The hungry steppe: famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan
"The book brings the largely unknown story of the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 to light, using this case study to overturn several assumptions about violence, modernization, and nation-making under Stalin"...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
2018
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The book brings the largely unknown story of the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 to light, using this case study to overturn several assumptions about violence, modernization, and nation-making under Stalin"... |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 277 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781501730436 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The hungry steppe |b famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan |c Sarah Cameron |
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1921-1933 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Famines |z Kazakhstan |x History |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Famines |z Soviet Union |x History |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nomads |x Sedentarization |z Kazakhstan |x History |y 20th century | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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THE HUNGRY STEPPE
/ CAMERON, SARAH I.YYD1977-YYEAUTHOR
: 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
THE STEPPE AND THE SOWN : PEASANTS, NOMADS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE
KAZAKH STEPPE, 1896-1921
CAN YOU GET TO SOCIALISM BY CAMEL? : THE FATE OF PASTORAL NOMADISM IN
SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN, 1921-1928
KAZAKHSTAN'S "LITTLE OCTOBER" : THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST KAZAKH ELITES, 1928
NOMADS UNDER SIEGE : KAZAKHSTAN AND THE LAUNCH OF FORCED
COLLECTIVIZATION
VIOLENCE, FLIGHT AND HUNGER : THE SINO-KAZAKH BORDER AND THE KAZAKH
FAMINE
KAZAKHSTAN AND THE POLITICS OF HUNGER, 1931-1934
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
Index
Page numbers followed by letters/, m, and t refer to figures, maps, and tables, respectively.
Abdlghanuli, Nursultan, 1
Abdrakhmanov, Iusup, 174
Abishuli, Zh„ 1
Abu'l-Khayr (khan of the Uzbeks), 24, 32
Adai clan, 112-16, 125,126,230n77
agriculture, in Kazakh steppe: efforts to
establish, 9,10, 19, 20; livestock losses and,
162; vs. pastoral nomadism, Soviet officials
on, 63-64; in present-day Kazakhstan, 9,
203n62; as supplementary activity among
nomads, 17,22, 24, 34; warnings regarding
risks of, 14, 69,101
Aitmatov, Chingiz, 181
Akaev clan, 86-87
Akhmedov, Ghalym, 105, 156
Alash, 32
Alash Orda, 10-11,77; and Bolsheviks, 11,
77; during Civil War, 77,85; confiscation
campaign targeting, 94; and revolt, 137;
Soviet cadres from, 47
Alekseeva, Zoia, 119
Allworth, Edward, xi
Alma-Ata (Almaty): famine memorial in,
182, 183/ 186-87; underdevelopment of,
161-62,170
Alniyazuli, Tobaniyaz, 114-15,116
Altai Mountains, 28, 35
animal husbandry, Soviet efforts to develop,
98, 99,108,205n76; New Economic Policy
(NEP) and, 63; US ranches proposed as
model for, 61-62. See also livestock
anti-Semitism, 6, 202n41
Aqishev, Zeitin, 108, 143,155,158
aqsaqal, 74,171
Aralbaev, Bekaydar, 91
Aral Sea, 29; resettlement along, 116,119
arba, 1, 158,242n97
Arghin tribe, 94
artel, 102,117
Asanbaev, Duysen, 143, 146
Asfendiarov, Sanzhar, 95
Asilbekov, Abdolla, 104
Astana, famine memorial in, 183,184/
Äuelbekov, D., 2
Äuezov, Mükhtar, 78/ 85,95, 225nl47,
225nl49
aul, Kazakh, 30,113/ 114/; collective farm
compared to, 173; communism in, claim
of, 47, 62, 68, 82; kinship in, 32; in Soviet
system, 58,171
aul soviets: efforts to create, 58-59; in
Semipalatinsk affair, 86
bai($), 73; deportation of, 133, 134;
exploitative practices of, Soviet scholars
on, 73-74; kulak compared to, 73-74;
Marxist-Leninist theory applied to,
67, 68; power of, Goloshchekin on,
52-54; process of determining, 13, 89-90;
shifting definition of, 74; women arrested
as, 224nl21
bat confiscation campaign, 48,70-73,82,
89- 96; black list for, 90-91; excesses of,
90- 91,92,93; flight in response to, 73,
93-94,96,130; ideological justification
for, 67; impact on Kazakh society, 72-73,
87-88,94,96; local-level implementation
of, 13,71-72, 81-83,90-91, 93-96, 221n59;
in Mangyshlak Peninsula, 115,116;
Semipalatinsk affair and, 84—86, 88
Balkhash copper mine, 147,158
barshchina (unpaid labor), 67
basmachi, 85,129
Baybek, Bauirzhan, 187
Baytürsinov, Akhmet, 47,62, 64-65, 68, 69, 77,
82, 216n68
bedniak (poor peasant), as class category, 72;
in confiscation campaigns, 73, 82,88, 90; in
cross-border flight, 133, 134,236n70; Soviet
power and elevation of, 87
Beisekeev, Kabdii, 91
Bekker, Isaak, 86, 88
Bekmaghambetov, Token, 171
Belgibaev, Koken, 155
Bies, Lammert, xii
biy, 74
269
270
INDEX
black bone (commoner) strata, 25, 32,74-75;
in Soviet bureaucracy, 96
Bôkeykhanov, Alikhan, 77
Boldyrev, Nikolai, 119
Bolsheviks: and Alash Orda, 11, 77; nationality
question and, 10,49; peasant question
and, 4
border(s): collectivization and creation of,
174; international, delimitation of, 26,43;
Kazakhs’ seasonal migrations across, 26.
