War and genocide: organised killing in modern society
This comprehensive introduction to the study of war and genocidepresents a disturbing case that the potential for slaughter isdeeply rooted in the political, economic, social and ideologicalrelations of the modern world. Most accounts of war and genocide treat them as separate phenomena. This book t...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Wiley
2015
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | This comprehensive introduction to the study of war and genocidepresents a disturbing case that the potential for slaughter isdeeply rooted in the political, economic, social and ideologicalrelations of the modern world. Most accounts of war and genocide treat them as separate phenomena. This book thoroughly examines the links between these two mostinhuman of human activities. It shows that the generally legitimatebusiness of war and the monstrous crime of genocide are closelyrelated. This is not just because genocide usually occurs in themidst of war, but because genocide is a form of war directedagainst civilian populations. The book shows how fine the line hasbeen, in modern history, between 'degenerate war' involving themass destruction of civilian populations, and 'genocide', thedeliberate destruction of civilian groups as such. Written by one of the foremost sociological writers on war, War andGenocide has four main features:' an original argument about the meaning and causes of mass killingin the modern world;' a guide to the main intellectual resources - military, politicaland social theories - necessary to understand war andgenocide;' summaries of the main historical episodes of slaughter, from thetrenches of the First World War to the Nazi Holocaust and thekilling fields of Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda;' practical guides to further reading, courses and websites. This book examines war and genocide together with their opposites, peace and justice. It looks at them from the standpoint of victimsas well as perpetrators. It is an important book for anyone wantingto understand - and overcome - the continuing salience ofdestructive forces in modern society |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 257 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780745619071 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a This comprehensive introduction to the study of war and genocidepresents a disturbing case that the potential for slaughter isdeeply rooted in the political, economic, social and ideologicalrelations of the modern world. Most accounts of war and genocide treat them as separate phenomena. This book thoroughly examines the links between these two mostinhuman of human activities. It shows that the generally legitimatebusiness of war and the monstrous crime of genocide are closelyrelated. This is not just because genocide usually occurs in themidst of war, but because genocide is a form of war directedagainst civilian populations. The book shows how fine the line hasbeen, in modern history, between 'degenerate war' involving themass destruction of civilian populations, and 'genocide', thedeliberate destruction of civilian groups as such. Written by one of the foremost sociological writers on war, War andGenocide has four main features:' an original argument about the meaning and causes of mass killingin the modern world;' a guide to the main intellectual resources - military, politicaland social theories - necessary to understand war andgenocide;' summaries of the main historical episodes of slaughter, from thetrenches of the First World War to the Nazi Holocaust and thekilling fields of Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda;' practical guides to further reading, courses and websites. This book examines war and genocide together with their opposites, peace and justice. It looks at them from the standpoint of victimsas well as perpetrators. It is an important book for anyone wantingto understand - and overcome - the continuing salience ofdestructive forces in modern society | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Boxes ix
Tables xi
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction I
The history of mass slaughter and its threat 2
Attitudes to war 3
The argument of this book 4
The organization of this book 7
Sources and resources 8
Episode 0 The trenches 10
I War and Slaughter 14
Mass kilting 16
War 18
Degenerate war 23
Categories of violence 26
Revolution as war 28
vi Contents
Episode I The Armenian genocide 32
2 Genocide as a Form of War 34
Destruction 35
Intention 38
A form of war 41
On slaughter 49
Post-degenerate, anti-genocidal war? 50
Episode II Stalinism’s mass murders 54
3 Organizing Violence 58
State power 58
Systems and politics 63
World war to world order? 66
Future wars 72
Episode III Nazism, war and the Holocaust 78
4 Producing Destruction 82
Industrialism and war 82
New technology, new war economy 91
Economy of slaughter zones 93
Episode IV Japan’s genocidal wars 98
5 Thinking War 100
Ideologies of war and peace 101
Cultures of slaughter 109
Nations and nationalism I 12
Contents vil
Race and gender I * 5
Media of war I 1 ®
Episode V Allied bombing in 1939-45 126
6 Killing Spaces 128
Historical battlefields f 28
