Prussian region, which the local cultural policy wanted to express (which is visible in the works of i.a. Gertrud Papendiek, Vor den Toren, Die Kantherkinder [Before the Gates, The Kanther Children], in: E.M. Sirovatka (Hg.), Königsberg. Die goldene Stadt im Os ten [Königsberg. The Golden Town in the East], and Agnes Miegel, Königsberg). The field of Eastern Prussian literature gathers all the aspects of cultural policy to which Jan-Pieter Barbian refers when describing the institutions of the Third Reich state apparatus and their task of disciplining and controlling the creative process of writers. In the discussed power system, the author could act as a medium of National Socialist ideology. On the discursive level, writers whose work was supported and rewarded by state cultural institutions multi plied figures and symbols constituting important components of the propagan da mechanism of power (for instance Agnes Miegel). The authors who inten tionally opposed the proposed ideological game were subjected to various repressions (see the case of Ernst Wiechert). Analysis of the corpus of historical source materials, which
consist of both documents collected in the Bundesarchiv Berlin Lichterfelde, as well as files kept by NSDAP in cases of individual East Prussian authors, allows to answer the question about the functions of censor ship and self-censorship. At the same time it highlights the problem of support ing or repressing specific writers in the public life of East Prussia in the Third Reich. However, in the literature of East Prussia created in 1933-1945, we find a number of items bearing the signs of a clear fascination with Nazi ideology (including Agnes Miegel, An den Führer, Hymne an Ostpreußen, Viktoria [To the Führer, A Hymn to East Prussia, Viktoria], in: the same, Ostland-Gedichte [Ostland Poems], 1943, Alfred Karrasch, Stein, gib Brot! Eine Chronik aus dem Kampf unserer Tage [Stone, give us Bread! A Chronicle of the Fight of Our Days], 1935; Parteigenosse Schmiedecke: Ein Zeitroman [Party Comrade Schmiedecke. A Period Piece], 1934; Agnes Harder, Neue Kinder alter Erde [New Children of the Old Earth], 1933). Still, there are thematic complexes around which literary works constantly focus; the notions in the center of the hegemony discourses of East Prussia - from Wilhelm s Reich, through the Weimar Republic, to the Third Reich. Shifts within the meanings of these concepts result from the nature of the implemented cultural policy, which gave an appropriate tone to the interpreta tions of the works created at the time and reinterpretations of earlier works. 335
The analysis of literary works published during the Third Reich in East Prussia, in the narrative and receptive context of works of Eastern Prussian liter ature from before 1933, allows us to note the persistent system of norms, values and behavior patterns in specific social situations regarding cardinal matters. These matters included: attitude to the homeland and values determining at tachment to it, attitude towards strangers, sense of duty, and responsibility for the land, family or family property. These reactions resulted from the system of values, which consisted of a whole range of components coming from both the so-called sphere of material existence, as well as language, customs, beliefs, art and morality patterns. The presented components are just basic elements, co-creating the image of the human world, unknowingly or consciously accept ed in the process of primary and secondary socialization at the time. Literature, as a product of the imagination of a writer living in a specific historical time, in a unique way condensed the problems of the era and the cultural environment in which it was created. Thus, the literary text accumulated, reproduced and transmitted the basic cultural symbols of the era, the components of the system of norms and values, and behavioral patterns constituting the core of the culture of a given time. I also perceive the aforementioned system of cultural beliefs as an expres sion of mentality characterizing the human community I am studying. National Socialists accurately recognized the determinants of mentality, its fundamental
elements and rules determining the course of life in the Eastern Prussian province. Through the mythologizing efforts, they consciously subjected to strengthening all elements distinguishing the East Prussians community, and at the same time treated them as a starting point for implementing the central poli cy within the province. In the times of the Weimar Republic - following the find ings of Robert Traba - National Socialists had to tackle both the monolithic and mosaic way of understanding and creating an image of the Eastern Prus sian province. The time of Nazi supremacy was characterized by the desire to fully homogenize the East Prussian province by excluding all forms of culture other than German. In conclusion, it can be said that East Prussia was characterized by a certain degree of binarism. On the one hand, the province can be described by means of cardinal and universal features for all peripheries, namely the maladjustment to its current center - in the case of Eastern Prussia to the German Reich from 19331945 - both materially and mentally. On the other hand, when it comes to the scale of support for the Nazis, the province is seen as equal to the center which undergoes the process of adaptation to the present, and in many respects even ahead of it. 336