See also Sino-Kazakh border
border guards, Soviet: armed raids into
Chinese territory, 140-41; role in halting
Kazakh flight, 135; violence by, 12,14,18,
122-24,136-38,140
Bregel,Yuri,xii
bureaucracy, Kazakh: black bone commoners
in, 96; confiscation campaign and shaping
of, 72,94,96. See also native cadres
Buriat-Mongolia: collectivization drive in, 109,
175; confiscation campaign in, 48
Burtch, Nathan, xii
camels: in collective farms, 106/; in Kazakh
herds, 31, 37,113,113/, 114/ 170
cannibalism, 156,242n81
Catherine the Great, 20,25,38
cattle, in Kazakh steppe, 37,38,21 ln!02
census: of 1926 (first Soviet), 56,57,201n27,
235n31, 245nl8; of 1937, 5-6
Central Eurasia, 207nl3; history of pastoral
nomadism in, 22-24; national delimitation
of, 49; zhüt in, 30
Chaianov, Alexander, 64
Chernenko, Konstantin, 135
Chicherin, Georgii, 131
children: abandoned, refugee crisis and, 155,
157,166,242n91; famine refugees, 147,169;
of Kazakh nomads, 33/ kidnapping threat,
during Kazakh famine, 1,156; rumors about
appropriation of, 134
China: Kazakh population in, 2,235n39;
livestock purchases from, famine and, 145,
166-67. See also China, Kazakh flight to;
Sino-Kazakh border; Xinjiang
China, Kazakh flight to, 146; bat confiscation
campaign and, 93,130; concerns regarding,
127,131-32; deportations to prevent, 133,
134; and diplomatic relations with Soviet
Union, 140-41; famine and, 2,42,141,
144,146,233n8; history of, 130; party
explanations for, 134-36,139-40; scale
of, 131; violence used to prevent, 12,14,
18,122-24,136-38,236n66; weak border
control and, 138-39
Chinese Turkestan, 26,129,130. See also Xinjiang
Chinggisids, 24-25, 75; targeting of, 89
Chinggis Khan, 24,75
Chokin, Shafik. See Shokin
cities: Kazakh famine refugees in, 147,153,
157; Kazakhstan as major meat supplier to,
117,145, 154; privileging over countryside,
84, 120
Civil War. See Russian Civil War
clan(s), Kazakh, 218nl7; and collective farms,
107,134,173; party efforts to weaken, 54-55,
59-60,67; in postfamine years, 3; Soviet
scholars on, 73
clan elders, 74-75
climate, of Kazakh steppe, 28,29-30, 112,114
collective farms, Kazakh, 3,106/ 106-8; clans
and, 107,134,173; during famine, 153, 159,
165,166,168; in postfamine years, 172;
types of, 101,102,117
collectivization: as assault on alien social
categories, 176-77; chaos in implementation
of, 99,104-6,110-11; and criminalization
of nomadic practices, 110,120; disastrous
effects of, 7,143,169-70; famines triggered
by, 3,13,98-99,185; first wave of, 97,100,
101-11,227n20; flight in response to, 111,
121,135,175; in grain-growing regions, 100,
104; and Kazakh famine, 13,159,168; and
Kazakhs’ relationship to party-state, 172-73;
and livestock losses, 15,99-100,107-9,
109f, 174-75; meat and grain procurements
accompanying, 14,107-8,120; native
cadres and, 104-6,110; of pastoral regions,
4, 7,170,175; and peasantry, 3,4,11; and
peasant settlement in Kazakh steppe, 98,
99; pressure to speed up, 100,101; revolts
during, 16,110,124-26; second wave of,
117, 226nl2; and sedentarization, 9, 97,
100,103,107,117,148, 174; unanticipated
consequences of, 15,120,143-44; violence
accompanying, 7,105
Conquest, Robert, 6, 200n22,202n42,202n45,
233n8
death toll: of Kazakh famine, 1,2,5,15,144,
147,153, 155,157-58,162-63,168,171,
175-76, 178, 199n3,200n28; at Sino-Kazakh
border, 12, 14,18,122-24,136-38, 140, 142,
233n7,236n66; of Ukrainian famine, 4,175,
200n22
Demko, George xii, 206nl, 207n8
INDEX
271
deportations: of Adai clan members, 115—16;
bai confiscation campaign and, 90, 93, 95; of
bais, to prevent cross-border flight, 133, 134;
to Kazakh steppe, 34, 79, 99, 118-19, 160,
172; seizure of pasturelands and, 119—20.
See also special settlers
desert zones, 26, 28
diet, Kazakh, 39-40,40/, changes in, 21
diseases; Kazakh famine and, 14, 145, 147, 152,
158, 165; of livestock, population growth and,
41; vaccination to prevent, 165-66, 234nl39
divorces, Active, 91-92
Donich, Aleksandr, 66
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 34
drought(s), in Kazakh steppe, 30, 34; of 1911,
36; of 1927-28, 84; of 1931,9, 14, 99, 101,
118; peasant settlers’ experience of, 20, 36;
today, 203n62; and zhut, 210n60
dry winds (sukhovei), 9, 29
Dungans, 122,129, 130
education: in Kazakh steppe, 55,76; Soviet rule
and opportunities for, 173. See also illiteracy
rates
Eikhe, Robert, 150-52
Elder Horde, 24, 209n39; lands of, 25
Eliava, Shalva, 133-34, 139, 141
elites, Kazakh: educated, 76; white bone, 25, 75.