Modern killing spaces 131
Global era slaughter spaces 136
Media as battlespace 140
Episode VI Nuclear war preparation 145
7 Combatants and Participants 147
Combatants and non-combatants 147
Armed forces 149
New killing forces 153
Social groups and war participation 155
Episode VII The Cambodian genocide 166
8 Victims 168
Victimhood and its appropriation 169
From battlefield to civilian death 171
Military logic in genocide 175
Ethnic and cosmopolitan victims 176
Gendered violence 178
Irrationality of slaughter 181
Episode VIII Genocidal war in Yugoslavia
190
viii Contents
9 Movements 194
Resistance 195
Movement 197
Change 204
Episode IX War and genocide in Rwanda 211
10 Just Peace 214
Old thinking about war 215
War management 217
Demands for justice 220
From slaughter to safety 228
Peace and cosmopolitan democracy 232
Episode X The new Western way of war 238
Conclusion 241
243
Index
Index
11 September (2001) 1, 142-3,154,
209, 216, 226
1984 (Orwell) 56, 121
absolute war 19
abstract thought (slaughter) 111
Afghanistan 30, 52, 122, 178, 203,
217, 238
aggression
human 15-16, 21
military 23-4
Africa 95, 137, 154, 235
Africa s Great War 95
African National Congress 153,
207-8
age (victims) 116
airpower see bombing
Albanians see Kosovo Albanians
Algerian War of
Independence 201, 202
allies, local (new Western wars)
238-9
Allies, Western
World War I 12, 66
World War II 35-6, 50, 81,187
American Civil War 10, 20, 84, 105,
150, 172
American Revolution 104
Amiriya bombing 173
anarchists 231
anarchy (international relations)
60, 64, 74
Anglo-American military
tradition 238
Angola 30, 95, 213
anti-capitalists 231
anti-Communist regimes 223-4
anti-draft movements 199—200
anti-globalization movement 231
anti-militarism, anti-war
movements 67,156—7,162,
194-203
anti-nuclear weapons
movements 203-4
anti-peasant policies 177-8
anti-Semitism, anti-Semites 47, 78,
80, 111, 137, 223
anti-urbanism 177
anti-war structure of feeling 3-4,
238
apartheid 30, 153
Arab-Israeli War 170
Arabs 170
arbitrariness (victims
experiences) 182-3
Arkan 154, 191
armament culture 106, 162-3
armed forces, armies 149-53
in genocide 150
armed struggle 205—8
244 Index
armed struggle (cont d)
transformation 207—8
Armenians, genocide of 20, 32-3,
55, 172
arms economy 89, 90
arms manufacturers 83
arms markets 92
Arusha Accords 212-13
asymmetry (conflict) 28, 84
atomic bomb(s)
on Japan 25—6
scientists and 112
Auschwitz-Birkenau 36, 80, 108,
134, 178
Australia 91, 151
Austria 79
Austria-Hungary 10
authoritarian and semi-
authoritarian states 70-2,
235
authority, political 62
Axis powers 36
Baghdad 130, 138
Baltic states 93
Balkans 95, 154 see also Yugoslavia
battle
Clausewitz on 19—20
face of (Keegan) 22-3
illegitimate killing in 23
in war, degenerate war and
genocide 45
battlefields 128-9
robotic 141
battlespaces 130, 137, 140
Baudrillard, J. 140
Battle of Britain 126
Beirut 228
Belgium 151
Belgrade 130, 138, 192
beliefs, belief-systems
in genocide 40-1, 175
in war 21, 101
Benelux 218
Berlin 205
Best, G. 223
bin Laden, O. 154
Black Consciousness (South
Africa) 209
Blacks (US military) 161
Blair, T. 233
Blitz (English cities) 126
blocs, international 68—9
Boadicea 158
body (as battlespace) 134—5
Boers 133
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism 41, 54, 67,
78 see also Communism
bombing
Allied (World War II) 25, 49,
126—7 see also strategic
bombing
atomic (on Japan) 25—6
of cities 131-2, 138
in global-era wars 91—2,108,183,
219, 238-40
bordered power containers
(Giddens) 59,60
borders 59
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnian
War 51, 72, 74, 75, 93, 95, 137,
154, 177, 191-3, 218, 225-7
Bosnian Muslims 111, 179, 191—2
Bosnian-Serbian Army 191
Boyne, Battle of 120
Brazil 39
Brighter Than a Thousand Suns
(Jungk) 112
Britain, British 10,11, 39, 68, 91, 92,
105, 126-7, 136, 151, 160, 204,
216, 219, 220, 222
Brodie, B. 145
Browning, C. 79, 156
Bush, G.W. 76,226
Cambodian genocide 51, 115, 132,
166-7, 177, 218
Campaign for Nuclear
Disarmament 204
camps
concentration 133—4, 191
death 133
extermination 80—1, 134
labour 56,133
Index 245
Canada 151,212,216
cannon fodder 150
Canterbury, Archbishop of 110
capitalism (and war) 83, 85—8
Castro, F. 30
casualties
civilian-military ratios 171—3
direct, indirect 173—4, 239
numbers 141
categories (violence, war) 26—8, 63
Caucasus 95, 137
Ceadel, M. 107
Chalk, F. 32
Chambers, J.W. 20
chance (genocide) 181—2
Chang, L 98
Chang, J. 158
Charter-77 205
Chechnya, Chechens 56,75,121,203
Chiang Kai-Shek 29
children (war, genocide) 181
Chile 62,71,224,226
China, Chinese 39, 70, 71, 75, 76, 91,
92, 96,136, 153,154, 166-7, 178,
216, 219, 222, 224, 225, 232, 235
famine in 38
guerrilla war in 29-30, 157—8
Japanese war against 25, 29,
98-9, 132, 180
Chinese Communists 29—30, 68, 98,
132, 161
Chinese Nationalists 29, 68
Christianity 107, 109-10, 195
churches 110
Churchill, W.S. 126
cities (sites of war, genocide)
129-32, 134, 136, 161, 166
cities of death (extermination
camps) 134
Civil Rights Movement 202
civil war(s) 27, 63, 205, 217
civilian death (media) 140, 239
civilian service 151
civilianization (mass death) 173
partially reversed 238
civilians
handed to killers by UN 218
non-combatants 147—8
participants (genocide) 212
targets (terrorism) 142—3