In contrast to Berlin, where at the beginning of the 1930s the Social Demo crats and communists rivaled with the National Socialists appropriating the political scene, in East Prussia, apart from Königsberg itself, there were very few representatives of opposition political groups. National Socialism, therefore, could well enter the ruts of Prussian conservatism à la Hindenburg and Eastern Prussian Junkerism. Taking as a starting point the statement that the social, po litical and geographical uniqueness of East Prussia and Eastern Prussian mental ity had a major impact on the events of the eastern periphery of the German Reich in 1933-1945, in the study I have made an attempt to answer the question of the causes and sources of the Eastern Prussian National Socialism, through a nuanced analysis of the cultural phenomena described above. The results of the analysis of processes implemented at the level of deliberately implemented social activities, as well as phenomena being the implementation of processes occurring in the unconscious (mental) sphere shed new light on the problem of the relationship between ideology, authoritarian systems and transformations occurring simultaneously in the sphere of culture. The findings can serve as a useful source of knowledge, concerning both the understanding and shaping the mechanisms of culture and social life in modern times - which can then be appropriate, because it is not bound by the described risks.
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kardach, Magdalena 1971- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13986251X |
| author_facet | Kardach, Magdalena 1971- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kardach, Magdalena 1971- |
| author_variant | m k mk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045390158 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1090108990 (DE-599)BVBBV045390158 |
| edition | Wydanie 1 |
| era | Geschichte 1933-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1933-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ostpreußen (DE-588)4075754-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostpreußen |
| id | DE-604.BV045390158 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:16:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323233367 8323233365 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030776467 |
| oclc_num | 1090108990 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-B1595 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-B1595 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 336, [32] Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20191209 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Seria Filologia Germańska / Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu |
| spelling | Kardach, Magdalena 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)13986251X aut Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Magdalena Kardach Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Wydanie 1 Poznań Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM 2018 336, [32] Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Seria Filologia Germańska / Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu nr 61 Englische Zusammenfassung unter dem Titel: Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 : cultural and symbolic landscape in the center-periphery relations Geschichte 1933-1945 gnd rswk-swf Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd rswk-swf Deutsch (DE-588)4113292-0 gnd rswk-swf Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostpreußen (DE-588)4075754-7 gnd rswk-swf Literatura niemiecka / Prusy Wschodnie (prowincja) / 1900-1945 / historia i krytyka Polityka kulturalna / Prusy Wschodnie (prowincja) / 1900-1945 Prusy Wschodnie (prowincja) / cywilizacja / 1900-1945 Ostpreußen (DE-588)4075754-7 g Deutsch (DE-588)4113292-0 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 s Geschichte 1933-1945 z DE-604 Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza (Poznań) Wydawnictwo Naukowe pbl Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Seria Filologia Germańska nr 61 (DE-604)BV023547115 61 Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030776467&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030776467&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030776467&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030776467&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kardach, Magdalena 1971- Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd Deutsch (DE-588)4113292-0 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033581-1 (DE-588)4113292-0 (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4075754-7 |
| title | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 |
| title_alt | Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 |
| title_auth | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 |
| title_exact_search | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 |
| title_full | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Magdalena Kardach |
| title_fullStr | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Magdalena Kardach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 Magdalena Kardach |
| title_short | Literatura a polityka kulturalna w Prusach Wschodnich w latach 1933-1945 |
| title_sort | literatura a polityka kulturalna w prusach wschodnich w latach 1933 1945 krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum peryferie literature and cultural policy of east prussia between 1933 and 1945 |
| title_sub | krajobraz kulturowy i symboliczny a relacje centrum - peryferie = Literature and cultural policy of East Prussia between 1933 and 1945 |
| topic | Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd Deutsch (DE-588)4113292-0 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kulturpolitik Deutsch Literatur Ostpreußen |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023547115 |
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