See also bai
elites, Soviet, during Kazakh famine, 158
environment, of steppe, 9, 112-13; and
agriculture efforts, 9, 10,69; and animal
husbandry in postfamine years, 170—71; and
famine, 42; and Kazakh identity, 26; peasant
settlement and, 19,20,43; socialist state’s
ambitions to conquer, 65-66
Eraliev, Shabden, 115
Ermekova, Damesh, 119-20,232nl36
Ernazarov, Eltai, 82, 91, 93, 106,107,221n58
ethnic conflict: land reform efforts and,
50, 51; refugee crisis and, 150, 167; in
Semipalatinsk, 85; unrest and, 126
exogamy, among Kazakh nomads, 74, 173
Ezhov, Nikolai, 79-80, 220n43
Face to the Village campaign, 55-56, 215n32
famine(s): collectivization and, 3, 13,98—99,
185; in Kirgizia, 174; World War I and, 41,42.
See also famine, Kazakh; Ukrainian famine
famine, Kazakh: beginning of, 18,119, 120;
cannibalism during, 156,242n81; causes
of, 13-14, 21, 99, 202n45; collectivization
and, 13, 159; compared to other pastoral
regions, 175; crime during, 149, 155; and
cross-border flight, 2,42, 141,144, 146,
233n8; death toll of, 1, 2, 5, 15, 144, 147,
153,155, 157-58, 162-63,168,171, 175-76,
178, 199n3, 200n28; and demographic
shifts, 5—6, 144, 171—72, 187; diseases
accompanying, 14, 145, 147, 152, 158, 165;
drought of 1931 and, 9, 14, 99, 118; end of,
18, 145; famine of 1917-1920 and, 42; food
aid in, 15, 153, 162; forced resettlement
and, 119—20; as genocide, 6, 15, 177—79,
184; Goloshchekin as scapegoat for, 5, 6,
145, 160-61, 182,201n33; in hierarchy of
suffering, 15; and Kazakh national identity,
creation of, 3,8, 168,170, 172-73, 176,
246n28; in Mangyshlak Peninsula, 111-12,
115; memorials to, 182-83, 183/ 184/
186-87; party elite during, 158; public
discourse on, in present-day Kazakhstan,
6,69, 176, 182-87; recovery from, 162,
165-68; and refugee crisis, 144, 145-54,
148/ 199n4; role of Kazakhs in, 185-86;
Russian imperial legacies and, 13-14, 17—18,
20-21, 44; secret resolution of 1932 on,
154; Semipalatinsk affair foreshadowing,
88-89; and Soviet nation building, 3, 7-8,
12, 168, 170, 172-73,187; Soviet policies
deepening, 14,99, 116—20, 159—60, 167-68,
175, 176, 177, 178; Stalin and, 13, 14-15,
99, 154, 159; studies of, 6-7; suppression of
information about, 5-6, 201n33; survival
during, 154-58; survivors’ recollections of,
1,2, 16, 17, 105, 143, 147, 155-56, 169, 181;
Ukrainian famine compared to, 175—77,
182, 186, 247n50
feudalism, among nomads, theory of, 67
First Five-Year Plan, 3, 44, 97
flight, Kazakh: bai confiscation campaign
and, 73,93—94, 96, 130; collectivization
campaign and, 111, 121, 135, 175;
deportation to prevent, 133, 134; famine
and, 2, 42, 141, 143^4, 146; foreign agents
blamed for, 135—36, 139-40; grain and meat
procurements and, 133, 138; and livestock
losses, 127; and revolt, link between, 126,
137, 138; Semipalatinsk affair and, 88,
134-35; violence used to prevent, 12, 14, 18,
122—24, 136-38. See also refugees
food: collectivization and control over, 3, 97;
consumption patterns, and vulnerability to
famine, 21,44; Kazakh diet, 21, 39-40,40/
and population control, 42; supply during
Kazakh famine, 15, 153,158, 162
272
INDEX
foreign agents, Kazakh flight blamed on,
135-36,139-40, 142
frosts, late-spring, 30. See also zhut
Frumkin, Moisei, 101,118
genealogy: importance in nomadic life, 32,74.
See also kinship
genocide: Kazakh famine as, 6,15,177-79,
184; Ukrainian famine as, 5,185
Goloshchekin, Filipp, 53/, anti-Semitism in
references to, 6,202n41; background of,
5,6,51-52,201n40; and bai confiscation
campaign, 82,94; on bai power, 52-53;
cross-border flight and, 133-34,136,
139,141,151; at fifth party congress,
54, 79; grain crisis of 1928 and, 84; on
illegal immigrants (samovol'tsy), 136; and
indigenization (korenizatsiia), 220n44;
intensity of, 5, 80,220n46; and Little
October, 8-9,71; Mirzoian compared to,
161,165; and native cadres, 79-81; ouster
of, 160; as party secretary of Kazakhstan, 51,
63; pressure on, 117,118; refugee crisis and,
12,144,150-52; as scapegoat for Kazakh
famine, 5,6,145, 160-61,182,201n33; at
seventh party congress, 111; at sixth party
congress, 55f 81,82; and Sovietization of
the Aul campaign, 54-56,60; and Stalin, 15,
51,80,116,118, 139,206n89,221n65; and
warnings of famine, 111,116-17,154
grain: Kazakh consumption of, 44,101; NEP
and production of, 63
grain and meat procurements: collectivization