targets (war) 25, 33, 50, 132—3,
238-40
clash (actors)
genocide 183
war 18—19, 22—3
class war 157—8, 204—5
classes, social 65, 136
participants in war,
genocide 155—7
targets of genocide 67, 176
Clausewitz, C. von 19—21, 73, 89,
104, 105-6, 128, 156, 204
Clinton, W. 231
CNN effect 123
coercion (genocide) 46
Cohen, S. 119-20
Cold War 68-9, 74, 89, 106, 136,
146, 215, 218-20, 222, 223, 225,
231, 241
end of 2, 52, 95-6, 236
collateral damage 52
collectivisation (agriculture) 54—5,
178
Colombia 95
colonists see settlers
comfort women Qapan) 179
combatants 23, 147—8, 174
in genocide 175
see also soldiers
command economy 85, 89
commemoration (victims) 169
communications (war) 11, 84
Communism, Communists 29—30,
39, 54-6, 68, 115, 176, 204, 224
and war, militarism,
genocide 67, 166-7, 199, 206-8
community, political 229
Comte, A. 19, 87
concepts 8, 26—8
Congo Civil War 95, 213, 217
Congo-Kinshasa (Democratic
Republic of Congo) 95,
212-13
Congo-Zaire 154, 212
246 Index
conflict
genocide as 45, 46, 49
war as 18—19, 45
conquest (context of
slaughter) 132—3
conscientious objection 200
conscription, conscripts 11, 87, 91,
149-53, 199-201
constraints (war) 102
contact groups 218
cosmopolitan democracy 234
cosmopolitan victims 176—7
cosmopolitanism 104, 161—2, 208,
230-1, 234
counter-culture 202
counter-insurgency 175, 176—7
counter-revolutions 28—30, 205—6
Crimean Tartars 56
Crimean War 105
crimes against humanity 221
Croatia, Croatians 51—2, 74, 95,110,
161, 177, 190-3, 203
Croatian War 190—1
Croats 111
cruelty 171
cruise missiles 91—2, 204
Cuba 30
Cultural Revolution 158, 166, 177,
206
culture, cultures 109—12, 120
cultures of slaughter 117
cyberwar 140—1
Czechoslovakia 30, 79, 204, 208
Davis, M. 39
Dayton settlement 192
death (sanitization) 140
death penalty 18
degenerate war 23-6, 132
compared to war and
genocide 45, 49-50, 98-9
defined 5
legacy in new Western wars 51,
239
democracy 1, 69
and armies 150
and peace, justice 73-4, 229-31
cosmopolitan 234
linked to genocide 224
national and global 73—5, 234
democratic deficit 235
democratic movements 224
democratization 73, 115, 137, 208
denial 119-20, 168, 184-5
and Yugoslav Wars 185
deportations 48, 56
Depression (1930s) 90
devastation 130
destruction
in genocide (social groups) 36, 46
in war (enemy power) 18—19
deterrence 91, 105, 145—6
dictatorship 56
difference (and slaughter) 110—11
discrimination
in genocide 40-1, 175
in war 6, 25—6
disintegration (armies, in battle) 23
Dresden 127, 130
Dryden, J. 21
Dubrovnik 130
Duffield, M. 95
East Timor 72, 75, 218
Eastern Europe 71, 206
economic factors (war) 83—4
economies
of violence, slaughter 82, 90
targets of war 131
see also arms economy, command
economy, war economy
education, educated 162, 176—7
elections, electorates
(genocide) 137
elites 235
emotion (war, genocide) 16
empires, imperial rivalries 10—11,
64-5, 66, 68, 87, 116, 160-1,
178
quasi-imperial states 71—2, 153
enemy, enemies
changing concepts 136—7
civilians as 114, 134
destruction of (war) 19
Index 247
extended definition (total
war) 24-5
in genocide 37, 175—6
multiplication of 40—1
Nazism and 78, 134
social groups as 56
Stalinism and 67
Engels, F. 20, 64, 67, 105, 199
Enlightenment 103, 229
Enloe, C. 159
episodes (war, genocide) 7
Eritrea 39
escalation
in genocide 183
in war 19, 24
ethics (battle) 23 see also morality
ethnic cleansing 94, 153, 191—3
ethnic nationalism 115, 224
Ethiopia 39, 71, 224
Europe 10, 65, 69-70, 91, 121, 149,
151, 161, 204
European Nuclear
Disarmament 204
European peace movements 203—4
European Union 216, 225, 235
Exocet missiles 91
experience
meaning (victims) 183—4
of killing 17
of war 22
extermination
and genocide 35, 99, 222—3
of Jews 80—1
exterminism 107
face of battle (Keegan) 22—3
factories (targets) 131
Falklands-Malvinas War 91, 123,
163
famine
relationship to genocide 38—9
state-made (Communist
regimes) 39, 55—6
fascism 13, 66, 206
feminism, feminists 15—16, 107
and genocide 179—80
and militarism 158—60
feminization (armies) 160
feudalism 85
fighting (hand-to-hand) 24
Finkelstein, N. 170
fog of genocide 182—3
France 10, 11, 68, 91, 92, 151, 199,
202, 216
and Rwanda 211—13
Franco-Prussian War 199
French Revolution 61, 73, 104
French Revolutionary Wars 10, 19
friction 19, 22, 24, 128
Gandhi, M. 107, 197
Gandhian pacifism 107
gays see homosexuals
gender, gender cultures 116—17
gendercide 178
gendered victimhood 178—80
generalization (war, genocide) 7
Geneva Convention 221
génocidaires 41, 155, 212
genocidal massacres 48, 151, 192,
211
genocidal practices 47
genocidal wars 190, 224
genocide
aftermath of 213
category of violence 26—8
conflict 45, 46, 49
in context of war 41—4
dark side of democracy 224
definitions 5, 34—5
economic logic in 93
euphemism and subterfuge in 38
famine and 38—9
halted by war 6, 49
internally linked to war 44—9
localization of 137
meaning of destruction in 36—7,
46
military logic in 175—6
nuclear war as 146
organized killing 16
origins of term 35
outcomes of 45
preparation of 47
248 Index
genocide (cont d)
process 38
real or imputed power of groups
in 37
resistance to 49
robbery and 93
role of intentions in 38—41
state and 38
totalitarianism and 66—7
war and 4—6, 26—8, 41—50
Genocide Convention 34—8, 220
cases not covered 41—2
destruction of groups in whole
or in part 36
specification of groups 36
specification of means 36—7
Germany, Germans 10, 12, 35, 37,
56, 66, 68, 78-81, 83, 84, 90, 91,
121, 136, 150, 151, 156, 199, 200,
221-2
Allied bombing of cities 25, 50,
126-7
army and Holocaust 20
military doctrines 32
recognition of Holocaust 33
ghettoes (Jewish) 79, 81, 93
genocidal 133
Ghurkas 160
Giddens, A. 59, 60, 231
Gilbert, M. 80
Glasgow University Media
Group 163
global crises 6
global era slaughter spaces 136—40
global governance 234
global institutions 75, 233
global justice 215, 225—6
global media war 141-2
global norms 61
global order 229, 232-3
global reformists 231
global society 230—1
globalization 231
Goma 212
Gorbachev, M. 203—4
Graber, G. 32
Gray, C. 20, 145-6
Great Britain see Britain
Great Leap Forward 39, 158, 166,
178
Great Patriotic War 222
Greek city-states 64
green pacifism 107
Gross, J. 94
Grozny 130, 138
Guernica (Picasso) 126
guerrilla war, guerrillas 29—30,
135-6, 153, 161, 162, 166-7,
177-8, 207-8
Gulag 206, 223
Gulf War 52, 87, 110, 122, 123, 141,
151, 163, 173, 218
Habyarimana, J. 211—12
Hague Conventions 221
Hamburg 127
Harris, Sir A. 126
Hegel, G.W.R 19
Held, D. 231
Hiroshima 25, 108, 114, 127, 130,
134, 145
Hirst, P. 231, 234
historical pacifism 6, 107
history, historical uniqueness 7
Hitler, A. 12, 37, 56, 66, 78-81, 90,
174
Ho Chi Minh 30
Hobsbawm, E. 10, 90
Holocaust, Jewish 2, 3, 20, 33, 37,
40-1, 49, 55, 78-81, 111, 161,
184, 187, 222-3
appropriation 169—70
deniers 185, 223
paradigm of genocide 222—3
Holocaust industry 170
home front(s) 94, 131
homosexuals
in military 152
victims of Nazism 48, 78, 178
Howard, M. 20
Hull 126
human rights 74, 221-2, 224—6
basis for critique of war 239
humanitarian war 117
Index 249
humanitarianism, humanitarian
intervention 52, 94, 96, 122,
218—20
Hun Sen 167
Hungary 199
Hutus 41, 211—13
identity(ies) 111
ideology (war, genocide) 39—41,
176-77, 195
Ignatieff, M. 51
imperialism 219
India 39, 75, 178, 216-18
indiscriminate killing
in war 6, 25—6
Indonesia 39, 71, 152, 208, 223, 224
industrialism, industrialization
(and war) 82—8, 131
industrialized killing 134, 172
instincts (war) 15—16, 21
insurgents 58
insurrection 47, 205
intellectuals 176—7
intentions
in collective violence 26—7
in strategic bombing 127
Interahamwe 209—10
Internet 225
interests (role in war,
intervention) 83, 219
International Criminal Court 225,
228, 231
International Criminal Tribunal for
former Yugoslavia 180, 185,
192, 193, 226-7
International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda 226
international law 61, 108, 221—2,
225-6
International Military Tribunals 98,
221
international relations 60—1, 74
international politics 60
international society 61
international system 60
international, interstate wars 63,
74-6
internationalism 113, 114
internationalization
arms production 92
state 69, 215—17
Iran 92, 203
Iran-Iraq War 173
Iraq 39, 75, 76, 83, 92, 123, 138,
139-40, 142, 152, 154, 173-4,
184, 187, 203, 216, 217, 218, 238
Irish Republican Army 208
irrationality (genocide) 181—2
Islamists 162
Israel 92, 170, 216, 218, 226
Italy 10, 12, 121,151,156, 199, 235
Japan, Japanese 68, 69—70, 83, 84,
90, 91, 116, 135, 136, 150, 151,
179, 216, 221-2
Allied bombing of cities 25—6,
50, 127
genocidal war against China 25,
29-30, 35, 98-9, 132, 180
Jesus Christ 109
Jews (genocide and extermination)
see Holocaust; see also National
Socialism
jihad 32
Joan of Arc 158
Jonassohn, K. 32
Judaeo-Christian tradition 102
Jungk, R. 112
just war 23, 102-3, 219
Just and Unjust Wars(Walzer) 102—3
justice
formal systems 17
relationship to peace 214, 227
response to war 6
salience in world politics 225
truth and reconciliation as
alternative to 227—9
for victims 185
see also law
Kabila, L. 214
Kaldor, M. 21, 68, 91, 95
Kampuchea see Cambodia
Kant, I. 19, 73, 103-4, 230
250 Index
Karadzic, R. 177
Keegan, J. 22
Kent State University killings 202
Keynes, J.M. 89
Keynesianism 89
Khmer Rouge 36, 157, 161, 166—7,
206, 222
Kigali 211-12
kill (uses of word) 118—19
killing
arising from social relations,
relationships 14—15
in battle 23
casual, opportunist 14—15
culture and 117—18
dynamics of 183
extent (war) 22
in genocide 5—6, 36—7, 46, 48-9
in Holocaust 78—81
human (general) 14—18
individual 14—18
intensive 137
legal prohibitions on 17—18
mass 16—18, 24
organized 6, 214
problem for society 214—15
serial 16—17
state power and 58—63
taboo on 17
violence and 168
in war 5—6, 19, 135
in World War I 11—12
see also death penalty, legitimacy,
morality
killing fields (Cambodia) 132
Kissinger, H. 166
Korea see North Korea, South Korea
Korean War 90, 108
Kosovo 48-9, 51, 72, 74, 94, 95, 114,
190-3, 208, 218
Kosovo Albanians 48—9, 94, 108,
179, 186, 187, 190, 192-3, 208,
219
Kosovo Field, Battle of 120
Kosovo Liberation Army 51,192-3,
208, 209
Kosovo Serbs 137
Kosovo War 52, 87, 108, 141, 151,
163, 192-3, 218-19, 232
Krajina 192
Kristallnacht 48, 78
Kulaks (liquidation of) 36, 41, 54—6,
93
Kuomintang 132
Kuper, L. 35
Kurdistan, Kurds 187, 218
Kuwait 83, 138
Lacqueur, W. 29—30
language (war, military) 118, 119
Latin America 110
Latvia, Latvians 137
law (killing, war) 17-18, 108, 220-2
lawlessness (genocide,
totalitarianism) 67, 78
League of Nations 12
legitimacy, illegitimacy
of killing 6-7, 17-18, 23
and states 62
of war, degenerate war and