campaign and, 14,107-8,120; drought of
1931 and, 101; and famine of 1917-1920,
42; and famine of 1930-1934, 14,42, 44,
116-17,118,175; flight in response to, 133,
138; grain crisis of 1928 and, 84; local-level
implementation of, 13; in Semipalatinsk
affair, 89; unrest accompanying, 125
grain crisis of 1928,83-84,97
Great Terror of 1937-38,15,80
Grin'ko, Grigorii, 98
Gulag: Kazakh famine compared to, 15; in
Kazakhstan, 15,99,119,172
herds, of Kazakh nomads: composition of,
31, 37; economic and cultural importance
of, 70; Soviet efforts to regulate, 56; trade
with Russia and changes in, 38. See also
livestock
Herodotus, 22
horses, in Kazakh nomads’ herds, 31,37
Hungry Steppe region, xi, xivm, 29-30,45,
171,209n56
Ibragimov, Turaghul, 92-93
identity, Kazakh: environment and, 26; famine
and transformation of, 2,3,8,170,172-73,
176,187,246n28; pastoral nomadism and,
2,11,199n6
Ikramov, Akmal, 147
Ikramov, Kamil, 147
Il’ias-Ishan, 125
illiteracy rates, among Kazakhs, 8, 45,
203n54; as explanation for cross-border
flight, 134; and famine research, difficulty
of, 17; and Soviet activism, challenges
for, 59
indigenization (korenizatsiia), 49,220n44
industrialization, Soviet policy of, 12,48,68,
97,119,120; vs. pastoral nomadism, 68-69;
and sedentarization, 100
industrial sites: food supplies redirected to,
158; Kazakh famine refugees at, 147
Isaev, Oraz, 80-81,100,102,152,160,164,
221n63
Islam: Russian imperial rule and, 208n28;
Semipalatinsk as center of learning in, 76,
85,129; in Soviet Kazakhstan, 124,125,173;
in Xinjiang, 129
Jadidism, 129
Jones, Gareth, 6
Kaimulina, Iiulia, 224nl21
Karaganda coal mines, 119-20,158; famine
refugees in, 152,157
Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp (KarLag),
15,119,172,175,176
Karakhan, Lev, 139
Karatal affair, 122-23,137-38
Kazakh ASSR, xi, xivm, 2
Kazakh khanate, 24
Kazakh language: changes in script, xi, 249n26;
sources in, 16
Kazakhs: grain consumption by, 44,101;
illiteracy among, 8,45,203n54; integration
into Soviet institutions, 7-8, 172,181-82;
minority status of, 2,19; oral culture of, 45;
population loss due to famine, 5-6,171-72,
187; role in bai confiscation campaign, 13,
71-72; role in famine, 185-86; role in Soviet
nation-building project, 12-13,72. See also
identity; kinship; native cadres; nomads;
population
INDEX
273
Kazakhstan, independent: agricultural
production in, 9,203n62; famine memorials
in, 182-83,183/ 184/ 186-87; Kazakh
population in, 2,187, 199nl 1; multiethnic
society of, 182, 247n5; public discourse on
famine in, 6,69,176,182-87; and Russia, 184
Kazakhstan, Soviet: capital of, 51; creation of,
xi, 44,45, 49; economic crisis in early days
of, 44, 48; famine and creation of, 3, 7-8;
Kirgizia compared to, 45, 174; national
and social identities in, 11; paradoxes of,
173, 186; Russian language in, 181-82;
shifts in administration,xi; size of, 111;
underdevelopment of, 8,161-62, 170;
urbanization of, 171, 245nl6; western,
111-16,112m
Kaznarkomzem (Commissariat of Agriculture),
60; expulsion of leading members of, 47,
64—65,69; illegal settlers and, 50; position on
nomadism, 47,60-62,64-65,68
khans, 75, 93
Khisamutdinov, Ibragim, 169
Khrushchev, Nikita: “secret speech” of, 6;
Virgin Lands program of, 10, 199nl0
Kindler, Robert, 7, 202n50,206n94
kinship, Kazakh, 32; and bai economic
oppression, 73-74; confiscation campaigns
and strengthening of, 87; efforts to eradicate,
54—55,59-60; famine and destruction of,
155, 173; subordination to class interests,
battle for, 135. See also clan(s); genealogy
Kirgiz: use of term, xi; in Xinjiang, 129
Kirgizia: collectivization in, 109, 175;
confiscation campaign in, 48; Kazakh
migrants in, 136; Kazakh refugees in, 1,
2,93, 144, 146, 149, 164, 174; Kazakhstan
compared to, 45,174
Kirgiz steppe, xi, 22
Kirov, Sergei, 161
Kiselev, Aleksei, 85-86, 109, 145-46, 166
Kitkazakhi, 135
kolkhoz-gigant, 102
Kondrat'ev, Nikolai, 64
korenizatsiia (indigenization), 49
Kosior, Stanislav, 80
Krzhizhanovskii, Gleb, 63
Kubiak, Nikolai, 84
Kugedaev, Alen' Chzhinsakhanovich, 135
kulak(s): bai compared to, 72,73-74;
deportations of, 102, 118; Siberian, flight
into Kazakhstan, 119, 136
Kuramisov, Izmukhan, 15, 42,81,91,98
Kutlykhodzhaev, Idris-dzhan, 125
Kuznetsov, V. K., 38, 39,41
Kzyl-Orda (Red Horde), 51,57-58
land, in Kazakh steppe: nomadic settlement