genocide, compared 45
legitimate war (answer to
genocide) 51
legitimation (war) 21
re-legitimation 3, 53, 238—40
Leipzig 204
Lemkin, R. 35
Lenin, V.L 54, 87, 113-14, 204
Leningrad 130
Lennon, J. 52
levée en masse 149
Lewin, M. 55
liberal militarism 105
liberal pacifism 105, 107
limited nuclear war 146
limits (war) 22
Lindemann, F. 126
live and let live system 12, 198
Luckham, R. 106
Luxemburg, R. 87, 88
Lysenko, A. 39
Macedonia 95, 209
machine guns 84
Index 251
Madagascar 79
Mandela, N. 207-8
Manhattan Project 112
Manila 98
Mann, M. 35, 59, 87, 93, 106, 163,
224
manpower (war) 11
Mao Zedong 29, 39, 74, 98, 157-8,
166, 178, 199, 206
Maoism 176
Marsh Arabs 39
Marx, K. 19, 20, 62, 67, 88, 105, 156
Marxism, Marxists 67, 199, 204
masculinity 160, 179
mass armies 85, 149—50
decline of 151, 201
mass media 3, 101, 118-23, 137,
162-3, 224-5
as battlespace 140—3
creating opposition to war 202
globalized Western 140
representation of victims
in 186-7
massacre(s) see also slaughter
accidental (new Western
wars) 52, 239
and war 21
genocidal 48, 132
May Events (1968) 202
media management 122—3
medicine (and slaughter) 111—12,
135
Mein Kampf (Hitler) 66
memory (collective and
individual) 120, 169—70
men (victims) 179—80
mentally handicapped (victims of
Nazism) 48, 78—9
method (book) 7—8
Middle East 75-6, 92, 95, 216
Mikaya, K. 171
militarism, militarization 66—7, 78,
98, 105, 156, 163, 199, 206
defined 106
new Western 238—40
military doctrines 21
military ethics 33
military expenditure 89
military institutions 21
military-industrial complexes 85,
87, 88
military logic (genocide) 175—6
military participation 106, 148, 162
military traditions 101, 108
militia 154, 212
Milosevic, S. 48-9, 67, 74, 121, 140,
141, 154, 185, 190-3, 225, 231
mind (battlespace) 134—5
missiles 24
Mladic, R. 192
mobilization (radicalizing
effects) 197-8
Mobutu, J. 154,212-13
morale (target of bombing) 131,138
morality
in battle 23
of killing 3, 17
and war 102—3, 240
see also ethics
Morgenthau, H. 60
Moseveni, Y. 211
Moskos, C. 152, 200
Moscow 172
Mostar 130, 177, 190
mothering (pacifism) 117, 158
Muhajeddin 30
multiculturalism 114
multiple targeting (genocide) 167,
175-6
Muslims 176, 177
Mussolini, B. 66
mutilation 138
mutinies 198—9
Nagasaki 127, 145
Nanking, Rape of 98, 180
Napoleon 172
Napoleonic Wars 10, 19, 172
narratives 8, 120—1
nation-state(s) 59, 60—1, 69
national identity(ies) 113—14,
160-1
national myths (war) 222
National Party (South Africa) 208
252 Index
national self-determination 114
National Socialism, Nazis,
Nazism 2, 3, 13, 20, 25, 35—6,
37, 40-1, 47, 50, 54, 56, 66,
78-81, 99, 110, 111, 112, 116,
120, 130, 132, 133, 137, 169-70,
175, 176, 180, 181,184, 187, 220,
222-3
national suicide 146
nationalism, nationalists 13, 32-3,
111, 112-15, 156, 177, 224
ethnic 137, 177
democratization and 224
Neighbors (Gross) 94
neighbour killing 137
Nepal 160
Netherlands 151, 192
New Deal 90
new imperialism 219
new wars (global era) 50, 71, 73,
136
nineteenth century 10
Nixon, R. 166, 202
non-combatants 116, 147—8
non-governmental organization
(NGOs) 162, 163
non-lethal weapons 141
Non-Proliferation Treaty 219
non-violence 197—8
North America 69—70, 121
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization 52, 70, 108, 186,
192-3, 208, 218, 225, 226, 232
North Korea 76, 135, 166
Northern Ireland 208
nuclear disarmament 219
nuclear pacifism 107
nuclear war 2, 20, 24
nuclear war preparation 134,145—6
nuclear weapons 112, 145—6,
203-4, 241
Nuremberg laws 78
Nuremberg trials, tribunal 48, 129,
221-2
Obote, M. 213
Oppenheimer, R. 112
Opération Turquoise 212
opinion polls 163
opposition to war 156
organized violence (war, genocide
as) 58
Orwell, G. 56
Osijek 191
Ottoman Empire 10, 20, 32—3, 104,
172
pacification 59, 64—5, 69—70, 73, 87
pacific industrialism 87
pacificism 105, 107, 195
pacifism 6, 107, 109-10, 194, 208
Paine, T. 104, 230
Pakistan 75, 202, 216, 218
Palestine, Palestinians 170, 218
Palestinian Liberation
Organization 208
paramilitaries, paramilitarism 58,
80, 154, 191
Paris Commune 199
participation (war,
genocide) 148-9, 155-7
radicalizing effects 197—8
peace 214-15, 232-4
perpetual 103—4, 236
relationship to democracy,
cosmopolitanism 73—4
peace cultures, national 113
peace faiths 200
peace movements 16, 107, 203—4
peaceful West 4
peacekeeping, peace
enforcement 52, 108, 141
peasants, peasantry 39, 41, 54—6,
136, 149, 157-8, 166, 177
rich see kulaks
Pentagon 142
people (destructive role) 156
People s Liberation Army 206
perpetrator mentality, definitions of
target groups 40, 41
Perpetual Peace (Kant) 104
Philippines 98, 224
Picasso, P. 126
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 62, 226
Index 253
Pol Pot 157, 166-67
Poland, Poles, Polish Jews 48,
78-80, 93, 94,133,137,184,195,
204
policing 59, 64, 152
political economy (war) see war
economy
Portuguese Revolution 154
post-military society, culture 52,
75, 106, 162
post-modem military 152
post-modernism 8
Prague 202, 204
Prague Spring 202
prisoners of war 220
professional armies 152—3
professions, liberal (war) 162
progressive politics (peace) 214
propaganda 120—2, 143
protest, peaceful 196—7
Prussia, Prussians 104, 149
pseudo-rationality, -science 40—1,
175, 182
psychology 119
psychological warfare 135
public opinion 141
Quakerism 200