to free up, 98; ocherednost' in distribution
of, 54, 63,64; peasant settlement and
conflicts over, 36; quantity vs. quality of, 20;
Soviet nationality policy and, 49-51; state
ownership of, 25—26. See abo pasturelands
Lattimore, Owen, 128,209n41
Lemkin, Raphael, 177, 178
Lenin, Vladimir, 5, 49,52
Levshin, Aleksei, 34,209n39
Little Horde, 24,25, 31, 209n39, 210n74
Little October, 8—9, 18, 70—71, 95—96. See abo
bai confiscation campaign
livestock: famine and shift in party policies on,
159, 166-67, 170-73; of Kazakh nomads,
30—31, 37, 70; in last decade of Russian
empire, 40—41; peasant settlements focused
on, 36-37; postfamine recovery of, 170-71;
in present-day Kazakhstan, 9; purchase from
China, 145,166—67; trading for tea, 132. See
also animal husbandry; livestock, loss of
livestock, loss of: and agricultural practices,
162; bai confiscation campaign and, 94,96;
collectivization campaign and, 15, 99-100,
107-9,109t, 174-75; cross-border flight
and, 127, 131; famine of 1917-1920 and, 42,
48; famine of 1930-1934 and, 3,109, 145-46,
154, 168, 170, 200nl3; Semipalatinsk affair
and, 89
Maldabaev, Musatai, 90
Maldybaev, Berikbol, 87
Maldybaev, Nurakhmet, 87
Mamanov, Ibragim, 93
Mametova, Zeineb, 92
Mangyshlak Peninsula, 111-16; environmental
features of, 112—13, 114; famine in, 111—12;
livestock procurement campaigns in, 117;
revolts in, 112, 116, 124,125, 126
mankurt, legend of, 181
marriage, Kazakh: confiscation campaign
and, 91-92; interethnic, in Soviet period,
182; role of genealogy in, 74, 173; role of
livestock in, 70,71
Marxist-Leninist timeline of history: Kazakhstan’s
transformation as “leap” in, 8; pastoral
nomadism from perspective of, 46,47,66-68
Masanov, Nürbolat, 26
Mélímüli, Seden, 143, 157,169
Mendeshev, Seytqali, 79, 80,126, 147
274
INDEX
Middle Horde, 24,209n39; and Kazakh elite,
76, 94; lands of, 25
Middle Volga, Kazakh refugees in, 2,111, 144,
146, 239n34
migration, mass. See flight; refugees
migration routes, of Kazakh nomads, 30,31-32;
cataclysmic events and shifts in, 32,42-43;
peasant settlement and shifts in, 14,37
Mikoian, Anastas, 117
Mïngbaev, Zhaiau, 80, 82
Mironov, Sergei, 158
Mironova, Agnessa, 158
Mirzoian, Levon, 160,161,162,164,165-66,171
mobile schools (shkoly-peredvizhki), 55
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 52-54, 80, 111, 118,139,
141,159, 164
Mongol conquest, 22
Mongolia, collectivization in, 175
Müsïrepov (Musrepov), Ghabit, 172-73
Mustambaev, Idris, 220n46
mutual aid practices, among Kazakh nomads,
32-34,75; labeled as barshchinay 67
Narkomzem, 60,64,102
nationality, linked to territory, 12,124,145,168
nationality policy, Soviet, 10, 48-49,218nl0;
and border controls, 124; economic policy
linked to, 12,145; and Kazakh steppe, 49-51;
Sâduaqasov on, 77-78; and settlement of
Kazakhs, 98
nation building, Soviet, 49; importance
placed on, 10,204n70; Kazakh famine
and, 3, 7-8,12, 168,170,172-73,187;
Kazakhs’ participation in, 12-13,72; in
Kazakhstan, 11; otkovechniki as threat to,
149-50; participatory character of, 205n77;
unintended effects of, 13; use of violence
(terror) in, 12, 72, 142
native cadres (Kazakh), 76-83; Alash Orda
and, 77; and bai confiscation campaign,
13, 71-72,81-83, 90-91, 93-96; and
collectivization campaign, 104-6, 110;
divisions among, 77-79; educated elite and,
76; factions among, regime manipulation
of, 79,80; during famine, 162,177;
Goloshchekin and, 79-81; purges of,
79,80,82; and Semipalatinsk affair, 84,
86-87,222n86; and Soviet nation-building
campaigns, 12-13, 72; typology of, 221n63;
and violence, 13
Nazarbayev, Nursultan: nation-building
project under, 174; and public discussion of
Kazakh famine, 6,176,182-87,184/, 201n28
NEP. See New Economic Policy
Nevadovskaya, Tat'iana, 155,185
Nevadovsky, Gavril, 155,185
New Economic Policy (NEP), 4,46-48,213n8;
failure of, 63,97,225nl
nomad(s): collectivization and, 4; feudalism
among, theory of, 67. See also nomad(s),
Kazakh; pastoral nomadism
nomad(s), Kazakh, 33/ 76/ adaptation
strategies of, 17,20,23,24,38,43;
agriculture as supplementary activity
among, 22,24, 34; grain consumption by,
44,101; impact on steppe, 30; mutual aid
practices among, 32-34,75; Soviet efforts
to study and categorize, 56-58,66-68; trade
with Russia, 38,43; trend toward settlement,
in early 20th century, 41,42-43,213nl28.