Quinlan, M. 145
racism 41, 115—16, 161
Radio-Télévision des Milles
Collines 212
rape 138, 180-1, 191
rationality
in genocide see pseudo-
rationality
of war 171
rationalization (war) 194, 220
realism (international
relations) 60—1
realpolitik 227
Reagan, R. 76, 92, 167
rebellions (in war) 12, 198
refugees 95, 192—3
regions (of war) 95
religion 109, 112—13, 200
Reid, J. 33
Republika Srpska (Bosnia) 226
resistance (to war, genocide) 81,
187, 195-200
revolution
category of violence 26—8, 49
global-democratic 71—2
international relations and 61
militarized 153, 157, 205—8
peaceful, velvet 30
war and, as war 28—31, 47, 157,
205-8
in World War I 12
Revolutionary United Front (Sierra
Leone) 95
Rights of Man (Paine) 104
risk, risks (war) 238—40
risk-transfer war, militarism 52,
108, 140, 238-40
robbery (genocide) 93, 137-8
rogue states 217
Roma (victims of Nazism) 78
Rotterdam 126
Rousseau, J.-J. 103
Rugova, I. 208
Russia, Russians 10, 20, 32, 54—6,
70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 96, 121, 136,
138,150, 152,156,179, 215, 219,
232
Russian Civil War 54—5
Russian Revolution (1905) 199
(1917) 54, 115, 157, 199
Rwandan genocide 41, 50, 72, 75,
95, 110, 154, 180, 211-13, 218,
225
Rwandan Patriotic Front 51,
211-13, 218
Rwandese Armed Forces 211
Sabra and Chatila 226
Saddam Hussein 141, 184
Saint-Pierre, Abbe de 104
Saint-Simon, H. de 87
safe areas (Bosnia-Herzegovina)
93
sanctions 39, 138-40
Sarajevo 130, 177, 195
254 Index
Saudi Arabia 83, 152, 216
Savimbi, JL 95
Scandinavia 216
Schindler s List (Spielberg) 120
school textbooks 120
science
pseudo- (genocide, racism) 39,
116
role in slaughter 111—12
secularism 200
Security Council 233, 234
senselessness (killing,
genocide) 13, 40, 172
Serbia, Serbians 51, 67, 72, 74, 75,
83, 92, 94, 110, 121, 142, 150,
151, 152, 154, 161, 176, 177,
190-3, 203, 208, 216, 217, 219,
226, 238
Serbs 108, 111, 120, 190-3
serial killers, killing 16—17
Seselj, V. 191
settlers (colonial) 58, 93, 160-1
sexual slavery (genocide) 138,
179-80
sexual violence 179
Sharon, A. 226
Shi ites 184
Shipman, H. 16
Siberia 55
sieges 129—30, 139
Sierra Leone 95
slaughter 6—7, 19
as moral conflict 188
distinguished from war 21
dynamics of 183
see also massacre
Slavs (victims of Nazism) 78
Slovenia 190
smart bombs 138
smart sanctions 140
social action, types of 27
social classes (targets of
genocide) 40—1
Social Democrats 67
social groups (targets of
genocide) 36
social movements (war) 194—209
social organization (war) 21
social relations, relationships
(killing) 14, 22
socialism, socialists 105, 157, 229
socialist pacifism 107
societies
participants in war 149
targets of war (battlespaces) 131
135-6
Solidarity 204
soldiers
agents 197—8
cannon fodder 150
revolutionary force 157, 198
technicians 85
victims (war) 171—4
war-avoidance 198
see also combatants
Somalia 142, 213
Somme, Battle of 10, 11, 172
Sophie s Choice (Styron) 178
South Africa 30, 71-2, 92, 133, 153
202, 208, 224, 227-9
South Korea 71-2, 92, 216, 224
South-West Africa 20
sovereignty 60, 61, 219, 221
Soviet bloc 68-9, 71, 73, 224, 235
Soviet Union 54—6, 67, 71, 88, 145,
153, 203-4
Nazi invasion of 79—81, 132
spaces (battle, violence,
slaughter) 128—43
Spain 151
Spanish Civil War 126
Spanish Inquisition 134
spectator-sport militarism 106,
163
Spielberg, S. 120
Srebrenica 130
Stalin, J.V. 12, 41, 54-6, 67, 74, 81,
90, 93, 115, 133, 157, 222
Stalinism 54—6, 67, 177
standing armies 149
state(s)
constituted through violence
62-3
defined 58—9
Index 255
expenditures 64
inside/outside distinction
and 27
legal control of violence, killing
and 17-18
perpetrators of genocide 44,
46—7
unitary, power-maximizing
actors (realism) 60
militarised, totalitarian
(organizers of genocide) 44
permanent war 56
recognition of 62
society and 27
war in development of 64—5
see also nation-state
state power
context of organized
killing 58—76
non-Western (general crisis
of) 71
States of Denial (Cohen) 119—20
strategic bombing 49
Strategic Bombing Survey
(USA) 127
strategic hamlets 136
strategy, strategists 25, 145—6,
168
Styron, W. 178
Suharto, G. 154
surveillance 59, 186
survivors 12, 186
Sweden 113
symmetry (types of conflict) 28
Syria 218
Taiwan 216, 218
Taliban 217, 238
Tanzania 51, 211, 213
targeting (violence) 25—6; see also
discrimination, indiscriminate
killing
Taylor, C. 154
technologies (war) 11, 24, 73, 82—5,
135
television, television wars 122—3,
156, 162-3, 201-2, 239
territory (state) 59—60, 62
terror
totalitarianism and 67, 133
in war and genocide 182
terror-famines 39, 55—6
terrorism, terrorists 1, 142—3, 154,
162, 208, 209
Thatcher, M. 92, 167
theatre nuclear war 146
theft see robbery
Third Way 231
Third World 71, 115
Thompson, E.P. 107, 146
Thompson, G. 231
Tiananmen Square massacre 206
Tito, J.B. 29, 199
Tokyo 127,221-2
torture 134
total war 20, 23—6, 28, 32, 66—7,104,
127, 150
totalitarianism, totalitarian
states 56, 66-7, 74, 90, 121, 150
totalization of killing and 175—6
traditions (thinking about
war) 101—2
transport (war) 11, 84
trenches (World War I) 3, 10—13,
198
Trotsky, UD. 28, 67, 105, 197
truth and reconciliation 227—9
Truth and Reconciliation
Commission 228
Tudjman, F. 190—2
Turkey, Turks 10, 32-3, 39, 71, 152,
178; see also Ottoman Empire,
Young Turks
Tutsis 41, 211—13
twentieth century 10