See also pastoral nomadism; settlement, of
Kazakh nomads
nomad question, 46-^8,213n5
Nurmaqov, Ni'ghmet, 90, 91, 93
Nurtazin, Dawitbek, 169
ocherednostand land distribution, 54,63,64
Oghuz Turks, 22
OGPU. See secret police
Ohayon, Isabelle, 7,224nl24
Omarbekov, Talas, 221n63,233n8,233nl4,
234n28,236n70,237nl02, 245nl8
oral culture, Kazakh, 45
oral history accounts, 16,17
Orenburg-Tashkent railway line, 51,63
otkochevniki, Kazakh refugees viewed as, 12,
144,148-53
Ozbek-Qazaqs, 24
pan-Turkic nationalism, 129
pastoral nomadism, 23; adaptation to
changing conditions, 17, 20, 23,24,43, 71;
animal husbandry as alternative to, Soviet
efforts to develop, 98, 99, 108; assault
on, Soviet regime and, 48,64-65,66,69,
97, 170; collectivization and, 4, 170, 175;
future of, debates on, 47, 60-69; history
in Central Eurasia, 22-24; and Kazakh
identity, 2, 11, 199n6; Marxist-Leninist
theory applied to, 46,47,66-68; NEP and,
48; peasant settlement and, 14, 20, 37; in
postfamine years, 170-71; and socialism,
questioning of compatibility of, 45-46;
Soviet views on, 11,18,45-48, 63-64,
66-68, 69; today, 174; transition from, 9,
144; use of term, 208n24
INDEX
275
pasturelands: genealogy and claims to, 32,74;
nomad displacement from, 19, 175, 176;
renting, as adaptation strategy7,20, 38,43,
51; seasonal use of, 31—32
patriarchal-feudal stage, 67,73
Pavlodar, famine refugees in, 147,157
peasant question, 4, 46
peasantry: collectivization and, 3, 4, 11; Face
to the Village campaign and, 55—56,215n32;
percentage of Soviet population, 4; World
War I and, 8
peasant settlement, of Kazakh steppe: impact
on environment, 19,20,43; impact on
pastoral nomadism, 14, 20, 37; under
Russian imperial rule, 9,14, 19-21,25,
34-37, 40,43, 45; under Soviet regime, 50,
63-64,98, 99
Perel'man, Berta, 52
Pianciola, Niccolb, 7, 175,202n50, 205n87,
207nl2, 233nl5
poor. See bedniak
Popov, V., 125
population, Kazakh: in China, 2,235n39;
famine and, 5—6, 144, 171—72,187; in
present-day Kazakhstan, 2, 187, 199nll;
under Russian imperial rule, 19, 40-41,43;
under Soviet regime, 2, 56,57, 201n27
Postyshev, Pavel, 117
precipitation patterns, in steppe, 9,28,
195f-196t; and agriculture, warnings
regarding, 101. See also drought(s)
Presidential Archives, 16, 176, 206n94
Qaj’ibaeva, Nurziya, 6, 11,169, 172, 173, 181
Qazak (term), xi, 24, 32
Qipchaqs, 22
Qozhanov, Sultanbek, 45-46, 79, 80, 82
qozhaSy 75
Qunanbaev, Abay, 85, 93
Red Army: and control over Kazakh steppe, 48,
124; Kazakhs in, 13,126
Red Caravans, 55
Red Horde (Kzyl-Orda), 51, 57-58
Red Yurt campaign, 55, 59,215n45
refugees, Kazakh: collectivization and, 15,144;
famine of 1930-1934 and, 144, 145-54,
148/ 199n4; integration into worksites,
164, 165,166; killings at Sino-Kazakh
border, 12, 14, 18, 122-24, 136-38, 140,
142; from Mangyshlak Peninsula, 115-16;
in neighboring Soviet republics, 2, 144,
145, 146, 147,149-50, 163, 164, 167, 174,
244nl33; as otkochevniki, 12, 144, 148—53;
vs. rebels, blurring of distinction between,
137, 138,139, 149; return of, 150, 151, 153,
163/, 164,167,237nl02; settlement of, 148,
164, 166, 168, 171-72; shift in party policies
regarding, 163-65; survivors' recollections,
1, 143; unrest and, 126; violence against,
145, 150, 162,165
resettlement, forced. See deportations; special
settlers
revolt(s): of 1916, 41,42; collectivization and,
16, 110, 124-26; and flight, link between,
137, 138; in Mangyshlak Peninsula, 112,116,
124, 125, 126; Russian conquest and, 25;
in Semipalatinsk province, 85; along Sino-
Kazakh border, 129-30, 136
Riadnin, Mikhail, 51,80, 82,214n22
Rikhter, Vera, 156
Rikhter, Vladimir, 156
Risqulov, Turar, 145, 163, 164, 165, 166, 170
Roshal', Lev, 117, 118
Russia (Russian Federation): Kazakh
population in, 2; and Kazakhstan, 184
Russian Civil War: Alash Orda during, 77, 85;
impact on Kazakh steppe, 20, 41, 42, 48, 71;
and language of nationality, 49; and Sino-
Kazakh borderlands, 130, 136
Russian imperial rule: demographic shifts
under, 40-41,43; famines during, 41, 42;
legacies of, and Kazakh famine, 13-14,17-18,
20-21, 44; peasant settlement of Kazakh
steppe under, 9, 14, 19-21, 25, 34-37, 40, 43,
45; and settlement of Kazakh nomads, push
for, 17, 23; white bone elite during, 96
Russian language, 76, 181-82, 187
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
(RSFSR): collectivization in, 104; Face to
the Village campaign in, 55-56, 215n32;
Kazakh refugees in, 2, 111,144, 146,239n34;
Kazakhstan as part of, xi, 213n9
Russian Turkestan, 26, 35,129,130; crisis of
1914—1924 and, 41-42; land reform in, 49;
peasant settlement in, 35
Rybnikov, A. A., 61—62,64, 216n63
Ryskulov, Turar. See Risqulov
Saduaqasov, Smaghul, 62,65,77-83,78/
221n62, 221n63
Saduaqasov, Zhanaydar, 91, 92
samovol'tsy (illegal settlers), 20, 50, 136
schools, in Kazakh steppe, 55,76
Scott, James C., 95
Scythians, 22, 174
276
INDEX
secret police (OGPU): archives of, 176, 234n28;
and bai confiscation campaign, 89; and
collectivization campaign, 110; on cross-
border flight, 122-23,130,132,133,137,139,
151,233n7,236n70; and local participation
in Soviet campaigns, 13; in Mangyshlak
Peninsula, 116; rebellions and, 124,125-26
sedentarization, Soviet policy of, 14,68, 97-98,
100, 102-3; and Adai clan, 115-16; and
collectivization, 9,97,100,103,107,117,
148,174; failure of, 163; refugee crisis and
acceleration of, 148, 166, 168
Semevskii, V. N., 114
semidesert zones, 26, 28
semi-nomadism, 17,24,43-44
Semipalatinsk: Alash Orda in, 10,85,137;
bai confiscation campaign in, 89; border
with China, 85, 131; as center of Islamic
learning, 76,85, 129; famine refugees in,
153; importance for Moscow, 85; settlement
program in, 20
Semipalatinsk affair, 84-89,222n86; and cross-
border flight, 88, 134-35
Semirech'e: Dungans and Uyghurs in, 130;
fertile land of, 28; Ozbek-Qazaqs in, 24;
peasant settlement in, 20,35, 36
seredniak (peasant of modest means), 72; in
bai confiscation campaign, 73,93
Serge, Victor, 147,155,157
settlement, of Kazakh nomads: refugee crisis
and, 148,164,166, 168, 171-72; Russian
imperial policies on, 17, 23; Soviet policies
on, 50, 66, 68, 97-98; trend toward, in
early 20th century, 41,42-43,213n 128.