twenty-first century 230
Uganda 51, 95, 211, 213, 218
Ukraine, Ukrainians 39, 55, 78,
137
Ulster Protestants 120
Umkonto We Sizwe 208
uniqueness (historical events) 7
UNIT A (Angola) 30, 95
256 Index
United Kingdom see Britain
United Nations 38-50, 69, 81, 83,
136, 139-40, 167, 212, 215,
217-20, 225-6
reform of 232—4
United States of America 10, 39, 52,
68, 69-70, 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 96,
105, 112, 127, 136, 138, 140,
141-2, 151, 156, 161, 166-7,
170, 192-3, 201-2, 209, 215-16,
217-20
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 36, 220-1
urban spaces (war) 131—2, 134, 138,
161-2
Van Doom, J. 151
values, value systems 109
Versailles, Treaty of 12, 78
victims 168—88
as agents, resisters 187, 195—6
appropriation 169—70
justice, reconciliation and 227—9
meaning of experiences 183—4
of bombing (new Western
wars) 240
pure 186—7
responses 183
silencing 186
voices 186
Vietnam, Vietnamese 51, 136,
166-7, 218
Vietnam Syndrome 52, 141, 202
Vietnam War 90, 108, 123, 151,
156-7, 159, 173, 178, 201-2,
238
violence
categories of 26—8
constitution of states and 62—3
control of (states) 59
core meaning 168
cruelty and 171
improper (battle) 23
in revolution 28—9
intensive (mind, body) 134—5
spaces of 130
structural 168
Volga Germans 56
Vukovar 130, 191
Waltz, K. 60
Walzer, M. 21, 102-3, 129, 139
war(s)
Clausewitzian 20
definitions 5, 18
exception (prohibitions on
killing) 18
explanations (natural vs,
social) 15-16
extension of economics
(Marx) 20
extension of politics
(Clausewitz) 19, 20, 73
extensive, intensive 135
future 72—6
genocide and 4—6, 41—50
genocidal 190, 224
good 3, 51
industrialized 87
intellectual preparation of 100
interstate 216—17
as invention 241
limited 26
literatures of 3
locomotive of history 197
means of halting genocide 6, 51
model of power
(totalitarianism) 66—7
organized killing and 16
origins of 64
politics and 19, 24—5
redundancy of 52—3
slaughter and 21, 24—5
social change and 197—8
social disaster, problem 12, 52—3
social institution 21
state and 64
trinity of (Clausewitz) 20
virtual 140
see also absolute war, civil war,
degenerate war, guerrilla war,
media war, new wars, nuclear
war, total war
war avoidance (soldiers) 198
Index 257
war communism 67, 85
war crimes 221—2
war economy
classical modem 88—9
parasitic new 89, 94, 95
war management 217—20
war on terrorism 52
war participation 148—9
war preparation 21-2, 47, 73
war zones 93—5
warlords 154
Warsaw 126
weaponry (technological
change) 11, 82—5
weapons-systems 84—5
Weber, M. 58-9
welfare state 64
West African wars 154, 213
Western bloc (state
conglomerate) 68—9, 83, 90,
136, 138, 162, 215-20, 232-3
Western Front 11, 172
Western-global power 217
Western way of war 4, 74—6, 108,
138, 140, 172-3
Westphalia, Treaty of 61
Wild Swans (Chang) 158
Wilson, W. 113
women
and war, military 11, 158—9
victimization of 180—1
working class (war) 149—50, 156
world order 12; see also global
order
World Trade Centre 142, 226
World Trade Organization 216
World War I 10-13, 25, 54, 66-7,
84, 88, 114, 150, 156, 159, 171,
172, 179, 184, 199, 201
World War II 3, 12, 13, 24, 29, 54,
56, 68, 89, 90, 111, 126-7,132-3,
135, 145, 159, 172, 179, 201,
221-2, 231, 238
Young Turks 32-3, 104
Yugoslav National Army 154,
190-1
Yugoslav Wars 29, 50, 115, 130,
137, 150, 153, 161, 180, 190-3,
199, 217
denial and 185
Yugoslavia 224
Zaire see Congo-Zaire
Zimbabwe 72, 153, 213
Zivildienst 151, 200
( Bayerische
{ Staatsbibliothek
München
v
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Shaw, Martin 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)129422681 |
| author_facet | Shaw, Martin 1947- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Shaw, Martin 1947- |
| author_variant | m s ms |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045351836 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1081357881 (DE-599)BVBBV045351836 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03775nam a2200505 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV045351836</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20190118 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">181210s2015 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780745619071</subfield><subfield code="c">paperback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-7456-1907-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1081357881</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV045351836</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Shaw, Martin</subfield><subfield code="d">1947-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)129422681</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">War and genocide</subfield><subfield code="b">organised killing in modern society</subfield><subfield code="c">Martin Shaw</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">War & genocide</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Wiley</subfield><subfield code="c">2015</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xi, 257 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This comprehensive introduction to the study of war and genocidepresents a disturbing case that the potential for slaughter isdeeply rooted in the political, economic, social and ideologicalrelations of the modern world. Most accounts of war and genocide treat them as separate phenomena. This book thoroughly examines the links between these two mostinhuman of human activities. It shows that the generally legitimatebusiness of war and the monstrous crime of genocide are closelyrelated. This is not just because genocide usually occurs in themidst of war, but because genocide is a form of war directedagainst civilian populations. The book shows how fine the line hasbeen, in modern history, between 'degenerate war' involving themass destruction of civilian populations, and 'genocide', thedeliberate destruction of civilian groups as such. Written by one of the foremost sociological writers on war, War andGenocide has four main features:' an original argument about the meaning and causes of mass killingin the modern world;' a guide to the main intellectual resources - military, politicaland social theories - necessary to understand war andgenocide;' summaries of the main historical episodes of slaughter, from thetrenches of the First World War to the Nazi Holocaust and thekilling fields of Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda;' practical guides to further reading, courses and websites. This book examines war and genocide together with their opposites, peace and justice. It looks at them from the standpoint of victimsas well as perpetrators. 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| id | DE-604.BV045351836 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:15:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780745619071 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030738491 |
| oclc_num | 1081357881 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xi, 257 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Shaw, Martin 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)129422681 aut War and genocide organised killing in modern society Martin Shaw War & genocide Oxford Wiley 2015 xi, 257 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This comprehensive introduction to the study of war and genocidepresents a disturbing case that the potential for slaughter isdeeply rooted in the political, economic, social and ideologicalrelations of the modern world. Most accounts of war and genocide treat them as separate phenomena. This book thoroughly examines the links between these two mostinhuman of human activities. It shows that the generally legitimatebusiness of war and the monstrous crime of genocide are closelyrelated. This is not just because genocide usually occurs in themidst of war, but because genocide is a form of war directedagainst civilian populations. The book shows how fine the line hasbeen, in modern history, between 'degenerate war' involving themass destruction of civilian populations, and 'genocide', thedeliberate destruction of civilian groups as such. Written by one of the foremost sociological writers on war, War andGenocide has four main features:' an original argument about the meaning and causes of mass killingin the modern world;' a guide to the main intellectual resources - military, politicaland social theories - necessary to understand war andgenocide;' summaries of the main historical episodes of slaughter, from thetrenches of the First World War to the Nazi Holocaust and thekilling fields of Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda;' practical guides to further reading, courses and websites. This book examines war and genocide together with their opposites, peace and justice. It looks at them from the standpoint of victimsas well as perpetrators. It is an important book for anyone wantingto understand - and overcome - the continuing salience ofdestructive forces in modern society Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Political science POLITICAL SCIENCE / Genocide & War Crimes Electronic books Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 9780745697543 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030738491&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030738491&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Shaw, Martin 1947- War and genocide organised killing in modern society Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063690-2 (DE-588)4033114-3 |
| title | War and genocide organised killing in modern society |
| title_alt | War & genocide |
| title_auth | War and genocide organised killing in modern society |
| title_exact_search | War and genocide organised killing in modern society |
| title_full | War and genocide organised killing in modern society Martin Shaw |
| title_fullStr | War and genocide organised killing in modern society Martin Shaw |
| title_full_unstemmed | War and genocide organised killing in modern society Martin Shaw |
| title_short | War and genocide |
| title_sort | war and genocide organised killing in modern society |
| title_sub | organised killing in modern society |
| topic | Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Völkermord Krieg |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030738491&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030738491&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shawmartin warandgenocideorganisedkillinginmodernsociety AT shawmartin wargenocide |