See also peasant settlement; samovoVtsy,
sedentarization; special settlers
Seyfullin, Saken, 91, 225nl45
Shayakhmetov, Mukhamet, 71, 92, 93,105,
109,155, 172,204n69,235n39
sheep, in Kazakh nomads5 herds, 31, 37, 113
Shemiot-Polochanskii, Evgenii, 61
Sheng Shicai, 129,130, 139, 235n31
Shokin, Shapi'q, 16, 104-5
Shotbaev, Demetken, 146
Shvernik, Nikolai, 118
Shvetsov, Sergei, 60-61,64, 69
Siberia: immigrants from, in Kazakhstan,
119,136; Kazakh refugees in, confiscation
campaign and, 93. See also Western Siberia
Sino-Kazakh border, 127-30,128m; challenges
in securing, 138-40,141; ethnic diversity
on, 128-29; official explanations for flight
across, 134-36, 139—40; origins of, 26,130;
refugees slaughtered at, 12, 14,18, 122-24,
136-38, 140,142,233n7,236n66; trade
along, 132; unrest along, 129-30,136
S'irghabekov, N'ighmet, 102-3
Sirius, M. G., 62,64
Skorospeshkin, V. I., 61
Smayil, Aldan, 186
socialism, pastoral nomadism and, 45-46
society, Kazakh: confiscation campaigns and,
72-73, 87-88, 94,96; destruction from
within, 18, 96; famine and, 155,173,176;
state-led programs and, 13,14, 178; status
distinctions in, 74-75
socioeconomic gradualism, policy of, 175
soil(s), in steppe, 9,29; exhaustion of, 41,43
Sokolovskii, V. G., 56-57,215n43
Sorokin, Pitirim, 155
Sovietization of the Aul campaign, 54-56,60;
failures of, 58-60,72
special settlers (spetspereselentsy): deported
to Kazakhstan, 99, 118-19,160; vs. famine
refugees, 153,175
Stalin: and collectivization,^, 110, 111,
226nl2; cross-border flight and, 131,
141; and First Five-Year Plan, 3, 97; and
Goloshchekin, 15,51, 80, 116,118,139,
206n89, 221n65; grain crisis and, 83-84;
and Kazakh famine, 13,14-15,99, 154, 159;
Khrushchev’s “secret speech” on, 6; letters
of protest to, 92; and Mirzoian, 164,171;
Mongolian policies of, 175; and nationality
policy, 10; and Semipalatinsk affair, 88,
222n92; and settlement of Kazakh steppe,
69; spectrum of violence under, 2, 15,80;
and Ukrainian famine, 5
steppe, Kazakh, 14,69,101; climate of, 28,29-30,
112,114; ecological zones of, 26-28, 27m;
efforts to transform into agrarian region,
9,10,14,19,20,69, 101; names for, xi, 22;
nomads and, 22, 30; precipitation patterns in,
9,28,195f—196£ Russian conquest of, 25,48;
soils in, 9, 29,41,43; Soviet nationality policy
and, 49-51; state-driven modernization and,
9,37. See also environment; land; pastoral
nomadism; peasant settlement
Stolypin, Pyotr, 35
sukhovei (dry winds), 9,29
sultans, 75,93
Sverdlov, Yakov, 51, 52
Syr-Daria, 35,104,116
Tashkent, famine refugees in, 42, 146,212nl23
Tauke (Khan), 24
INDEX
277
taxation. See grain and meat procurements
territory, nationality linked to, 12, 124,
145,168
Tevosian, Iuliia, 161
Tevosian, Ivan, 161
Toghzhanov, Ghabbas, 67-68, 91
Toqtabaev, Karim, 95, 103
tore, 75, 173
TOZ, 101, 117, 159, 168
trade: of Kazakh nomads, with Russia, 38,43;
pastoral nomads and, 20; along Sino-Kazakh
border, 132
transliteration system, xi-xii
transportation, in Kazakh steppe, 45, 63
Trans-Siberian railroad: and import of new
technology, 37; and peasant colonization,
20; and trade, 38
Trotsky, Leon, 79
Turkestan: peasant settlement in, 35. See also
Chinese Turkestan; Russian Turkestan
Turkestan-Siberia (Turksib) railroad, 63, 85
Turkmenistan: Kazakh famine refugees in,
144, 146, 151; Kazakh (Adai) flight to,
115-16, 124; Kazakhstan compared
to, 45
Ukraine, collectivization in, 104
Ukrainian famine: competing interpretations
of, 204n71; death toll of, 4, 175,200n22; as
genocide, 5, 185; Kazakh famine compared
to, 175-77, 182, 186,247n50; oral history
accounts of, 17; scholarship on, 4-5, 6, 11
Ukrainian peasants. See peasant settlement
unrest. See revolt(s)
urbanization, 171,245nl6
Uyghurs, 129, 130, 131,235n31
Uzbekistan, Kazakh famine refugees in, 2, 144,
146, 151, 167, 244nl33
village soviets, 58
violence: collectivization campaign and,
7, 105; confiscation campaign and, 92;
against famine refugees, 145, 150, 162,
165; local-level implementation of, 13,
205n78; revolts and escalation in, 125; in
Semipalatinsk affair, 84, 85, 86; at Sino-
Kazakh border, 12, 14, 18, 122-24, 136-38,
140, 142, 233n7, 236n66; Soviet nation
building and, 12, 72, 142; spectrum of,
under Stalin, 2, 15, 80
Virgin Lands program, 10, 199nl0
water sources: drying up of, 43; scarcity in
Kazakh steppe, 30, 103, 112-13, 114
western borderlands, Soviet policies in, 126-27
Western Siberia: Kazakh famine refugees in,
2, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 155,244nl33;
Kazakh refugees returning from, 163/;
settlement program in, 20
white bone elite, 25, 75; confiscation campaign
targeting, 94; Russian imperial rule and, 96
White Horde, 24
women, Kazakh, 33f, 40f, confiscation
campaign and, 91—92, 224nl21; famine and,
147, 242n91
World War I: impact on Kazakh steppe, 20,
41,42, 203n53; and nationalism, 49; and
transformation of European Russia, 8
World War II: Kazakh famine compared to, 1;
Kazakh steppe during, 171, 172
Xinjiang: border with Semipalatinsk, 85,
131; ethnic groups in, 235n31; important
geographic position of, 127—28, 128m;
Kazakh famine refugees in, 2, 42, 141;
Kazakh population in, 2,43; rebels in, 127,
129-30, 136; repatriation of refugees from,
141; Soviet raids into, 140-41; ties with
eastern Kazakhstan, 127; unrest in, 138-39.
See also Chinese Turkestan
yurt(s), Kazakh, 3l£ 58, 171
Zarudnyi, Nikolai, 29
Zhandosov, Oraz, 81-82, 83, 92, 221n59,
221n63
Zhandosova (Sutiusheva), Fatima, 81
Zhankekdi, Alibi, 78-79
Zherdektabkanov, Sadyk, 92
Zheti-su. See Semirech'e
Zhurgenov, Temirbek, 119-20, 232nl36
zhut (late-spring frosts), 30, 186; in 1927-28,
84; drought and, 210n60; and famine of
1917-1920, 42; herd losses during, 113;
Soviet officials on, 65
Zveriakov, I. A., 65
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cameron, Sarah 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1173108424 |
| author_facet | Cameron, Sarah 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cameron, Sarah 1977- |
| author_variant | s c sc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045337599 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK908 |
| callnumber-raw | DK908.8618 |
| callnumber-search | DK908.8618 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3908.8618 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1039552933 (DE-599)BVBBV045337599 |
| dewey-full | 958.45084/2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 958 - Central Asia |
| dewey-raw | 958.45084/2 |
| dewey-search | 958.45084/2 |
| dewey-sort | 3958.45084 12 |
| dewey-tens | 950 - History of Asia |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1921-1933 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1921-1933 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Soviet Union History 1925-1953 Kasachische Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik |
| id | DE-604.BV045337599 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T13:02:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501730436 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 018007700 |
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| physical | xi, 277 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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| publishDate | 2018 |
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| publisher | Cornell University Press |
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| spelling | Cameron, Sarah 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)1173108424 aut The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan Sarah Cameron Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2018 xi, 277 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index "The book brings the largely unknown story of the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 to light, using this case study to overturn several assumptions about violence, modernization, and nation-making under Stalin"... Geschichte 1921-1933 gnd rswk-swf Famines Kazakhstan History 20th century Famines Soviet Union History 20th century Nomads Sedentarization Kazakhstan History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Kazakhstan History 20th century Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd rswk-swf Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd rswk-swf Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union History 1925-1953 Kasachische Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)134051-7 gnd rswk-swf Kasachische Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)134051-7 g Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 s Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 s Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 s Geschichte 1921-1933 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-3044-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-3045-0 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030724354&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030724354&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030724354&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cameron, Sarah 1977- The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan Famines Kazakhstan History 20th century Famines Soviet Union History 20th century Nomads Sedentarization Kazakhstan History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Kazakhstan History 20th century Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4160816-1 (DE-588)4164682-4 (DE-588)4135837-5 (DE-588)134051-7 |
| title | The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan |
| title_auth | The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan |
| title_exact_search | The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan |
| title_full | The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan Sarah Cameron |
| title_fullStr | The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan Sarah Cameron |
| title_full_unstemmed | The hungry steppe famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan Sarah Cameron |
| title_short | The hungry steppe |
| title_sort | the hungry steppe famine violence and the making of soviet kazakhstan |
| title_sub | famine, violence, and the making of Soviet Kazakhstan |
| topic | Famines Kazakhstan History 20th century Famines Soviet Union History 20th century Nomads Sedentarization Kazakhstan History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Kazakhstan History 20th century Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Famines Kazakhstan History 20th century Famines Soviet Union History 20th century Nomads Sedentarization Kazakhstan History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Kazakhstan History 20th century Hungersnot Kollektivierung Weidewirtschaft Soviet Union History 1925-1953 Kasachische Autonome Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik |
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